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On the night of November 2, 1941, B-17C #40-2047 took off from Reno to fly to Sacramento to get its No. 3 engine replaced. Somewhere over the Sierra Nevada Mountains, the flight controls and radio on the plane suddenly went dead. The pilots decided to return to Reno, but were caught in a snowstorm. The airplane began to fall apart in midair, and the pilot, 1st Lieutenant Leo Walker ordered his crew to bail out. He was last seen by another crew member on the flight deck, struggling with the controls of an airplane that was quickly disintegrating.
The wreckage of the ill-fated B-17C fell to the earth, as well as all of the crew members, except for one. Lt. Walker was killed when the cockpit section of the plane slammed into the forest floor. He had been killed fighting the aircraft, trying to give his fellow crew members a chance to escape, at the cost of his own life.
On 7/15/13 I visited the crash site with a few friends. Much wreckage still remains well hidden in the El Dorado National Forest. We had a fun time checking out these parts and especially the right wing, which is mostly intact. On this trip I developed a new respect for the Flying Fortresses. The wreckage pieces we found were huge, and even after the crash and 72 years on the forest floor I could still see the splendor of this remarkable bomber.
Unfortunately, over the years, this site has had parts retrieved and vandalized. This wreckage is historically significant and should be respected. If you visit please leave the wreckage be and only take pictures.
On the hike out I tuned and looked out over the valley that is the final resting place of 40-2047. On a hot summer day, I tried to imagine a bitterly cold night and a fierce snowstorm enveloping the entire scene, and the sound of the B-17 as it came apart and crashed to the earth. And for a moment I turned to salute Lt. Leo Walker, for his selfless sacrifice for his fellow crew members and service to this country.
It was a great hike, and a very cool crash site, Im glad I could explore it.
15735 Palmer’s Early Wooden Structures – Charlotte Hawkins Brown Museum, 6136 Burlington Rd., Gibsonville, Guilford, NC. May 12, 2016. Decimal Degrees: 36.068128, -79.624167
“Palmer’s Early Wooden Structures”
“Before construction of the Alice Freeman Palmer Building, the school’s first brick structure, Brown built four wood frame buildings on the campus. To accomplish this, she and her students began a letter-writing project in 1902. The venture netted five hundred dollars. With this money and other donations, the first new building was erected in 1905.
Memorial Hall was a three-story building with an inviting appearance. The first floor included classrooms, offices, a library, and a dining room. The second floor was a chapel, and the third floor was the girls’ dormitory. A wide porch ran across the entire front of the building which made it seem home to students and teachers alike, the kitchen was located away from the main building.
Memorial Hall brought about a genuine feeling of togetherness on the campus. It was the center of campus activity. In 1909 Mary R. Grinnell, an early supporter of Brown, sent funds for a new home economics building. When completed, it was dedicated as the Mary R. Grinnell Cottage.
By 1916 Palmer’s campus included Memorial Hall (foundation is located under Kimball Hall, present on the campus today); Grinnell Cottage; Grew Hall, a dormitory for boys; and the Industrial Building, which contained workshops as well as a YMCA with reading rooms for boys.
Two fires, one on December 31, 1917, and another five years later in 1922, destroyed the Industrial Building and Memorial Hall. The frame structures were replaced by modern well-equipped buildings, ushering in a new academic program to meet the demands of a changing student body.”
Below top photo:
“Panoramic view of the Palmer Memorial Institute before 1922.”
Under middle left photo:
“Concert by Palmer’s music department on lawn of Memorial Hall. Memorial Hall, built in 1905, served as the school’s administration and classroom building. It was destroyed by fire in 1922.”
Under middle center photo:
“Grew Hall, built ca. 1909, was the girls’ dormitory. It was destroyed by fire in 1924.”
Under middle right photo:
“Grinnell Cottage was the school’s domestic science cottage and after 1922 a boys’ dormitory. It was destroyed by fire in 1932.”
Below bottom left photo:
“Faculty and class of 1916. Dr. Brown is in the second row, fourth fro left.”
Below bottom middle photo:
“Faculty and class of 1907. Dr. Brown is in the front row, fourth from left.”
Below bottom right photo:
“Palmer students in dining hall (Memorial Hall) preparing to enjoy their meal.”
Getting more comfortable with the Sigma 17-70 os. D90 in camera RAW conversion to jpeg. Some pp in iPhoto.
The woman you're becoming
Will cost you people,
Relationsships, spaces,
And material things.
Choose her over everything.
.
Inside the Mini: The steering-wheel emblem, made to be mangled. I'm told they can't give me a new one without replacing the entire air-bag assembly. Bullshit.
St. Stephen's Cathedral (actually the cathedral and metropolitan church of St. Stephen and All Saints ) on Vienna's Stephansplatz ( Inner City district ) has been a cathedral church (seat of a cathedral chapter ) since 1365, a cathedral (bishop's seat) since 1469/1479 and the metropolitan church of the Archbishop of Vienna since 1723 . It is also the parish church of the cathedral parish of St. Stephan in downtown Vienna. The Roman Catholic cathedral , which the Viennese call Steffl for short, is considered a landmark of Vienna and is sometimes referred to as the Austrian national shrine . It is named after Saint Stephen , who is considered the first Christian martyr. The second patronage year is All Saints Day.
The structure is 109 meters long and 72 meters wide. The cathedral is one of the most important Gothic buildings in Austria . Parts of the late Romanesque previous building from 1230/40 to 1263 are still preserved and form the west facade, flanked by the two heath towers , which are around 65 meters high. St. Stephen's Cathedral has a total of four towers: at 136.4 meters, the south tower is the highest, the north tower was not completed and is only 68 meters high. In the former Austria-Hungary, no church was allowed to be built higher than the south tower of St. Stephen's Cathedral. For example, the Cathedral of the Virgin Mary Conception in Linz was built two meters lower.
The south tower is an architectural masterpiece of the time; Despite its remarkable height, the foundation is less than four meters deep. When it was completed, the tower was the tallest free-standing structure in Europe for over 50 years. There are a total of 13 bells in the south tower, eleven of which form the main bell of St. Stephen's Cathedral. The Pummerin , the third largest free-swinging church bell in Europe, has been located in the north tower under a Renaissance tower dome since 1957.
The area that was later occupied by St. Stephen's Cathedral was located east of the Roman legionary camp of Vindobona in the area of the canabae legiones , the camp suburb. The camp was surrounded by buildings and streets from the first to the third century, but these were replaced by tombs and burial structures in the third and fourth centuries. Grave discoveries have been made in the area of Stock-im-Eisen-Platz since 1690.
The beginnings of the cathedral date back to 1137, from which the Mautern exchange agreement between Margrave Leopold IV of Austria and Bishop Reginmar of Passau has been handed down. Goods and parish rights were exchanged in order to enable the bishop to build a church outside the city at the time, which would be placed under the patronage of St. Stephen , the patron of the Episcopal Church of Passau . The parish rights of the existing St. Peter's Church should fall under the responsibility of the new Viennese pastor. The other churches in Vienna at the time (in addition to the Maria am Gestade church ), the Ruprechtskirche and the Peterskirche , were named after Salzburg saints; The patronage of the church was therefore a political signal. The first church was completed in 1147 and consecrated in the same year around or just before Pentecost (June 8, 1147) by Passau Bishop Reginbert von Hagenau (patronage after the mother church Passau); the first pastor is the Passau cleric Eberger from the bishop's entourage . The church was completely oversized for the city at the time - so there could have been efforts to convert it into an episcopal church at that time. The church is dated to sunrise on December 26, 1137.
Lightning struck the south tower in 1149 and caused it to burn out. [8th]
From 1230 to 1245 , another late Romanesque building was built under Duke Frederick II the Quarrelsome of Austria, some of which is still preserved on the western facade. It consists of the two Heathen Towers and the Giant's Gate . The origin of both names is not completely clear. The name: Heathen Towers possibly comes from the stones that came from ancient Roman ruins, but possibly also from the two representations of the non-Christian fertility symbols phallus and vulva (pictures below), which crown the two blind columns in the west wall below the towers. The association with minarets comes from a later period. However, the term “pagan” could simply be a synonym for “ancient.” According to legend, the name Giant Gate goes back to a huge mammoth bone suspended above the gate or a giant who helped with its construction; In fact, the name probably goes back to the Middle High German word risen (to sink, to fall) and refers to the funnel shape of the portal. Above the gate was a ducal gallery , similar to Charlemagne's imperial chair in Aachen and the western galleries of the imperial cathedrals.
After a fire in 1258, construction was completed under the new sovereign Ottokar II Přemysl and re-consecrated in 1263 under pastor Gerhard. The upper floors of the heathen towers were only built afterwards. The two towers are connected by a late Gothic candle arch , which has the task of supporting the two towers against each other. This medieval renovation measure prevents settlement and shifting in the area of the westwork. The candle arch is usually hidden by the organ, but was visible in 2018 as part of the organ renovation. In 1276 a fire broke out again, which damaged the choir, but did not affect the western facade and the western gallery or the adjoining rooms in the heath towers.
The Gothic building period began under the Habsburgs , Dukes of Austria since 1282 . Under the Dukes Albrecht I and Albrecht II of Austria, not only was the fire damage repaired, but an enlarged choir in the Gothic style was built between 1304 and 1340, which is called the Albertine Choir after them . The choir was consecrated on April 23, 1340, and the hall choir was largely completed. After 1340, as the documents on the liturgy, the rood screen and the altars show, the choir could already be used for liturgical activities.
The reign of Duke Rudolf IV , called "the founder", was significant for the church: on April 7, 1359 he laid the foundation stone for the south tower and the Gothic extension of the church - one source specifically speaks of the choir, for which there is evidence of a new consecration in 1365. With the intention of upgrading the main church of his residential city, Rudolf - who had claimed the title of "Arch Duke of the Palatinate" since 1358/59 - moved the collegiate monastery he had built in 1358 in the All Saints' Chapel in the Hofburg as a "cathedral chapter" to St. Stephen's Church in 1365 and lent it to it Provost gave him the title “Archchancellor of Austria” and appointed him chancellor (rector) of the new university in Vienna . Since then, the All Saints' Day patronage for the choir has been the cathedral's second patronage. The important collection of relics and the founding of the ducal crypt also go back to Rudolf IV. [10] When Rudolf died unexpectedly in 1365, he was buried in the choir. The construction of the two western nave chapels as well as the two princely portals that are obviously connected to them also go back to Rudolf.
Rudolf's most important construction project at St. Stephen's Cathedral was the start of construction on the southern high tower, even if little more than parts of the St. Catherine's Chapel, which was only consecrated in 1391, was completed during the seven years of his rule. [15] The question of who was responsible for the conception and planning of the Gothic building is open. It was not until 1368 that a Magister operum ad St. Stephanum (master builder of St. Stephan) named Seyfried was mentioned for the first time. A significant influence on the planning was attributed in older research to the Dukes' master builder Michael Knab , but his activity as a master builder in Vienna's cathedral can be specifically ruled out.
By 1407, the tower substructure had advanced to the height of the church roof, when decisive corrections were made because, as Thomas Ebendorfer reports, “master builders experienced in the art and famous in our day had deviated so much from the original plan in the construction of the said tower that everything, What had been built on it at great expense over several years was, conversely, demolished back to where the first builder left it.” This obviously refers to the former Prague cathedral builder Wenzel Parler , who was the cathedral builder in Vienna from 1403 to 1404. The tower was then completed with modifications in 1433 by Peter and Hans von Prachatitz , [10] with this tower being the tallest tower in Europe at 136 meters until the Strasbourg Cathedral tower was completed in 1439.
Immediately after the tower substructure, the construction of the Gothic nave, decorated with rich tracery shapes, began on its south side and was progressed to such an extent by 1430 that the last remnants of the early Gothic nave, which stood in the way of expansion, could be demolished. Under cathedral builder Mathes Helbling , the western part of the north wall was completed by 1440 (inscription on the cornice), after which work began on the construction of the cantilever pillars of the hall church . Under Hans Puchsbaum, the cathedral nave was expanded into a relay hall and the vault was also prepared, although its rich design with arched ribs was only completed under his successor Laurenz Spenning . In the Middle Ages, the only tracery gable of the exterior building was that of Emperor Friedrich III. Referring Friedrich gable was built over the southwest yoke. An inscription tablet from 1474 (now lost) marked the completion date of the church building, although without the north tower, which had just begun. Shortly before, in 1469, Vienna had been elevated to a diocese and thus St. Stephen's Cathedral had been elevated to a cathedral , so that the collegiate foundation founded by Rudolf IV also became a cathedral chapter . During this time, St. Stephen's Cathedral was also used for public speeches to the Viennese community, as was the case with Archduke Albrecht VI. shows.
In 1450 Frederick III. the foundation stone for the north tower (previously also incorrectly called the Albertine Tower ) and the foundation of the north tower was built under the cathedral builder Hans Puchsbaum, whereby, on imperial orders, the wine of this vintage, which was classified as inedible, was used as a binding agent. After a long interruption caused by the political tensions between the city and the emperor, it was not until 1467 that construction of the north tower actually began according to new plans under cathedral architect Laurenz Spenning. [20] Of the two alternative tower plans he presented, the first represented a revision of the existing high tower, the second a new plan that was around 20 meters higher, which was also intended to surpass the tower construction projects of the Strasbourg and Ulm Minsters . Under him the portal floor was completed by 1477, under his successor Simon Achleitner the double window floor, under Jörg Kling and Jörg Öchsl the subsequent open floor, until further construction was stopped in 1513 after almost half a century of construction activity. The decision to complete the tower was made in 1523, but was no longer implemented. Continuing to be built at the same pace, the north tower could have been completed around 1560, but the warlike circumstances of the time, which made the renovation of the fortifications necessary, prevented further construction. In 1578, a simple bell storey with a Renaissance hood was placed on the tower stump , which is called Saphoy'sche Haube after the builder Hans Saphoy .
From 1511 to 1515, the sculptor and master builder Anton Pilgram took over the management of the construction works , he completed the organ base and, among other things, was involved in the execution of the cathedral pulpit ; the window peep there was traditionally mistaken for his self-portrait . Under Hans Herstorffer , who worked as the cathedral builder from 1637 to 1650, the interior was given a Baroque design in 1647 ; in particular, the high altar by the sculptor Johann Jacob Pock and his brother, the painter Tobias Pock , dates from this period. During the Turkish siege in 1683, the cathedral was damaged by Turkish cannonballs. The large bell (the Pummerin ) was then cast from the besiegers' cannons. In 1713, right at the beginning of the term of office of cathedral builder Johann Carl Trumler , Emperor Charles VI. in the cathedral a vow to found a church when the plague ends. Around three years later, construction of the Karlskirche began.
Since the renovations in the 19th century, the imperial eagle of the Austrian Empire has been laid out in colorful tiles on the southern roof of St. Stephen's Cathedral. The breastplate of this eagle contains the monogram of Emperor Franz I. When the roof structure was rebuilt after the fire at the end of the Second World War, the Austrian federal eagle , which, however heraldically , faces the wrong direction, and the Viennese eagle were also added to the north side of the roof Coat of arms attached.
Destruction in the Second World War and reconstruction
St. Stephen's Cathedral survived the bombing raids during the Second World War and the fighting in the city without any major damage. However, on April 6th, a bomb penetrated the vault of the south aisle. When a white flag was hoisted from the tower on April 10, 1945, the Wehrmacht captain Gerhard Klinkicht (1915–2000) refused the order of the city commander Sepp Dietrich , to "... initially reduce the cathedral to rubble and ashes with 100 grenades “A memorial plaque on the cathedral commemorates Klinkicht’s refusal to obey orders.
On the night of April 12, 1945, the larch wood roof structure and the bell tower of St. Stephen's Cathedral burned down completely. While the story spread for decades afterwards that “ the Russians ” had set the cathedral on fire, and also that there had been German shelling , it is known from eyewitness reports that the fire came from surrounding buildings in which looters had set fire Dom attacked. The previous battles had created holes in the cathedral roof; The flying sparks could reach the roof structure through this and ignite it. The fighting during the Battle of Vienna prevented effective firefighting operations. In addition, the cathedral's two large water pipes were destroyed in an American bombing raid on March 12, 1945. On the night of April 12, 1945, the woman hanging in the north tower fell into the transept. The Wimpassinger cross located there burned.The burning belfry with the pummerin collapsed on the afternoon of April 12th. The bell shattered on the vault opening in the floor of the bell chamber, most of its fragments fell through the opening into the tower hall and smashed the Turks' Liberation Monument there . The Zwölferin or Prince's Bell and the Quarter Pummerin , the two bells in the southern Heidenturm, also crashed. The valuable Walcker organ from 1886 burned after embers from the roof fell into it through an opening in the vault. In the morning hours of April 13th, a 16 m high retaining wall in the roof structure collapsed, destroying several vaults in the central and south choir. The gallery with the choir organ, the imperial box and the valuable Gothic choir stalls were smashed by the rubble and ignited by the burning roof beams. The tomb of Frederick III. remained almost undamaged thanks to being walled in. In November 1947, the vaults of the southern choir that had been preserved until then collapsed.
The reconstruction of St. Stephen's Cathedral, which was financed, among other things, by numerous donations from the population (see St. Stephen's Groschen ), began immediately after the end of the war. The steel roof truss was completed in 1950. The ceremonial reopening took place in 1952 with the arrival of the newly cast Pummerin. A memorial plaque commemorates the donations received from all Austrian federal states:
“The one that calls you to this house of worship, THE BELL, was donated by the state of Upper Austria , that opens up the cathedral to you, THE GATE, the state of Styria , that carries your step, THE STONE FLOOR, the state of Lower Austria , in which you kneel in prayer, THE BENCH, the country of Vorarlberg , through which the light of heaven shines, THE WINDOWS, the country of Tyrol , which shine in peaceful brightness, THE CHANDELIERS, the country of Carinthia , where you receive the body of the Lord, THE COMMUNION BANK , the Burgenland , in front of which the soul is in devotion, THE TABERNACLE , the state of Salzburg , which protects the holiest place in the country, THE ROOF, donated the city of Vienna in association with many helpful hands.
century
Under cathedral priest Anton Faber, St. Stephen's Cathedral was repeatedly staged with artistic installations. In 2020, an oversized purple sweater, Erwin Wurm 's Lenten shawl , and Billi Thanner's illuminated ladder to heaven attracted media attention. In August 2021, during the COVID-19 pandemic in Austria , Cardinal Schönborn and Vienna Mayor Michael Ludwig inaugurated a vaccination line in the cathedral's Barbara Chapel, which was controversial within the church as Violation of the sacrality of the place of worship was felt.
On March 16, 2022, at 2:11 a.m., according to cathedral priest Toni Faber, a hacker attack started the computer-controlled festival bells. After about 20 minutes of ringing at night, he stopped the bells.
Exterior
West facade
The west facade contains the oldest visible elements of the cathedral and in this form dates back to the 14th and 15th centuries. [40] Older components from the 13th century (Giant Gate, Heathen Towers, West Gallery) were deliberately integrated into this Gothic western complex. In the 14th century the facade was expanded by adding the chapels behind it. Around 1420, the Gothic central window was broken into the Romanesque west wall, and around the same time the heath towers were connected by a front wall as the top façade. This is bordered by a parapet with tracery, on which gargoyles and three pinnacles with figures below that connect to the front wall are attached ( St. Lawrence , St. Stephen , Archangel Michael ). The current figures are copies from the 1870s, the originals (now in the Vienna Museum ) date from around 1430. The gate hall protrudes slightly and is separated from the central window by a narrow canopy. Otherwise, the facade is flat and only divided by vertical pilaster strips and horizontal cornices, creating five sections vertically. The porch of the giant gate has side window slits for the stairs behind it and rectangular wall niches for figures, which only vaguely follow a symmetry. The corner pilaster strips in the axes of the Heiden towers mark the edges of the previous church, below each of which there is a late Romanesque arched window with richly sculpted reveals. In these axes there are also two cornices with dentil and trefoil friezes, which correspond to the structure behind them (the three basement floors of the Heiden towers).
Heathen Towers
The two towers are early Gothic in their current form, the lower floors were built in the 12th century, the upper floors in the 13th century, probably after the fire in 1256. [41] The lower floors behind the facade are square, while the four upper floors are octagonal. They are distinguished from each other by all-round dentil friezes and dwarf arched cornices, which are cranked at the corner templates. On the pyramid helmets with crabs and gable crowns, which have a roof gallery decorated with tracery halfway up, there were originally glazed tiles, just like the roof of the cathedral. At the tops of the Heathen Towers there are depictions of St. Lawrence (with rust, southern Heathen Tower) and St. Stephen (northern Heathen Tower) as the tower crown.
South Tower
As the main tower, the south tower is 136.4 meters high and has a square floor plan , which is gradually transformed into an octagon by a sophisticated arrangement of gables. Twelve pinnacle turrets rise below the top . It is open to the public up to a height of 72 meters, where the so-called Türmerstube is located. Climbing the top of the tower is exclusively reserved for employees of the cathedral building authority. To do this, you leave the inside of the tower at a height of around 110 m. From there you can climb an iron ladder on the outside and through the finial to the top.
The southern high tower of St. Stephan can be considered one of the most monumental solutions completed in the Middle Ages. It does not connect with the church building (as in the Cologne Cathedral as a two-tower facade , at the Ulm Minster as the West Einturm or at the Milan Cathedral as the crossing tower ) in order to let its building mass culminate in a central tower, but rather is at its side as an additional element attached. The special position of the Vienna Tower is still evident today in the fact that its northern counterpart was only partially completed and therefore does not contribute to the overall appearance of the building, without giving the impression of being unfinished. The top of the tower is now formed by a double cross ( archbishop's cross ) carried by a double -headed eagle . Originally the spire had a crown that represented the sun and moon (representing spiritual and secular power). After the Turkish siege in 1529, citizens of Vienna demanded that these symbols be replaced in 1530 because they were too reminiscent of the Turkish symbols (star and crescent). However, an exchange did not take place until the Feast of the Exaltation of the Cross (September 14) in 1686.
The total duration of the almost seventy-five-year construction period of the tower, which makes changes to the plan likely in the meantime, is determined by the key dates handed down, which include the laying of the foundation stone on July 12, 1359 by Duke Rudolf IV and his wife Catherine of Luxembourg and the placement of the final finial for 1433.
In between there was a change in plan, which first led to the introduction of the double window storey and then its reduction. In the first concept, this was raised significantly above the height of the eaves, but was then reduced again to just above the top of the window, so that the wall decoration with pinnacle canopies that had already been carried out for the statues intended here was lost. The entire tower area above the eaves of the church building was built entirely according to Peter von Prachatitz 's concept and did not represent a return to a supposed initial plan. But even here, further plan corrections can still be seen between the individual floor sections , especially in the transition to the helmet area coincide with the traditional change of master from Peter to Hans von Prachatitz.
The decisive change in plan between the substructure and the open floors also affected the purpose of the tower as a symbol of community. Started by Rudolf IV and continued by his brothers, the tower was intended to serve exclusively as a commemorative monument to the founder, but when it was taken over by the city at the beginning of the 15th century, it no longer stood for particular interests , but rather for the cohesion of all groups Society under the Habsburg crown . At the same time that the southern high tower of Prague's St. Vitus Cathedral remained unfinished due to the Hussite unrest in Bohemia , a tower with ever-increasing standards was completed in Vienna. The completed tower construction made it clear through its dominant position that Vienna had now taken the place of Prague in architectural terms, but was also ready to take over its function as “the empire's main state”.
The south tower had a mechanical chiming clock since the beginning of the 15th century. The south tower has been without a tower clock since 1861 after it was removed without replacement during the tower restoration.
From 1534 onwards, a tower keeper at a height of 72 m performed the function of a fire observer. In 1551, eight deer antlers were attached to the south tower in the superstition that they would protect the cathedral from lightning. [8th]
1800 to present
From 1810 to 1815, under the court architect Johann Nepomuk Amann, significant repairs were made to the war damage that had occurred under Napoleon in 1809.
Vertical
In the years 1839–1842, the top 17 meters of the dilapidated top of the south tower, which leaned towards the north, was removed by Paul Sprenger ; the stone ornaments were attached to an iron core. However, the iron did not prove to be rust-resistant, so many stones broke due to rust cracking. From 1850 onwards, cathedral builder Leopold Ernst used stone dowels cast with cement and “replaced one error with two others”, as the cement drift also led to serious damage. Therefore, the top 40 meters were demolished again in 1861 by Leopold Ernst and rebuilt as faithfully as possible to the original from 1862 to 1864 by Friedrich von Schmidt, who was appointed cathedral builder in 1863, using medieval stone technology. Several phases of this process can be seen in watercolors by Rudolf von Alt .
Schmidt led the restoration of the cathedral for decades, with “improving” interventions in the spirit of the neo-Gothic and Viollet-le-Ducs being undertaken (for example in the gable area of the south windows of the cathedral). On August 18, 1864, the emperor 's birthday , as part of the tower renovation, a new cross and an eagle weighing three hundredweight were placed on the completed spire. In 1870, the figures of Rudolf the founder's parents and parents-in-law from around 1365 (thus older than the tower itself), which were on the corner pillars of the south tower, were replaced by copies. The originals are in the Vienna Museum.
Since April 2014, the parameters of the lightning striking there have been recorded on the two lightning rods by sensors installed 20 m above the tower room and are to be scientifically evaluated via the Austria-wide ALDIS project.
In 2014, a portrait bust of the entrepreneur Carl Manner was installed in the tracery of the west facade of the south tower as a thank you for the decades of support of the cathedral bauhütte . For over 40 years, an employee of the Bauhütte worked at the cathedral in overalls in the company colors at the expense of the Manner company . This bust looks towards the Hernalser Manner factory.
The ongoing renovation work on the south tower began in 1997 when a large pinnacle threatened to collapse. This component was approximately 90 m high and weighed approximately 14 t. In the years that followed, the south facade of the cathedral (with the gables) and the west facade of the south tower were also worked on; from 2021 the east side of the tower will be worked on. Since this side is protected from the weather, there are many details from the 14th and 15th centuries on it, and an area with the dark gray paint from the Middle Ages is still there. During the course of the renovation work, steel rods are drilled into heavily stressed areas to absorb the tensile and pressing forces. They are intended to prevent the stone from cracking under the high load; the load is thereby distributed over the entire cross-section of the pillar construction.
North Tower
The north tower was intended to complete the external appearance of the cathedral. Construction work on this tower began in 1467 and lasted until 1511. However, it was stopped due to economic difficulties and religious turmoil - Vienna had become a Protestant city around 1520, while the Lower Austrian estates took action against the Protestants and Lutheran services were banned in town houses - and was not continued because of the approaching Turkish threat, so that the north tower remained unfinished.
Under Hans Saphoy von Salmansweiler († 1578 in Vienna), who was the cathedral builder of St. Stephan from 1556 to 1578, there were considerations about expanding the stone stump, but these were abandoned. The brothers Hans and Caspar Saphoy built a tower roof in the Renaissance style . It is a small octagonal bell tower, the so-called “Saphoysche” or “ Welsche Haube ”, on the top of which the double-headed eagle of the House of Austria is enthroned, which is why the north tower is also called the “Eagle Tower”. The north tower is 68.3 meters high in total.
Legends surrounding the unfinished north tower
There are many stories and legends that try to explain the unfinishedness of the north tower of St. Stephen's Cathedral. The best-known legend says that the builder Puchsbaum was just an assistant to the builder at the time it was built and made a pact with the devil to complete the north tower within a year. In this way, Puchsbaum would fulfill the builder's condition that he be allowed to take his daughter out. However, Puchsbaum was unable to keep his pact with the devil because - due to the naming of his daughter Maria - he was unable to utter the name of the Lord or another saint for a year.
Roof
The most striking thing next to the towers is the roof. It rises 37.5 meters above the nave and 25.3 meters above the choir with a length of 110 meters. It is covered with around 250,000 roof tiles, which are arranged in a zigzag pattern in the nave area and were produced in a total of ten colors by the brick kilns in Unterthemenau ( Poštorná ). Each of these tiles weighs 2.5 kg, is nailed to the rafters with two copper nails and is also embedded in mortar.
The roof structure of the cathedral in the area of the choir/nave transition with a view towards the gallery
Above the choir on the south side is the coat of arms of the Austrian Empire with the monogram of Emperor Franz I and the year 1831 (re-covering of the roof), on the north side the coat of arms of the city of Vienna and the coat of arms of the Republic of Austria , below with the year 1950 (completion of the roofing after the destruction in WWII).
The roof truss is a steel structure weighing around 600 tons, which replaced the larch wood roof truss from the 15th century, which burned down completely in 1945. During its restoration, a concrete ceiling was also installed over the vaults in advance (in 1946 over the nave with the slightly raised central nave and in 1948 over the choir) in order to protect the interior of the cathedral until the roof was completed and to provide a work and storage area for to have the roof rebuilt. This reconstruction, which was carried out largely in the same shape as the original roof, was completed in November 1950.
The first delivery of roof tiles took place on April 6, 1949. The cathedral construction management had special transport boxes made for the deliveries, each holding around 540 pieces of tiles. These boxes were lifted by crane directly to the track system in the roof and moved there by hand as required. After a transport accident on November 7, 1949, a rumor arose that a barn roof in Poysdorf had been covered with the remains of the damaged roof tile delivery for St. Stephen's Cathedral. That wasn't right. In 2023 it was confirmed that the tiles on this roof came from the same tile factory, but did not match the dimensions and colors of the cathedral's roof tiles and that the barn roof had already been covered around 1942.
In the mid-summer months, in the late afternoon hours, a reflection of the roof can be seen from the vineyards around Grinzing , which is vaguely reminiscent of a female figure and is nicknamed Jausenfee
Giant Gate
The main portal, the so-called “Giant Gate”, is located on the west side of the cathedral between the two “Heathen Towers”. It was built between 1230 and 1250 in Romanesque style and was redesigned into a richly structured funnel portal on the occasion of a visit by Emperor Friedrich II (from the House of Staufer , † 1250). Along with the entire westwork, it is one of the oldest and most important parts of the cathedral. The origin of the name is uncertain; it either derives from the fact that a mammoth bone was placed above the gate for a long time, which was viewed as the bone of a giant, or it goes back to the Middle High German word risen (to sink, to fall), which could refer to the funnel shape of the portal. In the outer wall, several stone figures can be seen in small niches, including two lions; a griffin and a seated figure in a strange posture, probably representing a judge, but popularly referred to as the thorn extractor . The portal itself is bordered on each side by seven funnel-shaped columns decorated with winding plant patterns. On the capitals there are figures of apostles and saints, but there are also scenes that are difficult to interpret. Richly structured arches rise above the capitals and surround the tympanum field , on which Christ is depicted as Pantocrator (Christ as ruler of the world) in a mandorla, whose head is surrounded by a cross nimbus , with one of the statue's knees free. The meaning of this symbolism is unclear; it is associated with acceptance ceremonies in construction huts .
Singertor
To the right of Riesentor, on the southern side of the cathedral at the beginning of the nave, is the Singertor, which is considered the most important Gothic work of art in the cathedral. It gets its name from the fact that it served as an entrance gate for the choir's singers. At the same time it was also the usual entrance for the men. It was created around 1360 and is arranged in the form of a pointed arch , with figures of apostles in the vestments . The magnificent tympanum shows the life story of Saint Paul . Also significant is the depiction of the founders of the new Gothic building, Duke Rudolf IV of Austria on the right and his wife Catherine of Bohemia on the left in robes, each accompanied by coats of arms. The gate was restored in 2022, with bones from the old St. Stephen's Cemetery found under the floor, and the gates opened. In order not to disturb those praying at the Maria Pötsch Altar, the gate will only be available as a possible escape route. The Singertor room is used for information and sales purposes and remains accessible from the outside. In July 2023, a new glass gate opened up a view of the interior of the Singer Gate. This glass gate was severely damaged in an act of vandalism on August 27, 2023, but has been restored.
Outside, right next to the Singertor, there is a Gothic tomb that is believed to be the alleged burial place of the minstrel Neidhart .
Bishop's Gate
The Bishop's Gate is located symmetrically to the Singertor to the left of the Giant's Gate at the beginning of the northern side of the nave. Its name reminds us that it served as an entrance gate for the bishops, whose palace is directly opposite. It was also the entrance gate for women. It was constructed around the same time as the Singertor around 1360 and corresponds to it in terms of construction and structure. The tympanum contains depictions from the life story of St. Mary , although in contrast to the male saints in the Singertor, female saints are depicted here in the robes. Here too you can find the statues of the donors, Duke Rudolf IV of Austria on the right and his wife Catherine of Bohemia on the left, which are largely identical to those in the Singertor.
At a specialist conference in November 2019, it was announced that the Dombauhütte, in cooperation with the Federal Monuments Office, had removed dirt from a monumental mural in the vestibule of the Bishop's Gate. The large-format wall painting dates from the early 16th century and depicts a winged altar painted on the wall. In the middle part you can see Saint Leopold, who is flanked by Saints Katharina and Margarethe. Images of the imperial coat of arms with the double-headed eagle and the Austrian shield are interpreted as an indication of an imperial connection. The preliminary drawings of the frame were classified as of the highest quality and were seen as an indication of a work by Albrecht Dürer based on various details in the lines, hands, curls, etc. A passage in the Dürer biography by Joachim von Sandrart , according to which Emperor Maximilian is said to have ordered the artist to create a large wall drawing, is seen in a new light against the background of the discovery.
The Kolomani Stone is walled up in the Bishop's Gate, part of the stone on which Saint Koloman is said to have been killed. The Bishop's Gate is only accessible from the inside as the cathedral shop is located there.
Eagle Gate
This broad Gothic gate, which is sparsely furnished with a crowned statue of the Virgin Mary from the 17th century, is located on the north side of the nave below the north tower, east of the Bishop's Gate. It owes its name to the north tower above it, which was also called the “Eagle Tower” because a double-headed eagle was previously depicted on its dome as a symbol of the House of Austria .
A crucifixion picture by Joachim von Sandrart from 1653 has been installed above the exit to the Adlertor since June 2019 . This picture originally belonged to the Passion Altar behind the tomb of Emperor Frederick III. was placed in the Apostles' Choir (right aisle of the cathedral). It is 6.97 × 4.12 m. This altar was dismantled in 1872/73 and the picture was in the north transept in the 1930s. In 1940 it was loaned to the garrison church , and after this church was destroyed by bombs , it hung outside for a few weeks in 1945, damaged, before it was saved, temporarily stored and restored by the then curator of the Schottenstift Robert Mucnjak. From 1957 it was the altarpiece of the parish church in Neulerchenfeld . After this parish was dissolved in 2013, the works of art that did not belong to the parish were removed. Since the picture belongs to the cathedral chapter of St. Stephan, it was returned to them and consideration was given to loaning the picture to the parish church of St. Michael . That didn't happen. The location in the entrance to the Adlerturmhalle is considered to be the optimal place for the picture in the cathedral. In front of the picture, there has been a copy of the Wimpassinger Cross from the Romanesque period, which was burned in 1945, at this point since 1995 .
Asylum ring at Adlertor
The asylum ring or the Leo on the left pillar of the Eagle Gate is a very old pulley , deflection pulley or belt pulley that can still be rotated today. By touching the asylum ring, persecuted people could place themselves under the protection of the church . The term Leo refers to Duke Leopold the Glorious , who introduced this form of asylum.
Primglöckleintor
This is located - symmetrically to the Adlertor - on the opposite southern side of the nave below the high south tower, is laid out in a very similar way to the Adlertor and is just as sparingly equipped. Only four console figures showing the four evangelists and an angel in the vault of the vestibule have been preserved from the original furnishings. On the middle pillar of the entrance there is a figure of Mary with the baby Jesus, created around 1420. It owes its name to the fact that a bell was once rung here at the first hour, i.e. at Prim .
Gable on the nave
Four gables rise above the southwestern part of the nave wall . Its westernmost lies above the wall above the Singertor and is called the Friedrichsgiebel. This gable was the only one that was completed in the 15th century; the other three gables (to the east) were initially only covered with brickwork. They were only supplemented with tracery in 1853–55 under cathedral builder Leopold Ernst in accordance with the state of the art of building technology at the time . The Friedrich gable was also dismantled and rebuilt, so that differences from the other gables are difficult to recognize. However, the cement used at the time introduced sulfur compounds into the limestone, which led to cracks, plastering and blasting . The gables had to be renewed in the 1860s under Friedrich von Schmidt . Further damage later resulted from the fact that the steel roof structure, which was replaced after 1945, did not fit exactly onto the walls. Deviations that were not originally present had to be compensated for; they also led to increased weathering on the gables. The combination of different building materials, brick and stone, also caused damage to the Friedrich gable. In 2015, the Friedrich gable and the gable adjoining it were renewed; the other two eastern gables were scheduled for restoration in 2016. The work on the western half of the south facade was completed, and the black sinter layers on the eastern part of the facade were removed in 2017. This black coating was largely made of gypsum, created from a chemical reaction of sulfur compounds in the air with the building's limestone. However , this process had already slowed down in previous years due to the lower proportion of sulfur compounds in the air ( acid rain ). The work on the eastern part of the south facade and on the west side of the south tower was estimated to take another two years in 2018, which was also due to the fact that a construction elevator had to be available up to the highest scaffolding levels. The work was completed in autumn 2020, and the scaffolding was dismantled at the beginning of 2021. This means that the main view of the cathedral (south side with tower) can be seen again without scaffolding after almost 25 years.
With the completion of this renovation work, the original color of the southern facade was traced, which was in various shades of ocher. However, around 1500 their stones were additionally covered with an ocher-colored lime slurry with black and white painted joints, which simulated large stones. On the one hand, this coating was a design tool and, on the other hand, it protected the stones from weathering. Remains of this painting were found under the canopy roof of the Neidhart grave, but there is no thought of replacing it. Further remains of a (dark gray) mud from the early 15th century were found on the east side of the south tower.
Capistran pulpit
The Capistran pulpit is a small Gothic pulpit made of sandstone, which is located on the outside corner of the north choir of St. Stephen's Cathedral. It was built between 1430 and 1450, but originally stood on a small hill near today's Churhaus at the “Stephansfreithof”, the cemetery at St. Stephan, and was used for funeral orations and speeches by priests.
Her name is reminiscent of the Franciscan John Capistrano , a once famous preacher against a luxurious and depraved lifestyle; He warned of the threat to Christianity posed by the advance of the Ottomans , but was also an inquisitor , military leader and initiated pogroms against Jews . On June 6, 1451, Capistrano arrived in Vienna and gave 32 sermons from this pulpit, which were apparently very well received. In 1453, after the fall of Constantinople , he called for a crusade against the Ottomans in Vienna , then moved with the troops he had collected to the enclosed city of Belgrade and thus contributed significantly to the lifting of its siege and the short-term general repulsion of the Ottoman army in 1456
After he was canonized by Pope Alexander VIII (1689-1691) in 1690 and his veneration spread, the pulpit was renovated in 1737, attached to the outside of the cathedral and with the addition of a baroque top - the statue of the saint stands on a fallen one Turks, surmounted by angels in radiant splendor - transformed into a monument.
Other features
On the west side you can see the listed signs of the resistance movement O5 , which resisted National Socialism from 1938 to 1945 . Originally they were painted white; when they faded, they were replaced by the engraving.
On the left side of the main gate there are two metal bars embedded in the wall, these are the cloth and linen corners . These cubits were once legal measures of length and could be used by every citizen to check the dimensions of goods. In the Middle Ages, craftsmen were threatened with punishment if their products did not have the correct measurements (keyword: Bäckerschupfen ); With the help of the Ellen, the craftsmen were able to protect themselves from punishment and the consumers from possible fraud. To the left above the cubits there is a circular depression in the masonry, which, according to legend, served as a measure of the size of a loaf of bread. In reality, this is simply a sign of wear and tear on a gate fastening, as until the second half of the 19th century the main gate of the cathedral was closed with a rococo grille that could be opened to the outside and was attached to the outer wall with hooks. On the right side of the gate there is a circle of the same size, in which you can see from the metal remains in the center that a hook was attached here.
Axle bend
The south wall of the choir is around 70 cm longer than its north wall. The choir swings approximately 1° from the long axis of the nave towards the north. The nave and choir are aligned with different sunrise points. This is not seen as the result of a measurement error, but rather as an intention: the axis of the nave is aligned with the sunrise on St. Stephen's Day (December 26th), while the axis of the choir points to the next Sunday, January 2nd. From the relationship of the building axes and the angle of the deviation, the time of the dimensions and thus the turn of the year 1137/1138 (today's calendar and year count) can be deduced. The (today's) roof ridge does not reflect this small deviation, it is straight across both parts of the building.
Longhouse
The four bays in the vault of the nave are square, which is a special feature of St. Stephen's Cathedral. It is assumed that an influence of the previous Romanesque building is still at work here. However, these yokes on the outer wall were reinforced by another intermediate pillar, so they rest on five supports and have ten vault caps.
The nave is also not built completely regularly: it becomes about 1.1 m narrower towards the east, and its gable walls are not exactly in line with the walls below. These deviations were one of the technical challenges when building the new steel roof structure after the fire in 1945.
Auer and Mannersdorfer stone for St. Stephen's Cathedral
The surviving invoices from the church master's office testify to the enormous Auer and Mannersdorfer stone deliveries for St. Stephan in the years 1404, 1407, 1415–1417, 1420, 1422, 1426, 1427, 1429, 1430 and 1476. According to the calculations, the quantities of stone that were obtained from the quarries between Mannersdorf and Au am Leithagebirge are very large, for example in 1415: 732 pieces, 1416: 629 pieces, 1417: 896 pieces, 1426: 963 loads, 1427: 947 loads and 1430: 761 loads.
The stone purchase was carried out by the church master's office under the technical advice and control of the cathedral builder or his representative, the Parlier . In any case, the work in the quarries was under the supervision of the cathedral construction works . Some names of the “Auer Steinbrecher” are known: Michelen Unger von Au, Peter stainprecher von Au and “Mannersdorfer Steinbrecher”: Chrempel, Amman, Niklas, Sallmann, Uchsenpaur, Velib, Hannsen von Menhersdorf (Mannersdorf), Trunkel and von dem Perendorffer . The stones were brought in by horse-drawn cart. The shipments from the Leitha Mountains from Mannersdorf and Au each comprised only one block (“stuk”), for which the price for breaking was constant, but that for freight fluctuated, apparently depending on weight.
The complete change to Mannersdorf stone occurred with the construction of the Albertine Choir (1304–1340). Like Auerstein, Mannersdorfer Stein is a fine to medium-grain sand-lime stone. The majority of the wall blocks and all the profiles , including the figure consoles in the choir, are made of it . The conditions are particularly clear in the high tower in the large bell chamber , where the more sophisticated stones and cornerstones and all the finer profiles, window frames , tracery , etc. were reserved for the Mannersdorfer/ Auerstein from the Leitha Mountains. In the nave, cuboids in the walls, as well as the yokes adjoining the Eligius Chapel and, above all, the northern wall pillars are made of “Mannersdorfer”.
In contrast, for the Servant Mother of God, it was determined through investigations in the central laboratory of the Federal Monuments Office that sand-lime stone from Atzgersdorf was used for this statue.
In addition to the Mannersdorf sandstone, the Mannersdorf algal lime was also used on the old cathedral. There is evidence of some gargoyles , for example on the vestibule of the Singer Gate (1440–1450).
Durability of the stones
In 1930, Alois Kieslinger , a geologist at the Vienna University of Technology, commented critically on the question of the durability of natural stone: “The six 'old' churches of Vienna? And how much of it is old? We are currently repairing the twelfth spire [!] at St. Stephen’s.”
The restoration work on the cathedral is proceeding according to a long-prepared plan: a restoration cycle lasts around 35 to 40 years. Regardless of this, the building is regularly checked by the stonemasons of the cathedral building works because damage occurs again and again due to rusted iron reinforcements (rust requires more space than iron and can therefore crack the stone).
Interior
The church interior of the cathedral has three naves, with two different cross-sections : the nave is a pseudo-basilica , the central nave vault lies almost entirely above the side aisle vaults, so that windowless high nave walls rise above the arcades . The choir, on the other hand, has the cross section of a hall church; the central nave and side aisles are almost the same height. As usual, the main nave is aligned with the main altar, the left aisle has a Marian program, and the right aisle is dedicated to the Apostles .
Although the interior acquired its appearance in the Middle Ages, the original artistic and liturgical ensemble from that time is only partially present, as the building was extensively changed again during the Baroque period. The figure of grace of the so-called Servant Mother of God from the period between 1280 and 1320 is an original from that time, the design of which is based on French models. It was extensively restored in 2020 and the original version is now easier to recognize.
Almost 90 sculptures, mostly in groups of three, are attached to the pillars of the nave at a height of approx. 8 m. They were commissioned by private donors and are a characteristic feature of the cathedral. The sculptures on the west side were restored around 2020, and in 2021 the most important object in this context was the statue of St. Sebastian next to the organ base on the north wall of the nave. It comes from the school of Niklas Gerhaert , the sculptor of the gravestone of Frederick III. and is considered one of the cathedral's most valuable sculptures.
Altars
The first recorded reports about altars come from the time of the choir's consecration by Bishop Albert of Passau on April 23, 1340. The bishop not only consecrated the choir hall and anointed it at the Apostle signs, some of which are still preserved today, but also consecrated six other altars. Three were in the choir and three on the rood screen , the stone partition between the nave (also known as the lay church) and the choir (also known as the clergy church). The main altar was often called the “Vronaltar” in medieval sources because of its proximity to the sacrament house and was on the back wall of the central choir with St. Stephen as its patron. No further information about the main altar has been preserved, except that it was probably a winged altar . An invoice from 1437 shows how the sexton was paid for opening and closing the wings.
According to contemporary reports, the old winged altar became worm-eaten at some point and had to be removed. It was transferred to the monastery of St. Agnes on Himmelpfortgasse (hence also known as Himmelpfort Monastery ). This monastery was later abolished under the rule of Emperor Joseph II in the 18th century, at which point the trace of the winged altar was lost.
High altar
The cathedral's high altar is an early Baroque masterpiece made of marble and stone. Its structure is similar to a portal and is therefore a Porta-Coelis (sky gate) altar. The topic is the stoning of Saint Stephen, the cathedral's namesake. The altar is crowned by a statue of the Immaculata. It was commissioned by Prince-Bishop Philipp Friedrich Graf Breuner on March 1, 1641, because the Gothic wood-carved winged altar had already been completely eaten away by woodworms.
The altar was built by Johann Jacob Pock , who was a master stonemason, sculptor and architect, and by his brother Tobias Pock - who painted the altarpiece - and consecrated on May 19, 1647. The altarpiece, created on an area of 28 square meters on tin plates, shows the stoning of Saint Stephen outside the walls of Jerusalem. In the background you can see a crowd in which other saints are depicted, which also refers to the second patronage of the cathedral - the patronage of All Saints.
Side altars
There are numerous other altars on the pillars and side aisles. For the cathedral, Tobias Pock later created the altarpiece of the Peter and Paul Altar, which the stonemasons' guild built in 1677 and which has been preserved under the organ base as the second oldest baroque altar in the cathedral .
The most important is the Wiener Neustädter Altar from 1447 – a typical Gothic winged altar showing scenes from the life of the Blessed Virgin Mary. The Wiener Neustädter Altar only came to the cathedral in 1883; before that it was in the Neukloster Abbey in Wiener Neustadt . It is therefore not part of the original medieval furnishings of St. Stephen's Cathedral.
Under the late Gothic Öchsel canopy is the altar of the miraculous image of Maria Pócs or Pötsch . It is a copy of an Eastern Church icon made in today's Máriapócs (Hungary, then Pötsch ). The image was said to be a miracle of tears and, according to popular belief, it supported the imperial troops in the Turkish wars. It was brought to Vienna in 1697 on the orders of Emperor Leopold I and was originally placed on the high altar. It has been in its current location since 1945. In 2022, the two bishop figures above the altar were cleaned and restored, with the original coloring becoming recognizable again.
The Joseph Altar and the Women's Altar are located opposite each other at the eastern end of the nave. The Joseph Altar on the southern pillar was built in 1700. Like the women's altar on the northern side, it is surrounded by an elliptical communion bench . It was built by Matthias Stein(d)l . The saints represent the evangelists: below Matthew and Mark , above Luke and John . The altar is crowned by the depiction of the Annunciation of Mary , with the archangel Gabriel and the Holy Spirit dove . The altarpiece depicting the nurturing father Josef was donated by Ferdinand von Radek and painted on metal plates by the Viennese court painter Anton Schoonjans .
Tombs
The tomb of Frederick III is in the south choir. It was created by Niclas Gerhaert van Leyden from 1463 and is one of the most important sculptural works of art of the late Middle Ages. It was made from Adnet marble (an Austrian limestone), which is particularly difficult to work because of its mottled nature. The cover plate of the tomb comes from Master Niclas himself (he died in 1473). It alone weighs over 8 tons and shows a portrait-like depiction of the emperor in coronation regalia, surrounded by his coat of arms and attributes of power. After Master Niclas' death, work on the tomb continued according to his designs and was completed in 1513. The relief depictions on the sides of the tomb were made by Max Velmet and are reminiscent of the emperor's numerous monastery foundations. Michael Tichter created the balustrade with its 54 figures .
It was part of the cathedral builder's remit to build the tomb of Emperor Friedrich III every year. to clean in the cathedral. A letter from Matthias Winkler , master builder of St. Stephan's cathedral, dated August 26, 1734:
To a highly praiseworthy Imperial Court Chamber
Submissive – most obedient request. Your High Count Excellency and Grace.
The annual 6 fl .
Pulpit
Another masterpiece of late Gothic sculpture is the pulpit made of Breitenbrunner sand-lime brick . It was long attributed to Anton Pilgram , but today the design is more closely associated with the workshop of Niclaes Gerhaert van Leyden . The pulpit basket rises from the pulpit base like a stylized flower. On the pulpit are the portraits of the four church fathers , the handrail is populated by frogs and amphibians. In the lower part of the stairs is the window peep - the sculptural self-portrait of an unknown master. For the railing, see number symbolism .
Oratorio
Johann Jacob Pock's second major completed work in the cathedral was the Imperial Oratory , begun in 1644 and built on behalf of the City of Vienna. The first payment for the stonemasonry was made on April 16, 1644 with a total cost of 1,100 fl . The chief chamberlain recorded the completion of the work in the account book in March 1646. The city was satisfied with the work and presented Master Pock with a silver-gilt pitcher with an engraved crest because of his hard work .
From the canon sacristy you reach the emperor's prayer room via a curved staircase. The steps are made of the hardest imperial stone , from the quarry near the house (“Hausbruch”), the tenant was the imperial court sculptor Pietro Maino Maderno . The oratorio was founded by Emperor Ferdinand III. entered for the first time.
Chapels
The cathedral is equipped with several chapels that are important in terms of art history. On the west side of the cathedral there are four chapels that date back to the Gothic expansion under Duke Rudolf IV in the second half of the 14th century and were completed at the beginning of the 15th century. Two are on the northwest (left) and two on the southwest (right) corner of the cathedral, each arranged one above the other.
The Prinz Eugen Chapel and the Eligius Chapel are located on the ground floor .
On the first floor above these two chapels there are two more chapels, the St. Valentine's and St. Bartholomew's chapels.
Two important - equally symmetrically arranged - Gothic chapels are located outside the nave, each to the east of the cathedral's two main Gothic towers, the St. Catherine's and St. Barbara's chapels .
Kreuz or Prinz Eugen Chapel
The Kreuzkapelle with the Prinz Eugen crypt
The lower chapel, located in the northwest corner of the cathedral, is known by various names. As a Morandus chapel after the patronage, as a cross chapel after the late Gothic cross located there, as a Tirna chapel after the Tirna family who had the chapel built in the 14th century and immortalized their coat of arms three times on the outer front of the chapel, later as a Liechtenstein or Savoy chapel the families who exercised patronage there, or as the Prince Eugene Chapel, after the tomb of the probably most famous Austrian general, Prince Eugene of Savoy -Carignan (* 1663, † 1736). The place of his final resting place was not given to Emperor Charles VI. but to Princess Maria Theresia Anna Felizitas of Liechtenstein , the wife of his nephew Emanuel Thomas Duke of Savoy-Carignan, Count of Soissons . After her husband's early death in 1729, she had the burial place set up for him and other members of the House of Savoy , donated the stone slab embedded in the floor that closes the entrance to the crypt, and the baroque altar with the late Gothic cross above it, created in 1731. In 1754 she commissioned the marble epitaph for her husband and Prince Eugene on the southern side wall of the chapel. The executive artists were Joseph Wurschbauer as a sculptor and goldsmith and Gabriel Steinböck as a stonemason.
Eligius Chapel
The lower of the chapels on the southwest corner of the cathedral, which is to the right of the Giant Gate, has two interesting keystones from the 14th century: one shows Christ as the Man of Sorrows, the other Mary with child. There is also the only surviving Gothic winged altar, which was made for the cathedral church itself. This is the Valentine's Altar, which is dedicated to Saint Bishop Valentine and was therefore originally created for the St. Valentine's Chapel in the cathedral. There are also the “House Mother of God” (around 1330) from the abandoned Himmelpfort Monastery and various pillar figures from the 14th century. The chapel is only available to worshipers.
Valentine's Chapel
It is located to the left of the Giant Gate directly above the Prinz Eugen Chapel next to the northern Heidenturm and was completed around 1480. It houses the cathedral's important collection of relics , which dates back to Duke Rudolf IV. In the middle of the room is the sarcophagus with the bones of Saint Valentine. During restoration work in November 2012, consecration crosses were discovered in the chapel, as well as a number of scribbles ( graffiti ) that were attached at the same time (in the still wet plaster ) from the days before St. Nicholas Day 1479 (profestum nicolai). The consecration crosses indicate that this chapel was consecrated (or at least its preparation) in 1479; another consecration is documented for 1507. The graffiti show jesters' hats, coats of arms, parts of names and the phrase manus beanorum maculant loca sactorum ( Latin : "The hands of the Beani defile the holy places") and prove that a student initiation ritual , a deposition , took place in the chapel room at this time : The name of the person affected is Jeronymus Kisling, a son of a Viennese trading family, later a city council member and head of the Vienna Fugger factory.
Bartholomew's Chapel
The Bartholomew's Chapel, also called the "King's or Duke's Chapel", is a former Michael's Chapel and is located on the southern (right) side of the nave directly above the Eligius Chapel, next to the southern Heidenturm. Its most important pieces of equipment, the so-called “Habsburg windows” with medieval depictions of representatives of the Austrian ruling family, had been in the then newly built Historical Museum of the City of Vienna and the Museum of Applied Arts since 1887 . In 2011, the first of these windows was returned to the cathedral by the city administration, In 2022, the installation of the original windows in the Bartholomew Chapel continued. Special glasses were made to protect the windows and the climatic conditions are constantly monitored; The places where windows have not yet been installed or have been lost are temporarily covered with darkening foil to avoid glare from too much brightness. Worth mentioning are the two Gothic keystones, each of which shows the Archangel Michael , once with the soul scales and once as a dragon slayer .
St. Catherine's or baptismal chapel
The St. Catherine's or baptismal chapel, consecrated in 1395, is located on the southern side of the Apostle's nave directly next to the (high) south tower. It was probably named in honor of the wife of Duke Rudolf IV, Catherine of Luxembourg, is octagonal and has a hanging keystone . It also contains the baptismal font , which was completed in 1481. The baptismal font has an octagonal base, above which there is a fourteen-sided baptismal font, the crown is heptagonal. The Seven Sacraments , the Evangelists and scenes from the life of Christ are depicted in lively late Gothic depictions .
Opposite the entrance to the chapel are the remains of the Turkish monument.
Barbara Chapel
The Barbara Chapel, consecrated in 1447, is located on the northern side outside the nave of the cathedral on the east side of the north tower. It was originally under the patronage of St. Urbanus and has hanging keystones. A reliquary container with ashes from the Auschwitz concentration camp and another with earth from the Mauthausen concentration camp are inserted into the beams of the late Gothic cross there from around 1470, which comes from the parish church in Schönkirchen in Lower Austria . It contains a bust of the blessed martyr Sr. Maria Restituta Kafka , a victim of National Socialism , created by Alfred Hrdlicka .
Opposite St. Barbara's Chapel, in the tower hall, is the original of the Lord of Toothaches , a Gothic Man of Sorrows . The Gothic stone figure was originally located outside the cathedral at the front of the central choir. It has been replaced by a copy there since 1960. According to legend, students made fun of him because he looked like he had a toothache, whereupon they were struck with a toothache themselves and had to apologize.
Sacristies
The “Upper Sacristy” is located at the eastern end of the cathedral in the north, was expanded in the 17th century and furnished in the first quarter of the 18th century. The room is decorated with frescoes by the impor
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The roller truck pressed down and leveling the surface. An asphalt pavers truck was laying asphalt on the road. After all, we have a new surface road.
Asphalt is obtained either as a residue from the distillation of petroleum or from natural deposits. The use of asphalt is very old, dating back to its use as a water stop between brick walls of a reservoir at Mohenjo-Daro (about the 3rd millennium BC) in Pakistan. In the Middle East it was extensively used for paving roads and sealing waterworks, important applications
I replaced the rotting planks on the Soo Line freight house platform. I used 2 1/2 thick x 10 in. wide oak boards that a friend and I cut ourselves from logs using his sawmill. Since I can not use creosote I used a wood preservative with black coloring added. The platform is 85 feet long plus a ramp on one end.
Tribe House/SP - 28.02.2009
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The road surface was replaced in our neighborhood area during the pandemic COVID-19. This is what I saw them doing. A deposed truck drove in front of the road breaker truck. The road breaker truck crushed the old asphalt surface, and suck it through a channel dropping it to the deposed truck. A shovel track cleared up all debris. A sweeping truck made groves on the road.
The roller truck pressed down and leveling the surface. An asphalt pavers truck was laying asphalt on the road. After all, we have a new surface road.
Asphalt is obtained either as a residue from the distillation of petroleum or from natural deposits. The use of asphalt is very old, dating back to its use as a water stop between brick walls of a reservoir at Mohenjo-Daro (about the 3rd millennium BC) in Pakistan. In the Middle East it was extensively used for paving roads and sealing waterworks, important applications
Erected in 1927, it replaced the 1922 Crows Nest---It first had a steel ladder, but was later replaced with wooden stairs & landings--This Lookout Tower was built to last, and is still standing.
"Everyday I fight a war against the mirror - I can't take the person starin' back at me
I'm a hazard to myself
Don't let me get me
I'm my own worst enemy
Its bad when you annoy yourself - So irritating
Don't wanna be my friend no more
I wanna be somebody else"
Don't Let Me Get Me - P!nk
I decided to change the picture that I used for day 7.. It wasn't what I wanted.
So, I dont hate or annoy myself haha The other day, I sat infront of the mirror and didnt recognize the person looking back at me. I'm changing..
Built in 1850 to replace the original church that was destoyed by U.S. artillary fire during the Taos Rebellion of 1847. Many of the pueblo residents took shelter in the church when they saw the approaching cavalry, thinking they would be safe. Many of them died.
HDR from a single RAW, Photomatix.
1936 MG TA
More information at:
Chassis No. TA0412
History: The MG TA replaced the PB in 1936. The previous advanced overhead cam engine was now not in use by any other production car so it was replaced by a more typical MPJG OHV unit from the Wolseley 10 but with twin SU carburetors, modified camshaft and manifolding. The engine displaced just 1292 cc, with a stroke of 102 mm and power output was 50 hp at 4,500 rpm. The four speed manual gearbox now had synchromesh on the two top ratios. Like the PB, most were two seat open cars with a steel body on an ash frame. It was capable of reaching nearly 80 mph in standard tune with a 0–60 mph time of 23.1 seconds. Unlike the PB, hydraulic brakes were fitted. Just over 3,000 were made and in 1936.
TA0412: Meticulously restored, this car was held in a private collection for many years until last year, when it was purchased and refreshed to its current condition. Mechanical and cosmetic restoration include: new burl walnut dash, steering wheel and gauges, fuel system including carburetors, brakes, drivetrain, undercarriage, and a complete concours detail of the engine and car. This RHD example features a matching number drivetrain, rear mounted spare, wire wheels, driving lamps, badges and badge bar.
· First production year!
· Desirable British Racing Green finish!
· A pristine example!
· Fresh restoration!
Only: $46,500.00!!
For more information, contact: sales@driversource.com
We buy all classic European and American sport cars! Finder's fees paid!!
The second running of the Devlin GAA 5KM Road Race and Fun Run was held in Delvin, Co. Westmeath, Ireland on Easter Bank Holiday Monday April 1st 2013 at 12:00. The race was held as a fund raiser for Devlin Community Games and Underage GAA development. This 5KM is AAI approved and was open to competitive runners, fun runners, and walkers. The heavy rain from last year's race was replaced with bitterly cold and windy conditions which still did not deter a large crowd of participants from the local community and beyond taking part. The race started on the N52 Delvin Mullingar road and then proceeded to take a right-handed course around some side roads until the race emerges again on the N52 for the finish at the Devlin GAA grounds.
Refreshments were served in the Devlin GAA clubhouse after the race. Overall, the event was again a successful one. The race starts and ends on the N52 road which makes it a particularly challenging organisational task for the race organisers. However, everything was managed well and there was a great race event.
Overall Race Summary
Participants: Approximately 200 people
Weather: Dry, bitterly cold, with strong head wind
Course: Mixture of National Primary Route road and rural backroads with some difficult hills - accurate measurement. Almost an entire traffic free course.
Refreshments: Yes - lots - served afterwards in the GAA club.
Some links, related to this race, which you might find useful:
Delvin 5KM Event Page on Facebook: www.facebook.com/events/558645040826408/?fref=ts
RACE Start line area on Google Street View: goo.gl/maps/dftYB
RACE Finish line area (and Race HQ) on Google Street View: goo.gl/maps/TR3Ei
Our Flickr set of photographs from the Delvin 5KM Road Race 2012: www.flickr.com/photos/peterm7/sets/72157629776380965
Wikipedia Entry on Delvin: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delvin
Please note: that we cannot be responsible for the content of any external links (outside of ourown Flickr account) as we have no control over them. Links are provided for your information only. Responsibility lies solely with the operators of those websites.
How can I get a full resolution copy of these photographs?
All of the photographs here on this Flickr set have a visible watermark embedded in them. All of the photographs posted here on this Flickr set are available, free, at no cost, at full resolution WITHOUT watermark. We take these photographs as a hobby and as a contribution to the running community in Ireland. We do not know of any other photographers who operate such a policy. Our only "cost" is our request that if you are using these images: (1) on social media sites such as Facebook, Tumblr, Pinterest, Twitter,LinkedIn, Google+, Google Orkut etc or (2) other websites, web multimedia, commercial/promotional material that you provide a link back to our Flickr page to attribute us. This also means the use of these images for Facebook profile pictures. In these cases please make a wall post with a link to our Flickr page. If you do not know how this should be done for Facebook or other media please email us and we will be happy to help suggest how to link to us.
Please email petermooney78 AT gmail DOT com with the links to the photographs you would like to obtain a full resolution copy of. We also ask race organisers, media, etc to ask for permission before use of our images for flyers, posters, etc. We reserve the right to refuse a request.
In summary please remember - all we ask is for you to link back to our Flickr set or Flickr pages. We are not posting photographs to Flickr for commercial reasons. If you really like what we do please spread the link around, send us an email, leave a comment beside the photographs, send us a Flickr email, etc.
I ran the race - but my photograph doesn't appear here in your Flickr set!
As mentioned above we take these photographs as a hobby and as a voluntary contribution to the running community in Ireland. Very often we have actually ran in the same race and then switched to photographer mode after we finished the race. Consequently, we have no obligations to capture a photograph of every participant in the race. However, we do try our very best to capture as many participants as possible. But this is sometimes not possible for a variety of reasons:
You were hidden behind another participant as you passed our camera
Weather or lighting conditions meant that we had some photographs with blurry content which we did not upload to our Flickr set
There were too many people - some races attract thousands of participants and as amateur photographs we cannot hope to capture photographs of everyone
We simply missed you - sorry about that - we did our best!
You can email us petermooney78 AT gmail DOT com to enquire if we have a photograph of you which didn't make the final Flickr selection for the race. But we cannot promise that there will be photograph there. As alternatives we advise you to contact the race organisers to enquire if there were (1) other photographs taking photographs at the race event or if (2) there were professional commercial sports photographers taking photographs which might have some photographs of you available for purchase. You might find some links for further information above.
If you want to contribute something for these images?
We do not charge for these images. We take these photographs as our contribution to the running community in Ireland. If you feel that the image(s) you request are good enough that you would ordinarily pay for their purchase we would suggest that you can provide a donation to any of the great charities in Ireland who do work for Cancer Care or Cancer Research in Ireland.
Don't like your photograph here?
That's OK! We understand!
If, for any reason, you are not happy or comfortable with your picture appearing here in this photoset on Flickr then please email us at petermooney78 AT gmail DOT com and we will remove it as soon as possible.
Programa Pop Stilo/SP - 28.02.2009
Quer usar essa foto? Ao utilizá-la, contanto que seja sem fins lucrativos, deixe os créditos da seguinte forma:
[ Foto por Tyello - http://www.flickr.com/photos/tyello ]
The sails of my boat, Wayfarer 488, and the new timber mast which recently replaced the original one which had lasted since 1961.
replaced image with one containing my copyright. everyone decided to hop on the spam wagon on pinterest & now this image is being linked to tons of weight loss sites and free Victoria Secrets panties. Really?? C'mon now.
Newly carved reproduction stonework replacing damaged medieval carvings - beautifully done!
Lincoln Cathedral is the third largest in England (after Saint Paul's and York Minster). Construction began in 1088 and continued in phases throughout the Middle Ages. It was reputed to be the tallest structure in the world for 238 years from 1311 until 1549 when the 160m central spire collapsed and was not rebuilt. I particularly liked the fantastically carved western façade and the 12th century baptismal font carved from Tournai ‘marble’, a black limestone from Belgium.
The first church was built on a hill in Garvolt. It was replaced by a thatched building erected in 1796 inside the present church gates. In the 1850's the church was very much in need of repair and much too small to accommodate the rising population of that time. From parish records we can see that over 60 baptisms and 30 marriages took place in Glangevlin in 1872.
In 1856 Fr. Hugh Magauran built a new church and erected the famous bell used during evictions. The old church was used as a parochial house. In 1978 the church was in need of essential maintenance and a new tiled roof replaced the old slated one. In addition an extension and porch were added to the church structure. The old magnificent alter,adorned with the apostles, was moved forward to allow the priest to face the congregation. The original bell tower was situated along side the church. It was rededicated on the 6th August 1978. Recently the tower was relocated to the rear of the church.
Tram tracks have a very limited number of years they can live. Contrary to most railway tracks, the changing of them is not easily done, as they are embedded into the street.
So this week the part between Goldbrunnenplatz and Gutstrasse is being replaced. Which means that they have around 48 hours to rip the old ones out, level the place again, put in the new drainage and install the new rails and start fixing them to the ground.
So it is a masterpiece of planning to get all the work done at the right point in time.
Replacing the motor rickshaw is an ambitious aim, but I believe this vehicle family is heading in the right direction. This vehicle is electric, and consists of two moulded polyester halves, forming a rigid frame. Using regular lead acid batteries with a wiring sequence designed specially to make electronic or mechanical controllers redundant, this should be a supremely cheap way to supply a narrow vehicle for urban use in metropolitan areas of emerging economies. We have built a prototype, which reaches a top speed of 50km/h, and has a range of around 50km.
In June 1856 the English manufactured, iron City Bridge was opened, extending King William Street to North Adelaide. It was widened in 1877 then converted into a two-lane bridge in 1884. The bridge was replaced in 1931 with a concrete arch structure. I took this image with my Panasonic Lumix LX3 and it still impresses me every time I use it. This is actually about a quarter of the original image.