View allAll Photos Tagged pigmentation
Please click here to see this on white!
This picture was shot on hand held in RAW . Processed file in Photoshop CS6. I increased the overall saturation with Hue/Saturation. Curve adjustment to increase the overall contrast. 1 layer mask in soft light mode at 50% gray, using brush tool to lighten and darken some areas of the image, to bring out details. Used Nik Sharpener Pro to sharpen image.
The White Bengal Tiger at the Singapore Zoo.
To view my other images of the Animal Kingdom, click here.
red light,
slowly a
beggar approaches car....
upper left member severely contorted
severe burns
with loss of pigmentation,
maimed
or
born like this
does it matter?
Kolkata
Photography’s new conscience
Note the accumulation of iron (red color) and areas of reduction (gray color). Redoximorphic features (RMFs) consist of color patterns in a soil that are caused by loss (depletion) or gain (concentration) of pigment compared to the matrix color, formed by oxidation/reduction of iron and/or manganese coupled with their removal, translocation, or accrual.
Redox depletions are localized zones of decreased pigmentation due to a loss of iron or manganese, with or without clay loss. The pigment loss produces a color grayer, lighter, or less red than that of the adjacent matrix (fig. 3-27). The pigment loss reveals the underlying mineral color. Redox depletions have a hue that is yellower, greener, or bluer than that of the adjacent matrix and/or a higher value and/or a lower chroma. Redox depletions include, but are not limited to, what were previously called “low chroma mottles” (chroma < 2), which are key indicators of seasonal or periodic soil saturation. Redox depletions occur in the following forms:
Iron depletions.—Localized zones that have lost iron and/or manganese pigment due to oxidation or reduction reactions under anaerobic conditions but that have a clay content similar to that of the adjacent matrix.
Clay depletions.—Localized zones that have lost iron, manganese, and clay. These features are commonly referred to as silt coatings or skeletans. Silt coatings may form by eluvial processes rather than from oxidation and reduction. Soil features of inferred eluvial origin (for example, albic materials, silt coatings, and skeletans) are not considered or described as a redox depletion.
Reduced matrix.—A soil horizon, layer, or zone that is reduced in respect to iron. It has an in situ matrix chroma < 2 and/or a hue of 5GY, 5G, or 5BG that reflects the presence of Fe(II). The color of a soil sample becomes visibly redder or brighter (oxidizes) when exposed to air. The color change typically occurs within 30 minutes. A 0.2% solution of alpha,alpha-dipyridyl dissolved in 1N ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) pH 7 can verify the presence of Fe+2 in the field (Childs, 1981).
www.flickr.com/photos/jakelley/40158035731/in/album-72157...
Although the red redox concentrations have sharp boundaries, they could not be separated as discrete bodies and did not exhibit stronger rupture resistance nor a brittle manner of failure.
For more information about describing and sampling soils, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...
or Chapter 3 of the Soil Survey manual:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2022-09/The-Soil-Su...
For additional information on "How to Use the Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils" (video reference), visit:
www.youtube.com/watch?v=e_hQaXV7MpM
For additional information about soil classification using USDA-NRCS Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/keys-...
or;
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/soil-...
For more information about Hydric Soils and their Field Indicators, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...
Litorea caerulea
From Wikipedia -
The Australian Green Tree Frog, simply Green Tree Frog in Australia, White's Tree Frog, or Dumpy Tree Frog (Litoria caerulea) is a species of tree frog native to Australia and New Guinea, with introduced populations in New Zealand and the United States. The species belongs to the genus Litoria. It is physiologically similar to some species of the genus, particularly the Magnificent Tree Frog (Litoria splendida) and the Giant Tree Frog (Litoria infrafrenata).
The Green Tree Frog is larger than most Australian frogs, reaching 10 centimetres (4 inches) in length. The average lifespan of the frog in captivity, about sixteen years, is long in comparison with most frogs. Green Tree Frogs are docile and well suited to living near human dwellings. They are often found on windows or inside houses, eating insects drawn by the light.
Due to its physical and behavioural traits, the Green Tree Frog has become one of the most recognisable frogs in its region, and is a popular exotic pet throughout the world. The skin secretions of the frog have antibacterial and antiviral properties that may prove useful in pharmaceutical preparations.
The Green Tree Frog shares the Litoria genus with dozens of frog species endemic to Australasia. The common name of the species, "White's Tree Frog", is in honour of John White's first description in 1790. The Green Tree Frog was the first Australian frog scientifically classified.
The species was originally called the "blue frog" (Rana caerulea) despite its green colour. The original specimens White sent to England were damaged by the preservative and appeared blue. The colour of the frog is caused by blue and green pigments covered in a yellow layer; the preservative destroyed the yellow layer and left the frog with a blue appearance. The specific epithet, caerulea, which is Latin for blue, has remained. The frog is also known more simply as the "Green Tree Frog." However, that name is often given to the most common large green tree frog in a region, for example, the American green tree frog (Hyla cinerea).
The Green Tree Frog can grow up to 10 centimeters (4 inches) in length. Its color depends on the temperature and color of the environment, ranging from brown to green; the ventral surface is white. The frog occasionally has small, white, irregularly shaped spots on its back, up to five millimeters in diameter, which increase in number with age. The frog has large discs at the end of its toes, of about five millimeters in diameter at maturity. These help the frogs grip while climbing and allow them to climb vertically on glass. The eyes are golden and have horizontal irises, typical of the Litoria genus. The fingers are about one-third webbed, and the toes nearly three-quarters webbed. The tympanum (a skin membrane similar to an eardrum) is visible.
The Green Tree Frog is sometimes confused with the Magnificent Tree Frog (Litoria splendida), which inhabits only north-western Australia and can be distinguished by the presence of large parotoids and rostral glands on the head. The Giant Tree Frog (Litoria infrafrenata) is also sometimes confused with the Green Tree Frog. The main difference is a distinct white stripe along the edge of the lower jaw of the Giant Tree Frog, which is not present in the Green Tree Frog.
The tadpole's appearance changes throughout its development. The length of the species' tadpoles ranges from 8.1 millimeters (once hatched) to 44 millimeters. They are initially mottled with brown, which increases in pigmentation (to green or brown) during development. The underside begins dark and then lightens, eventually to white in adults. The eggs are brown, in a clear jelly and are 1.1–1.4 millimeters in diameter.
Although frogs have lungs, they absorb oxygen through their skin, and for this to occur efficiently, the skin must be moist. A disadvantage of moist skin is that pathogens can thrive on it, increasing the chance of infection. To counteract this, frogs secrete peptides that destroy these pathogens. The skin secretion from the Green Tree Frog contains caerins, a group of peptides with antibacterial and antiviral properties. It also contains caerulins, which have the same physiological effects as CCK-8, a digestive hormone and hunger suppressant. Several peptides from the skin secretions of the Green Tree Frog have been found to destroy HIV without harming healthy T-cells.
The Green Tree Frog is native to northern and eastern regions of Australia and to southern New Guinea. Distribution is limited mostly to areas with a warm, wet tropical climate. In New Guinea, the Green Tree Frog is restricted to the drier, southern region. Its range spans from Irian Jaya to Port Moresby, and is most abundant on Daru Island. There have been isolated records in northern New Guinea, however this is thought to have been through introduction by humans. The International Conservation Union (IUCN) suggests "scattered locations" in both New Guinea and Indonesia.
The species has been introduced to both the United States and New Zealand. In the United States, it is restricted to two regions within Florida, where it was possibly introduced through the pet trade. Only small populations have been found in Florida, and it is unknown whether they have caused any ecological damage as an invasive species. In New Zealand, a population was once present; however, there have been no sightings since the 1950s.
Green Tree Frogs are very docile. They are nocturnal and come out in early evenings to call (in spring and summer) and hunt at night. During the day they find cool, dark, and moist areas to sleep. During winter, Green Tree Frogs do not call and are not usually seen.
Depending on their location, Green Tree Frogs occupy various habitats. Typically, they are found in the canopy of trees near a still-water source. However, they can survive in swamps (among the reeds) or in grasslands in cooler climates. Green Tree Frogs are well known for inhabiting water sources inside houses, such as sinks or toilets. They can also be found on windows eating insects. They will occupy tanks (cisterns), downpipes (downspouts), and gutters, as these have a high humidity and are usually cooler than the external environment. The frogs are drawn to downpipes and tanks during mating season, as the fixtures amplify their call.
The species' call is a low, slow Brawk-Brawk-Brawk, repeated many times. For most of the year, they call from high positions, such as trees and gutters. During mating season the frogs descend, although remaining slightly elevated, and call close to still-water sources, whether temporary or permanent. Like many frogs, Green Tree Frogs call not only to attract a mate. They have been observed calling to advertise their location outside the mating season, usually after rain, for reasons that are uncertain to researchers. They will emit a stress call whenever they are in danger, such as when predators are close or when a person steps on a log in which a frog resides.
The species' diet consists mainly of insects and spiders, but can include smaller frogs and even small mammals. Frog teeth are not suited to cutting up prey, so the prey must fit inside the mouth of the frog. Many frogs propel their sticky tongues at prey. The prey sticks, and is consumed. A Green Tree Frog will use this technique for smaller prey; however for larger prey, it pounces, then forces the prey into its mouth with its hands.
The frog has a few native predators, among them snakes and a few species of lizards and birds. Since the European settlement of Australia, non-native predators have been introduced, primarily dogs and cats. The species has an average life expectancy in captivity of sixteen years, but some have been known to live for over twenty years, which is long for a frog. The average life expectancy in the wild is lower than in captivity, due to predation.
As a pet
The Green Tree Frog is one of the most popular pet frogs throughout the world. Its docile nature, often cartoon-like appearance, and long life expectancy make it an attractive choice for exotic-pet owners. It is also one of the easier frogs to care for: their diet is broad and they have a strong resistance to disease. One problem commonly associated with keeping this species as a pet is overfeeding; Green Tree Frogs tend to become obese if overfed. In the wild, exertion of energy is required for a frog to capture its prey. However, in captivity they are usually given live feed in a confined space. This lessens the activity needed for feeding, resulting in weight gain. An overweight member of the species will deposit fat layers over the top of the head and body, giving it "dumpy" appearance. Thus the name, "Dumpy Tree Frog."
Conservation
Australian law gives protected status to the Green Tree Frog - along with all Australian fauna - under the federal Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999. The IUCN lists it as a "least concern" species, given its broad range and population, balanced habitats, and because it is likely not declining fast enough for more threatened status.
Much of the Green Tree Frog's natural habitat has been destroyed. Also, some of the frogs have been found infected with chytrid fungus (causing chytridiomycosis). These two factors associated with the general decline in frog populations in Australia threaten to reduce the population of the Green Tree Frog. However, because of the long life expectancy of this species, any effects of a reduced reproduction rate will take longer to spot than they would in a species with a shorter life expectancy.
"Whiteness" is a complex term referring to both the physical attribute of light skin pigmentation and, more significantly, the social and cultural construct of being considered white. It encompasses a range of meanings, from a demographic descriptor to a set of cultural norms and power dynamics. Whiteness is often viewed as the default or standard in society, against which other racial identities are compared. It's a concept that has been historically constructed and continues to evolve, influencing social, political, and economic structures.
This beautiful, cute and adorable little white Screech Owl, named Luna, is just one of a large number and variety of birds at the Peace River Wildlife Center (PRWC) that are there for rehabilitation. He’s a male leucistic screech owl. Although most Screech Owls are either gray or a reddish brown, Luna has Leucism, which is a condition that causes a partial loss of pigmentation. In the case of a bird, it results in white, pale, or patchy feathers but does not affect the eyes. Thus, although Luna white, he is not an albino. I understand that Luna's chances for survival in the wild were slim to nil because these owls use their natural camouflage and color to hide from predators. I believe that it is the only one in captivity--and thus is well known in circles throughout the world. In this shot, Luna is perched on a thick glove worn by Callie, PRWC's Operation Manager.
While in Punta Gorda, Florida over the Christmas break, I visited the PRWC and made a donation. Labeled as a Shutterbug and given some instruction, I was able to step into all of their large open-air bird cages to take photographs. Nestled into the mangroves on Charlotte Harbor at the Ponce de Leon Park, PRWC is a non-profit organization dedicated to the care, preservation and protection of Charlotte County's native wildlife.
You can visit the non-profit Peace River Wildlife Center online eat peaceriverwildlifecenter.org
A collection of photos from my visit to the Peace River Wildlife Center can be found at www.flickr.com/photos/stevefrazier/sets/72157654341403290
_MG_4058
© Stephen L. Frazier - All of my images are protected by copyright and may not be used on any site, blog, or forum without my permission.
Steve Frazier's main photography website is stevefrazierphotography.com
Contact me at stevefrazierphotography@gmail.com
Archival pigmentation photographic print, 2003
If you are interested in a print, please go to the artist's website at www.lasnerphoto.com for more information on availability
HUMPBACK WHALES: 2015
COOL FACTS:
•Males sing complex songs on wintering grounds in Hawaii that can last up to 20 minutes and be heard 20 miles (30 km) away!
•In the Pacific, humpbacks migrate seasonally from Alaska to Hawaii--they can complete the 3,000-mile (4,830 km) trip in as few as 36 days!
•Humpback whales are well known for their long pectoral fins, which can be up to 15 feet (4.6 m) in length. Their scientific name, Megaptera novaeangliae, means "big-winged New Englander" as the New England population was the one best known to Europeans. These long fins give them increased maneuverability; they can be used to slow down or even go backwards.
•Several hunting methods involve using air bubbles to herd, corral, or disorient fish. One highly complex variant, called "bubble netting" is unique to humpbacks. This technique is often performed in groups with defined roles for distracting, scaring, and herding before whales lunge at prey corralled near the surface.
•Their body coloration is primarily dark grey, but individuals have a variable amount of white on their pectoral fins and belly. This variation is so distinctive that the pigmentation pattern on the undersides of their "flukes" is used to identify individual whales, similar to a human fingerprint.
•Humpback whales are the favorite of whale watchers, as they frequently perform aerial displays, such as breaching (jumping out of the water), or slapping the surface with their pectoral fins, tails, or heads.
•Humpback whales travel great distances during their seasonal migration, the farthest migration of any mammal. The longest recorded migration was 5,160 miles (8,300 km); seven animals, including a calf, completed this trek from Costa Rica to Antarctica.
•Also on wintering grounds, males sing complex songs that can last up to 20 minutes and be heard 20 miles (30 km) away. A male may sing for hours, repeating the song several times. All males in a population sing the same song, but that song continually evolves over time. Humpback whale singing has been studied for decades, but scientists still understand very little about its function.
Source: www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/species/mammals/whales/humpback-whal...
A couple of days ago I posted some images of a mature female springtail (Katiannidae Genus nov.1 sp. nov). I have been photographing and measuring different instars of this species for FransJanssens@www.collembola.org. What was unusual is that it had orange/red pigmentation over the whole dorsal abdominal area. It was thought that only males exhibited this characteristic. When I went looking the next day, I found another one of the same size (1.4 mm) and with the same colouration. On closer examination though, I think it may be the same individual that I photographed previously!
Anyway, I've added these additional shots. On close examination of the orange/red areas, it looks as though they are formed from discrete patches on an non-pigmented background cuticle. In the males, the ventral orange/red pigmentation seem much more diffuse as if the background cuticle itself is this colour. Just a thought to aid gender differentiation!
Leucism
In leucistic birds, affected plumage lacks melanin pigment due to the cells responsible for melanin production being absent. This results in a white feathers, unless the normal plumage colour also comprises carotenoids (e.g. yellows), which remain unaffected by the condition. Although leucism is inherited, the extent and positioning of the white colouration can vary between adults and their young, and can also skip generations if leucistic genes are recessive.
Albinos have pink eyes while the iris pigmentation of leucistic birds remains dark. Most albino birds die soon after fledging, primarily as a consequence of their poor eyesight, and albino birds are not thought to progress to adulthood in the wild. As with leucistic individuals, albinos can retain carotenoid pigments if normally present in the plumage. A common misnomer is ‘partial albino’ – this is not possible since albinism affects the whole plumage of a bird, not just part.
www.bto.org/our-science/projects/gbw/gardens-wildlife/gar...
Before we moved recently, I used to visit the local village churchyard most days, looking for invertebrates. Since moving, opportunities have been fewer, but I did manage a trip today. I'm pleased I went. I found several interesting invertebrates in leaf litter, including this globular springtail.
This was a very small individual (around 0.6mm) and it exhibits interesting colouration. It could perhaps, be a pale form of Sminthurinus igniceps; I'm not sure. Interesting though, is the "moustache"-shaped area of pigmentation on the lower "face". This is typically seen in Sminthurinus elegans but not in Sminthurinus igniceps. Interesting!
Canon 5D3 + MP-E 65mm (at x5) + 2x Tele-extender + MT24-EX Twinlite flash.
Built in 1919-1920, this Chicago School and Sullivanesque-style building was designed by Louis Sullivan for the Farmers and Merchants Union Bank in Columbus, Wisconsin as one of his late-career “jewel box” bank buildings that are largely located in smaller communities throughout the midwest. The building was the last “jewel box bank” designed by Sullivan, and the second-to-last commission of his career, and was intended to communicate the bank as a modern and progressive institution, rather than employing the stodgier and more traditional Classical design found on most other banks of the era. The bank was commissioned by the president of the bank, J. Russell Wheeler, whose wife, Anna May Wheeler, pushed him to commission Sullivan to design a new home for the bank. In addition to Louis Sullivan, the building’s stained glass windows, were designed by architectural decorator Louis J. Millet, and the terra cotta by clay modeler Kristian Schneider, whom developed moulds for the building’s terra cotta, metal, and plaster details. The two artisans worked alongside Sullivan on several other bank projects. The building was heavily documented in Sullivan’s 1924 “A System of Architectural Ornament”, published shortly before he died.
The building is clad in red tapestry brick, which features blue and green mixed with the red clay mixture in some bricks, creating variation in color and texture across the facade. The brick creates a backdrop to some of the best terra cotta on any of Sullivan’s projects. The terra cotta features many of the floral and geometric motifs found on Sullivan’s other works, and is arranged similarly to other Sullivan banks that utilized brick cladding. The building features two principal facades, with a narrower facade along James Street, and a broader facade facing Dickason Boulevard. The James Street facade features two openings close to ground level, with the eastern bay housing a large plate glass window, and the western bay housing a doorway flanked by skylights, both of which are recessed under a large terra cotta architrave and flanked by square pilasters with decorative Sullivanesque ornament panels at the capitals. The architrave above the doorway and window is divided into three segments by vertical terra cotta elements that feature floral motifs and, like many Sullivan buildings, appear like plants with roots, branches, and crowns. The outer panels of the architrave feature circular cartouches with hexagonal trim, leaves, and geometric elements, with circular central medallions featuring the years 1861, when the bank was founded, and 1919, when the bank was completed. The central panel is clad in marble with the words “Farmers & Merchants Union Bank” and “Louis Sullivan, Architect” engraved into the stone with yellow pigmentation, contrasting against the white and green marble background. Atop the two vertical elements on either side of the central panel are griffin sculptures holding shields, a common element on many of Sullivan’s “Jewel Box Banks,” while the base of the outer vertical elements features the initials of the bank at the base. Above the architrave is an arched bay that houses a stained glass window, trimmed with decorative terra cotta at the inner and outer rings of the arch, with the bay becoming more recessed after each concentric arch, much like the entrances to medieval Romanesque churches. Besides a band of belt coursing that runs on either side of the architrave and wraps the corner to a tapered buttress on the Dickason Boulevard facade, the only other adornment is an eagle sculpture on a vertical trim element at the center of the parapet, which terminates many brick courses above the arched opening below, and another band of terra cotta trim along the top of the parapet, which forms a cap on the parapet around the perimeter of the building’s low-slope roof. On the Dickason Boulevard facade, the building features five recessed clerestory arched bays housing stained glass windows, flanked by tapered buttresses. Surrounding the arched tops of the windows are decorative trim panels with floral motifs, which begin just below the base of the arches, and extend up above the top of the arches, terminating in a band of belt coursing. Atop the buttresses at either end are trim elements featuring large spheres atop rectilinear legs with floral motifs below, undulating in and out with the brick below. Additionally, a band of belt coursing, which wraps the corner of Dickson Boulevard and James Street, runs beneath the windows, only interrupted by the buttresses. Toward the back, on the building’s original rear wing, there are three windows at eye level in the original building, with bands of belt coursing below and at the top of the parapet. The rear window is a recessed bay window flanked by two pilasters with sullivanesque terra cotta panels, while the smaller windows are flanked by sullivanesque relief panels. The rear wing features a roof at multiple heights, and was extended in 1961 with a matching addition by Law, Potter and Nystrom, since removed. The rear of the taller portion of the building features a simple recessed bay with an arched window, and a similar eagle sculpture and vertical trim piece as on the front facade.
Inside, the front wing of the building features a tall banking hall with brick cladding on the walls up to the level of the windows, where it terminates at a wooden sill. The space is split down the middle by a row of brick piers and low walls framing the teller cages, which terminate at the sill line of the windows, dividing the space while still allowing it to read as a single continuous lofty space. The brick forms piers at the teller’s cages, pilasters separating desks on the exterior wall, and low brick walls with marble caps. The upper portion of the walls and the coffered ceiling in this space is finished with white plaster, which gives the space a very vertical and airy feeling, as do the cream-colored terrazzo floors, which feature black edges at the base of the walls, tying the space together. The space features a terra cotta water fountain, or bubbler, also designed by sullivan, which features intricate ornament by Schneider. The space also features two mezzanine balconies with metal railings that run below the arched windows at the front and rear of the space, allowing managers to observe the activities in the lobby and teller area below from the rear balcony, while the front balcony exists solely to balance the space and keep it symmetrical. An office for private conferences with customers was originally located near the front of the space, along with a manager’s office, allowing convenience for customers seeking a meeting with the bank management. The teller’s side of the space also housed the bank’s two vaults and several other private offices. The bank originally featured a large meeting room in the one-story rear wing, behind the vaults, with a women’s waiting room sitting along the Dickason Boulevard side of the rear wing, featuring a bay window and a restroom. The building’s interior has changed in function somewhat due to the growth of the bank, changes in bank operations, and expansion of the building with new additions to house offices and a drive-through in the rear.
The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972, was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1976, and is a contributing structure in the Columbus Downtown Historic District, listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992. The building saw an addition in 2006, clad in buff brick, which replicated a historic building that formerly stood to the east, and wraps the building to the rear, with a two-story section behind a one-story annex that connects the one-story rear wing of the bank to the new building. This wing replaced older additions made in 1961, which matched the one-story rear wing of the historic building, and 1980, which was modern in appearance and slightly recessed along James Street to give precedence to the historic building. The building still functions as the main office branch of the Farmers and Merchants Union Bank, which has grown substantially. The building has been long considered to be among the best of Sullivan’s “Jewel Box Banks,” and has been kept in excellent condition by the bank’s careful and caring generational stewardship.
Another garden springtail (~1.2 mm), this one showing typical Group 2 colouring (in contrast with previous image). The whole abdominal area is darkly pigmented (including abd.6) with some distinct orange/red areas. These red areas can be even more numerous. The head is also deeply pigmented over much of the surface.
[Part of a garden survey of the "novel" springtail Katiannidae Genus nov.1 sp. nov. that I'm doing with FransJanssens@www.collembola.org initially, to establish the size and differences between sexes and the various instars. As a result of the initial findings, Frans is suggesting that there are two distinct groups:
Group 1 - where abd.6 in adults is pale and there is little red pigmentation along the dorsal surface of the abdomen, and
Group 2 - where abd.6 in adults is dark and there is (sometimes) significant red pigmentation along the dorsal surface of the abdomen..
Canon MP-E65mm Macro (at 5x) + 1.4x tele-extender + 25mm extension tube + diffused YN24EX flash. Cropped.]
Baby boy 10 month and Great-Grand-Father 87 years , his old skin is age relating skin pigmentation , they are a family of four generation .
Heads and upper torsos of three women with long tresses, headbands, flounced dresses of open bodice. Blue is the predominant color.
From: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Aegean_frescos
Overview of rooms in the museum:
The museum, as it is now, is completely renewed. Old information about rooms and their numbers are still not updated, not even in Wikipedia. They mention twenty rooms, and their names, but there are 27 rooms, XXVII
Maybe wiki will update their page soon, as it is in October 2015, it is not updated.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraklion_Archaeological_Museum
~
This serial of photos offers an impression of details of the collection with Minoan Art, belonging to the Palace of Knossos. the Archaeological Museum in Heraklion has been completely renewed. Lots of amazing information can be read next to art objects.
It is not allowed to use flash when making photos. This, and the many visitors made it hardly possible to make really sharp photos in some seconds.
My camera is a rather cheap one and creates curved lines.
Some photos are not sharp, but I kept them anyway.
Altogether it has been a deeply impressing visit, moving, deeply moving because of the mystical, spiritual, mental and emotional depth of the Art.
The Minoans were utterly creative.
Their art is comparable with our modern art. Their use of colors makes the art characteristic: pastel colors (modest in pigmentation), terra colors, with blue, green and ochre.
Often I edited the photos in several ways. Or cropped them, to attract the attention for details.
Enjoy the collection of photos. If you want to read more about the Minoans:
These are brown. This is a very rare albino or leucistic, lacking pigmentation, it stayed around for 3 days.
We have lots of Grey and Black Phase Grey Squirrels in Ottawa but I've never seen a white (Leucistic) one until I photographed this one in Parc Lafontaine in Montreal this past June.
Leucistic animals are not Albinos but rather the condition is characterised by reduced skin pigmentation of all types not just melanin.
I would have liked to have gotten a few closeups of this squirrel but I only had my Sigma 17-70mm lens with me.
Built in 1919-1920, this Chicago School and Sullivanesque-style building was designed by Louis Sullivan for the Farmers and Merchants Union Bank in Columbus, Wisconsin as one of his late-career “jewel box” bank buildings that are largely located in smaller communities throughout the midwest. The building was the last “jewel box bank” designed by Sullivan, and the second-to-last commission of his career, and was intended to communicate the bank as a modern and progressive institution, rather than employing the stodgier and more traditional Classical design found on most other banks of the era. The bank was commissioned by the president of the bank, J. Russell Wheeler, whose wife, Anna May Wheeler, pushed him to commission Sullivan to design a new home for the bank. In addition to Louis Sullivan, the building’s stained glass windows, were designed by architectural decorator Louis J. Millet, and the terra cotta by clay modeler Kristian Schneider, whom developed moulds for the building’s terra cotta, metal, and plaster details. The two artisans worked alongside Sullivan on several other bank projects. The building was heavily documented in Sullivan’s 1924 “A System of Architectural Ornament”, published shortly before he died.
The building is clad in red tapestry brick, which features blue and green mixed with the red clay mixture in some bricks, creating variation in color and texture across the facade. The brick creates a backdrop to some of the best terra cotta on any of Sullivan’s projects. The terra cotta features many of the floral and geometric motifs found on Sullivan’s other works, and is arranged similarly to other Sullivan banks that utilized brick cladding. The building features two principal facades, with a narrower facade along James Street, and a broader facade facing Dickason Boulevard. The James Street facade features two openings close to ground level, with the eastern bay housing a large plate glass window, and the western bay housing a doorway flanked by skylights, both of which are recessed under a large terra cotta architrave and flanked by square pilasters with decorative Sullivanesque ornament panels at the capitals. The architrave above the doorway and window is divided into three segments by vertical terra cotta elements that feature floral motifs and, like many Sullivan buildings, appear like plants with roots, branches, and crowns. The outer panels of the architrave feature circular cartouches with hexagonal trim, leaves, and geometric elements, with circular central medallions featuring the years 1861, when the bank was founded, and 1919, when the bank was completed. The central panel is clad in marble with the words “Farmers & Merchants Union Bank” and “Louis Sullivan, Architect” engraved into the stone with yellow pigmentation, contrasting against the white and green marble background. Atop the two vertical elements on either side of the central panel are griffin sculptures holding shields, a common element on many of Sullivan’s “Jewel Box Banks,” while the base of the outer vertical elements features the initials of the bank at the base. Above the architrave is an arched bay that houses a stained glass window, trimmed with decorative terra cotta at the inner and outer rings of the arch, with the bay becoming more recessed after each concentric arch, much like the entrances to medieval Romanesque churches. Besides a band of belt coursing that runs on either side of the architrave and wraps the corner to a tapered buttress on the Dickason Boulevard facade, the only other adornment is an eagle sculpture on a vertical trim element at the center of the parapet, which terminates many brick courses above the arched opening below, and another band of terra cotta trim along the top of the parapet, which forms a cap on the parapet around the perimeter of the building’s low-slope roof. On the Dickason Boulevard facade, the building features five recessed clerestory arched bays housing stained glass windows, flanked by tapered buttresses. Surrounding the arched tops of the windows are decorative trim panels with floral motifs, which begin just below the base of the arches, and extend up above the top of the arches, terminating in a band of belt coursing. Atop the buttresses at either end are trim elements featuring large spheres atop rectilinear legs with floral motifs below, undulating in and out with the brick below. Additionally, a band of belt coursing, which wraps the corner of Dickson Boulevard and James Street, runs beneath the windows, only interrupted by the buttresses. Toward the back, on the building’s original rear wing, there are three windows at eye level in the original building, with bands of belt coursing below and at the top of the parapet. The rear window is a recessed bay window flanked by two pilasters with sullivanesque terra cotta panels, while the smaller windows are flanked by sullivanesque relief panels. The rear wing features a roof at multiple heights, and was extended in 1961 with a matching addition by Law, Potter and Nystrom, since removed. The rear of the taller portion of the building features a simple recessed bay with an arched window, and a similar eagle sculpture and vertical trim piece as on the front facade.
Inside, the front wing of the building features a tall banking hall with brick cladding on the walls up to the level of the windows, where it terminates at a wooden sill. The space is split down the middle by a row of brick piers and low walls framing the teller cages, which terminate at the sill line of the windows, dividing the space while still allowing it to read as a single continuous lofty space. The brick forms piers at the teller’s cages, pilasters separating desks on the exterior wall, and low brick walls with marble caps. The upper portion of the walls and the coffered ceiling in this space is finished with white plaster, which gives the space a very vertical and airy feeling, as do the cream-colored terrazzo floors, which feature black edges at the base of the walls, tying the space together. The space features a terra cotta water fountain, or bubbler, also designed by sullivan, which features intricate ornament by Schneider. The space also features two mezzanine balconies with metal railings that run below the arched windows at the front and rear of the space, allowing managers to observe the activities in the lobby and teller area below from the rear balcony, while the front balcony exists solely to balance the space and keep it symmetrical. An office for private conferences with customers was originally located near the front of the space, along with a manager’s office, allowing convenience for customers seeking a meeting with the bank management. The teller’s side of the space also housed the bank’s two vaults and several other private offices. The bank originally featured a large meeting room in the one-story rear wing, behind the vaults, with a women’s waiting room sitting along the Dickason Boulevard side of the rear wing, featuring a bay window and a restroom. The building’s interior has changed in function somewhat due to the growth of the bank, changes in bank operations, and expansion of the building with new additions to house offices and a drive-through in the rear.
The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972, was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1976, and is a contributing structure in the Columbus Downtown Historic District, listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992. The building saw an addition in 2006, clad in buff brick, which replicated a historic building that formerly stood to the east, and wraps the building to the rear, with a two-story section behind a one-story annex that connects the one-story rear wing of the bank to the new building. This wing replaced older additions made in 1961, which matched the one-story rear wing of the historic building, and 1980, which was modern in appearance and slightly recessed along James Street to give precedence to the historic building. The building still functions as the main office branch of the Farmers and Merchants Union Bank, which has grown substantially. The building has been long considered to be among the best of Sullivan’s “Jewel Box Banks,” and has been kept in excellent condition by the bank’s careful and caring generational stewardship.
The Vestal Moth (Rhodometra sacraria) is a migrant species, mainly occurring in southern England in varying numbers. In good immigration years, several hundred may appear, and some may turn up almost anywhere in Britain.
The amount and intensity of the pink pigmentation is somewhat variable, as can be seen from the photographs.
The species breeds in southern Europe and North Africa, and the caterpillars live on knotgrass (Polygonum), dock (Rumex) and other low plants.
It flies mainly at night and is regularly attracted to light. Photo by Nick Dobbs, Malta 21-08-2023
Built in 1919-1920, this Chicago School and Sullivanesque-style building was designed by Louis Sullivan for the Farmers and Merchants Union Bank in Columbus, Wisconsin as one of his late-career “jewel box” bank buildings that are largely located in smaller communities throughout the midwest. The building was the last “jewel box bank” designed by Sullivan, and the second-to-last commission of his career, and was intended to communicate the bank as a modern and progressive institution, rather than employing the stodgier and more traditional Classical design found on most other banks of the era. The bank was commissioned by the president of the bank, J. Russell Wheeler, whose wife, Anna May Wheeler, pushed him to commission Sullivan to design a new home for the bank. In addition to Louis Sullivan, the building’s stained glass windows, were designed by architectural decorator Louis J. Millet, and the terra cotta by clay modeler Kristian Schneider, whom developed moulds for the building’s terra cotta, metal, and plaster details. The two artisans worked alongside Sullivan on several other bank projects. The building was heavily documented in Sullivan’s 1924 “A System of Architectural Ornament”, published shortly before he died.
The building is clad in red tapestry brick, which features blue and green mixed with the red clay mixture in some bricks, creating variation in color and texture across the facade. The brick creates a backdrop to some of the best terra cotta on any of Sullivan’s projects. The terra cotta features many of the floral and geometric motifs found on Sullivan’s other works, and is arranged similarly to other Sullivan banks that utilized brick cladding. The building features two principal facades, with a narrower facade along James Street, and a broader facade facing Dickason Boulevard. The James Street facade features two openings close to ground level, with the eastern bay housing a large plate glass window, and the western bay housing a doorway flanked by skylights, both of which are recessed under a large terra cotta architrave and flanked by square pilasters with decorative Sullivanesque ornament panels at the capitals. The architrave above the doorway and window is divided into three segments by vertical terra cotta elements that feature floral motifs and, like many Sullivan buildings, appear like plants with roots, branches, and crowns. The outer panels of the architrave feature circular cartouches with hexagonal trim, leaves, and geometric elements, with circular central medallions featuring the years 1861, when the bank was founded, and 1919, when the bank was completed. The central panel is clad in marble with the words “Farmers & Merchants Union Bank” and “Louis Sullivan, Architect” engraved into the stone with yellow pigmentation, contrasting against the white and green marble background. Atop the two vertical elements on either side of the central panel are griffin sculptures holding shields, a common element on many of Sullivan’s “Jewel Box Banks,” while the base of the outer vertical elements features the initials of the bank at the base. Above the architrave is an arched bay that houses a stained glass window, trimmed with decorative terra cotta at the inner and outer rings of the arch, with the bay becoming more recessed after each concentric arch, much like the entrances to medieval Romanesque churches. Besides a band of belt coursing that runs on either side of the architrave and wraps the corner to a tapered buttress on the Dickason Boulevard facade, the only other adornment is an eagle sculpture on a vertical trim element at the center of the parapet, which terminates many brick courses above the arched opening below, and another band of terra cotta trim along the top of the parapet, which forms a cap on the parapet around the perimeter of the building’s low-slope roof. On the Dickason Boulevard facade, the building features five recessed clerestory arched bays housing stained glass windows, flanked by tapered buttresses. Surrounding the arched tops of the windows are decorative trim panels with floral motifs, which begin just below the base of the arches, and extend up above the top of the arches, terminating in a band of belt coursing. Atop the buttresses at either end are trim elements featuring large spheres atop rectilinear legs with floral motifs below, undulating in and out with the brick below. Additionally, a band of belt coursing, which wraps the corner of Dickson Boulevard and James Street, runs beneath the windows, only interrupted by the buttresses. Toward the back, on the building’s original rear wing, there are three windows at eye level in the original building, with bands of belt coursing below and at the top of the parapet. The rear window is a recessed bay window flanked by two pilasters with sullivanesque terra cotta panels, while the smaller windows are flanked by sullivanesque relief panels. The rear wing features a roof at multiple heights, and was extended in 1961 with a matching addition by Law, Potter and Nystrom, since removed. The rear of the taller portion of the building features a simple recessed bay with an arched window, and a similar eagle sculpture and vertical trim piece as on the front facade.
Inside, the front wing of the building features a tall banking hall with brick cladding on the walls up to the level of the windows, where it terminates at a wooden sill. The space is split down the middle by a row of brick piers and low walls framing the teller cages, which terminate at the sill line of the windows, dividing the space while still allowing it to read as a single continuous lofty space. The brick forms piers at the teller’s cages, pilasters separating desks on the exterior wall, and low brick walls with marble caps. The upper portion of the walls and the coffered ceiling in this space is finished with white plaster, which gives the space a very vertical and airy feeling, as do the cream-colored terrazzo floors, which feature black edges at the base of the walls, tying the space together. The space features a terra cotta water fountain, or bubbler, also designed by sullivan, which features intricate ornament by Schneider. The space also features two mezzanine balconies with metal railings that run below the arched windows at the front and rear of the space, allowing managers to observe the activities in the lobby and teller area below from the rear balcony, while the front balcony exists solely to balance the space and keep it symmetrical. An office for private conferences with customers was originally located near the front of the space, along with a manager’s office, allowing convenience for customers seeking a meeting with the bank management. The teller’s side of the space also housed the bank’s two vaults and several other private offices. The bank originally featured a large meeting room in the one-story rear wing, behind the vaults, with a women’s waiting room sitting along the Dickason Boulevard side of the rear wing, featuring a bay window and a restroom. The building’s interior has changed in function somewhat due to the growth of the bank, changes in bank operations, and expansion of the building with new additions to house offices and a drive-through in the rear.
The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972, was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1976, and is a contributing structure in the Columbus Downtown Historic District, listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992. The building saw an addition in 2006, clad in buff brick, which replicated a historic building that formerly stood to the east, and wraps the building to the rear, with a two-story section behind a one-story annex that connects the one-story rear wing of the bank to the new building. This wing replaced older additions made in 1961, which matched the one-story rear wing of the historic building, and 1980, which was modern in appearance and slightly recessed along James Street to give precedence to the historic building. The building still functions as the main office branch of the Farmers and Merchants Union Bank, which has grown substantially. The building has been long considered to be among the best of Sullivan’s “Jewel Box Banks,” and has been kept in excellent condition by the bank’s careful and caring generational stewardship.
Built in 1919-1920, this Chicago School and Sullivanesque-style building was designed by Louis Sullivan for the Farmers and Merchants Union Bank in Columbus, Wisconsin as one of his late-career “jewel box” bank buildings that are largely located in smaller communities throughout the midwest. The building was the last “jewel box bank” designed by Sullivan, and the second-to-last commission of his career, and was intended to communicate the bank as a modern and progressive institution, rather than employing the stodgier and more traditional Classical design found on most other banks of the era. The bank was commissioned by the president of the bank, J. Russell Wheeler, whose wife, Anna May Wheeler, pushed him to commission Sullivan to design a new home for the bank. In addition to Louis Sullivan, the building’s stained glass windows, were designed by architectural decorator Louis J. Millet, and the terra cotta by clay modeler Kristian Schneider, whom developed moulds for the building’s terra cotta, metal, and plaster details. The two artisans worked alongside Sullivan on several other bank projects. The building was heavily documented in Sullivan’s 1924 “A System of Architectural Ornament”, published shortly before he died.
The building is clad in red tapestry brick, which features blue and green mixed with the red clay mixture in some bricks, creating variation in color and texture across the facade. The brick creates a backdrop to some of the best terra cotta on any of Sullivan’s projects. The terra cotta features many of the floral and geometric motifs found on Sullivan’s other works, and is arranged similarly to other Sullivan banks that utilized brick cladding. The building features two principal facades, with a narrower facade along James Street, and a broader facade facing Dickason Boulevard. The James Street facade features two openings close to ground level, with the eastern bay housing a large plate glass window, and the western bay housing a doorway flanked by skylights, both of which are recessed under a large terra cotta architrave and flanked by square pilasters with decorative Sullivanesque ornament panels at the capitals. The architrave above the doorway and window is divided into three segments by vertical terra cotta elements that feature floral motifs and, like many Sullivan buildings, appear like plants with roots, branches, and crowns. The outer panels of the architrave feature circular cartouches with hexagonal trim, leaves, and geometric elements, with circular central medallions featuring the years 1861, when the bank was founded, and 1919, when the bank was completed. The central panel is clad in marble with the words “Farmers & Merchants Union Bank” and “Louis Sullivan, Architect” engraved into the stone with yellow pigmentation, contrasting against the white and green marble background. Atop the two vertical elements on either side of the central panel are griffin sculptures holding shields, a common element on many of Sullivan’s “Jewel Box Banks,” while the base of the outer vertical elements features the initials of the bank at the base. Above the architrave is an arched bay that houses a stained glass window, trimmed with decorative terra cotta at the inner and outer rings of the arch, with the bay becoming more recessed after each concentric arch, much like the entrances to medieval Romanesque churches. Besides a band of belt coursing that runs on either side of the architrave and wraps the corner to a tapered buttress on the Dickason Boulevard facade, the only other adornment is an eagle sculpture on a vertical trim element at the center of the parapet, which terminates many brick courses above the arched opening below, and another band of terra cotta trim along the top of the parapet, which forms a cap on the parapet around the perimeter of the building’s low-slope roof. On the Dickason Boulevard facade, the building features five recessed clerestory arched bays housing stained glass windows, flanked by tapered buttresses. Surrounding the arched tops of the windows are decorative trim panels with floral motifs, which begin just below the base of the arches, and extend up above the top of the arches, terminating in a band of belt coursing. Atop the buttresses at either end are trim elements featuring large spheres atop rectilinear legs with floral motifs below, undulating in and out with the brick below. Additionally, a band of belt coursing, which wraps the corner of Dickson Boulevard and James Street, runs beneath the windows, only interrupted by the buttresses. Toward the back, on the building’s original rear wing, there are three windows at eye level in the original building, with bands of belt coursing below and at the top of the parapet. The rear window is a recessed bay window flanked by two pilasters with sullivanesque terra cotta panels, while the smaller windows are flanked by sullivanesque relief panels. The rear wing features a roof at multiple heights, and was extended in 1961 with a matching addition by Law, Potter and Nystrom, since removed. The rear of the taller portion of the building features a simple recessed bay with an arched window, and a similar eagle sculpture and vertical trim piece as on the front facade.
Inside, the front wing of the building features a tall banking hall with brick cladding on the walls up to the level of the windows, where it terminates at a wooden sill. The space is split down the middle by a row of brick piers and low walls framing the teller cages, which terminate at the sill line of the windows, dividing the space while still allowing it to read as a single continuous lofty space. The brick forms piers at the teller’s cages, pilasters separating desks on the exterior wall, and low brick walls with marble caps. The upper portion of the walls and the coffered ceiling in this space is finished with white plaster, which gives the space a very vertical and airy feeling, as do the cream-colored terrazzo floors, which feature black edges at the base of the walls, tying the space together. The space features a terra cotta water fountain, or bubbler, also designed by sullivan, which features intricate ornament by Schneider. The space also features two mezzanine balconies with metal railings that run below the arched windows at the front and rear of the space, allowing managers to observe the activities in the lobby and teller area below from the rear balcony, while the front balcony exists solely to balance the space and keep it symmetrical. An office for private conferences with customers was originally located near the front of the space, along with a manager’s office, allowing convenience for customers seeking a meeting with the bank management. The teller’s side of the space also housed the bank’s two vaults and several other private offices. The bank originally featured a large meeting room in the one-story rear wing, behind the vaults, with a women’s waiting room sitting along the Dickason Boulevard side of the rear wing, featuring a bay window and a restroom. The building’s interior has changed in function somewhat due to the growth of the bank, changes in bank operations, and expansion of the building with new additions to house offices and a drive-through in the rear.
The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972, was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1976, and is a contributing structure in the Columbus Downtown Historic District, listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992. The building saw an addition in 2006, clad in buff brick, which replicated a historic building that formerly stood to the east, and wraps the building to the rear, with a two-story section behind a one-story annex that connects the one-story rear wing of the bank to the new building. This wing replaced older additions made in 1961, which matched the one-story rear wing of the historic building, and 1980, which was modern in appearance and slightly recessed along James Street to give precedence to the historic building. The building still functions as the main office branch of the Farmers and Merchants Union Bank, which has grown substantially. The building has been long considered to be among the best of Sullivan’s “Jewel Box Banks,” and has been kept in excellent condition by the bank’s careful and caring generational stewardship.
Built in 1919-1920, this Chicago School and Sullivanesque-style building was designed by Louis Sullivan for the Farmers and Merchants Union Bank in Columbus, Wisconsin as one of his late-career “jewel box” bank buildings that are largely located in smaller communities throughout the midwest. The building was the last “jewel box bank” designed by Sullivan, and the second-to-last commission of his career, and was intended to communicate the bank as a modern and progressive institution, rather than employing the stodgier and more traditional Classical design found on most other banks of the era. The bank was commissioned by the president of the bank, J. Russell Wheeler, whose wife, Anna May Wheeler, pushed him to commission Sullivan to design a new home for the bank. In addition to Louis Sullivan, the building’s stained glass windows, were designed by architectural decorator Louis J. Millet, and the terra cotta by clay modeler Kristian Schneider, whom developed moulds for the building’s terra cotta, metal, and plaster details. The two artisans worked alongside Sullivan on several other bank projects. The building was heavily documented in Sullivan’s 1924 “A System of Architectural Ornament”, published shortly before he died.
The building is clad in red tapestry brick, which features blue and green mixed with the red clay mixture in some bricks, creating variation in color and texture across the facade. The brick creates a backdrop to some of the best terra cotta on any of Sullivan’s projects. The terra cotta features many of the floral and geometric motifs found on Sullivan’s other works, and is arranged similarly to other Sullivan banks that utilized brick cladding. The building features two principal facades, with a narrower facade along James Street, and a broader facade facing Dickason Boulevard. The James Street facade features two openings close to ground level, with the eastern bay housing a large plate glass window, and the western bay housing a doorway flanked by skylights, both of which are recessed under a large terra cotta architrave and flanked by square pilasters with decorative Sullivanesque ornament panels at the capitals. The architrave above the doorway and window is divided into three segments by vertical terra cotta elements that feature floral motifs and, like many Sullivan buildings, appear like plants with roots, branches, and crowns. The outer panels of the architrave feature circular cartouches with hexagonal trim, leaves, and geometric elements, with circular central medallions featuring the years 1861, when the bank was founded, and 1919, when the bank was completed. The central panel is clad in marble with the words “Farmers & Merchants Union Bank” and “Louis Sullivan, Architect” engraved into the stone with yellow pigmentation, contrasting against the white and green marble background. Atop the two vertical elements on either side of the central panel are griffin sculptures holding shields, a common element on many of Sullivan’s “Jewel Box Banks,” while the base of the outer vertical elements features the initials of the bank at the base. Above the architrave is an arched bay that houses a stained glass window, trimmed with decorative terra cotta at the inner and outer rings of the arch, with the bay becoming more recessed after each concentric arch, much like the entrances to medieval Romanesque churches. Besides a band of belt coursing that runs on either side of the architrave and wraps the corner to a tapered buttress on the Dickason Boulevard facade, the only other adornment is an eagle sculpture on a vertical trim element at the center of the parapet, which terminates many brick courses above the arched opening below, and another band of terra cotta trim along the top of the parapet, which forms a cap on the parapet around the perimeter of the building’s low-slope roof. On the Dickason Boulevard facade, the building features five recessed clerestory arched bays housing stained glass windows, flanked by tapered buttresses. Surrounding the arched tops of the windows are decorative trim panels with floral motifs, which begin just below the base of the arches, and extend up above the top of the arches, terminating in a band of belt coursing. Atop the buttresses at either end are trim elements featuring large spheres atop rectilinear legs with floral motifs below, undulating in and out with the brick below. Additionally, a band of belt coursing, which wraps the corner of Dickson Boulevard and James Street, runs beneath the windows, only interrupted by the buttresses. Toward the back, on the building’s original rear wing, there are three windows at eye level in the original building, with bands of belt coursing below and at the top of the parapet. The rear window is a recessed bay window flanked by two pilasters with sullivanesque terra cotta panels, while the smaller windows are flanked by sullivanesque relief panels. The rear wing features a roof at multiple heights, and was extended in 1961 with a matching addition by Law, Potter and Nystrom, since removed. The rear of the taller portion of the building features a simple recessed bay with an arched window, and a similar eagle sculpture and vertical trim piece as on the front facade.
Inside, the front wing of the building features a tall banking hall with brick cladding on the walls up to the level of the windows, where it terminates at a wooden sill. The space is split down the middle by a row of brick piers and low walls framing the teller cages, which terminate at the sill line of the windows, dividing the space while still allowing it to read as a single continuous lofty space. The brick forms piers at the teller’s cages, pilasters separating desks on the exterior wall, and low brick walls with marble caps. The upper portion of the walls and the coffered ceiling in this space is finished with white plaster, which gives the space a very vertical and airy feeling, as do the cream-colored terrazzo floors, which feature black edges at the base of the walls, tying the space together. The space features a terra cotta water fountain, or bubbler, also designed by sullivan, which features intricate ornament by Schneider. The space also features two mezzanine balconies with metal railings that run below the arched windows at the front and rear of the space, allowing managers to observe the activities in the lobby and teller area below from the rear balcony, while the front balcony exists solely to balance the space and keep it symmetrical. An office for private conferences with customers was originally located near the front of the space, along with a manager’s office, allowing convenience for customers seeking a meeting with the bank management. The teller’s side of the space also housed the bank’s two vaults and several other private offices. The bank originally featured a large meeting room in the one-story rear wing, behind the vaults, with a women’s waiting room sitting along the Dickason Boulevard side of the rear wing, featuring a bay window and a restroom. The building’s interior has changed in function somewhat due to the growth of the bank, changes in bank operations, and expansion of the building with new additions to house offices and a drive-through in the rear.
The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972, was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1976, and is a contributing structure in the Columbus Downtown Historic District, listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992. The building saw an addition in 2006, clad in buff brick, which replicated a historic building that formerly stood to the east, and wraps the building to the rear, with a two-story section behind a one-story annex that connects the one-story rear wing of the bank to the new building. This wing replaced older additions made in 1961, which matched the one-story rear wing of the historic building, and 1980, which was modern in appearance and slightly recessed along James Street to give precedence to the historic building. The building still functions as the main office branch of the Farmers and Merchants Union Bank, which has grown substantially. The building has been long considered to be among the best of Sullivan’s “Jewel Box Banks,” and has been kept in excellent condition by the bank’s careful and caring generational stewardship.
Polar Bear
"Region: America
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Family: Ursidae
Genus: Ursus
Scientific Name: Ursus maritimus
Description : Polar bears are considered the largest land carnivores in the world, matched only by very large individual Kodiak brown bears. Both sexes differ in size throughout their range; males being much larger than females and continuing to grow for a longer period of time. These bears have long, massive skulls, necks and bodies with long legs and large paws. Ears and tail are short. The nose is more prominent or “Roman” with a black rhinarium (nose pad). The tongue is black and the eyes brown. The surface of the skin is also black. Fur colour varies slightly with the season: new coats grown just prior to the winter season are very white appearing as slightly creamy white against the stark white of their icy winter environment. This pelage is thick, coarse and long with dense underfur. Guard hairs, found throughout the pelage, are shiny, almost glossy, oily and waterproof and have hollow shafts. Polar bears moult annually between the end of May and August. The coat becomes thinner and has a yellow wash or is almost a golden colour. Male polar bears weigh between 400 – 600 kg, and have been recorded up to a maximum of 800 kg. Females are smaller than the males weighing up to 300 kg, and when pregnant up to 460 kg. Polar bears are 2.5 – 3.5 m long.
Distribution : The polar bear is circumpolar in distribution, inhabiting all Arctic seas and coastlines. It is found on the pack-ice off the Alaskan coast north of Bering Strait, off the coasts of Greenland and along the Eurasian Arctic coast from Spitsbergen to Wrangell Island. Rare stragglers reach Iceland. Individual bears have been seen on the frozen Arctic Ocean as far as latitude 88 degrees North, only 2 degrees from the North Pole. In Canada, they are found along the Arctic coasts from Alaska to Labrador and from the tip of James Bay to northern Ellesmere Island. Polar bears do roam as far as 150 kilometres inland into the coniferous forests, where they live very differently from the polar bears which belong to the high Arctic.
Habitat : They prefer areas of annual ice, which they use as a hunting platform and protective cover. This includes snow-drifted pressure ridges, refrozen cracks and areas of open water surrounded by ice. In areas where the pack ice melts by mid to late summer they come inland and live in coniferous forest areas. Here they remain until the ice re-freezes. Areas of solidly frozen sea ice and the open seas are avoided. Generally they are most common along coastal areas. Some do enter the permanent pack ice.
Food : The ringed seal is by far the most common prey. They also eat bearded seal, harp seal and hooded seal. Young walrus are sometimes taken. During the summer months they feed upon the shoreline carrion, fish, mussels, crabs, starfish, lemmings and the eggs and nestling young of waterfowl and cliff-dwelling birds. They will also graze on kelp, grasses and eat mushrooms and crowberries.
Reproduction and Development : Normally they are solitary animals outside the breeding season, the exception being a mother with cubs. Polar bears mate in mid-summer. Females first start to breed at 3 to 5 years of age. In April and May adult females are in oestrus and ready to accept a mate. They are polyandrous, meaning one female will mate with more than one male in one breeding season. Males fight among themselves for the female’s attention and a couple will pair off for a period of a few days to two weeks. With females, delayed implantation occurs, the fertilized egg does not implant in the uterus until mid-September to mid-October. Embryonic development begins at this time. Gestation periods, therefore, vary a great deal when including this period of delay. Females choose suitable locations to build their maternity dens in mid-October and retreat to them for the winter season. They give birth to one to four cubs somewhere between late November and early January. Twins are most common. The newborns are small; 25 to 30 cm long and weigh less than 1 kg. They are covered with very fine hair, appearing almost naked and their eyes are closed. Their eyes open at 6 weeks. Growth is very quick; at two months their fur has thickened; they weigh about 5 kg and move about the den. By mid-March to early April, when the den is opened, the cubs weigh about 10 kg and are surprisingly strong. The cubs suckle for nine months, occasionally one year. They are very dependent on their mother and stay with her for two years. At that time they weigh 90 - 180 kg and are half grown.
Adaptations : Polar bears are wonderfully adapted to their Arctic surroundings.
Locomotion. On land a shuffling walk may be increased to a rolling gallop of 40 km/h and can outrun caribou over a short distance. Bears are often seen standing high on their hind legs, necks stretched to scan the landscape. On thin ice, legs are spread to distribute body mass. Thickly padded and furred soles allow the bear to move quietly as well as providing good traction. Small bumps and cavities on the soles act like suction cups keeping bears from slipping on the ice. The claws are used to dig into icy slopes and to grip prey. They are strong swimmers, paddling with their forefeet only and trailing their hind feet which act as a rudder. They can stay submerged for over one minute, keeping their eyes open. They swim at a speed of approximately 6.4 km/h, often covering long distances.
Insulation. Polar bears have a thick layer of sub-cutaneous fat and very dense underfur with several layers of glossy guard hair on the outside. Their pelt is much thicker in winter and provides excellent insulation. The fat layer also adds to buoyancy in the water. Water is shed easily from the oily waterproof fur. Small, furry ears have a heavy network of blood vessels, keeping them warm and conserving heat. The tail is short and rounded also conserving heat. Fur is very dense around the soles of the feet.
Pelage. The creamy white appearance of the coat allows the bear to be inconspicuous when hunting seal. Each hair is similar to an optical fibre; colourless and hollow. Being translucent, it reflects the heat from the sun down to the base of the hair, where it is absorbed by the black skin. Whiteness comes from reflection of light rather than pigmentation.
Hunting. Bears use their keen sense of smell to detect seal breathing holes. These can be up to a kilometer away and covered by a layer of snow and ice. They will stand or lie by the seal’s blowhole in the ice for hours; they may swim towards seals resting on the ice flows with only their nose showing above the water. They will dive quietly, then swim up to the ice edge and jump out on the seal, and will also crawl towards a sunbathing seal using every piece of raised ice to conceal the approach.
Denning. Both sexes occupy dens for shelter. Topographic factors influence the den sites. In Canadian core areas, dens frequently occur on south-facing slopes where northerly prevailing winds create the best drifts, where the wind-chill is least and insulation from received solar radiation is greatest. One of the three largest denning areas worldwide is in Canada. There are three main types of winter refuges: maternity dens, temporary dens and winter shelters. During the winter any bear may dig a temporary den and use it for a few days during a storm, or take shelter in a natural cavity. Winter shelters are used for longer periods of time as resting places. This type of shelter is usually roomier with additional features such as alcoves, porches and ventilation holes. Bears do not hibernate in the strict sense of the word; they have the ability to slow down their metabolism to conserve energy at any time of year. The state of self-induced lethargy while in the shelter allows them to preserve their vital fat reserves. During this time, the body temperature of the polar bear decreases by a few degrees from normal and the respiration rates are markedly reduced. Maternity dens are built and occupied by pregnant females and can vary in size. The denning chamber is at the upper end of an entrance tunnel 1 to 2 m long. It averages 1.5 m in diameter with a height of 90 to 100cm in the middle. Drifting snow seals the entrance. The chamber is higher than the tunnel, trapping bear body heat inside. Dens not only provide a safe place to give birth to her cubs, but are also a place of protection for the cubs during their first few months. During this time she does not leave the den, remaining with her cubs and living on her reserves of fat. In the spring, with her fat severely depleted she must leave to find food to sustain herself and her cubs. After they leave the maternity den she will build temporary refuges in which to nurse, rest and shelter her young cubs and warms them as they all sleep together. She heads with her cubs towards the nearest supply of food, this is usually pack ice.
Sight and sounds. Polar bears have good eyesight. Their eyes have inner eyelids that keep the glare of the sun on snow and ice from blinding them. When defending a food source from other bears they use a deep growl. They hiss and snort to show aggression. Angry bears use loud roars and growls. Mothers scold cubs with a low growl.
Threats to Survival : Polar bears are one of the animals most threatened by global warming. They depend entirely on sea ice as a platform from which to hunt seals. Reduction of the total ice cover in the Arctic is a serious concern globally. When the ice does not form or forms too late in the season many polar bears starve. In Hudson Bay, scientists have found the main cause of death for cubs to be either lack of food or lack of fat on nursing mothers. Exploitation of minerals and fossil fuels in the Arctic pose a continuous threat. Of the oil and natural gas deposits globally, 20% are located in the Arctic. As the ice cap recedes these become more accessible. Countries are competing which each other in claiming ownership of Arctic and its resources. This can only result in further and more drastic impact on polar bear habitat.
Status : IUCN: Vulnerable; CITES: Appendix II; COSEWIC: Special Concern
Zoo Diet : Toronto Zoo carnivore diet, dog chow, jumbo smelt and herring, carrots, bean sprouts, Vitamin E and Thiamine supplements."
- Courtesy of the Metro Toronto Zoo
© All Rights Reserved - Miles Away Photography
Please! No usage allowed without the consent of Mandi A. Miles
Based out of Flesherton, ON, please write for prices and information!
White Bengal Tiger
Location: Bali Safari and Marine Park
Genus: Panthera
Species: P. tigris
Subspecies: P. t. tigris
Conservation Status: Endangered
White Bengal Tiger have stripes all over their body. Their stripes are like fingerprints. No two are the same. The stripes are not only in the tigers fur, but are a pigmentation of the skin. They have a white spot on the back of their ears,whick looks like eyes.
White Bengal tiger is very patient, it watches its prey and waits till the right time to make its move. It has very strong jaws; it catches the prey by its neck and the strong jaws and teeth help him to kill its prey. Bengal tiger has a strong sense of smell. It also has a great vision which helps it to hunt during the night time. Bengal tigers can also swim and move quite swiftly in the water. They have the ability to shed or grow body hair according to how cold or hot it gets. They are one of the only two species of cats that like water.
I've been working on a series of shots for FransJanssens@www.collembola.org, to establish the size and differences between the various instars of a Katiannid springtail (Katiannidae Genus nov.1 sp. nov.). There's a colony in our Staffordshire garden.
Well, I went out this morning to see what I could find. I photographed what I thought were two mature females. These typically have lots of black pigmentation. The males often show deep orange/red. At the time, I thought this individual was particularly dark. It also looked rather small for a mature female. Once I looked on my PC, I could see it looked a bit different from usual. It has an atypical colouration pattern, is definitely small for an adult female (0.85 mm) and the final abdominal segment appears dark (it's usually non pigmented). Perhaps just an unusual colour form. I'll wait and see what Frans thinks!
Male coaster brook trouts are easily identified by their vibrant colors. Photo by Katie Steiger-Meister/USFWS
Go to the Book with image in the Internet Archive
Title: United States Naval Medical Bulletin Vol. 25, Nos. 1-4, 1927
Creator: U.S. Navy. Bureau of Medicine and Surgery
Publisher:
Sponsor:
Contributor:
Date: 1927-01
Language: eng
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Table of Contents</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> Number 1</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> PREFACE v</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS vi</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SPECIAL ARTICLES:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Posture.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. G. E. Mott, Medical Corps, United States Navy 1</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Medical Tactics in Naval Warfare —Part III— Continued.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander W. L. Mann, Medical Corps, United States Navy, and Maj. A.
D. Tuttle, Medical Corps, United States Army 20</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Identification by the Teeth.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By J. H. Taylor, Identification Section, Bureau of Navigation, Navy
Department 49</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">An Analysis of the Annual Physical Examination of a Group of Officers.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander L. G. Roddis and Lieut. (Junior Grade) G. A.
Cooper, Medical Corps, United States Navy 54</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Dressing Sterilizers with Special Reference to Temperature, Pressure,
and Chamber Air Exhaustion During the Process of Sterilization.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander J. Harper, Medical Corps, United States Navy 62</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Calcium Hypochlorite for Lyster Bags.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. E. M. Steger, Medical Corps, United States Navy 6S</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The Use of Modified Milk in Infant Feeding.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander W. H. Short, Medical Corps, United States Navy 73</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Aviation Crashes at Pensacola— 1925-26.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. J. D. Benjamin, Medical Corps, United States Navy.. 86</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Climatic Bubo.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander W. H. Whitmore, Medical Corps, United States Navy
89</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Ideas on Recruiting.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. J. G. Smith, Medical Corps, United States Navy 102 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CLINICAL NOTES:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">One Thousand Operations During a Shore Cruise.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander G. F. Cottle, Medical Corps, United States Navy 105</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Filariasis.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander H. V. Hughens, Medical Corps, United States Navy. .
111</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Bismuto-Yatren A and B in the Treatment of Yaws. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander R. P. Parsons, Medical Corps, United States Navy
117</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Addison's Disease Without the Usual Pigmentation of the Skin.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander E. C. White and Lieut. (Junior Grade) W. F. James, Medical
Corps, United States Navy 122</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Scurvy.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander L. J. Roberts, Medical Corps, United States Navy
126 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Early Pulmonary Tuberculosis With Negative X-ray Findings.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. J. D. Blackwood, jr., Medical Corps, United States Navy 128</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Cholecystography.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. O. B. Spalding, Medical Corps, United States Navy.. 131</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Syphilis.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut, (junior grade) B. W. Harris, Medical Corps, United States
Navy 134</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Yaws Sera and the Kahn Precipitation Test, Experiments With.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Pharmacist F. O. Huntsinger, United States Navy 135</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTES AND COMMENTS:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Commendation for articles in the Bulletin—Treatment of burns — Parasitic
infections in China—Effect of elevation of temperature on spirochetes —Rabies
—-American Relief Administration in Russia, 1921-1923— Forecasting smallpox
epidemics in India —Helium-oxygen mixture in diving —Treatment of pernicious
anemia by diet —International meeting on cancer control, September 20-24, 1926
—American College of Surgeons —Resignation after special courses—Study courses
for Hospital Corps ratings 137-160</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NURSE CORPS:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Laboratory Experiences with Epidemic Cerebrospinal Meningitis.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Nurse S. Ruth Hassler, United States Navy 161</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Help from the Laboratory.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Nurse Ruth B. Meutzer, United States Navy 164</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Some Interesting Laboratory Work.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Nurse Frances C. Bonner, United States Navy 166</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">BOOK NOTICES 169</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREVENTIVE MEDICINE, STATISTICS:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Reactions incidental to the administration of 91,707 doses of
neoarsphenamine and other arsenical compounds in the United States Navy—Food
poisoning on board U. S. S. "Concord" May 13, 1926—Food poisoning
following a barbecue —Food poisoning at marine barracks, navy yard,
Philadelphia, Pa., May 21, 1926 — Influenza in Guam —Efficacy of B. typhosus
vaccine in controlling typhoid fever in Guam 177</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Public Health Activities Against Tropical Diseases.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Dr. Pedro N. Ortiz, commissioner of health, Porto Rico 208</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Scarlet fever attack rate among contacts, Detroit, Mich.—Health of the
Navy— Statistics 220</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 2</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREFACE---------------- --------- ------- - ------------- ------ vii</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS____________________________ viii</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SPECIAL ARTICLES: .</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">MEDICINE IN TURKEY.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander C. W. 0 . Bunker, Medical Corps, United States
Navy------------------------·------ 229</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">COLOR-BLINDNESS.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Capt. E. H. H. Old, Medical Corps, United States Navy______ 253</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">ETIOLOGICAL FACTORS IN THE PRODUCTION OF MAXILLARY ANTRUM DISEASE.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By G. B. Trible, M. D., F. A. C. S., former commander, medical Corps,
United States Navy________ 266</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">BUREAU OF MEDICINE AND SURGERY'S EXHIBIT, SESQUICENTENNIAL,
PHILADELPHIA, 1926.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Capt. R. C. Holcomb, Medical Corps, United States Navy____ 272</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">MALARIA IN HAITI.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Capt. O. S. Butler, and Lieut. E. Peterson, Medical Corps, United
States Navy_____________ 278</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">INSTITUTIONAL POLICIES AS APPLIED TO A YEAR'S DENTAL ACTIVITIES.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander J. L. Brown, Dental Corps, United States
Navy________________ __________ 288</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">RECURRENCE OF INGUINAL HERNIA.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander K. E. Lowman, Medical Corps, United States Navy
------------------------- 300</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SOME OBSERVATIONS ON CEREBROSPINAL FEVER.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander Paul Richmond, Medical Corps, United States
Navy__________________ 304</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">THEORIES CONCERNING THE MECHANISM OF THE INSULIN EFFECT ON CARBOHYDRATE
METABOLISM.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. (Junior Grade) H. Phillips, Medical Corps, United States
Navy--------------------------- 309</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">THE WASSERMANN REACTION FOLLOWING THE USE OF BISMUTH IN THE TREATMENT
OF YAWS AND SYPHILIS.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. (Junior Grade) C. D. Middlestadt, Medical Corps, United
States Navy _______________<span> </span>315.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">THE TUBERCULOUS VETERANS' BUREAU PATIENT.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. J. D. Blackwood, jr., Medical Corps, United States
Navy--------------------------------------- 319</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CLINICAL NOTES:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">OCULAR ENUCLEATION.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander C. B. Camerer, and Lieut. Commander B. P. Davis, Medical
Corps, United States Navy________________ 325</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">TREATMENT OF AN IRREDUCIBLE DISLOCATED LOWER JAW OF 98 DAYS' DURATION.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander M. D. Willcutts, Medical Corps, United States Navy
------------------ 331</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">TRAUMATIC RUPTURE OF THE SPLEEN.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander L. W. Johnson, Medical Corps, United States
Navy-------------------------------- 336</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">DIATHERMY IN SHOCK.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander G. F. Cottle, Medical Corps, United States Navy_ 340</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SPONTANEOUS RUPTURE OF THE HEART.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. (Junior Grade) G. 'w. Cooper, Medical Corps, United States
Navy ------------------------------- 343</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">MERCUROCHROME-220 SOLUBLE, FOREIGN PROTEIN, AND SUGAR IN ACUTE
GONORRHEAL URETHRITIS, WITH A STUDY OF THE BLOOD CELLULAR CHANGES DURING THE
REACTION.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander L. H. Williams, and Lieut. (Junior Grade) G. F.
Cooper, Medical Corps, United States Navy _________ 352</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">GLANDULAR FEVER WITH INGUINAL ADENOPATHY.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. (Junior Grade) C. C. Yanquell, Medical Corps, United States
Navy ___________358</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A CASE OF ACQUIRED HYDROCEPHALUS.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Capt. E. O. White, Medical Corps, United States Navy ____ 361</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CARCINOMA OF THE STOMACH WITH LARGE RETROPERITONEAL TUMOR.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander W. H. Whitmore, Medical Corps, United States Navy----------------
365</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">HEXAMETHYLENAMINE IN MENINGEAL INFECTIONS.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. (Junior Grade) A. E. Bruuschwig, Medical Corps, United States
Navy ________369</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">REINFECTION IN SYPHILIS.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. O. P. Archambeault, Medical Corps, United States Navy--------------------------------------372</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">AN UNUSUAL BULLET WOUND. ·</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. (Junior Grade) P. H. Golberg, Medical Corps, United States
Navy __________374</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">THE NAVAL RESERVE --------------------------------------------<span> </span>375</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NURSE CORPS:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">THE PENSACOLA HURRICANE.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Chief Nurse Mary J. McCloud, United States Navy ______ 379</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">MY FIRST EXPERIENCE IN A HURRICANE.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Reserve Nurse Luama A. MacFarland, United States Navy _ 382</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A HURRICANE THRILL.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Nurse Ellen E. Wells and Nurse Mary Hennemeier, United States Navy
-------------------383</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">AN EPIDEMIC OF IMPETIGO CONTAGIOSA.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Nurse Caroline W. Spofford, United States Navy _________ 385</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTES AND COMMENTS:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A new section of the BULLETIN-Change in character of –examinations for
promotion-Hospital Corps instruction-Duty at sea – Handling poisons-Laboratory
technicians-The Henry S. Wellcome medal and prize for 1927-Micro-Kahn
reactions-Streptococcus cardioarthritidis--Progress in dermatology-Mitral
regurgitation-<span> </span>Cutaneous leishmaniasis
and the phlebotomus-Medicinals and dyes-Rectal feeding-Epidemic
encephalitis-Catarrhal jaundice- Excoriation of the skin about intestinal
fistulae-Ethylene</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">anesthesia-Sodoku in the treatment of general paresis—Carbuncles of the
neck-Gye's theory of cancer-$100,000 offered for conquest of cancer-The Sofie
A. Nordoff-Jung cancer prize ____387</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">BOOK NOTICES ------------------- 413</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">TOTAL FUEL REQUIREMENT IN HEALTH.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander J. R. Phelps, Medical Corps, United States Navy_ 431</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ON SMALLPOX AND VACCINATION.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">BY Surg. J. P. Leake, United States Public Health Service______ 461</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A fatal case of food poisoning caused by fried oysters contaminated
with a paratyphoid B. bacillus-Outbreak of food poisoning in the wardroom mess
of the U. S. S. Richmond, caused by chicken</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">salad contaminated with B. enteritidis-------------------------- 475</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">R EPORT OF AN OUTBREAK OF FISH POISONING ON BOARD THE U. S. S. “CALIFORNIA.''</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Capt. J. L. Neilson, Medical Corps, United States Navy ------ 480</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">AN OUTBREAK OF FOOD POISONING CAUSED BY BOILED SMOKED TONGUE.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander W. A. Fort, Medical Corps, United States Navy -------------------------------------
484</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report of an outbreak of food poisoning caused by cheese-Outbreak of
food poisoning caused by corned-beef hash at the United States destroyer base,
San Diego, Calif. _______________ 486</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">REPORT OF POISONING BY TRINITROTOLUENE AMONG ENLISTED MEN ENGAGED IN
TRANSFERRING T. N. T. FROM STORAGE TO U. S. S. "NITRO."</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander T. A. Fortescue, Medical Corps, United States
Navy_______________________________________________ 491</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">An epidemic of jaundice in San Diego, Calif.-Health of the Navy___ 494</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 3</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREFACE ---------------------------------------------------------- v</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS--------------------------- vi</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SPECIAL ARTICLES :</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SOME OBSERVATIONS ON AVOIDABLE DROWNING.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander R. B. Miller, Medical Corps, United States Navy
___________505</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">FLIES AND THEIR ERADICATION.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander E. C. Carr, Medical Corps, United States
Navy----------------------------- 528</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">ACTIVITIES OF THE UNITED STATES NAVAL MEDICAL SUPPLY DEPOT.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Capt. D. C. Cather, Medical Corps, United States Navy ___ 542</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander C. B. Camerer, Medical Corps, United States
Navy---------------------------------- 562</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREMATURE CONTRACTIONS OF THE HEART.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Capt. E. C. White, Medical Corps, United States Navy ___ 567</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">ROENTGEN RAY EXAMINATION IN SUSPECTED CHRONIC APPENDICITIS.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. P. P. Maher, Medical Corps, United States Navy ____ 573</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">COMPARISON OF THE KAHN AND KOLMER REACTIONS.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander P. Richmond, jr., Medical Corps, United States
Navy--------------------585</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">COMMENTS ON THE ORIGIN OF DISABILITY.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander Lewis W. Johnson, Medical Corps, United States
Navy--------------------------------- 588</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">DEPARTMENT OF SANITATION, MARINE BARRACKS, QUANTICO, VA.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Capt. W. M. Garton, Medical Corps, United States Navy ___593</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CLINICAL NOTES :</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CHOLECYSTOGRAPHY,</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. G. B. Larson, Medical Corps, United States Navy __597</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">THROMBO-ANGIITIS OBLITERANS.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. (Junior Grade) R. A. Schneiders, Medical Corps, United States
Navy----------------------------605</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">THE DEBT OF SURGICAL DIAGNOSIS TO THE X RAY.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander G. F. Cottle, Medical Corps, United States Navy_ 614</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">THE TREATMENT OF CHANOROIDS AND OTHER LESIONS WITH AMMONIACAL</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SILVER NITRATE AND FORMALIN.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander P. G. White, Dental Corps, and Lieut. (Junior Grade) J. Q.
Owsley, Medical Corps, United States Navy _____ 619</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SUMMARY OF SEVENTY CASES OF GONOCOCCUS INFECTION TREATED WITH
MERCUROCHROME-220 SOLUBLE TOGETHER WITH SUGAR AND FOREIGN PROTEIN.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander L. H. Williams and Lieut. W. D. Small, Medical
Corps, United States Navy------621</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">TREATMENT OF ENCEPHALITIS LETHARGICA.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Harold S. Hulbert, M. D. -------------------------------624</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">MULTIPLE UNERUPTED AND IMPACTED CUSPID AND BICUSPID TEETH.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander M. W. Mangold, Dental Corps, United States
Navy----------------- ------------------ 625</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">MIXED VENEREAL INFECTIONS.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. (Junior Grade) G. F. Cooper, Medical Corps, United States
Navy-----------------------------626</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CAISSON DISEASE DURING HELMET DIVING.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander W. M. Anderson, Medical Corps, United States Navy
--- ------------------------ 628</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">ANTERIO-VENOUS ANEURYSM OF THE COMMON CAROTID ARTERY AND INTERNAL
JUGULAR VEIN: OPERATION WITH CONSERVATION OF THE ARTERY.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander F. X. Koltes, Medical Corps, United States Navy_ 630</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CREEPING ERUPTION.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander H. L. Shinn, Medical Corps, United States Navy
___________________632</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">DEATH BY LIGHTNING.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. J. D. Benjamin, Medical Corps, United States Navy _634</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">DEVICE FOR TRANSFERRING PATIENTS FROM SHIPS.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Master Rigger Thomas Schofield _______________________ _ 635</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">AN ECONOMICAL AND PRACTICAL UTENSIL STERILIZER.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Chief Pharmacist Charles Peek, United States Navy ______ _637</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">THE NAVAL RESERVE-------------------------------------------- 639</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NURSE CORPS:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">HOSPITAL HOUSEKEEPING.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Chief Nurse Nell I. Disert, United States Navy ________ ___ _ 649</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">DIETS AND THE NURSE.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By J. Beatrice Bowman, Superintendent, Navy Nurse Corps __ 651</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">DIETETICS AT NAVAL HOSPITALS.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Nurse Anna F. Patten, United States Navy _______________ 655</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTES AND COMMENTS:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Comments on " Some observations on avoidable drowning
"-Hypertension- Unrecognized syphilitic myocarditis- Tuberculosis
hospitalization- Microbic dissociation-Bacteriological nomenclature - Carbon</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">dioxide in hiccough-Diathermy in pneumonia-Answering examination
questions-Medical ethics-Alcoholic content of brain-Electric shock-Acid and
alkali burns-Antiseptics and the nasal flora of rabbits-Annam swelling- The
metric system-Eye test for hypersensitiveness to serum-Research on
pharmacological</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">problems- Syphilis not caused by vaccination-Line of duty ____ 661</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">BOOK NOTICES--- - - --------- - - --- ------ - - - -------- ------
--------- 697</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREVENTIVE MEDICINE, STATISTICS :</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Digest of the views of medical officers regarding venereal-disease
problems as recorded in various annual sanitary reports for 1926- Two deaths
following inoculation with B. typhosus vaccine- Report</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">of outbreak of cereb1'ospinal fever at United States naval training
station, San Diego, Calif., December, 1926-January, 1927-Report of outbreak of
scarlet fever at United States naval training station, Hampton Roads, Va.-Fatal
poisoning by arseniuretted hydrogen in the galvanizing shop at the navy yard,
Puget Sound, Wash.-Data useful in estimating the amount of food wasted by men
eating in hospital wards and in a general mess-Outbreak of food poisoning at
United States naval training station, Hampton Roads, Va., attributed to canned
Vienna sausages-Epidemic of influenza among natives of Samoa in August, 1926-
Health of the Navy --------------------------------------------</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 4</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREFACE--------------------------------------- --------------- VII</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS----------------------------- viii</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SPECIAL ARTICLES :</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CHINESE MILITARY MEDICINE.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. (Junior Grade) J. L. McClartney, Medical Corps (Vol. G),
United States Naval Reserve-------- 783</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">ABDOMINAL WOUNDS AND INJURIES.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander Lucius W. Johnson, Medical Corps, United States Navy
---------------------------- 816</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">AVIATION HYGIENE.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander R. G. Davis, Medical Corps, United States Navy_ 832</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">GOITER.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander C. E. Henry, M. D., F. A. C. P., Medical Corps (Vol. S),
United States Naval Reserve __ 837</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">COMMENTS CONCERNING THE DUTIES OF THE COMMANDING OFFICER OF A NAVAL
HOSPITAL.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Capt. A. Farenholt, Medical Corps, United States Navy______ 844</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">THE BUDGET AND THE BUREAU OF MEDICINE AND SURGERY ACCOUNTING SYSTEM.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Chief Pharmacist B. E. Irwin, United States Navy_________ 851</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">ELECTROCARDIOGRAM IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF THE CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander R. L. Nattkemper, Medical Corps, United States Navy
------------------- 862</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SIPPY TREATMENT FOR PEPTIC ULCER IN NAVAL HOSPITALS.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. (Junior Grade) A. E. Brunschwig, Medical Corps, United States
Navy ------ ------------------ 871</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander W. H. Whitemore and Lieut. (Junior Grade) O. A.
Smith, Medical Corps, United States Navy______ 875</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">LOCAL ANESTHESIA IN EYE, EAR, NOSE, AND THROAT WORK.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander F. L. Young, Medical Corps (Vol. G), United States
Naval Reserve-------------- 879</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">ENDARTERITIS, ACUTE, FROM ELECTRIC SHOCK.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. P. F. Dickens, Medical Corps, United States Navy____ 881</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">ACUTE OSTEOMYELITIS WITH METASTASIS.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. G. G. Herman, Medical Corps, United States Navy____ 883</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">ABDOMINAL HODGKIN'S DISEASE.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. (Junior Grade) W. D. C. Day, Medical Corps, United States
Navy--------------------- 886</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A NEEDLE FOR ANESTHESIA OF THE MAXILLARY NERVE.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. (Junior Grade) J. Connolly, Dental Corps, United States Navy
------- --- --- ----- 889</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">POISONING FROM SOAP-VINE.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. (Junior Grade) G. F . Cooper, Medical Corps, United States
Navy<span> </span>- - ------- ---------- 892</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">THE DIRECT DIAGNOSIS OF PERICARDITIS WITH EFFUSION.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. (Junior Grade) C. G. Dyke, Medical Corps, United States
Navy--- -------- - --- --- -- 894</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">WHAT SHOULD THE DIAGNOSIS BE?</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander C. A. Andrus, Medical Corps, United States Navy-----
---------------------- 896</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">MULTIPLE SCROTAL FISTULAE FOLLOWING RUPTURE OF THE BLADDER WITH
STRICTURE OF URETHRA. OPERATION AND RESTORATION OF FUNCTION.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander L. H. Williams, Medical Corps, United States
Navy------ - - ----------------897</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">TRAUMATIC RUPTURE OF THE SPLEEN.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander F. X. Koltes, Medical Corps, United States Navy_ 898</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">APPENDIX ABSCESS V. PYONEPHROSIs.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander G. F. Cottle, Medical Corps, United States Navy_ 900</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">MERCUROCHROME IN A CASE WITHOUT DIAGNOSIS.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. (Junior Grade) B. W. Harris, Medical Corps, United States Navy--------------------------903</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">GREASE RACK FOR AUTOMOBILES.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Capt. A. Farenholt, Medical Corps, United States Navy ____ 908</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NAVAL RESERVE:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hospital units- Recent appointments _____________________________ 909</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NURSE CORPS:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">THE LECTURES ON ACCOUNTING FROM A NURSE'S POINT OF VIEW.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Chief Nurse Mabel T. Cooper, United States Navy _________ 913</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">ADDRESS TO THE CLASS OF 1926 HAITIAN GENERAL HOSPITAL TRAINING SCHOOL
FOR NURSES.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Capt. C. St. J. Butler, Medical Corps, United States Navy __ 918</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A NAVY NURSE IN THE NEAR EAST.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Mabell S. C. Smith--------------------------- 920</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">DIETETICS.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Nurse Anna P. Smith, United States Navy ________________ 921</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">DIETETICS.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Nurse Mary J. Miney, United States Navy ________________ 923</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTES AND COMMENTS :</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Correction-Report on treatment of Chinese wounded-Skin tests in asthma-
Treponematosis-The physiological effects of tropical climate-History of medical
practice in the State of Illinois-Mercurochrome- Water
supplies-Seasickness-Cholera in Shanghai in 1926--Fracture of the
skull-Senescence and senility-Bismuth in the treatment of syphilis-Pressure
method of vaccination - Ventilators- Neurosyphilis-Tennis leg-Tea in treatment
of burns-European influenza epidemic at end-Visit of the Relief to Washington-Aviation
instruction for Hospital Corpsmen_ ______ 927</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">BOOK NOTICES----------------------- ------------------------------ 959</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREVENTIVE MEDICINE, STATISTICS :</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A STUDY OF TWO THOUSAND HEALTH RECORDS CONTAINING ENTRIES FOR SYPHILIS.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander H. H. Montgomery, Medical Corps, United States Navy-------------------------------973</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">MEASURES OF OUTSTANDING IMPORTANCE IN THE PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF
MALARIA.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander M.A. Stuart, Medical Corps, United States Navy_ 996</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Outbreak of infectious diarrhea in the Battle Fleet, April, 1927, not
investigated at the time of occurrence----An epidemic of malaria at the United
States Naval Station, Olongapo, P. I.- Two deaths from rabies contracted by
playing with a dog which was incubating the disease, in Hankow, China-Frequency
of rabies-An outbreak of mumps among midshipmen at the United States Naval
Academy-Health of the Navy_________ 1010</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">INDEX TO SUBJECTS ----------------------------------------- 1035</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">INDEX TO AUTHORS-------- ------------------------------------- 1047</p>
<br /><span style="font-size:12pt;"></span>
If you have questions concerning reproductions, please contact the Contributing Library.
Note: The colors, contrast and appearance of these illustrations are unlikely to be true to life. They are derived from scanned images that have been enhanced for machine interpretation and have been altered from their originals.
Read/Download from the Internet Archive
Pompadour Cotinga (Xipholena punicea), Amazon & Beyond Cloud Forest Aviary,
Miami Metrozoo, Miami, FL
Thanks for the ID, Buckeye.. So this is a Pompadour Cotinga, I had no clue. Very posh name, but then it's an amazing looking bird. I love the color. Now I really want to have red hair again... LOL.
I saw this bird sitting in the shade and took a shot, more because it was sitting there and posing than anything else. I couldn't really make out it's color, it looked kinda brownish to me, until I looked at the LCD screen. Wow!
It came out to the feeder later and it was really that red, I didn't fake the colors.
The Pompadour Cotingas are South American birds from the Cotingidae family. The coloration of the Cotingas is from true pigmentation, not the more common prismatic feather structure. They are usually seen alone but pairs are common. They generally do not fly with mixed-species flocks.
The Pompadour Cotinga averages 20 cm in length and 65 gm in weight. The eyes are white to yellowish white. Both sexes are plump and short-tailed. The males are a glistening wine red color with white flight feathers narrowly tipped in black. The elongated and stiff greater wing coverts are wine red with white shafts partly covering the flight feathers. The females are mainly gray and paler below. The throat and belly are grayish white, with the wings and tail dusky. Greater wing coverts and inner flight feathers are broadly edged in white. The juveniles are like the female but with dark eyes.
Built in 1919-1920, this Chicago School and Sullivanesque-style building was designed by Louis Sullivan for the Farmers and Merchants Union Bank in Columbus, Wisconsin as one of his late-career “jewel box” bank buildings that are largely located in smaller communities throughout the midwest. The building was the last “jewel box bank” designed by Sullivan, and the second-to-last commission of his career, and was intended to communicate the bank as a modern and progressive institution, rather than employing the stodgier and more traditional Classical design found on most other banks of the era. The bank was commissioned by the president of the bank, J. Russell Wheeler, whose wife, Anna May Wheeler, pushed him to commission Sullivan to design a new home for the bank. In addition to Louis Sullivan, the building’s stained glass windows, were designed by architectural decorator Louis J. Millet, and the terra cotta by clay modeler Kristian Schneider, whom developed moulds for the building’s terra cotta, metal, and plaster details. The two artisans worked alongside Sullivan on several other bank projects. The building was heavily documented in Sullivan’s 1924 “A System of Architectural Ornament”, published shortly before he died.
The building is clad in red tapestry brick, which features blue and green mixed with the red clay mixture in some bricks, creating variation in color and texture across the facade. The brick creates a backdrop to some of the best terra cotta on any of Sullivan’s projects. The terra cotta features many of the floral and geometric motifs found on Sullivan’s other works, and is arranged similarly to other Sullivan banks that utilized brick cladding. The building features two principal facades, with a narrower facade along James Street, and a broader facade facing Dickason Boulevard. The James Street facade features two openings close to ground level, with the eastern bay housing a large plate glass window, and the western bay housing a doorway flanked by skylights, both of which are recessed under a large terra cotta architrave and flanked by square pilasters with decorative Sullivanesque ornament panels at the capitals. The architrave above the doorway and window is divided into three segments by vertical terra cotta elements that feature floral motifs and, like many Sullivan buildings, appear like plants with roots, branches, and crowns. The outer panels of the architrave feature circular cartouches with hexagonal trim, leaves, and geometric elements, with circular central medallions featuring the years 1861, when the bank was founded, and 1919, when the bank was completed. The central panel is clad in marble with the words “Farmers & Merchants Union Bank” and “Louis Sullivan, Architect” engraved into the stone with yellow pigmentation, contrasting against the white and green marble background. Atop the two vertical elements on either side of the central panel are griffin sculptures holding shields, a common element on many of Sullivan’s “Jewel Box Banks,” while the base of the outer vertical elements features the initials of the bank at the base. Above the architrave is an arched bay that houses a stained glass window, trimmed with decorative terra cotta at the inner and outer rings of the arch, with the bay becoming more recessed after each concentric arch, much like the entrances to medieval Romanesque churches. Besides a band of belt coursing that runs on either side of the architrave and wraps the corner to a tapered buttress on the Dickason Boulevard facade, the only other adornment is an eagle sculpture on a vertical trim element at the center of the parapet, which terminates many brick courses above the arched opening below, and another band of terra cotta trim along the top of the parapet, which forms a cap on the parapet around the perimeter of the building’s low-slope roof. On the Dickason Boulevard facade, the building features five recessed clerestory arched bays housing stained glass windows, flanked by tapered buttresses. Surrounding the arched tops of the windows are decorative trim panels with floral motifs, which begin just below the base of the arches, and extend up above the top of the arches, terminating in a band of belt coursing. Atop the buttresses at either end are trim elements featuring large spheres atop rectilinear legs with floral motifs below, undulating in and out with the brick below. Additionally, a band of belt coursing, which wraps the corner of Dickson Boulevard and James Street, runs beneath the windows, only interrupted by the buttresses. Toward the back, on the building’s original rear wing, there are three windows at eye level in the original building, with bands of belt coursing below and at the top of the parapet. The rear window is a recessed bay window flanked by two pilasters with sullivanesque terra cotta panels, while the smaller windows are flanked by sullivanesque relief panels. The rear wing features a roof at multiple heights, and was extended in 1961 with a matching addition by Law, Potter and Nystrom, since removed. The rear of the taller portion of the building features a simple recessed bay with an arched window, and a similar eagle sculpture and vertical trim piece as on the front facade.
Inside, the front wing of the building features a tall banking hall with brick cladding on the walls up to the level of the windows, where it terminates at a wooden sill. The space is split down the middle by a row of brick piers and low walls framing the teller cages, which terminate at the sill line of the windows, dividing the space while still allowing it to read as a single continuous lofty space. The brick forms piers at the teller’s cages, pilasters separating desks on the exterior wall, and low brick walls with marble caps. The upper portion of the walls and the coffered ceiling in this space is finished with white plaster, which gives the space a very vertical and airy feeling, as do the cream-colored terrazzo floors, which feature black edges at the base of the walls, tying the space together. The space features a terra cotta water fountain, or bubbler, also designed by sullivan, which features intricate ornament by Schneider. The space also features two mezzanine balconies with metal railings that run below the arched windows at the front and rear of the space, allowing managers to observe the activities in the lobby and teller area below from the rear balcony, while the front balcony exists solely to balance the space and keep it symmetrical. An office for private conferences with customers was originally located near the front of the space, along with a manager’s office, allowing convenience for customers seeking a meeting with the bank management. The teller’s side of the space also housed the bank’s two vaults and several other private offices. The bank originally featured a large meeting room in the one-story rear wing, behind the vaults, with a women’s waiting room sitting along the Dickason Boulevard side of the rear wing, featuring a bay window and a restroom. The building’s interior has changed in function somewhat due to the growth of the bank, changes in bank operations, and expansion of the building with new additions to house offices and a drive-through in the rear.
The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972, was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1976, and is a contributing structure in the Columbus Downtown Historic District, listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992. The building saw an addition in 2006, clad in buff brick, which replicated a historic building that formerly stood to the east, and wraps the building to the rear, with a two-story section behind a one-story annex that connects the one-story rear wing of the bank to the new building. This wing replaced older additions made in 1961, which matched the one-story rear wing of the historic building, and 1980, which was modern in appearance and slightly recessed along James Street to give precedence to the historic building. The building still functions as the main office branch of the Farmers and Merchants Union Bank, which has grown substantially. The building has been long considered to be among the best of Sullivan’s “Jewel Box Banks,” and has been kept in excellent condition by the bank’s careful and caring generational stewardship.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Albinism (from Latin albus, "white"; see extended etymology, also called achromia, achromasia, or achromatosis) is a congenital disorder characterized by the complete or partial absence of pigment in the skin, hair and eyes due to absence or defect of tyrosinase, a copper-containing enzyme involved in the production of melanin. Albinism results from inheritance of recessive gene alleles and is known to affect all vertebrates, including humans. While an organism with complete absence of melanin is called an albino (US /ælˈbaɪnoʊ/,[1] or UK /ælˈbiːnoʊ/)[2] an organism with only a diminished amount of melanin is described as albinoid.[3]
Albinism is associated with a number of vision defects, such as photophobia, nystagmus and astigmatism. Lack of skin pigmentation makes for more susceptibility to sunburn and skin cancers. In rare cases such as Chédiak–Higashi syndrome, albinism may be associated with deficiencies in the transportation of melanin granules. This also affects essential granules present in immune cells leading to increased susceptibility to infection.[4]
In humans, there are two principal types of albinism, oculocutaneous, affecting the eyes, skin and hair, and ocular affecting the eyes only.
Most oculocutaenous albinistic humans appear white or very pale as the melanin pigments responsible for brown, black, and some yellow colorations are not present. Ocular albinism results in pale blue eyes, and may require genetic testing to diagnose.
Because individuals with albinism have skin that entirely lacks the dark pigment melanin, which helps protect the skin from the sun's ultraviolet radiation, their skin can burn more easily from overexposure.[5]
The human eye normally produces enough pigment to color the iris blue, green or brown and lend opacity to the eye. However, there are cases in which the eyes of an albinistic person appear red, pink or purple, depending on the amount of pigment present, due to the red of retina being visible through the iris. Lack of pigment in the eyes also results in problems with vision, both related and unrelated to photosensitivity.
The albinistic are generally as healthy as the rest of the population (but see related disorders below), with growth and development occurring as normal, and albinism by itself does not cause mortality,[6] although the lack of pigment blocking ultraviolet radiation increases the risk of skin cancer and other problems.
Visual problems[edit source | editbeta]
Malian singer Salif Keita
Development of the optical system is highly dependent on the presence of melanin, and the reduction or absence of this pigment in albinistic individuals may lead to
Misrouting of the retinogeniculate projections, resulting in abnormal decussation (crossing) of optic nerve fibres[5]
Photophobia and decreased visual acuity due to light scattering within the eye (ocular straylight)[5][7]
Reduced visual acuity due to foveal hypoplasia and possibly light-induced retinal damage[5]
Eye conditions common in albinism include:
Nystagmus, irregular rapid movement of the eyes back and forth, or in circular motion.[5]
Astigmatism, irregular shaped cornea requiring additional cylindrical corrective lenses in spectacles.[8]
Amblyopia, decrease in acuity of one or both eyes due to poor transmission to the brain, often due to other conditions such as strabismus.[5]
Optic nerve hypoplasia, underdevelopment of the optic nerve
Some of the visual problems associated with albinism arise from a poorly developed retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) due to the lack of melanin.[citation needed] This degenerate RPE causes foveal hypoplasia (a failure in the development of normal foveae), which results in eccentric fixation and lower visual acuity, and often a minor level of strabismus.
The iris is a sphincter formed from pigmented tissue that contracts when the eye is exposed to bright light, to protect the retina by limiting the amount of light passing through the pupil. In low light conditions the iris relaxes to allow more light to enter the eye. In albinistic subjects, the iris does not have enough pigment to block the light, thus the decrease in pupil diameter is only partially successful in reducing the amount of light entering the eye.[citation needed] Additionally, the improper development of the RPE, which in normal eyes absorbs most of the reflected sunlight, further increases glare due to light scattering within the eye.[9] The resulting sensitivity (photophobia) generally leads to discomfort in bright light, but this can be reduced by the use of sunglasses and/or brimmed hats.[10]
Genetics[edit source | editbeta]
Most forms of albinism are the result of the biological inheritance of genetically recessive alleles (genes) passed from both parents of an individual, though some rare forms are inherited from only one parent. There are other genetic mutations which are proven to be associated with albinism. All alterations, however, lead to changes in melanin production in the body.[6][11]
The chance of offspring with albinism resulting from the pairing of an organism with albinism and one without albinism is low. However, because organisms can be carriers of genes for albinism without exhibiting any traits, albinistic offspring can be produced by two non-albinistic parents. Albinism usually occurs with equal frequency in both sexes.[6] An exception to this is ocular albinism, which it is passed on to offspring through X-linked inheritance. Thus, ocular albinism occurs more frequently in males as they have a single X and Y chromosome, unlike females, whose genetics are characterized by two X chromosomes.[12]
There are two different forms of albinism: a partial lack of the melanin is known as hypomelanism, or hypomelanosis and the total absence of melanin is known as amelanism or amelanosis.
Diagnosis[edit source | editbeta]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2007)
Genetic testing can confirm albinism and what variety it is, but offers no medical benefits except in the cases of non-OCA disorders (see below) that cause albinism along with other medical problems which may be treatable. The symptoms of albinism can be treated by various methods detailed below.
Treatment[edit source | editbeta]
For the most part, treatment of the eye conditions consists of visual rehabilitation. Surgery is possible on the ocular muscles to decrease nystagmus, strabismus and common refractive errors like astigmatism.[5] Nystagmus-damping surgery can also be performed, to reduce the "shaking" of the eyes back and forth.[13] The effectiveness of all these procedures varies greatly and depends on individual circumstances.
Glasses and other vision aids, large-print materials as well as bright but angled reading lights, can help individuals with albinism, even though their vision cannot be corrected completely. Some people with albinism do well using bifocals (with a strong reading lens), prescription reading glasses, and/or hand-held devices such as magnifiers or monoculars.[10] Contact lenses may be colored to block light transmission through the iris. But in the case of nystagmus this is not possible, due to the irritation that is caused by the movement of the eyes. Some use bioptics, glasses which have small telescopes mounted on, in, or behind their regular lenses, so that they can look through either the regular lens or the telescope. Newer designs of bioptics use smaller light-weight lenses. Some US states allow the use of bioptic telescopes for driving motor vehicles. (See also NOAH bulletin "Low Vision Aids".)
Epidemiology[edit source | editbeta]
Albinism affects people of all ethnic backgrounds; its frequency worldwide is estimated to be approximately one in 17,000. Prevalence of the different forms of albinism varies considerably by population, and is highest overall in people of sub-Saharan African descent.[14]
Society and culture[edit source | editbeta]
Main articles: Persecution of people with albinism and Albinism in popular culture
In physical terms, humans with albinism commonly have visual problems and need sun protection. They often face social and cultural challenges (even threats), as the condition is often a source of ridicule, discrimination, or even fear and violence. Many cultures around the world have developed beliefs regarding people with albinism.
In African countries such as Tanzania[15] and Burundi,[16][17] there has been an unprecedented rise in witchcraft-related killings of albino people in recent years, because their body parts are used in potions sold by witchdoctors. Numerous authenticated incidents have occurred in Africa during the 21st Century.[18][19][20][21] For example, in Tanzania, in September 2009, three men were convicted of killing a 14-year-old albino boy and severing his legs in order to sell them for witchcraft purposes.[22] Again in Tanzania and Burundi in 2010, the murder and dismemberment of a kidnapped albino child was reported from the courts,[16] as part of a continuing problem. National Geographic estimates that in Tanzania a complete set of albino body parts is worth $75,000.[1]
Another harmful and false belief is that sex with an albinistic woman will cure a man of HIV. This has led, for example in Zimbabwe, to rapes (and subsequent HIV infection).[23]
Certain ethnic groups and insular areas exhibit heightened susceptibility to albinism, presumably due to genetic factors. These include notably the Native American Kuna and Zuni nations (respectively of Panama and New Mexico); Japan, in which one particular form of albinism is unusually common; and Ukerewe Island, the population of which shows a very high incidence of albinism.[24]
Famous people with albinism include historical figures such as Oxford don William Archibald Spooner; actor-comedian Victor Varnado; musicians such as Johnny and Edgar Winter, Salif Keita, Winston "Yellowman" Foster, Brother Ali, Sivuca, Willie "Piano Red" Perryman; and fashion models Connie Chiu and Shaun Ross. Emperor Seinei of Japan is thought to have been an albino because he was said to have been born with white hair.
In animals[edit source | editbeta]
Many animals with albinism lack their protective camouflage and are unable to conceal themselves from their predators or prey; the survival rate of animals with albinism in the wild is usually quite low.[25][26] However the novelty of albino animals has occasionally led to their protection by groups such as the Albino Squirrel Preservation Society.
In what used to be called "partial albinism" but is more often termed leucism there can be a single patch or patches of skin that lack melanin. Especially in albinistic birds and reptiles, ruddy and yellow hues or other colors may be present on the entire body or in patches (as is common among pigeons), because of the presence of other pigments unaffected by albinism such as porphyrins, pteridines and psittacins, as well as carotenoid pigments derived from the diet.
Intentionally bred albinistic strains of some animal species are commonly used as model organisms in biomedical study and experimentation, although some researchers have argued that they are not always the best choice.[27] Examples include the BALB/c mouse and Wistar and Sprague Dawley rat strains, while albino rabbits were historically used for Draize toxicity testing.[28] The yellow mutation in fruit flies is their version of albinism.
The incidence of albinism can be artificially increased in fish by exposing the eggs to heavy metals (arsenic, cadmium, copper, mercury, selenium, zinc).[29]
The eyes of an albino animal appear red because the colour of the red blood cells in the underlying retinal blood vessels shows through where there is no pigment to obscure it.
Famous albino animals include Migaloo, a humpback whale off the coast of Australia; Pinky, a bottlenose dolphin living in and around in Calcasieu Lake, Louisiana; Snowflake, a Barcelona Zoo gorilla; Snowflake, a Bristol Zoo penguin; and Mahpiya Ska (Sioux for "White Cloud"), a buffalo in Jamestown, North Dakota.[30] The inspiration for Herman Melville's novel Moby-Dick was a sperm whale known as Mocha Dick.
A Dicyrtoma fusca chowing down on something, not exactly sure what, certainly not a full Turkey dinner LOL. This is the colour variant with distinct middorsal dark line, and yellowish lateral pigmentation or to those in the know Var.1. This was a 7 image focus stack at x7 magnification and shows the abdominal patterning quite nicely, see comments. You can also see how they can blend in quite nicely with their environment, I often struggle to see these guys first off, these guys are typically about 1.5-2.5mm in length at a guess, similar in size to Dicyrtomina species, incidentally Dicyrtomina means small Dicyrtoma :0)
Anyway, hope you are all having a cracking Christmas, I did manage to get out today, but everywhere is waterlogged, the local park has a pond which had well and truly burst its banks :o)
VIEW ON BLACK
Southern yellow-billed hornbill
The Souuthern yellow-billed hornbill (Tockus leucomelas) is a hornbill found in southern Africa. Yellow-billed hornbills feed mainly on the ground, where they forage for seeds, small insects, spiders and scorpions. This hornbill species is a common and widespread resident of dry thornveldt and broad-leafed woodlands. They can often be seen along roads and water courses.
Adult female in Mapungubwe National Park, South Africa. She has a shorter bill, with shorter casque, than the male.
It is a medium-sized bird, 48â60 centimetres (19â24Â in) in length, 132â242 grams (0.291â0.534Â lb) in weight and is characterized by a long yellow and down-curved beak. This beak is huge in comparison to its body and can account for up 1/6th of the entire body length. Male beaks are on average 90Â mm long while female beaks are an average of 74Â mm. Males are generally bigger than females but there is overlap between the sexes. The size difference of the beak is a fairly reliable way of differentiating sex in wild hornbills.
The casque that characterizes all hornbills is of a very modest size in the southern yellow-billed hornbill. It is small, but it covers almost the entire length of the beak in males (less so in females), and may give the impression that they do not actually have a casque. As in all hornbills, the size of the beak actually intrudes on the frontal vision of the bird and the first two neck vertebrae are fused together.
Also, like most other hornbills, they possess a long tail, long eyelashes, stubby legs and stubby toes. The front three toes are fused together near the base.
They have white belly, grey neck, and black back plumage with abundant white spots and stripes. The neck has gray spots and the chest is lightly striated with black. Southern yellow-billed hornbills have no plumage pigmentation save for melanin, which can only produce shades of black and white.[2] The eyes are usually yellow, though brown has also been seen. The skin around the eyes and in the malar stripe is pinkish. The related eastern yellow-billed hornbill from north-eastern Africa has blackish skin around the eyes.
Distribution and habitat
These birds are near endemic to the dry savannas of southern Africa, where they can be found across all longitudes, from Angola and Namibia in the west to Mozambique and KwaZulu-Natal in the east, including Botswana, Zimbabwe and northern South Africa.
The southern yellow-billed hornbill lives mostly in the dry, open savannas, but they are also very partial to woodlands when they can find them. When in woodlands, they seem to prefer acacia and broadleaved woodlands. The highest reported concentration of southern yellow-billed hornbill is in open mopane scrub.
Behaviour
The southern yellow-billed hornbill is active during morning, day and evening. At night, it will sleep high in a tree so it wonât be preyed on. They can be found alone, in couples or in small groups. They generally tend to be loners unless it is breeding season, nesting season or if there is local migration during dry season.
The southern yellow-billed hornbill is often seen searching for food on the ground or in shrubs. It will not dig the ground, but it will overturn debris to find insects. It can also be seen pursuing insects by hopping heavily after it.
They are generally sedentary and they will defend their territories with elaborate displays. However, during the dry season, they will sometimes range widely in order to find food. Couples are usually monogamous and have a clear division of labour between males and females.[2]
They have been known to live for up to 20 years in captivity, though their longevity in the wilds remains unknown.
Flight
The southern yellow-billed hornbill flies powerfully. It alternates short gliding periods with heavy wing beats. The southern yellow-billed hornbill lacks the underwing coverts which enhances the flow of air when it flies.
Vocalization
Southern yellow-billed hornbills have a piercing cry. However it has a wide variety of sounds it can make such as, whistling, grunting and caqueting. They will use their loud calls to either delimit their territory or for long-distance communication. Like other Tockus, they will often accompany their calls with conspicuous physical displays.
Diet
Southern yellow-billed hornbill eats mostly arthropods, particularly termites, beetles, larvae (beetles and termites), grasshoppers and caterpillars. It has also been seen eating centipedes and scorpions. They will occasionally eat small mammals when they can. To complete the diet, they will regularly eat berries, fruits, nuts and eggs from other species.
Southern yellow-billed hornbill use their beaks as a pair of forceps. They will grasp their food between the tips and then toss it back in their throat where the short, stubby tongue will assist in swallowing the food.[2] The inner cutting edges of the beak are serrated to facilitate the crushing and fragmentation of food. Most of the food is picked from the ground or from low vegetation. Their diet has some overlap with that of the southern ground hornbill .
Reproduction
Breeding season starts when the first autumn rain falls. The breeding season goes from September to march with the egg-laying peak between October and December. Eggs are laid during the wet season so different areas will have different peaks according to the local rainy season. For example, the peak generally occurs from November to February in the eastern regions and from December to March in the northwest regions of the southern yellow-billed hornbillâs range. These peaks coincide with the peak rainfall of the year.
Young birds become sexually mature when they are one year old. However, before the actual breeding is done, there is the courtship feeding of females, mutual preening, copulation and prospecting of nests sites that must be done.
Once the male southern yellow-billed hornbill has mated, it will stay with his mate and establish a territory that it will defend. The nests are placed in natural cavities in trees, cliffs or earth banks between 1 and 12 meters from the ground. The male then proceeds to bring bark, leaves and grass which will be put on the bottom of the nest. During this time, the female will seal herself inside the nest by blocking the entry with a wall made from her droppings and food remains.[2] The male will help by bringing mud for her to work with.
The only opening left is a vertical slit from the top to the bottom. The male passes the food through the slit with his beak. The female and chick droppings are forcibly expelled through the slit as well. The vertical slit provides good air circulation through convection and when coupled with the wooden walls, it provides a good insulation.
Nests usually contain 2-6 eggs and take about 24 days to hatch. The eggs are white, oval and have finely pitted shells. The chicks are born naked and with pink skin. They and the female are fed by the male who brings back food and drops it through the slit. Most nests will also have a long escape tunnel in case a predator breaks in the nest to eat them.
Taking advantage of the fact that she is imprisoned; the female will shed all of her flight and tail feathers simultaneously and regrow them in during the time she stays with the chicks. Once the chicks are half-grown, the female will break out of the nest in order to help the male. The chicks will rebuild the wall themselves and continue to be fed through the slits by the parents. Once the chicks are fully grown, they will break out of the nest and start flying.
Interactions with humans
Hornbills have a unique look, so many cultures give them an important place in their beliefs. Some indigenous tribes revere hornbills as sacred beings that must not be harmed. Others will hunt them for food, to use them in the confection of traditional medicine or to use them in rituals.
The grey parrot (Psittacus erithacus), also known as the Congo grey parrot, Congo African grey parrot or African grey parrot, is an Old World parrot in the family Psittacidae. The Timneh parrot (Psittacus timneh) once was identified as a subspecies of the grey parrot, but has since been elevated to a full species.
Taxonomy
The grey parrot was formally described in 1758 by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae. He placed it with all the other parrots in the genus Psittacus and coined the binomial name Psittacus erithacus. Linnaeus erroneously specified the type locality as "Guinea": the locality was later designated as Ghana in West Africa. The genus name is Latin for "parrot". The specific epithet erithacus is Latin and is derived from the Ancient Greek εριθακος (erithakos) for an unknown bird that was said to mimic human sounds, perhaps the black redstart. The species is monotypic: no subspecies are recognised.
The Timneh parrot was formerly treated as a subspecies of the grey parrot but is now considered to be a separate species based mainly on the results from a genetic and morphological study published in 2007. Although Linnaeus placed all the parrots known to him in the genus Psittacus, only the grey parrot and the Timneh parrot are now assigned to this genus.
Description
The grey parrot is a medium-sized, predominantly grey, black-billed parrot. Its typical weight is 400 g (14 oz), with an approximate length of 33 cm (13 in), and a wingspan of 46–52 cm (18–20+1⁄2 in). The grey colour on the head and wings is generally darker than its body. The head and body feathers have slight white edges. The tail feathers are red.
Due to selection by parrot breeders, some grey parrots are partly or completely red. Both sexes appear similar. The colouration of juveniles is similar to that of adults, but typically their eyes are dark grey to black, in comparison to the yellow irises around dark pupils of the adult birds, and their undertail coverts are tinged with grey. Adults weigh 418–526 g (14+3⁄4–18+1⁄2 oz).
Grey parrots may live for 40–60 years in captivity, although their mean lifespan in the wild appears to be shorter—approximately 23 years. They start breeding at an age of 3–5 years and lay 3-5 eggs per brood.
Distribution and habitat
The grey parrot is native to equatorial Africa, including Angola, Cameroon, the Congo, Gabon, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Kenya, and Uganda. The species is found inside a range from Kenya to the eastern part of the Ivory Coast. Current estimates for the global population are uncertain and range from 630,000 to 13 million birds. Populations are decreasing worldwide. The species seems to favor dense forests, but can also be found at forest edges and in more open vegetation types, such as gallery and savanna forests.
A population study published in 2015 found that the species had been "virtually eliminated" from Ghana with numbers declining 90 to 99% since 1992. They were found in only 10 of 42 forested areas, and three roosts that once held 700–1200 birds each, now had only 18 in total. Local people mainly blamed the pet trade and the felling of timber for the decline. Populations are thought to be stable in Cameroon. In the Congo, an estimated 15,000 are taken every year for the pet trade, from the eastern part of the country, although the annual quota is stated to be 5,000.
Grey parrots have escaped or been deliberately released into Florida, U.S., but no evidence indicates that the population is breeding naturally.
Behaviour and ecology in the wild
Little is known about the behaviour and activities of these birds in the wild. In addition to a lack of research funding, it can be particularly difficult to study these birds in wild situations due to their status as prey animals, which leads them to have rather secretive personalities. It has been shown that wild greys may also imitate a wide variety of sounds they hear, much like their captive relatives. In the Democratic Republic of the Congo, two greys sound-recorded while roosting reportedly had a repertoire of over 200 different calls, including nine imitations of other wild bird songs and one of a bat.
Feeding
Grey parrots are mainly frugivorous, with most of their diet consisting of fruit, nuts, and seeds, including oil palm fruit. They sometimes also eat flowers and tree bark, as well as insects and snails. In the wild, the grey parrot is partly a ground feeder.
Breeding
Grey parrots are monogamous breeders who nest in tree cavities. Each mated pair of parrots needs their own tree for their nest. The hen lays three to five eggs, which she incubates for 30 days while being fed by her mate. The adults defend their nesting sites.
Grey parrot chicks require feeding and care from their parents in the nest. The parents take care of them until 4–5 weeks after they are fledged. Young leave the nest at the age of 12 weeks. Little is known about the courtship behaviour of this species in the wild.[9] They weigh 12–14 g (7⁄16–1⁄2 oz) at hatching and 372–526 g (13+1⁄8–18+1⁄2 oz) when they leave their parents.
Conservation
Natural predators for this species include palm-nut vultures and several raptors. Monkeys target eggs and the young for food.
Humans are by far the largest threat to wild grey populations. Between 1994 and 2003, more than 359,000 grey parrots were traded on the international market. Approximately 21% of the wild population was being harvested every year. Mortality rates are extremely high between the time they are captured and they reach the market, ranging from 60 to 66%. This species also is hunted for its meat and for its body parts, which are used in traditional medicines. As a result of the extensive harvest of wild birds, in addition to habitat loss, this species is believed to be undergoing a rapid decline in the wild and therefore, has been rated as endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature.
In October 2016, the Convention on the International Trade of Endangered Fauna and Flora (CITES) extended the highest level of protection to grey parrots by listing the species under Appendix 1, which regulates international trade in the species.
In 2021, the Kenyan government held a short amnesty, during which grey parrot owners could pay a fee to obtain a permit for their birds and facilitate legal ownership. Following the expiry of this time period, it is now illegal to own this species without a permit.
In captivity
The species is common in captivity and regularly kept by humans as a companion parrot, prized for its ability to mimic human speech, which makes it one of the most popular avian pets. An escaped pet in Japan was returned to his owner after repeating the owner's name and address.
Grey parrots are notorious for mimicking noises heard in their environment and using them tirelessly. They are highly intelligent birds, needing extensive behavioral and social enrichment as well as extensive attention in captivity or else they may become distressed. Feather plucking is a common symptom seen among such distressed grey parrots, affecting up to 40% of captive individuals. They may also be prone to behavioural problems due to their sensitive nature. Social isolation hastens stress and aging.
The grey parrot is a highly social species which relies on a flock-type structure, even when raised in captivity. Because they are so dependent on the other birds within their flock, much of their speech and vocal ability is acquired through interaction with the humans with whom they reside. Both wild and captive parrots have been shown to use contact calls, which allow them to interact with their flock mates and communicate information about their location, detection of predators, availability of food, and safety status. In addition, contact calls are used to form strong social bonds with their flock mates, or in the case of captive greys, with their human housemates. In captivity, they have been shown to display communicative competence, meaning they not only use human language correctly, but also in such a way that is appropriate for the social situation which they are in.
Diet
In captivity, they may be fed bird pellets, a variety of fruits such as pear, orange, pomegranate, apple, and banana, and vegetables such as carrot, cooked sweet potato, celery, fresh kale, peas, and green beans. They also need a source of calcium.
Disease
Grey parrots in captivity have been observed to be susceptible to fungal infections, bacterial infections, nutritional insufficiency, malignant tumors, psittacine beak and feather disease, tapeworms, and blood-worms. Young grey parrots are more commonly infected by psittacine beak and feather disease than adults. Infected birds show symptoms such as loss of appetite, fluffy feathers, sluggishness, and reduced walking abilities due to brittle bones.
Grey parrots are more likely to have rhinitis,[clarification needed] an inflammatory and infectious disease of the nasal cavity. Birds may exhibit signs like wheezing, sneezing, nasal snuffling, and swelling or occlusion of the nares. Treatment options include gentle debridement and nasal irrigation.
Intelligence and cognition
Grey parrots are highly intelligent and are considered by many to be one of the most intelligent species of psittacines. Many individuals have been shown to perform at the cognitive level of a four- to six-year-old human child in some tasks. Several studies have been conducted, indicating a suite of higher-level cognitive abilities. Experiments have shown that grey parrots can learn number sequences and can learn to associate human voices with the faces of the humans who create them. It has been reported that grey parrots are capable of using existing known English words to create new labels for objects when the bird does not know the name of the object. For example "banerry" ("banana" + "cherry") for "apple", "banana crackers" for "dried banana chips" or "yummy bread" for "cake".
The American scientist Irene Pepperberg's research with Alex the parrot showed his ability to learn more than 100 words, differentiating between objects, colours, materials and shapes. Pepperberg spent several decades working with Alex, and wrote numerous scientific papers on experiments performed, indicating his advanced cognitive abilities. One such study found that Alex had the ability to add numbers as well as having a zero-like concept, similar to that of young children and apes.
In addition to their striking cognitive abilities, grey parrots have displayed altruistic behavior and concern for others. Researchers found that while blue-headed macaws were unlikely to share a nut with other members of their own species, grey parrots would actively give their conspecific partner a nut, even if it meant that they would not be able to get one themselves. When the roles were reversed, their partners were overwhelmingly likely to return the favor, foregoing their own nut to their partner's benefits. This indicates not only a display of selflessness but also an act of reciprocity.
A 2012 study demonstrated that captive grey parrots have individual musical preferences. When presented with the opportunity to choose between two different pieces of music via a touch screen monitor located in their cage, the two birds in the test consistently chose different songs, to which they then danced and sang along. Some pet grey parrots have also been observed using the music feature of smart speakers (such as Alexa or Amazon Echo) to verbally request playback of specific favored songs.
Some research has shown that foot preference can be linked to the number of words a particular parrot may know and use. Researchers found that grey parrots who prefer to use their right foot showed a marked increase in the number of words within their lexicon as compared to parrots who were left-footed. Scientists postulate that parrots may have lateralization of brain function, much like mammals do.
In two murder trials, one in 1993 and another in 2017, there was consideration to use the deceased victim's pet grey parrot's "testimony" as evidence due to the pet parrot's witnessing and repeating the victim's last words. In the 1993 murder trial of Gary Joseph Rasp, the defendant was accused of murdering Jane Gill. Public defender Charles Ogulnik wanted to use Jane's pet grey parrot Max as evidence to prove Gary's innocence due to Max repeating Jane's last words "Richard, no, no, no!". In the 2017 murder trial of Glenna Duram, the defendant is accused of murdering her husband Martin Duram. The prosecutor was exploring the possibility of using the couple's pet parrot Bud as evidence when Bud kept repeating Martin's last words "Don't fucking shoot."
Mutations
Grey mutations occur naturally in the wild, such as the Blue Ino (albino), the Incomplete Ino, and the Blue varietals. The Blue Ino is all white. The Incomplete Ino has light pigmentation. The Blue has a white tail.
Breeders from South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, and Scandinavia have bred greys intensively since the 1800s. These bred varieties include the Red Pied, F2 Pied, Grizzles, Ino, Incomplete, Parino, Lutino, Cinnamon, and Red Factor. South African bird breeder Von van Antwerpen and New Zealand partner Jaco Bosman selected F2 Pieds and created the first Red Factor Greys. They are rare, may be predominantly red-pigmented, and vary in price depending upon the extent of the red plumage displayed.
History
The domestication of grey parrots has a history dating to 2000 B.C., depicting native birds in Egyptian hieroglyphics as pets. They were used for values by the Greeks and the Romans who kept them in birdcages. The grey parrots, due to recent years of illegal trading, have been classified as Endangered in 2016 by the IUCN Red List.
Laguna Colorada (Red Lagoon) is a shallow salt lake in the southwest of the altiplano of Bolivia, within Eduardo Avaroa Andean Fauna National Reserve and close to the border with Chile.
The lake contains borax islands, whose white color contrasts with the reddish color of its waters, which is caused by red sediments and pigmentation of some algae.
Laguna Colorada is one of the Ramsar Wetlands of International Importance under the Ramsar Convention signed in 1971.
James's Flamingos abound in the area. Also it is possible to find Andean and Chilean flamingos, but in a minor quantity.
(Wikipedia)
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We took the backward route from Tupiza northwards to the Reserva Nacional de Fauna Andina Eduardo Avaroa and further to Salar de Uyuni salt plain; snow-covered volcanoes at the horizon line, red-coloured rocks and sand, colorful lagunas, and slow 4WD journey through the land of thin air - that's Bolivia southern part of Altiplano.
Laguna Colorada is most likely the most stunning of the colorful lakes; we spent there a night and thus got a chance for slow silent walks around, admiring its unforgettable stunning beauty...
Jellyfish, also known sea jellies, are the medusa-phase of certain gelatinous members of the subphylum Medusozoa, which is a major part of the phylum Cnidaria.
Jellyfish are mainly free-swimming marine animals with umbrella-shaped bells and trailing tentacles, although a few are anchored to the seabed by stalks rather than being mobile. The bell can pulsate to provide propulsion for highly efficient locomotion. The tentacles are armed with stinging cells and may be used to capture prey and defend against predators. Jellyfish have a complex life cycle. The medusa is normally the sexual phase, which produces planula larvae; these then disperse widely and enter a sedentary polyp phase, before reaching sexual maturity.
Jellyfish are found all over the world, from surface waters to the deep sea. Scyphozoans (the "true jellyfish") are exclusively marine, but some hydrozoans with a similar appearance live in freshwater. Large, often colorful, jellyfish are common in coastal zones worldwide. The medusae of most species are fast-growing, and mature within a few months then die soon after breeding, but the polyp stage, attached to the seabed, may be much more long-lived. Jellyfish have been in existence for at least 500 million years, and possibly 700 million years or more, making them the oldest multi-organ animal group.
Jellyfish are eaten by humans in certain cultures. They are considered a delicacy in some Asian countries, where species in the Rhizostomeae order are pressed and salted to remove excess water. Australian researchers have described them as a "perfect food": sustainable and protein-rich but relatively low in food energy.
They are also used in research, where the green fluorescent protein used by some species to cause bioluminescence has been adapted as a fluorescent marker for genes inserted into other cells or organisms.
The stinging cells used by jellyfish to subdue their prey can injure humans. Thousands of swimmers worldwide are stung every year, with effects ranging from mild discomfort to serious injury or even death. When conditions are favourable, jellyfish can form vast swarms, which can be responsible for damage to fishing gear by filling fishing nets, and sometimes clog the cooling systems of power and desalination plants which draw their water from the sea.
Names
The name jellyfish, in use since 1796, has traditionally been applied to medusae and all similar animals including the comb jellies (ctenophores, another phylum). The term jellies or sea jellies is more recent, having been introduced by public aquaria in an effort to avoid use of the word "fish" with its modern connotation of an animal with a backbone, though shellfish, cuttlefish and starfish are not vertebrates either. In scientific literature, "jelly" and "jellyfish" have been used interchangeably. Many sources refer to only scyphozoans as "true jellyfish".
A group of jellyfish is called a "smack" or a "smuck".
Definition
The term jellyfish broadly corresponds to medusae, that is, a life-cycle stage in the Medusozoa. The American evolutionary biologist Paulyn Cartwright gives the following general definition:
Typically, medusozoan cnidarians have a pelagic, predatory jellyfish stage in their life cycle; staurozoans are the exceptions [as they are stalked].
The Merriam-Webster dictionary defines jellyfish as follows:
A free-swimming marine coelenterate that is the sexually reproducing form of a hydrozoan or scyphozoan and has a nearly transparent saucer-shaped body and extensible marginal tentacles studded with stinging cells.
Given that jellyfish is a common name, its mapping to biological groups is inexact. Some authorities have called the comb jellies and certain salps jellyfish, though other authorities state that neither of these are jellyfish, which they consider should be limited to certain groups within the medusozoa.
The non-medusozoan clades called jellyfish by some but not all authorities (both agreeing and disagreeing citations are given in each case) are indicated with on the following cladogram of the animal kingdom:
Jellyfish are not a clade, as they include most of the Medusozoa, barring some of the Hydrozoa. The medusozoan groups included by authorities are indicated on the following phylogenetic tree by the presence of citations. Names of included jellyfish, in English where possible, are shown in boldface; the presence of a named and cited example indicates that at least that species within its group has been called a jellyfish.
Taxonomy
The subphylum Medusozoa includes all cnidarians with a medusa stage in their life cycle. The basic cycle is egg, planula larva, polyp, medusa, with the medusa being the sexual stage. The polyp stage is sometimes secondarily lost. The subphylum include the major taxa, Scyphozoa (large jellyfish), Cubozoa (box jellyfish) and Hydrozoa (small jellyfish), and excludes Anthozoa (corals and sea anemones). This suggests that the medusa form evolved after the polyps. Medusozoans have tetramerous symmetry, with parts in fours or multiples of four.
The four major classes of medusozoan Cnidaria are:
Scyphozoa are sometimes called true jellyfish, though they are no more truly jellyfish than the others listed here. They have tetra-radial symmetry. Most have tentacles around the outer margin of the bowl-shaped bell, and long, oral arms around the mouth in the center of the subumbrella.
Cubozoa (box jellyfish) have a (rounded) box-shaped bell, and their velarium assists them to swim more quickly. Box jellyfish may be related more closely to scyphozoan jellyfish than either are to the Hydrozoa.
Hydrozoa medusae also have tetra-radial symmetry, nearly always have a velum (diaphragm used in swimming) attached just inside the bell margin, do not have oral arms, but a much smaller central stalk-like structure, the manubrium, with terminal mouth opening, and are distinguished by the absence of cells in the mesoglea. Hydrozoa show great diversity of lifestyle; some species maintain the polyp form for their entire life and do not form medusae at all (such as Hydra, which is hence not considered a jellyfish), and a few are entirely medusal and have no polyp form.
Staurozoa (stalked jellyfish) are characterized by a medusa form that is generally sessile, oriented upside down and with a stalk emerging from the apex of the "calyx" (bell), which attaches to the substrate. At least some Staurozoa also have a polyp form that alternates with the medusoid portion of the life cycle. Until recently, Staurozoa were classified within the Scyphozoa.
There are over 200 species of Scyphozoa, about 50 species of Staurozoa, about 50 species of Cubozoa, and the Hydrozoa includes about 1000–1500 species that produce medusae, but many more species that do not.
Fossil history
Since jellyfish have no hard parts, fossils are rare. The oldest unambiguous fossil of a free-swimming medusa is Burgessomedusa from the mid Cambrian Burgess Shale of Canada, which is likely either a stem group of box jellyfish (Cubozoa) or Acraspeda (the clade including Staurozoa, Cubozoa, and Scyphozoa). Other claimed records from the Cambrian of China and Utah in the United States are uncertain, and possibly represent ctenophores instead.
Anatomy
The main feature of a true jellyfish is the umbrella-shaped bell. This is a hollow structure consisting of a mass of transparent jelly-like matter known as mesoglea, which forms the hydrostatic skeleton of the animal. 95% or more of the mesogloea consists of water, but it also contains collagen and other fibrous proteins, as well as wandering amoebocytes which can engulf debris and bacteria. The mesogloea is bordered by the epidermis on the outside and the gastrodermis on the inside. The edge of the bell is often divided into rounded lobes known as lappets, which allow the bell to flex. In the gaps or niches between the lappets are dangling rudimentary sense organs known as rhopalia, and the margin of the bell often bears tentacles.
Anatomy of a scyphozoan jellyfish
On the underside of the bell is the manubrium, a stalk-like structure hanging down from the centre, with the mouth, which also functions as the anus, at its tip. There are often four oral arms connected to the manubrium, streaming away into the water below. The mouth opens into the gastrovascular cavity, where digestion takes place and nutrients are absorbed. This is subdivided by four thick septa into a central stomach and four gastric pockets. The four pairs of gonads are attached to the septa, and close to them four septal funnels open to the exterior, perhaps supplying good oxygenation to the gonads. Near the free edges of the septa, gastric filaments extend into the gastric cavity; these are armed with nematocysts and enzyme-producing cells and play a role in subduing and digesting the prey. In some scyphozoans, the gastric cavity is joined to radial canals which branch extensively and may join a marginal ring canal. Cilia in these canals circulate the fluid in a regular direction.
Discharge mechanism of a nematocyst
The box jellyfish is largely similar in structure. It has a squarish, box-like bell. A short pedalium or stalk hangs from each of the four lower corners. One or more long, slender tentacles are attached to each pedalium. The rim of the bell is folded inwards to form a shelf known as a velarium which restricts the bell's aperture and creates a powerful jet when the bell pulsates, allowing box jellyfish to swim faster than true jellyfish. Hydrozoans are also similar, usually with just four tentacles at the edge of the bell, although many hydrozoans are colonial and may not have a free-living medusal stage. In some species, a non-detachable bud known as a gonophore is formed that contains a gonad but is missing many other medusal features such as tentacles and rhopalia. Stalked jellyfish are attached to a solid surface by a basal disk, and resemble a polyp, the oral end of which has partially developed into a medusa with tentacle-bearing lobes and a central manubrium with four-sided mouth.
Most jellyfish do not have specialized systems for osmoregulation, respiration and circulation, and do not have a central nervous system. Nematocysts, which deliver the sting, are located mostly on the tentacles; true jellyfish also have them around the mouth and stomach. Jellyfish do not need a respiratory system because sufficient oxygen diffuses through the epidermis. They have limited control over their movement, but can navigate with the pulsations of the bell-like body; some species are active swimmers most of the time, while others largely drift. The rhopalia contain rudimentary sense organs which are able to detect light, water-borne vibrations, odour and orientation. A loose network of nerves called a "nerve net" is located in the epidermis. Although traditionally thought not to have a central nervous system, nerve net concentration and ganglion-like structures could be considered to constitute one in most species. A jellyfish detects stimuli, and transmits impulses both throughout the nerve net and around a circular nerve ring, to other nerve cells. The rhopalial ganglia contain pacemaker neurones which control swimming rate and direction.
In many species of jellyfish, the rhopalia include ocelli, light-sensitive organs able to tell light from dark. These are generally pigment spot ocelli, which have some of their cells pigmented. The rhopalia are suspended on stalks with heavy crystals at one end, acting like gyroscopes to orient the eyes skyward. Certain jellyfish look upward at the mangrove canopy while making a daily migration from mangrove swamps into the open lagoon, where they feed, and back again.
Box jellyfish have more advanced vision than the other groups. Each individual has 24 eyes, two of which are capable of seeing colour, and four parallel information processing areas that act in competition, supposedly making them one of the few kinds of animal to have a 360-degree view of its environment.
Box jellyfish eye
The study of jellyfish eye evolution is an intermediary to a better understanding of how visual systems evolved on Earth. Jellyfish exhibit immense variation in visual systems ranging from photoreceptive cell patches seen in simple photoreceptive systems to more derived complex eyes seen in box jellyfish. Major topics of jellyfish visual system research (with an emphasis on box jellyfish) include: the evolution of jellyfish vision from simple to complex visual systems), the eye morphology and molecular structures of box jellyfish (including comparisons to vertebrate eyes), and various uses of vision including task-guided behaviors and niche specialization.
Evolution
Experimental evidence for photosensitivity and photoreception in cnidarians antecedes the mid 1900s, and a rich body of research has since covered evolution of visual systems in jellyfish. Jellyfish visual systems range from simple photoreceptive cells to complex image-forming eyes. More ancestral visual systems incorporate extraocular vision (vision without eyes) that encompass numerous receptors dedicated to single-function behaviors. More derived visual systems comprise perception that is capable of multiple task-guided behaviors.
Although they lack a true brain, cnidarian jellyfish have a "ring" nervous system that plays a significant role in motor and sensory activity. This net of nerves is responsible for muscle contraction and movement and culminates the emergence of photosensitive structures. Across Cnidaria, there is large variation in the systems that underlie photosensitivity. Photosensitive structures range from non-specialized groups of cells, to more "conventional" eyes similar to those of vertebrates. The general evolutionary steps to develop complex vision include (from more ancestral to more derived states): non-directional photoreception, directional photoreception, low-resolution vision, and high-resolution vision. Increased habitat and task complexity has favored the high-resolution visual systems common in derived cnidarians such as box jellyfish.
Basal visual systems observed in various cnidarians exhibit photosensitivity representative of a single task or behavior. Extraocular photoreception (a form of non-directional photoreception), is the most basic form of light sensitivity and guides a variety of behaviors among cnidarians. It can function to regulate circadian rhythm (as seen in eyeless hydrozoans) and other light-guided behaviors responsive to the intensity and spectrum of light. Extraocular photoreception can function additionally in positive phototaxis (in planula larvae of hydrozoans), as well as in avoiding harmful amounts of UV radiation via negative phototaxis. Directional photoreception (the ability to perceive direction of incoming light) allows for more complex phototactic responses to light, and likely evolved by means of membrane stacking. The resulting behavioral responses can range from guided spawning events timed by moonlight to shadow responses for potential predator avoidance. Light-guided behaviors are observed in numerous scyphozoans including the common moon jelly, Aurelia aurita, which migrates in response to changes in ambient light and solar position even though they lack proper eyes.
The low-resolution visual system of box jellyfish is more derived than directional photoreception, and thus box jellyfish vision represents the most basic form of true vision in which multiple directional photoreceptors combine to create the first imaging and spatial resolution. This is different from the high-resolution vision that is observed in camera or compound eyes of vertebrates and cephalopods that rely on focusing optics. Critically, the visual systems of box jellyfish are responsible for guiding multiple tasks or behaviors in contrast to less derived visual systems in other jellyfish that guide single behavioral functions. These behaviors include phototaxis based on sunlight (positive) or shadows (negative), obstacle avoidance, and control of swim-pulse rate.
Box jellyfish possess "proper eyes" (similar to vertebrates) that allow them to inhabit environments that lesser derived medusae cannot. In fact, they are considered the only class in the clade Medusozoa that have behaviors necessitating spatial resolution and genuine vision. However, the lens in their eyes are more functionally similar to cup-eyes exhibited in low-resolution organisms, and have very little to no focusing capability. The lack of the ability to focus is due to the focal length exceeding the distance to the retina, thus generating unfocused images and limiting spatial resolution. The visual system is still sufficient for box jellyfish to produce an image to help with tasks such as object avoidance.
Utility as a model organism
Box jellyfish eyes are a visual system that is sophisticated in numerous ways. These intricacies include the considerable variation within the morphology of box jellyfishes' eyes (including their task/behavior specification), and the molecular makeup of their eyes including: photoreceptors, opsins, lenses, and synapses. The comparison of these attributes to more derived visual systems can allow for a further understanding of how the evolution of more derived visual systems may have occurred, and puts into perspective how box jellyfish can play the role as an evolutionary/developmental model for all visual systems.
Characteristics
Box jellyfish visual systems are both diverse and complex, comprising multiple photosystems. There is likely considerable variation in visual properties between species of box jellyfish given the significant inter-species morphological and physiological variation. Eyes tend to differ in size and shape, along with number of receptors (including opsins), and physiology across species of box jellyfish.
Box jellyfish have a series of intricate lensed eyes that are similar to those of more derived multicellular organisms such as vertebrates. Their 24 eyes fit into four different morphological categories. These categories consist of two large, morphologically different medial eyes (a lower and upper lensed eye) containing spherical lenses, a lateral pair of pigment slit eyes, and a lateral pair of pigment pit eyes. The eyes are situated on rhopalia (small sensory structures) which serve sensory functions of the box jellyfish and arise from the cavities of the exumbrella (the surface of the body) on the side of the bells of the jellyfish. The two large eyes are located on the mid-line of the club and are considered complex because they contain lenses. The four remaining eyes lie laterally on either side of each rhopalia and are considered simple. The simple eyes are observed as small invaginated cups of epithelium that have developed pigmentation. The larger of the complex eyes contains a cellular cornea created by a mono ciliated epithelium, cellular lens, homogenous capsule to the lens, vitreous body with prismatic elements, and a retina of pigmented cells. The smaller of the complex eyes is said to be slightly less complex given that it lacks a capsule but otherwise contains the same structure as the larger eye.
Box jellyfish have multiple photosystems that comprise different sets of eyes. Evidence includes immunocytochemical and molecular data that show photopigment differences among the different morphological eye types, and physiological experiments done on box jellyfish to suggest behavioral differences among photosystems. Each individual eye type constitutes photosystems that work collectively to control visually guided behaviors.
Box jellyfish eyes primarily use c-PRCs (ciliary photoreceptor cells) similar to that of vertebrate eyes. These cells undergo phototransduction cascades (process of light absorption by photoreceptors) that are triggered by c-opsins. Available opsin sequences suggest that there are two types of opsins possessed by all cnidarians including an ancient phylogenetic opsin, and a sister ciliary opsin to the c-opsins group. Box jellyfish could have both ciliary and cnidops (cnidarian opsins), which is something not previously believed to appear in the same retina. Nevertheless, it is not entirely evident whether cnidarians possess multiple opsins that are capable of having distinctive spectral sensitivities.
Comparison with other organisms
Comparative research on genetic and molecular makeup of box jellyfishes' eyes versus more derived eyes seen in vertebrates and cephalopods focuses on: lenses and crystallin composition, synapses, and Pax genes and their implied evidence for shared primordial (ancestral) genes in eye evolution.
Box jellyfish eyes are said to be an evolutionary/developmental model of all eyes based on their evolutionary recruitment of crystallins and Pax genes. Research done on box jellyfish including Tripedalia cystophora has suggested that they possess a single Pax gene, PaxB. PaxB functions by binding to crystallin promoters and activating them. PaxB in situ hybridization resulted in PaxB expression in the lens, retina, and statocysts. These results and the rejection of the prior hypothesis that Pax6 was an ancestral Pax gene in eyes has led to the conclusion that PaxB was a primordial gene in eye evolution, and that the eyes of all organisms likely share a common ancestor.
The lens structure of box jellyfish appears very similar to those of other organisms, but the crystallins are distinct in both function and appearance. Weak reactions were seen within the sera and there were very weak sequence similarities within the crystallins among vertebrate and invertebrate lenses. This is likely due to differences in lower molecular weight proteins and the subsequent lack of immunological reactions with antisera that other organisms' lenses exhibit.
All four of the visual systems of box jellyfish species investigated with detail (Carybdea marsupialis, Chiropsalmus quadrumanus, Tamoya haplonema and Tripedalia cystophora) have invaginated synapses, but only in the upper and lower lensed eyes. Different densities were found between the upper and lower lenses, and between species. Four types of chemical synapses have been discovered within the rhopalia which could help in understanding neural organization including: clear unidirectional, dense-core unidirectional, clear bidirectional, and clear and dense-core bidirectional. The synapses of the lensed eyes could be useful as markers to learn more about the neural circuit in box jellyfish retinal areas.
Evolution as a response to natural stimuli
The primary adaptive responses to environmental variation observed in box jellyfish eyes include pupillary constriction speeds in response to light environments, as well as photoreceptor tuning and lens adaptations to better respond to shifts between light environments and darkness. Interestingly, some box jellyfish species' eyes appear to have evolved more focused vision in response to their habitat.
Pupillary contraction appears to have evolved in response to variation in the light environment across ecological niches across three species of box jellyfish (Chironex fleckeri, Chiropsella bronzie, and Carukia barnesi). Behavioral studies suggest that faster pupil contraction rates allow for greater object avoidance, and in fact, species with more complex habitats exhibit faster rates. Ch. bronzie inhabit shallow beach fronts that have low visibility and very few obstacles, thus, faster pupil contraction in response to objects in their environment is not important. Ca. barnesi and Ch. fleckeri are found in more three-dimensionally complex environments like mangroves with an abundance of natural obstacles, where faster pupil contraction is more adaptive. Behavioral studies support the idea that faster pupillary contraction rates assist with obstacle avoidance as well as depth adjustments in response to differing light intensities.
Light/dark adaptation via pupillary light reflexes is an additional form of an evolutionary response to the light environment. This relates to the pupil's response to shifts between light intensity (generally from sunlight to darkness). In the process of light/dark adaptation, the upper and lower lens eyes of different box jellyfish species vary in specific function. The lower lens-eyes contain pigmented photoreceptors and long pigment cells with dark pigments that migrate on light/dark adaptation, while the upper-lens eyes play a concentrated role in light direction and phototaxis given that they face upward towards the water surface (towards the sun or moon). The upper lens of Ch. bronzie does not exhibit any considerable optical power while Tr. cystophora (a box jellyfish species that tends to live in mangroves) does. The ability to use light to visually guide behavior is not of as much importance to Ch. bronzie as it is to species in more obstacle-filled environments. Differences in visually guided behavior serve as evidence that species that share the same number and structure of eyes can exhibit differences in how they control behavior.
Largest and smallest
Jellyfish range from about one millimeter in bell height and diameter, to nearly 2 metres (6+1⁄2 ft) in bell height and diameter; the tentacles and mouth parts usually extend beyond this bell dimension.
The smallest jellyfish are the peculiar creeping jellyfish in the genera Staurocladia and Eleutheria, which have bell disks from 0.5 millimetres (1⁄32 in) to a few millimeters in diameter, with short tentacles that extend out beyond this, which these jellyfish use to move across the surface of seaweed or the bottoms of rocky pools; many of these tiny creeping jellyfish cannot be seen in the field without a hand lens or microscope. They can reproduce asexually by fission (splitting in half). Other very small jellyfish, which have bells about one millimeter, are the hydromedusae of many species that have just been released from their parent polyps; some of these live only a few minutes before shedding their gametes in the plankton and then dying, while others will grow in the plankton for weeks or months. The hydromedusae Cladonema radiatum and Cladonema californicum are also very small, living for months, yet never growing beyond a few mm in bell height and diameter.
The lion's mane jellyfish, Cyanea capillata, was long-cited as the largest jellyfish, and arguably the longest animal in the world, with fine, thread-like tentacles that may extend up to 36.5 m (119 ft 9 in) long (though most are nowhere near that large). They have a moderately painful, but rarely fatal, sting. The increasingly common giant Nomura's jellyfish, Nemopilema nomurai, found in some, but not all years in the waters of Japan, Korea and China in summer and autumn is another candidate for "largest jellyfish", in terms of diameter and weight, since the largest Nomura's jellyfish in late autumn can reach 2 m (6 ft 7 in) in bell (body) diameter and about 200 kg (440 lb) in weight, with average specimens frequently reaching 0.9 m (2 ft 11 in) in bell diameter and about 150 kg (330 lb) in weight. The large bell mass of the giant Nomura's jellyfish can dwarf a diver and is nearly always much greater than the Lion's Mane, whose bell diameter can reach 1 m (3 ft 3 in).
The rarely encountered deep-sea jellyfish Stygiomedusa gigantea is another candidate for "largest jellyfish", with its thick, massive bell up to 100 cm (3 ft 3 in) wide, and four thick, "strap-like" oral arms extending up to 6 m (19+1⁄2 ft) in length, very different from the typical fine, threadlike tentacles that rim the umbrella of more-typical-looking jellyfish, including the Lion's Mane.
Desmonema glaciale, which lives in the Antarctic region, can reach a very large size (several meters). Purple-striped jelly (Chrysaora colorata) can also be extremely long (up to 15 feet).
Life history and behavior
Life cycle
Jellyfish have a complex life cycle which includes both sexual and asexual phases, with the medusa being the sexual stage in most instances. Sperm fertilize eggs, which develop into larval planulae, become polyps, bud into ephyrae and then transform into adult medusae. In some species certain stages may be skipped.
Upon reaching adult size, jellyfish spawn regularly if there is a sufficient supply of food. In most species, spawning is controlled by light, with all individuals spawning at about the same time of day; in many instances this is at dawn or dusk. Jellyfish are usually either male or female (with occasional hermaphrodites). In most cases, adults release sperm and eggs into the surrounding water, where the unprotected eggs are fertilized and develop into larvae. In a few species, the sperm swim into the female's mouth, fertilizing the eggs within her body, where they remain during early development stages. In moon jellies, the eggs lodge in pits on the oral arms, which form a temporary brood chamber for the developing planula larvae.
The planula is a small larva covered with cilia. When sufficiently developed, it settles onto a firm surface and develops into a polyp. The polyp generally consists of a small stalk topped by a mouth that is ringed by upward-facing tentacles. The polyps resemble those of closely related anthozoans, such as sea anemones and corals. The jellyfish polyp may be sessile, living on the bottom, boat hulls or other substrates, or it may be free-floating or attached to tiny bits of free-living plankton or rarely, fish or other invertebrates. Polyps may be solitary or colonial. Most polyps are only millimetres in diameter and feed continuously. The polyp stage may last for years.
After an interval and stimulated by seasonal or hormonal changes, the polyp may begin reproducing asexually by budding and, in the Scyphozoa, is called a segmenting polyp, or a scyphistoma. Budding produces more scyphistomae and also ephyrae. Budding sites vary by species; from the tentacle bulbs, the manubrium (above the mouth), or the gonads of hydromedusae. In a process known as strobilation, the polyp's tentacles are reabsorbed and the body starts to narrow, forming transverse constrictions, in several places near the upper extremity of the polyp. These deepen as the constriction sites migrate down the body, and separate segments known as ephyra detach. These are free-swimming precursors of the adult medusa stage, which is the life stage that is typically identified as a jellyfish. The ephyrae, usually only a millimeter or two across initially, swim away from the polyp and grow. Limnomedusae polyps can asexually produce a creeping frustule larval form, which crawls away before developing into another polyp. A few species can produce new medusae by budding directly from the medusan stage. Some hydromedusae reproduce by fission.
Lifespan
Little is known of the life histories of many jellyfish as the places on the seabed where the benthic forms of those species live have not been found. However, an asexually reproducing strobila form can sometimes live for several years, producing new medusae (ephyra larvae) each year.
An unusual species, Turritopsis dohrnii, formerly classified as Turritopsis nutricula, might be effectively immortal because of its ability under certain circumstances to transform from medusa back to the polyp stage, thereby escaping the death that typically awaits medusae post-reproduction if they have not otherwise been eaten by some other organism. So far this reversal has been observed only in the laboratory.
Locomotion
Jellyfish locomotion is highly efficient. Muscles in the jellylike bell contract, setting up a start vortex and propelling the animal. When the contraction ends, the bell recoils elastically, creating a stop vortex with no extra energy input.
Using the moon jelly Aurelia aurita as an example, jellyfish have been shown to be the most energy-efficient swimmers of all animals. They move through the water by radially expanding and contracting their bell-shaped bodies to push water behind them. They pause between the contraction and expansion phases to create two vortex rings. Muscles are used for the contraction of the body, which creates the first vortex and pushes the animal forward, but the mesoglea is so elastic that the expansion is powered exclusively by relaxing the bell, which releases the energy stored from the contraction. Meanwhile, the second vortex ring starts to spin faster, sucking water into the bell and pushing against the centre of the body, giving a secondary and "free" boost forward. The mechanism, called passive energy recapture, only works in relatively small jellyfish moving at low speeds, allowing the animal to travel 30 percent farther on each swimming cycle. Jellyfish achieved a 48 percent lower cost of transport (food and oxygen intake versus energy spent in movement) than other animals in similar studies. One reason for this is that most of the gelatinous tissue of the bell is inactive, using no energy during swimming.
Ecology
Diet
Jellyfish are, like other cnidarians, generally carnivorous (or parasitic), feeding on planktonic organisms, crustaceans, small fish, fish eggs and larvae, and other jellyfish, ingesting food and voiding undigested waste through the mouth. They hunt passively using their tentacles as drift lines, or sink through the water with their tentacles spread widely; the tentacles, which contain nematocysts to stun or kill the prey, may then flex to help bring it to the mouth. Their swimming technique also helps them to capture prey; when their bell expands it sucks in water which brings more potential prey within reach of the tentacles.
A few species such as Aglaura hemistoma are omnivorous, feeding on microplankton which is a mixture of zooplankton and phytoplankton (microscopic plants) such as dinoflagellates. Others harbour mutualistic algae (Zooxanthellae) in their tissues; the spotted jellyfish (Mastigias papua) is typical of these, deriving part of its nutrition from the products of photosynthesis, and part from captured zooplankton. The upside-down jellyfish (Cassiopea andromeda) also has a symbiotic relationship with microalgae, but captures tiny animals to supplement their diet. This is done by releasing tiny balls of living cells composed of mesoglea. These use cilia to drive them through water and stinging cells which stun the prey. The blobs also seems to have digestive capabilities.
Predation
Other species of jellyfish are among the most common and important jellyfish predators. Sea anemones may eat jellyfish that drift into their range. Other predators include tunas, sharks, swordfish, sea turtles and penguins. Jellyfish washed up on the beach are consumed by foxes, other terrestrial mammals and birds. In general however, few animals prey on jellyfish; they can broadly be considered to be top predators in the food chain. Once jellyfish have become dominant in an ecosystem, for example through overfishing which removes predators of jellyfish larvae, there may be no obvious way for the previous balance to be restored: they eat fish eggs and juvenile fish, and compete with fish for food, preventing fish stocks from recovering.
Symbiosis
Some small fish are immune to the stings of the jellyfish and live among the tentacles, serving as bait in a fish trap; they are safe from potential predators and are able to share the fish caught by the jellyfish. The cannonball jellyfish has a symbiotic relationship with ten different species of fish, and with the longnose spider crab, which lives inside the bell, sharing the jellyfish's food and nibbling its tissues.
Main article: Jellyfish bloom
Jellyfish form large masses or blooms in certain environmental conditions of ocean currents, nutrients, sunshine, temperature, season, prey availability, reduced predation and oxygen concentration. Currents collect jellyfish together, especially in years with unusually high populations. Jellyfish can detect marine currents and swim against the current to congregate in blooms. Jellyfish are better able to survive in nutrient-rich, oxygen-poor water than competitors, and thus can feast on plankton without competition. Jellyfish may also benefit from saltier waters, as saltier waters contain more iodine, which is necessary for polyps to turn into jellyfish. Rising sea temperatures caused by climate change may also contribute to jellyfish blooms, because many species of jellyfish are able to survive in warmer waters. Increased nutrients from agricultural or urban runoff with nutrients including nitrogen and phosphorus compounds increase the growth of phytoplankton, causing eutrophication and algal blooms. When the phytoplankton die, they may create dead zones, so-called because they are hypoxic (low in oxygen). This in turn kills fish and other animals, but not jellyfish, allowing them to bloom. Jellyfish populations may be expanding globally as a result of land runoff and overfishing of their natural predators. Jellyfish are well placed to benefit from disturbance of marine ecosystems. They reproduce rapidly; they prey upon many species, while few species prey on them; and they feed via touch rather than visually, so they can feed effectively at night and in turbid waters. It may be difficult for fish stocks to re-establish themselves in marine ecosystems once they have become dominated by jellyfish, because jellyfish feed on plankton, which includes fish eggs and larvae.
As suspected at the turn of this century, jellyfish blooms are increasing in frequency. Between 2013 and 2020 the Mediterranean Science Commission monitored on a weekly basis the frequency of such outbreaks in coastal waters from Morocco to the Black Sea, revealing a relatively high frequency of these blooms nearly all year round, with peaks observed from March to July and often again in the autumn. The blooms are caused by different jellyfish species, depending on their localisation within the Basin: one observes a clear dominance of Pelagia noctiluca and Velella velella outbreaks in the western Mediterranean, of Rhizostoma pulmo and Rhopilema nomadica outbreaks in the eastern Mediterranean, and of Aurelia aurita and Mnemiopsis leidyi outbreaks in the Black Sea.
Some jellyfish populations that have shown clear increases in the past few decades are invasive species, newly arrived from other habitats: examples include the Black Sea, Caspian Sea, Baltic Sea, central and eastern Mediterranean, Hawaii, and tropical and subtropical parts of the West Atlantic (including the Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico and Brazil).
Jellyfish blooms can have significant impact on community structure. Some carnivorous jellyfish species prey on zooplankton while others graze on primary producers. Reductions in zooplankton and ichthyoplankton due to a jellyfish bloom can ripple through the trophic levels. High-density jellyfish populations can outcompete other predators and reduce fish recruitment. Increased grazing on primary producers by jellyfish can also interrupt energy transfer to higher trophic levels.
During blooms, jellyfish significantly alter the nutrient availability in their environment. Blooms require large amounts of available organic nutrients in the water column to grow, limiting availability for other organisms. Some jellyfish have a symbiotic relationship with single-celled dinoflagellates, allowing them to assimilate inorganic carbon, phosphorus, and nitrogen creating competition for phytoplankton. Their large biomass makes them an important source of dissolved and particulate organic matter for microbial communities through excretion, mucus production, and decomposition. The microbes break down the organic matter into inorganic ammonium and phosphate. However, the low carbon availability shifts the process from production to respiration creating low oxygen areas making the dissolved inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus largely unavailable for primary production.
These blooms have very real impacts on industries. Jellyfish can outcompete fish by utilizing open niches in over-fished fisheries. Catch of jellyfish can strain fishing gear and lead to expenses relating to damaged gear. Power plants have been shut down due to jellyfish blocking the flow of cooling water. Blooms have also been harmful for tourism, causing a rise in stings and sometimes the closure of beaches.
Jellyfish form a component of jelly-falls, events where gelatinous zooplankton fall to the seafloor, providing food for the benthic organisms there. In temperate and subpolar regions, jelly-falls usually follow immediately after a bloom.
Habitats
Most jellyfish are marine animals, although a few hydromedusae inhabit freshwater. The best known freshwater example is the cosmopolitan hydrozoan jellyfish, Craspedacusta sowerbii. It is less than an inch (2.5 cm) in diameter, colorless and does not sting. Some jellyfish populations have become restricted to coastal saltwater lakes, such as Jellyfish Lake in Palau. Jellyfish Lake is a marine lake where millions of golden jellyfish (Mastigias spp.) migrate horizontally across the lake daily.
Although most jellyfish live well off the ocean floor and form part of the plankton, a few species are closely associated with the bottom for much of their lives and can be considered benthic. The upside-down jellyfish in the genus Cassiopea typically lie on the bottom of shallow lagoons where they sometimes pulsate gently with their umbrella top facing down. Even some deep-sea species of hydromedusae and scyphomedusae are usually collected on or near the bottom. All of the stauromedusae are found attached to either seaweed or rocky or other firm material on the bottom.
Some species explicitly adapt to tidal flux. In Roscoe Bay, jellyfish ride the current at ebb tide until they hit a gravel bar, and then descend below the current. They remain in still waters until the tide rises, ascending and allowing it to sweep them back into the bay. They also actively avoid fresh water from mountain snowmelt, diving until they find enough salt.
Parasites
Jellyfish are hosts to a wide variety of parasitic organisms. They act as intermediate hosts of endoparasitic helminths, with the infection being transferred to the definitive host fish after predation. Some digenean trematodes, especially species in the family Lepocreadiidae, use jellyfish as their second intermediate hosts. Fish become infected by the trematodes when they feed on infected jellyfish.
Relation to humans
Jellyfish have long been eaten in some parts of the world. Fisheries have begun harvesting the American cannonball jellyfish, Stomolophus meleagris, along the southern Atlantic coast of the United States and in the Gulf of Mexico for export to Asia.
Jellyfish are also harvested for their collagen, which is being investigated for use in a variety of applications including the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.
Aquaculture and fisheries of other species often suffer severe losses – and so losses of productivity – due to jellyfish.
Products
Main article: Jellyfish as food
In some countries, including China, Japan, and Korea, jellyfish are a delicacy. The jellyfish is dried to prevent spoiling. Only some 12 species of scyphozoan jellyfish belonging to the order Rhizostomeae are harvested for food, mostly in southeast Asia. Rhizostomes, especially Rhopilema esculentum in China (海蜇 hǎizhé, 'sea stingers') and Stomolophus meleagris (cannonball jellyfish) in the United States, are favored because of their larger and more rigid bodies and because their toxins are harmless to humans.
Traditional processing methods, carried out by a jellyfish master, involve a 20- to 40-day multi-phase procedure in which, after removing the gonads and mucous membranes, the umbrella and oral arms are treated with a mixture of table salt and alum, and compressed. Processing makes the jellyfish drier and more acidic, producing a crisp texture. Jellyfish prepared this way retain 7–10% of their original weight, and the processed product consists of approximately 94% water and 6% protein. Freshly processed jellyfish has a white, creamy color and turns yellow or brown during prolonged storage.
In China, processed jellyfish are desalted by soaking in water overnight and eaten cooked or raw. The dish is often served shredded with a dressing of oil, soy sauce, vinegar and sugar, or as a salad with vegetables. In Japan, cured jellyfish are rinsed, cut into strips and served with vinegar as an appetizer. Desalted, ready-to-eat products are also available.
Biotechnology
The hydromedusa Aequorea victoria was the source of green fluorescent protein, studied for its role in bioluminescence and later for use as a marker in genetic engineering.
Pliny the Elder reported in his Natural History that the slime of the jellyfish "Pulmo marinus" produced light when rubbed on a walking stick.
In 1961, Osamu Shimomura extracted green fluorescent protein (GFP) and another bioluminescent protein, called aequorin, from the large and abundant hydromedusa Aequorea victoria, while studying photoproteins that cause bioluminescence in this species. Three decades later, Douglas Prasher sequenced and cloned the gene for GFP. Martin Chalfie figured out how to use GFP as a fluorescent marker of genes inserted into other cells or organisms. Roger Tsien later chemically manipulated GFP to produce other fluorescent colors to use as markers. In 2008, Shimomura, Chalfie and Tsien won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their work with GFP. Man-made GFP became widely used as a fluorescent tag to show which cells or tissues express specific genes. The genetic engineering technique fuses the gene of interest to the GFP gene. The fused DNA is then put into a cell, to generate either a cell line or (via IVF techniques) an entire animal bearing the gene. In the cell or animal, the artificial gene turns on in the same tissues and the same time as the normal gene, making a fusion of the normal protein with GFP attached to the end, illuminating the animal or cell reveals what tissues express that protein—or at what stage of development. The fluorescence shows where the gene is expressed.
Aquarium display
Jellyfish are displayed in many public aquariums. Often the tank's background is blue and the animals are illuminated by side light, increasing the contrast between the animal and the background. In natural conditions, many jellies are so transparent that they are nearly invisible. Jellyfish are not adapted to closed spaces. They depend on currents to transport them from place to place. Professional exhibits as in the Monterey Bay Aquarium feature precise water flows, typically in circular tanks to avoid trapping specimens in corners. The outflow is spread out over a large surface area and the inflow enters as a sheet of water in front of the outflow, so the jellyfish do not get sucked into it. As of 2009, jellyfish were becoming popular in home aquariums, where they require similar equipment.
Stings
Jellyfish are armed with nematocysts, a type of specialized stinging cell. Contact with a jellyfish tentacle can trigger millions of nematocysts to pierce the skin and inject venom, but only some species' venom causes an adverse reaction in humans. In a study published in Communications Biology, researchers found a jellyfish species called Cassiopea xamachana which when triggered will release tiny balls of cells that swim around the jellyfish stinging everything in their path. Researchers described these as "self-propelling microscopic grenades" and named them cassiosomes.
The effects of stings range from mild discomfort to extreme pain and death. Most jellyfish stings are not deadly, but stings of some box jellyfish (Irukandji jellyfish), such as the sea wasp, can be deadly. Stings may cause anaphylaxis (a form of shock), which can be fatal. Jellyfish kill 20 to 40 people a year in the Philippines alone. In 2006 the Spanish Red Cross treated 19,000 stung swimmers along the Costa Brava.
Vinegar (3–10% aqueous acetic acid) may help with box jellyfish stings but not the stings of the Portuguese man o' war. Clearing the area of jelly and tentacles reduces nematocyst firing. Scraping the affected skin, such as with the edge of a credit card, may remove remaining nematocysts. Once the skin has been cleaned of nematocysts, hydrocortisone cream applied locally reduces pain and inflammation. Antihistamines may help to control itching. Immunobased antivenins are used for serious box jellyfish stings.
In Elba Island and Corsica dittrichia viscosa is now used by residents and tourists to heal stings from jellyfish, bees and wasps pressing fresh leaves on the skin with quick results.
Mechanical issues
Jellyfish in large quantities can fill and split fishing nets and crush captured fish. They can clog cooling equipment, having disabled power stations in several countries; jellyfish caused a cascading blackout in the Philippines in 1999, as well as damaging the Diablo Canyon Power Plant in California in 2008. They can also stop desalination plants and ships' engines.
We have a couple of sparrows that are missing pigmentation in their feathers. They seem to blend into the snowy landscape.
Go to the Book with image in the Internet Archive
Title: United States Naval Medical Bulletin Vol. 25, Nos. 1-4, 1927
Creator: U.S. Navy. Bureau of Medicine and Surgery
Publisher:
Sponsor:
Contributor:
Date: 1927-01
Language: eng
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Table of Contents</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> Number 1</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> PREFACE v</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS vi</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SPECIAL ARTICLES:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Posture.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. G. E. Mott, Medical Corps, United States Navy 1</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Medical Tactics in Naval Warfare —Part III— Continued.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander W. L. Mann, Medical Corps, United States Navy, and Maj. A.
D. Tuttle, Medical Corps, United States Army 20</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Identification by the Teeth.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By J. H. Taylor, Identification Section, Bureau of Navigation, Navy
Department 49</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">An Analysis of the Annual Physical Examination of a Group of Officers.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander L. G. Roddis and Lieut. (Junior Grade) G. A.
Cooper, Medical Corps, United States Navy 54</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Dressing Sterilizers with Special Reference to Temperature, Pressure,
and Chamber Air Exhaustion During the Process of Sterilization.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander J. Harper, Medical Corps, United States Navy 62</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Calcium Hypochlorite for Lyster Bags.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. E. M. Steger, Medical Corps, United States Navy 6S</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The Use of Modified Milk in Infant Feeding.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander W. H. Short, Medical Corps, United States Navy 73</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Aviation Crashes at Pensacola— 1925-26.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. J. D. Benjamin, Medical Corps, United States Navy.. 86</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Climatic Bubo.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander W. H. Whitmore, Medical Corps, United States Navy
89</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Ideas on Recruiting.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. J. G. Smith, Medical Corps, United States Navy 102 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CLINICAL NOTES:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">One Thousand Operations During a Shore Cruise.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander G. F. Cottle, Medical Corps, United States Navy 105</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Filariasis.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander H. V. Hughens, Medical Corps, United States Navy. .
111</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Bismuto-Yatren A and B in the Treatment of Yaws. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander R. P. Parsons, Medical Corps, United States Navy
117</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Addison's Disease Without the Usual Pigmentation of the Skin.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander E. C. White and Lieut. (Junior Grade) W. F. James, Medical
Corps, United States Navy 122</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Scurvy.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander L. J. Roberts, Medical Corps, United States Navy
126 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Early Pulmonary Tuberculosis With Negative X-ray Findings.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. J. D. Blackwood, jr., Medical Corps, United States Navy 128</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Cholecystography.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. O. B. Spalding, Medical Corps, United States Navy.. 131</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Syphilis.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut, (junior grade) B. W. Harris, Medical Corps, United States
Navy 134</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Yaws Sera and the Kahn Precipitation Test, Experiments With.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Pharmacist F. O. Huntsinger, United States Navy 135</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTES AND COMMENTS:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Commendation for articles in the Bulletin—Treatment of burns — Parasitic
infections in China—Effect of elevation of temperature on spirochetes —Rabies
—-American Relief Administration in Russia, 1921-1923— Forecasting smallpox
epidemics in India —Helium-oxygen mixture in diving —Treatment of pernicious
anemia by diet —International meeting on cancer control, September 20-24, 1926
—American College of Surgeons —Resignation after special courses—Study courses
for Hospital Corps ratings 137-160</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NURSE CORPS:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Laboratory Experiences with Epidemic Cerebrospinal Meningitis.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Nurse S. Ruth Hassler, United States Navy 161</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Help from the Laboratory.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Nurse Ruth B. Meutzer, United States Navy 164</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Some Interesting Laboratory Work.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Nurse Frances C. Bonner, United States Navy 166</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">BOOK NOTICES 169</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREVENTIVE MEDICINE, STATISTICS:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Reactions incidental to the administration of 91,707 doses of
neoarsphenamine and other arsenical compounds in the United States Navy—Food
poisoning on board U. S. S. "Concord" May 13, 1926—Food poisoning
following a barbecue —Food poisoning at marine barracks, navy yard,
Philadelphia, Pa., May 21, 1926 — Influenza in Guam —Efficacy of B. typhosus
vaccine in controlling typhoid fever in Guam 177</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Public Health Activities Against Tropical Diseases.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Dr. Pedro N. Ortiz, commissioner of health, Porto Rico 208</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Scarlet fever attack rate among contacts, Detroit, Mich.—Health of the
Navy— Statistics 220</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 2</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREFACE---------------- --------- ------- - ------------- ------ vii</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS____________________________ viii</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SPECIAL ARTICLES: .</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">MEDICINE IN TURKEY.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander C. W. 0 . Bunker, Medical Corps, United States
Navy------------------------·------ 229</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">COLOR-BLINDNESS.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Capt. E. H. H. Old, Medical Corps, United States Navy______ 253</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">ETIOLOGICAL FACTORS IN THE PRODUCTION OF MAXILLARY ANTRUM DISEASE.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By G. B. Trible, M. D., F. A. C. S., former commander, medical Corps,
United States Navy________ 266</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">BUREAU OF MEDICINE AND SURGERY'S EXHIBIT, SESQUICENTENNIAL,
PHILADELPHIA, 1926.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Capt. R. C. Holcomb, Medical Corps, United States Navy____ 272</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">MALARIA IN HAITI.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Capt. O. S. Butler, and Lieut. E. Peterson, Medical Corps, United
States Navy_____________ 278</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">INSTITUTIONAL POLICIES AS APPLIED TO A YEAR'S DENTAL ACTIVITIES.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander J. L. Brown, Dental Corps, United States
Navy________________ __________ 288</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">RECURRENCE OF INGUINAL HERNIA.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander K. E. Lowman, Medical Corps, United States Navy
------------------------- 300</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SOME OBSERVATIONS ON CEREBROSPINAL FEVER.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander Paul Richmond, Medical Corps, United States
Navy__________________ 304</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">THEORIES CONCERNING THE MECHANISM OF THE INSULIN EFFECT ON CARBOHYDRATE
METABOLISM.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. (Junior Grade) H. Phillips, Medical Corps, United States
Navy--------------------------- 309</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">THE WASSERMANN REACTION FOLLOWING THE USE OF BISMUTH IN THE TREATMENT
OF YAWS AND SYPHILIS.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. (Junior Grade) C. D. Middlestadt, Medical Corps, United
States Navy _______________<span> </span>315.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">THE TUBERCULOUS VETERANS' BUREAU PATIENT.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. J. D. Blackwood, jr., Medical Corps, United States
Navy--------------------------------------- 319</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CLINICAL NOTES:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">OCULAR ENUCLEATION.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander C. B. Camerer, and Lieut. Commander B. P. Davis, Medical
Corps, United States Navy________________ 325</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">TREATMENT OF AN IRREDUCIBLE DISLOCATED LOWER JAW OF 98 DAYS' DURATION.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander M. D. Willcutts, Medical Corps, United States Navy
------------------ 331</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">TRAUMATIC RUPTURE OF THE SPLEEN.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander L. W. Johnson, Medical Corps, United States
Navy-------------------------------- 336</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">DIATHERMY IN SHOCK.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander G. F. Cottle, Medical Corps, United States Navy_ 340</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SPONTANEOUS RUPTURE OF THE HEART.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. (Junior Grade) G. 'w. Cooper, Medical Corps, United States
Navy ------------------------------- 343</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">MERCUROCHROME-220 SOLUBLE, FOREIGN PROTEIN, AND SUGAR IN ACUTE
GONORRHEAL URETHRITIS, WITH A STUDY OF THE BLOOD CELLULAR CHANGES DURING THE
REACTION.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander L. H. Williams, and Lieut. (Junior Grade) G. F.
Cooper, Medical Corps, United States Navy _________ 352</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">GLANDULAR FEVER WITH INGUINAL ADENOPATHY.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. (Junior Grade) C. C. Yanquell, Medical Corps, United States
Navy ___________358</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A CASE OF ACQUIRED HYDROCEPHALUS.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Capt. E. O. White, Medical Corps, United States Navy ____ 361</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CARCINOMA OF THE STOMACH WITH LARGE RETROPERITONEAL TUMOR.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander W. H. Whitmore, Medical Corps, United States Navy----------------
365</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">HEXAMETHYLENAMINE IN MENINGEAL INFECTIONS.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. (Junior Grade) A. E. Bruuschwig, Medical Corps, United States
Navy ________369</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">REINFECTION IN SYPHILIS.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. O. P. Archambeault, Medical Corps, United States Navy--------------------------------------372</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">AN UNUSUAL BULLET WOUND. ·</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. (Junior Grade) P. H. Golberg, Medical Corps, United States
Navy __________374</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">THE NAVAL RESERVE --------------------------------------------<span> </span>375</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NURSE CORPS:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">THE PENSACOLA HURRICANE.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Chief Nurse Mary J. McCloud, United States Navy ______ 379</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">MY FIRST EXPERIENCE IN A HURRICANE.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Reserve Nurse Luama A. MacFarland, United States Navy _ 382</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A HURRICANE THRILL.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Nurse Ellen E. Wells and Nurse Mary Hennemeier, United States Navy
-------------------383</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">AN EPIDEMIC OF IMPETIGO CONTAGIOSA.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Nurse Caroline W. Spofford, United States Navy _________ 385</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTES AND COMMENTS:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A new section of the BULLETIN-Change in character of –examinations for
promotion-Hospital Corps instruction-Duty at sea – Handling poisons-Laboratory
technicians-The Henry S. Wellcome medal and prize for 1927-Micro-Kahn
reactions-Streptococcus cardioarthritidis--Progress in dermatology-Mitral
regurgitation-<span> </span>Cutaneous leishmaniasis
and the phlebotomus-Medicinals and dyes-Rectal feeding-Epidemic
encephalitis-Catarrhal jaundice- Excoriation of the skin about intestinal
fistulae-Ethylene</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">anesthesia-Sodoku in the treatment of general paresis—Carbuncles of the
neck-Gye's theory of cancer-$100,000 offered for conquest of cancer-The Sofie
A. Nordoff-Jung cancer prize ____387</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">BOOK NOTICES ------------------- 413</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">TOTAL FUEL REQUIREMENT IN HEALTH.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander J. R. Phelps, Medical Corps, United States Navy_ 431</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ON SMALLPOX AND VACCINATION.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">BY Surg. J. P. Leake, United States Public Health Service______ 461</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A fatal case of food poisoning caused by fried oysters contaminated
with a paratyphoid B. bacillus-Outbreak of food poisoning in the wardroom mess
of the U. S. S. Richmond, caused by chicken</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">salad contaminated with B. enteritidis-------------------------- 475</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">R EPORT OF AN OUTBREAK OF FISH POISONING ON BOARD THE U. S. S. “CALIFORNIA.''</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Capt. J. L. Neilson, Medical Corps, United States Navy ------ 480</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">AN OUTBREAK OF FOOD POISONING CAUSED BY BOILED SMOKED TONGUE.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander W. A. Fort, Medical Corps, United States Navy -------------------------------------
484</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report of an outbreak of food poisoning caused by cheese-Outbreak of
food poisoning caused by corned-beef hash at the United States destroyer base,
San Diego, Calif. _______________ 486</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">REPORT OF POISONING BY TRINITROTOLUENE AMONG ENLISTED MEN ENGAGED IN
TRANSFERRING T. N. T. FROM STORAGE TO U. S. S. "NITRO."</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander T. A. Fortescue, Medical Corps, United States
Navy_______________________________________________ 491</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">An epidemic of jaundice in San Diego, Calif.-Health of the Navy___ 494</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 3</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREFACE ---------------------------------------------------------- v</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS--------------------------- vi</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SPECIAL ARTICLES :</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SOME OBSERVATIONS ON AVOIDABLE DROWNING.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander R. B. Miller, Medical Corps, United States Navy
___________505</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">FLIES AND THEIR ERADICATION.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander E. C. Carr, Medical Corps, United States
Navy----------------------------- 528</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">ACTIVITIES OF THE UNITED STATES NAVAL MEDICAL SUPPLY DEPOT.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Capt. D. C. Cather, Medical Corps, United States Navy ___ 542</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander C. B. Camerer, Medical Corps, United States
Navy---------------------------------- 562</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREMATURE CONTRACTIONS OF THE HEART.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Capt. E. C. White, Medical Corps, United States Navy ___ 567</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">ROENTGEN RAY EXAMINATION IN SUSPECTED CHRONIC APPENDICITIS.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. P. P. Maher, Medical Corps, United States Navy ____ 573</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">COMPARISON OF THE KAHN AND KOLMER REACTIONS.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander P. Richmond, jr., Medical Corps, United States
Navy--------------------585</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">COMMENTS ON THE ORIGIN OF DISABILITY.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander Lewis W. Johnson, Medical Corps, United States
Navy--------------------------------- 588</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">DEPARTMENT OF SANITATION, MARINE BARRACKS, QUANTICO, VA.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Capt. W. M. Garton, Medical Corps, United States Navy ___593</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CLINICAL NOTES :</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CHOLECYSTOGRAPHY,</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. G. B. Larson, Medical Corps, United States Navy __597</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">THROMBO-ANGIITIS OBLITERANS.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. (Junior Grade) R. A. Schneiders, Medical Corps, United States
Navy----------------------------605</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">THE DEBT OF SURGICAL DIAGNOSIS TO THE X RAY.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander G. F. Cottle, Medical Corps, United States Navy_ 614</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">THE TREATMENT OF CHANOROIDS AND OTHER LESIONS WITH AMMONIACAL</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SILVER NITRATE AND FORMALIN.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander P. G. White, Dental Corps, and Lieut. (Junior Grade) J. Q.
Owsley, Medical Corps, United States Navy _____ 619</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SUMMARY OF SEVENTY CASES OF GONOCOCCUS INFECTION TREATED WITH
MERCUROCHROME-220 SOLUBLE TOGETHER WITH SUGAR AND FOREIGN PROTEIN.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander L. H. Williams and Lieut. W. D. Small, Medical
Corps, United States Navy------621</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">TREATMENT OF ENCEPHALITIS LETHARGICA.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Harold S. Hulbert, M. D. -------------------------------624</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">MULTIPLE UNERUPTED AND IMPACTED CUSPID AND BICUSPID TEETH.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander M. W. Mangold, Dental Corps, United States
Navy----------------- ------------------ 625</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">MIXED VENEREAL INFECTIONS.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. (Junior Grade) G. F. Cooper, Medical Corps, United States
Navy-----------------------------626</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CAISSON DISEASE DURING HELMET DIVING.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander W. M. Anderson, Medical Corps, United States Navy
--- ------------------------ 628</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">ANTERIO-VENOUS ANEURYSM OF THE COMMON CAROTID ARTERY AND INTERNAL
JUGULAR VEIN: OPERATION WITH CONSERVATION OF THE ARTERY.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander F. X. Koltes, Medical Corps, United States Navy_ 630</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CREEPING ERUPTION.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander H. L. Shinn, Medical Corps, United States Navy
___________________632</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">DEATH BY LIGHTNING.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. J. D. Benjamin, Medical Corps, United States Navy _634</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">DEVICE FOR TRANSFERRING PATIENTS FROM SHIPS.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Master Rigger Thomas Schofield _______________________ _ 635</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">AN ECONOMICAL AND PRACTICAL UTENSIL STERILIZER.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Chief Pharmacist Charles Peek, United States Navy ______ _637</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">THE NAVAL RESERVE-------------------------------------------- 639</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NURSE CORPS:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">HOSPITAL HOUSEKEEPING.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Chief Nurse Nell I. Disert, United States Navy ________ ___ _ 649</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">DIETS AND THE NURSE.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By J. Beatrice Bowman, Superintendent, Navy Nurse Corps __ 651</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">DIETETICS AT NAVAL HOSPITALS.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Nurse Anna F. Patten, United States Navy _______________ 655</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTES AND COMMENTS:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Comments on " Some observations on avoidable drowning
"-Hypertension- Unrecognized syphilitic myocarditis- Tuberculosis
hospitalization- Microbic dissociation-Bacteriological nomenclature - Carbon</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">dioxide in hiccough-Diathermy in pneumonia-Answering examination
questions-Medical ethics-Alcoholic content of brain-Electric shock-Acid and
alkali burns-Antiseptics and the nasal flora of rabbits-Annam swelling- The
metric system-Eye test for hypersensitiveness to serum-Research on
pharmacological</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">problems- Syphilis not caused by vaccination-Line of duty ____ 661</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">BOOK NOTICES--- - - --------- - - --- ------ - - - -------- ------
--------- 697</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREVENTIVE MEDICINE, STATISTICS :</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Digest of the views of medical officers regarding venereal-disease
problems as recorded in various annual sanitary reports for 1926- Two deaths
following inoculation with B. typhosus vaccine- Report</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">of outbreak of cereb1'ospinal fever at United States naval training
station, San Diego, Calif., December, 1926-January, 1927-Report of outbreak of
scarlet fever at United States naval training station, Hampton Roads, Va.-Fatal
poisoning by arseniuretted hydrogen in the galvanizing shop at the navy yard,
Puget Sound, Wash.-Data useful in estimating the amount of food wasted by men
eating in hospital wards and in a general mess-Outbreak of food poisoning at
United States naval training station, Hampton Roads, Va., attributed to canned
Vienna sausages-Epidemic of influenza among natives of Samoa in August, 1926-
Health of the Navy --------------------------------------------</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 4</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREFACE--------------------------------------- --------------- VII</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS----------------------------- viii</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SPECIAL ARTICLES :</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CHINESE MILITARY MEDICINE.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. (Junior Grade) J. L. McClartney, Medical Corps (Vol. G),
United States Naval Reserve-------- 783</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">ABDOMINAL WOUNDS AND INJURIES.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander Lucius W. Johnson, Medical Corps, United States Navy
---------------------------- 816</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">AVIATION HYGIENE.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander R. G. Davis, Medical Corps, United States Navy_ 832</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">GOITER.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander C. E. Henry, M. D., F. A. C. P., Medical Corps (Vol. S),
United States Naval Reserve __ 837</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">COMMENTS CONCERNING THE DUTIES OF THE COMMANDING OFFICER OF A NAVAL
HOSPITAL.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Capt. A. Farenholt, Medical Corps, United States Navy______ 844</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">THE BUDGET AND THE BUREAU OF MEDICINE AND SURGERY ACCOUNTING SYSTEM.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Chief Pharmacist B. E. Irwin, United States Navy_________ 851</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">ELECTROCARDIOGRAM IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF THE CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander R. L. Nattkemper, Medical Corps, United States Navy
------------------- 862</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SIPPY TREATMENT FOR PEPTIC ULCER IN NAVAL HOSPITALS.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. (Junior Grade) A. E. Brunschwig, Medical Corps, United States
Navy ------ ------------------ 871</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander W. H. Whitemore and Lieut. (Junior Grade) O. A.
Smith, Medical Corps, United States Navy______ 875</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">LOCAL ANESTHESIA IN EYE, EAR, NOSE, AND THROAT WORK.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander F. L. Young, Medical Corps (Vol. G), United States
Naval Reserve-------------- 879</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">ENDARTERITIS, ACUTE, FROM ELECTRIC SHOCK.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. P. F. Dickens, Medical Corps, United States Navy____ 881</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">ACUTE OSTEOMYELITIS WITH METASTASIS.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. G. G. Herman, Medical Corps, United States Navy____ 883</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">ABDOMINAL HODGKIN'S DISEASE.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. (Junior Grade) W. D. C. Day, Medical Corps, United States
Navy--------------------- 886</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A NEEDLE FOR ANESTHESIA OF THE MAXILLARY NERVE.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. (Junior Grade) J. Connolly, Dental Corps, United States Navy
------- --- --- ----- 889</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">POISONING FROM SOAP-VINE.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. (Junior Grade) G. F . Cooper, Medical Corps, United States
Navy<span> </span>- - ------- ---------- 892</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">THE DIRECT DIAGNOSIS OF PERICARDITIS WITH EFFUSION.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. (Junior Grade) C. G. Dyke, Medical Corps, United States
Navy--- -------- - --- --- -- 894</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">WHAT SHOULD THE DIAGNOSIS BE?</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander C. A. Andrus, Medical Corps, United States Navy-----
---------------------- 896</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">MULTIPLE SCROTAL FISTULAE FOLLOWING RUPTURE OF THE BLADDER WITH
STRICTURE OF URETHRA. OPERATION AND RESTORATION OF FUNCTION.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander L. H. Williams, Medical Corps, United States
Navy------ - - ----------------897</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">TRAUMATIC RUPTURE OF THE SPLEEN.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander F. X. Koltes, Medical Corps, United States Navy_ 898</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">APPENDIX ABSCESS V. PYONEPHROSIs.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander G. F. Cottle, Medical Corps, United States Navy_ 900</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">MERCUROCHROME IN A CASE WITHOUT DIAGNOSIS.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. (Junior Grade) B. W. Harris, Medical Corps, United States Navy--------------------------903</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">GREASE RACK FOR AUTOMOBILES.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Capt. A. Farenholt, Medical Corps, United States Navy ____ 908</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NAVAL RESERVE:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hospital units- Recent appointments _____________________________ 909</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NURSE CORPS:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">THE LECTURES ON ACCOUNTING FROM A NURSE'S POINT OF VIEW.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Chief Nurse Mabel T. Cooper, United States Navy _________ 913</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">ADDRESS TO THE CLASS OF 1926 HAITIAN GENERAL HOSPITAL TRAINING SCHOOL
FOR NURSES.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Capt. C. St. J. Butler, Medical Corps, United States Navy __ 918</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A NAVY NURSE IN THE NEAR EAST.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Mabell S. C. Smith--------------------------- 920</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">DIETETICS.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Nurse Anna P. Smith, United States Navy ________________ 921</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">DIETETICS.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Nurse Mary J. Miney, United States Navy ________________ 923</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTES AND COMMENTS :</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Correction-Report on treatment of Chinese wounded-Skin tests in asthma-
Treponematosis-The physiological effects of tropical climate-History of medical
practice in the State of Illinois-Mercurochrome- Water
supplies-Seasickness-Cholera in Shanghai in 1926--Fracture of the
skull-Senescence and senility-Bismuth in the treatment of syphilis-Pressure
method of vaccination - Ventilators- Neurosyphilis-Tennis leg-Tea in treatment
of burns-European influenza epidemic at end-Visit of the Relief to Washington-Aviation
instruction for Hospital Corpsmen_ ______ 927</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">BOOK NOTICES----------------------- ------------------------------ 959</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREVENTIVE MEDICINE, STATISTICS :</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A STUDY OF TWO THOUSAND HEALTH RECORDS CONTAINING ENTRIES FOR SYPHILIS.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander H. H. Montgomery, Medical Corps, United States Navy-------------------------------973</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">MEASURES OF OUTSTANDING IMPORTANCE IN THE PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF
MALARIA.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander M.A. Stuart, Medical Corps, United States Navy_ 996</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Outbreak of infectious diarrhea in the Battle Fleet, April, 1927, not
investigated at the time of occurrence----An epidemic of malaria at the United
States Naval Station, Olongapo, P. I.- Two deaths from rabies contracted by
playing with a dog which was incubating the disease, in Hankow, China-Frequency
of rabies-An outbreak of mumps among midshipmen at the United States Naval
Academy-Health of the Navy_________ 1010</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">INDEX TO SUBJECTS ----------------------------------------- 1035</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">INDEX TO AUTHORS-------- ------------------------------------- 1047</p>
<br /><span style="font-size:12pt;"></span>
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The potato is a starchy, tuberous crop from the perennial nightshade Solanum tuberosum. In many contexts, potato refers to the edible tuber, but it can also refer to the plant itself. Common or slang terms include tater, tattie and spud. Potatoes were introduced to Europe in the second half of the 16th century by the Spanish. Today they are a staple food in many parts of the world and an integral part of much of the world's food supply. As of 2014, potatoes were the world's fourth-largest food crop after maize (corn), wheat, and rice.
Wild potato species can be found throughout the Americas, from the United States to southern Chile. The potato was originally believed to have been domesticated independently in multiple locations, but later genetic testing of the wide variety of cultivars and wild species traced a single origin for potatoes. In the area of present-day southern Peru and extreme northwestern Bolivia, from a species in the Solanum brevicaule complex, potatoes were domesticated approximately 7,000–10,000 years ago. In the Andes region of South America, where the species is indigenous, some close relatives of the potato are cultivated.
Following millennia of selective breeding, there are now over 1,000 different types of potatoes. Over 99% of presently cultivated potatoes worldwide descended from varieties that originated in the lowlands of south-central Chile, which have displaced formerly popular varieties from the Andes.
The importance of the potato as a food source and culinary ingredient varies by region and is still changing. It remains an essential crop in Europe, especially eastern and central Europe, where per capita production is still the highest in the world, while the most rapid expansion in production over the past few decades has occurred in southern and eastern Asia, with China and India leading the world in overall production as of 2014.
Being a nightshade similar to tomatoes, the vegetative and fruiting parts of the potato contain the toxin solanine and are not fit for human consumption. Normal potato tubers that have been grown and stored properly produce glycoalkaloids in amounts small enough to be negligible to human health, but if green sections of the plant (namely sprouts and skins) are exposed to light, the tuber can accumulate a high enough concentration of glycoalkaloids to affect human health.
ETYMOLOGY
The English word potato comes from Spanish patata (the name used in Spain). The Spanish Royal Academy says the Spanish word is a hybrid of the Taíno batata (sweet potato) and the Quechua papa (potato). The name originally referred to the sweet potato although the two plants are not closely related. The 16th-century English herbalist John Gerard referred to sweet potatoes as "common potatoes", and used the terms "bastard potatoes" and "Virginia potatoes" for the species we now call "potato". In many of the chronicles detailing agriculture and plants, no distinction is made between the two. Potatoes are occasionally referred to as "Irish potatoes" or "white potatoes" in the United States, to distinguish them from sweet potatoes.
The name spud for a small potato comes from the digging of soil (or a hole) prior to the planting of potatoes. The word has an unknown origin and was originally (c. 1440) used as a term for a short knife or dagger, probably related to the Latin "spad-" a word root meaning "sword"; cf. Spanish "espada", English "spade" and "spadroon". It subsequently transferred over to a variety of digging tools. Around 1845, the name transferred to the tuber itself, the first record of this usage being in New Zealand English. The origin of the word "spud" has erroneously been attributed to an 18th-century activist group dedicated to keeping the potato out of Britain, calling itself The Society for the Prevention of Unwholesome Diet (S.P.U.D.). It was Mario Pei's 1949 The Story of Language that can be blamed for the word's false origin. Pei writes, "the potato, for its part, was in disrepute some centuries ago. Some Englishmen who did not fancy potatoes formed a Society for the Prevention of Unwholesome Diet. The initials of the main words in this title gave rise to spud." Like most other pre-20th century acronymic origins, this is false, and there is no evidence that a Society for the Prevention of Unwholesome Diet ever existed.
CHARACTERISTICS
Potato plants are herbaceous perennials that grow about 60 cm high, depending on variety, with the leaves dying back after flowering, fruiting and tuber formation. They bear white, pink, red, blue, or purple flowers with yellow stamens. In general, the tubers of varieties with white flowers have white skins, while those of varieties with colored flowers tend to have pinkish skins. Potatoes are mostly cross-pollinated by insects such as bumblebees, which carry pollen from other potato plants, though a substantial amount of self-fertilizing occurs as well. Tubers form in response to decreasing day length, although this tendency has been minimized in commercial varieties.
After flowering, potato plants produce small green fruits that resemble green cherry tomatoes, each containing about 300 seeds. Like all parts of the plant except the tubers, the fruit contain the toxic alkaloid solanine and are therefore unsuitable for consumption. All new potato varieties are grown from seeds, also called "true potato seed", "TPS" or "botanical seed" to distinguish it from seed tubers. New varieties grown from seed can be propagated vegetatively by planting tubers, pieces of tubers cut to include at least one or two eyes, or cuttings, a practice used in greenhouses for the production of healthy seed tubers. Plants propagated from tubers are clones of the parent, whereas those propagated from seed produce a range of different varieties.
GENETICS
There are about 5,000 potato varieties worldwide. Three thousand of them are found in the Andes alone, mainly in Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, Chile, and Colombia. They belong to eight or nine species, depending on the taxonomic school. Apart from the 5,000 cultivated varieties, there are about 200 wild species and subspecies, many of which can be cross-bred with cultivated varieties. Cross-breeding has been done repeatedly to transfer resistances to certain pests and diseases from the gene pool of wild species to the gene pool of cultivated potato species. Genetically modified varieties have met public resistance in the United States and in the European UnionThe major species grown worldwide is Solanum tuberosum (a tetraploid with 48 chromosomes), and modern varieties of this species are the most widely cultivated. There are also four diploid species (with 24 chromosomes): S. stenotomum, S. phureja, S. goniocalyx, and S. ajanhuiri. There are two triploid species (with 36 chromosomes): S. chaucha and S. juzepczukii. There is one pentaploid cultivated species (with 60 chromosomes): S. curtilobum. There are two major subspecies of Solanum tuberosum: andigena, or Andean; and tuberosum, or Chilean. The Andean potato is adapted to the short-day conditions prevalent in the mountainous equatorial and tropical regions where it originated; the Chilean potato, however, native to the Chiloé Archipelago, is adapted to the long-day conditions prevalent in the higher latitude region of southern Chile.
The International Potato Center, based in Lima, Peru, holds an ISO-accredited collection of potato germplasm. The international Potato Genome Sequencing Consortium announced in 2009 that they had achieved a draft sequence of the potato genome. The potato genome contains 12 chromosomes and 860 million base pairs, making it a medium-sized plant genome. More than 99 percent of all current varieties of potatoes currently grown are direct descendants of a subspecies that once grew in the lowlands of south-central Chile. Nonetheless, genetic testing of the wide variety of cultivars and wild species affirms that all potato subspecies derive from a single origin in the area of present-day southern Peru and extreme Northwestern Bolivia (from a species in the Solanum brevicaule complex). The wild Crop Wild Relatives Prebreeding project encourages the use of wild relatives in breeding programs. Enriching and preserving the gene bank collection to make potatoes adaptive to diverse environmental conditions is seen as a pressing issue due to climate change.
Most modern potatoes grown in North America arrived through European settlement and not independently from the South American sources, although at least one wild potato species, Solanum fendleri, naturally ranges from Peru into Texas, where it is used in breeding for resistance to a nematode species that attacks cultivated potatoes. A secondary center of genetic variability of the potato is Mexico, where important wild species that have been used extensively in modern breeding are found, such as the hexaploid Solanum demissum, as a source of resistance to the devastating late blight disease. Another relative native to this region, Solanum bulbocastanum, has been used to genetically engineer the potato to resist potato blight.
Potatoes yield abundantly with little effort, and adapt readily to diverse climates as long as the climate is cool and moist enough for the plants to gather sufficient water from the soil to form the starchy tubers. Potatoes do not keep very well in storage and are vulnerable to moulds that feed on the stored tubers and quickly turn them rotten, whereas crops such as grain can be stored for several years with a low risk of rot. The yield of Calories per acre (about 9.2 million) is higher than that of maize (7.5 million), rice (7.4 million), wheat (3 million), or soybean (2.8 million).
VARIETIES
There are close to 4,000 varieties of potato including common commercial varieties, each of which has specific agricultural or culinary attributes. Around 80 varieties are commercially available in the UK. In general, varieties are categorized into a few main groups based on common characteristics, such as russet potatoes (rough brown skin), red potatoes, white potatoes, yellow potatoes (also called Yukon potatoes) and purple potatoes.
For culinary purposes, varieties are often differentiated by their waxiness: floury or mealy baking potatoes have more starch (20–22%) than waxy boiling potatoes (16–18%). The distinction may also arise from variation in the comparative ratio of two different potato starch compounds: amylose and amylopectin. Amylose, a long-chain molecule, diffuses from the starch granule when cooked in water, and lends itself to dishes where the potato is mashed. Varieties that contain a slightly higher amylopectin content, which is a highly branched molecule, help the potato retain its shape after being boiled in water. Potatoes that are good for making potato chips or potato crisps are sometimes called "chipping potatoes", which means they meet the basic requirements of similar varietal characteristics, being firm, fairly clean, and fairly well-shaped.
The European Cultivated Potato Database (ECPD) is an online collaborative database of potato variety descriptions that is updated and maintained by the Scottish Agricultural Science Agency within the framework of the European Cooperative Programme for Crop Genetic Resources Networks (ECP/GR)—which is run by the International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI).
PIGMENTATION
Dozens of potato cultivars have been selectively bred specifically for their skin or, more commonly, flesh color, including gold, red, and blue varieties that contain varying amounts of phytochemicals, including carotenoids for gold/yellow or polyphenols for red or blue cultivars. Carotenoid compounds include provitamin A alpha-carotene and beta-carotene, which are converted to the essential nutrient, vitamin A, during digestion. Anthocyanins mainly responsible for red or blue pigmentation in potato cultivars do not have nutritional significance, but are used for visual variety and consumer appeal. Recently, as of 2010, potatoes have also been bioengineered specifically for these pigmentation traits.
GENETICALLY ENGINEERED POTATOES
Genetic research has produced several genetically modified varieties. 'New Leaf', owned by Monsanto Company, incorporates genes from Bacillus thuringiensis, which confers resistance to the Colorado potato beetle; 'New Leaf Plus' and 'New Leaf Y', approved by US regulatory agencies during the 1990s, also include resistance to viruses. McDonald's, Burger King, Frito-Lay, and Procter & Gamble announced they would not use genetically modified potatoes, and Monsanto published its intent to discontinue the line in March 2001.
Waxy potato varieties produce two main kinds of potato starch, amylose and amylopectin, the latter of which is most industrially useful. BASF developed the Amflora potato, which was modified to express antisense RNA to inactivate the gene for granule bound starch synthase, an enzyme which catalyzes the formation of amylose. Amflora potatoes therefore produce starch consisting almost entirely of amylopectin, and are thus more useful for the starch industry. In 2010, the European Commission cleared the way for 'Amflora' to be grown in the European Union for industrial purposes only—not for food. Nevertheless, under EU rules, individual countries have the right to decide whether they will allow this potato to be grown on their territory. Commercial planting of 'Amflora' was expected in the Czech Republic and Germany in the spring of 2010, and Sweden and the Netherlands in subsequent years. Another GM potato variety developed by BASF is 'Fortuna' which was made resistant to late blight by adding two resistance genes, blb1 and blb2, which originate from the Mexican wild potato Solanum bulbocastanum. In October 2011 BASF requested cultivation and marketing approval as a feed and food from the EFSA. In 2012, GMO development in Europe was stopped by BASF.
In November 2014, the USDA approved a genetically modified potato developed by J.R. Simplot Company, which contains genetic modifications that prevent bruising and produce less acrylamide when fried than conventional potatoes; the modifications do not cause new proteins to be made, but rather prevent proteins from being made via RNA interference.
HISTORY
The potato was first domesticated in the region of modern-day southern Peru and extreme northwestern Bolivia between 8000 and 5000 BC. It has since spread around the world and become a staple crop in many countries.
The earliest archaeologically verified potato tuber remains have been found at the coastal site of Ancon (central Peru), dating to 2500 BC. The most widely cultivated variety, Solanum tuberosum tuberosum, is indigenous to the Chiloé Archipelago, and has been cultivated by the local indigenous people since before the Spanish conquest.
According to conservative estimates, the introduction of the potato was responsible for a quarter of the growth in Old World population and urbanization between 1700 and 1900. In the Altiplano, potatoes provided the principal energy source for the Inca civilization, its predecessors, and its Spanish successor. Following the Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire, the Spanish introduced the potato to Europe in the second half of the 16th century, part of the Columbian exchange. The staple was subsequently conveyed by European mariners to territories and ports throughout the world. The potato was slow to be adopted by European farmers, but soon enough it became an important food staple and field crop that played a major role in the European 19th century population boom. However, lack of genetic diversity, due to the very limited number of varieties initially introduced, left the crop vulnerable to disease. In 1845, a plant disease known as late blight, caused by the fungus-like oomycete Phytophthora infestans, spread rapidly through the poorer communities of western Ireland as well as parts of the Scottish Highlands, resulting in the crop failures that led to the Great Irish Famine. Thousands of varieties still persist in the Andes however, where over 100 cultivars might be found in a single valley, and a dozen or more might be maintained by a single agricultural household.
PRODUCTION
In 2016, world production of potatoes was 377 million tonnes, led by China with over 26% of the world total (see table). Other major producers were India, Russia, Ukraine and the United States. It remains an essential crop in Europe (especially eastern and central Europe), where per capita production is still the highest in the world, but the most rapid expansion over the past few decades has occurred in southern and eastern Asia.
NUTRITION
A raw potato is 79% water, 17% carbohydrates (88% is starch), 2% protein, and contains negligible fat (see table). In an amount measuring 100 grams, raw potato provides 322 kilojoules (77 kilocalories) of energy and is a rich source of vitamin B6 and vitamin C (23% and 24% of the Daily Value, respectively), with no other vitamins or minerals in significant amount (see table). The potato is rarely eaten raw because raw potato starch is poorly digested by humans. When a potato is baked, its contents of vitamin B6 and vitamin C decline notably, while there is little significant change in the amount of other nutrients.
Potatoes are often broadly classified as having a high glycemic index (GI) and so are often excluded from the diets of individuals trying to follow a low-GI diet. The GI of potatoes can vary considerably depending on the cultivar or cultivar category (such as "red", russet, "white", or King Edward), growing conditions and storage, preparation methods (by cooking method, whether it is eaten hot or cold, whether it is mashed or cubed or consumed whole), and accompanying foods consumed (especially the addition of various high-fat or high-protein toppings). In particular, consuming reheated or cooled potatoes that were previously cooked may yield a lower GI effect.
In the UK, potatoes are not considered by the National Health Service (NHS) as counting or contributing towards the recommended daily five portions of fruit and vegetables, the 5-A-Day program.
COMPARISON TO OTHER STAPLE FOODS
This table shows the nutrient content of potatoes next to other major staple foods, each one measured in its respective raw state, even though staple foods are not commonly eaten raw and are usually sprouted or cooked before eating. In sprouted and cooked form, the relative nutritional and anti-nutritional contents of each of these grains (or other foods) may be different from the values in this table. Each nutrient (every row) has the highest number highlighted to show the staple food with the greatest amount in a 100-gram raw portion.
TOXICITY
Potatoes contain toxic compounds known as glycoalkaloids, of which the most prevalent are solanine and chaconine. Solanine is found in other plants in the same family, Solanaceae, which includes such plants as deadly nightshade (Atropa belladonna), henbane (Hyoscyamus niger) and tobacco (Nicotiana spp.), as well as the food plants eggplant and tomato. These compounds, which protect the potato plant from its predators, are generally concentrated in its leaves, flowers, sprouts, and fruits (in contrast to the tubers). In a summary of several studies, the glycoalkaloid content was highest in the flowers and sprouts and lowest in the tuber flesh. (The glycoalkaloid content was, in order from highest to lowest: flowers, sprouts, leaves, skin, roots, berries, peel [skin plus outer cortex of tuber flesh], stems, and tuber flesh.)
Exposure to light, physical damage, and age increase glycoalkaloid content within the tuber. Cooking at high temperatures—over 170 °C—partly destroys these compounds. The concentration of glycoalkaloids in wild potatoes is sufficient to produce toxic effects in humans. Glycoalkaloid poisoning may cause headaches, diarrhea, cramps, and, in severe cases, coma and death. However, poisoning from cultivated potato varieties is very rare. Light exposure causes greening from chlorophyll synthesis, giving a visual clue as to which areas of the tuber may have become more toxic. However, this does not provide a definitive guide, as greening and glycoalkaloid accumulation can occur independently of each other.
Different potato varieties contain different levels of glycoalkaloids. The Lenape variety was released in 1967 but was withdrawn in 1970 as it contained high levels of glycoalkaloids. Since then, breeders developing new varieties test for this, and sometimes have to discard an otherwise promising cultivar. Breeders try to keep glycoalkaloid levels below 200 mg/kg). However, when these commercial varieties turn green, they can still approach solanine concentrations of 1000 mg/kg. In normal potatoes, analysis has shown solanine levels may be as little as 3.5% of the breeders' maximum, with 7–187 mg/kg being found. While a normal potato tuber has 12–20 mg/kg of glycoalkaloid content, a green potato tuber contains 250–280 mg/kg and its skin has 1500–2200 mg/kg.
GROWTH AND CULTIVATION
SEED POTATOES
Potatoes are generally grown from seed potatoes, tubers specifically grown to be free from disease and to provide consistent and healthy plants. To be disease free, the areas where seed potatoes are grown are selected with care. In the US, this restricts production of seed potatoes to only 15 states out of all 50 states where potatoes are grown. These locations are selected for their cold, hard winters that kill pests and summers with long sunshine hours for optimum growth. In the UK, most seed potatoes originate in Scotland, in areas where westerly winds prevent aphid attack and thus prevent spread of potato virus pathogens.
PHASES OF GROWTH
Potato growth is divided into five phases. During the first phase, sprouts emerge from the seed potatoes and root growth begins. During the second, photosynthesis begins as the plant develops leaves and branches. In the third phase, stolons develop from lower leaf axils on the stem and grow downwards into the ground and on these stolons new tubers develop as swellings of the stolon. This phase is often, but not always, associated with flowering. Tuber formation halts when soil temperatures reach 27 °C; hence potatoes are considered a cool-season, or winter, crop. Tuber bulking occurs during the fourth phase, when the plant begins investing the majority of its resources in its newly formed tubers. At this phase, several factors are critical to a good yield: optimal soil moisture and temperature, soil nutrient availability and balance, and resistance to pest attacks. The fifth and final phase is the maturation of the tubers: the plant canopy dies back, the tuber skins harden, and the sugars in the tubers convert to starches.
CHALLENGES
New tubers may start growing at the surface of the soil. Since exposure to light leads to an undesirable greening of the skins and the development of solanine as a protection from the sun's rays, growers cover surface tubers. Commercial growers cover them by piling additional soil around the base of the plant as it grows (called "hilling" up, or in British English "earthing up"). An alternative method, used by home gardeners and smaller-scale growers, involves covering the growing area with organic mulches such as straw or plastic sheets.
Correct potato husbandry can be an arduous task in some circumstances. Good ground preparation, harrowing, plowing, and rolling are always needed, along with a little grace from the weather and a good source of water. Three successive plowings, with associated harrowing and rolling, are desirable before planting. Eliminating all root-weeds is desirable in potato cultivation. In general, the potatoes themselves are grown from the eyes of another potato and not from seed. Home gardeners often plant a piece of potato with two or three eyes in a hill of mounded soil. Commercial growers plant potatoes as a row crop using seed tubers, young plants or microtubers and may mound the entire row. Seed potato crops are rogued in some countries to eliminate diseased plants or those of a different variety from the seed crop.
Potatoes are sensitive to heavy frosts, which damage them in the ground. Even cold weather makes potatoes more susceptible to bruising and possibly later rotting, which can quickly ruin a large stored crop.
PESTS
The historically significant Phytophthora infestans (late blight) remains an ongoing problem in Europe and the United States. Other potato diseases include Rhizoctonia, Sclerotinia, black leg, powdery mildew, powdery scab and leafroll virus.
Insects that commonly transmit potato diseases or damage the plants include the Colorado potato beetle, the potato tuber moth, the green peach aphid (Myzus persicae), the potato aphid, beet leafhoppers, thrips, and mites. The potato cyst nematode is a microscopic worm that thrives on the roots, thus causing the potato plants to wilt. Since its eggs can survive in the soil for several years, crop rotation is recommended.
During the crop year 2008, many of the certified organic potatoes produced in the United Kingdom and certified by the Soil Association as organic were sprayed with a copper pesticide to control potato blight (Phytophthora infestans). According to the Soil Association, the total copper that can be applied to organic land is 6 kg/ha/year.
According to an Environmental Working Group analysis of USDA and FDA pesticide residue tests performed from 2000 through 2008, 84% of the 2,216 tested potato samples contained detectable traces of at least one pesticide. A total of 36 unique pesticides were detected on potatoes over the 2,216 samples, though no individual sample contained more than 6 unique pesticide traces, and the average was 1.29 detectable unique pesticide traces per sample. The average quantity of all pesticide traces found in the 2,216 samples was 1.602 ppm. While this was a very low value of pesticide residue, it was the highest amongst the 50 vegetables analyzed.
HARVEST
At harvest time, gardeners usually dig up potatoes with a long-handled, three-prong "grape" (or graip), i.e., a spading fork, or a potato hook, which is similar to the graip but with tines at a 90° angle to the handle. In larger plots, the plow is the fastest implement for unearthing potatoes. Commercial harvesting is typically done with large potato harvesters, which scoop up the plant and surrounding earth. This is transported up an apron chain consisting of steel links several feet wide, which separates some of the dirt. The chain deposits into an area where further separation occurs. Different designs use different systems at this point. The most complex designs use vine choppers and shakers, along with a blower system to separate the potatoes from the plant. The result is then usually run past workers who continue to sort out plant material, stones, and rotten potatoes before the potatoes are continuously delivered to a wagon or truck. Further inspection and separation occurs when the potatoes are unloaded from the field vehicles and put into storage.
Immature potatoes may be sold as "creamer potatoes" and are particularly valued for taste. These are often harvested by the home gardener or farmer by "grabbling", i.e. pulling out the young tubers by hand while leaving the plant in place. A creamer potato is a variety of potato harvested before it matures to keep it small and tender. It is generally either a Yukon Gold potato or a red potato, called gold creamers or red creamers respectively, and measures approximately 2.5 cm in diameter. The skin of creamer potatoes is waxy and high in moisture content, and the flesh contains a lower level of starch than other potatoes. Like potatoes in general, they can be prepared by boiling, baking, frying, and roasting. Slightly older than creamer potatoes are "new potatoes", which are also prized for their taste and texture and often come from the same varieties.
Potatoes are usually cured after harvest to improve skin-set. Skin-set is the process by which the skin of the potato becomes resistant to skinning damage. Potato tubers may be susceptible to skinning at harvest and suffer skinning damage during harvest and handling operations. Curing allows the skin to fully set and any wounds to heal. Wound-healing prevents infection and water-loss from the tubers during storage. Curing is normally done at relatively warm temperatures 10 to 16 °C with high humidity and good gas-exchange if at all possible.
STORAGE
Storage facilities need to be carefully designed to keep the potatoes alive and slow the natural process of decomposition, which involves the breakdown of starch. It is crucial that the storage area is dark, ventilated well and, for long-term storage, maintained at temperatures near 4 °C. For short-term storage, temperatures of about 7 to 10 °C are preferred.
On the other hand, temperatures below 4 °C convert the starch in potatoes into sugar, which alters their taste and cooking qualities and leads to higher acrylamide levels in the cooked product, especially in deep-fried dishes. The discovery of acrylamides in starchy foods in 2002 has led to international health concerns. They are believed to be probable carcinogens and their occurrence in cooked foods is being studied for potentially influencing health problems.
Under optimum conditions in commercial warehouses, potatoes can be stored for up to 10–12 months. The commercial storage and retrieval of potatoes involves several phases: first drying surface moisture; wound healing at 85% to 95% relative humidity and temperatures below 25 °C; a staged cooling phase; a holding phase; and a reconditioning phase, during which the tubers are slowly warmed. Mechanical ventilation is used at various points during the process to prevent condensation and the accumulation of carbon dioxide.
When stored in homes unrefrigerated, the shelf life is usually a few weeks.
If potatoes develop green areas or start to sprout, trimming or peeling those green-colored parts is inadequate to remove copresent toxins, and such potatoes are no longer edible.
YIELD
The world dedicated 18.6 million ha in 2010 for potato cultivation. The average world farm yield for potato was 17.4 tonnes per hectare, in 2010. Potato farms in the United States were the most productive in 2010, with a nationwide average of 44.3 tonnes per hectare. United Kingdom was a close second.
New Zealand farmers have demonstrated some of the best commercial yields in the world, ranging between 60 and 80 tonnes per hectare, some reporting yields of 88 tonnes potatoes per hectare.
There is a big gap among various countries between high and low yields, even with the same variety of potato. Average potato yields in developed economies ranges between 38–44 tonnes per hectare. China and India accounted for over a third of world's production in 2010, and had yields of 14.7 and 19.9 tonnes per hectare respectively. The yield gap between farms in developing economies and developed economies represents an opportunity loss of over 400 million tonnes of potato, or an amount greater than 2010 world potato production. Potato crop yields are determined by factors such as the crop breed, seed age and quality, crop management practices and the plant environment. Improvements in one or more of these yield determinants, and a closure of the yield gap, can be a major boost to food supply and farmer incomes in the developing world.
USES
Potatoes are prepared in many ways: skin-on or peeled, whole or cut up, with seasonings or without. The only requirement involves cooking to swell the starch granules. Most potato dishes are served hot but some are first cooked, then served cold, notably potato salad and potato chips (crisps). Common dishes are: mashed potatoes, which are first boiled (usually peeled), and then mashed with milk or yogurt and butter; whole baked potatoes; boiled or steamed potatoes; French-fried potatoes or chips; cut into cubes and roasted; scalloped, diced, or sliced and fried (home fries); grated into small thin strips and fried (hash browns); grated and formed into dumplings, Rösti or potato pancakes. Unlike many foods, potatoes can also be easily cooked in a microwave oven and still retain nearly all of their nutritional value, provided they are covered in ventilated plastic wrap to prevent moisture from escaping; this method produces a meal very similar to a steamed potato, while retaining the appearance of a conventionally baked potato. Potato chunks also commonly appear as a stew ingredient. Potatoes are boiled between 10 and 25 minutes, depending on size and type, to become soft.
OTHER THAN FOR EATING
Potatoes are also used for purposes other than eating by humans, for example:
Potatoes are used to brew alcoholic beverages such as vodka, poitín, or akvavit.
They are also used as fodder for livestock. Livestock-grade potatoes, considered too small and/or blemished to sell or market for human use but suitable for fodder use, have been called chats in some dialects. They may be stored in bins until use; they are sometimes ensiled. Some farmers prefer to steam them rather than feed them raw and are equipped to do so efficiently.
Potato starch is used in the food industry as a thickener and binder for soups and sauces, in the textile industry as an adhesive, and for the manufacturing of papers and boards.
Maine companies are exploring the possibilities of using waste potatoes to obtain polylactic acid for use in plastic products; other research projects seek ways to use the starch as a base for biodegradable packaging.
Potato skins, along with honey, are a folk remedy for burns in India. Burn centres in India have experimented with the use of the thin outer skin layer to protect burns while healing.
Potatoes (mainly Russets) are commonly used in plant research. The consistent parenchyma tissue, the clonal nature of the plant and the low metabolic activity provide a very nice "model tissue" for experimentation. Wound-response studies are often done on potato tuber tissue, as are electron transport experiments. In this respect, potato tuber tissue is similar to Drosophila melanogaster, Caenorhabditis elegans and Escherichia coli: they are all "standard" research organisms.
Potatoes have been delivered with personalized messages as a novelty. Potato delivery services include Potato Parcel and Mail A Spud.
WIKIPEDIA
Go to the Book with image in the Internet Archive
Title: United States Naval Medical Bulletin Vol. 25, Nos. 1-4, 1927
Creator: U.S. Navy. Bureau of Medicine and Surgery
Publisher:
Sponsor:
Contributor:
Date: 1927-01
Language: eng
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Table of Contents</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> Number 1</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> PREFACE v</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS vi</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SPECIAL ARTICLES:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Posture.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. G. E. Mott, Medical Corps, United States Navy 1</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Medical Tactics in Naval Warfare —Part III— Continued.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander W. L. Mann, Medical Corps, United States Navy, and Maj. A.
D. Tuttle, Medical Corps, United States Army 20</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Identification by the Teeth.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By J. H. Taylor, Identification Section, Bureau of Navigation, Navy
Department 49</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">An Analysis of the Annual Physical Examination of a Group of Officers.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander L. G. Roddis and Lieut. (Junior Grade) G. A.
Cooper, Medical Corps, United States Navy 54</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Dressing Sterilizers with Special Reference to Temperature, Pressure,
and Chamber Air Exhaustion During the Process of Sterilization.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander J. Harper, Medical Corps, United States Navy 62</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Calcium Hypochlorite for Lyster Bags.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. E. M. Steger, Medical Corps, United States Navy 6S</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The Use of Modified Milk in Infant Feeding.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander W. H. Short, Medical Corps, United States Navy 73</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Aviation Crashes at Pensacola— 1925-26.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. J. D. Benjamin, Medical Corps, United States Navy.. 86</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Climatic Bubo.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander W. H. Whitmore, Medical Corps, United States Navy
89</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Ideas on Recruiting.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. J. G. Smith, Medical Corps, United States Navy 102 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CLINICAL NOTES:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">One Thousand Operations During a Shore Cruise.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander G. F. Cottle, Medical Corps, United States Navy 105</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Filariasis.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander H. V. Hughens, Medical Corps, United States Navy. .
111</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Bismuto-Yatren A and B in the Treatment of Yaws. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander R. P. Parsons, Medical Corps, United States Navy
117</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Addison's Disease Without the Usual Pigmentation of the Skin.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander E. C. White and Lieut. (Junior Grade) W. F. James, Medical
Corps, United States Navy 122</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Scurvy.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander L. J. Roberts, Medical Corps, United States Navy
126 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Early Pulmonary Tuberculosis With Negative X-ray Findings.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. J. D. Blackwood, jr., Medical Corps, United States Navy 128</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Cholecystography.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. O. B. Spalding, Medical Corps, United States Navy.. 131</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Syphilis.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut, (junior grade) B. W. Harris, Medical Corps, United States
Navy 134</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Yaws Sera and the Kahn Precipitation Test, Experiments With.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Pharmacist F. O. Huntsinger, United States Navy 135</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTES AND COMMENTS:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Commendation for articles in the Bulletin—Treatment of burns — Parasitic
infections in China—Effect of elevation of temperature on spirochetes —Rabies
—-American Relief Administration in Russia, 1921-1923— Forecasting smallpox
epidemics in India —Helium-oxygen mixture in diving —Treatment of pernicious
anemia by diet —International meeting on cancer control, September 20-24, 1926
—American College of Surgeons —Resignation after special courses—Study courses
for Hospital Corps ratings 137-160</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NURSE CORPS:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Laboratory Experiences with Epidemic Cerebrospinal Meningitis.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Nurse S. Ruth Hassler, United States Navy 161</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Help from the Laboratory.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Nurse Ruth B. Meutzer, United States Navy 164</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Some Interesting Laboratory Work.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Nurse Frances C. Bonner, United States Navy 166</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">BOOK NOTICES 169</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREVENTIVE MEDICINE, STATISTICS:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Reactions incidental to the administration of 91,707 doses of
neoarsphenamine and other arsenical compounds in the United States Navy—Food
poisoning on board U. S. S. "Concord" May 13, 1926—Food poisoning
following a barbecue —Food poisoning at marine barracks, navy yard,
Philadelphia, Pa., May 21, 1926 — Influenza in Guam —Efficacy of B. typhosus
vaccine in controlling typhoid fever in Guam 177</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Public Health Activities Against Tropical Diseases.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Dr. Pedro N. Ortiz, commissioner of health, Porto Rico 208</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Scarlet fever attack rate among contacts, Detroit, Mich.—Health of the
Navy— Statistics 220</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 2</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREFACE---------------- --------- ------- - ------------- ------ vii</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS____________________________ viii</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SPECIAL ARTICLES: .</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">MEDICINE IN TURKEY.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander C. W. 0 . Bunker, Medical Corps, United States
Navy------------------------·------ 229</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">COLOR-BLINDNESS.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Capt. E. H. H. Old, Medical Corps, United States Navy______ 253</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">ETIOLOGICAL FACTORS IN THE PRODUCTION OF MAXILLARY ANTRUM DISEASE.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By G. B. Trible, M. D., F. A. C. S., former commander, medical Corps,
United States Navy________ 266</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">BUREAU OF MEDICINE AND SURGERY'S EXHIBIT, SESQUICENTENNIAL,
PHILADELPHIA, 1926.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Capt. R. C. Holcomb, Medical Corps, United States Navy____ 272</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">MALARIA IN HAITI.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Capt. O. S. Butler, and Lieut. E. Peterson, Medical Corps, United
States Navy_____________ 278</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">INSTITUTIONAL POLICIES AS APPLIED TO A YEAR'S DENTAL ACTIVITIES.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander J. L. Brown, Dental Corps, United States
Navy________________ __________ 288</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">RECURRENCE OF INGUINAL HERNIA.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander K. E. Lowman, Medical Corps, United States Navy
------------------------- 300</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SOME OBSERVATIONS ON CEREBROSPINAL FEVER.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander Paul Richmond, Medical Corps, United States
Navy__________________ 304</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">THEORIES CONCERNING THE MECHANISM OF THE INSULIN EFFECT ON CARBOHYDRATE
METABOLISM.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. (Junior Grade) H. Phillips, Medical Corps, United States
Navy--------------------------- 309</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">THE WASSERMANN REACTION FOLLOWING THE USE OF BISMUTH IN THE TREATMENT
OF YAWS AND SYPHILIS.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. (Junior Grade) C. D. Middlestadt, Medical Corps, United
States Navy _______________<span> </span>315.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">THE TUBERCULOUS VETERANS' BUREAU PATIENT.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. J. D. Blackwood, jr., Medical Corps, United States
Navy--------------------------------------- 319</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CLINICAL NOTES:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">OCULAR ENUCLEATION.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander C. B. Camerer, and Lieut. Commander B. P. Davis, Medical
Corps, United States Navy________________ 325</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">TREATMENT OF AN IRREDUCIBLE DISLOCATED LOWER JAW OF 98 DAYS' DURATION.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander M. D. Willcutts, Medical Corps, United States Navy
------------------ 331</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">TRAUMATIC RUPTURE OF THE SPLEEN.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander L. W. Johnson, Medical Corps, United States
Navy-------------------------------- 336</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">DIATHERMY IN SHOCK.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander G. F. Cottle, Medical Corps, United States Navy_ 340</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SPONTANEOUS RUPTURE OF THE HEART.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. (Junior Grade) G. 'w. Cooper, Medical Corps, United States
Navy ------------------------------- 343</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">MERCUROCHROME-220 SOLUBLE, FOREIGN PROTEIN, AND SUGAR IN ACUTE
GONORRHEAL URETHRITIS, WITH A STUDY OF THE BLOOD CELLULAR CHANGES DURING THE
REACTION.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander L. H. Williams, and Lieut. (Junior Grade) G. F.
Cooper, Medical Corps, United States Navy _________ 352</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">GLANDULAR FEVER WITH INGUINAL ADENOPATHY.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. (Junior Grade) C. C. Yanquell, Medical Corps, United States
Navy ___________358</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A CASE OF ACQUIRED HYDROCEPHALUS.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Capt. E. O. White, Medical Corps, United States Navy ____ 361</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CARCINOMA OF THE STOMACH WITH LARGE RETROPERITONEAL TUMOR.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander W. H. Whitmore, Medical Corps, United States Navy----------------
365</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">HEXAMETHYLENAMINE IN MENINGEAL INFECTIONS.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. (Junior Grade) A. E. Bruuschwig, Medical Corps, United States
Navy ________369</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">REINFECTION IN SYPHILIS.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. O. P. Archambeault, Medical Corps, United States Navy--------------------------------------372</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">AN UNUSUAL BULLET WOUND. ·</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. (Junior Grade) P. H. Golberg, Medical Corps, United States
Navy __________374</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">THE NAVAL RESERVE --------------------------------------------<span> </span>375</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NURSE CORPS:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">THE PENSACOLA HURRICANE.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Chief Nurse Mary J. McCloud, United States Navy ______ 379</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">MY FIRST EXPERIENCE IN A HURRICANE.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Reserve Nurse Luama A. MacFarland, United States Navy _ 382</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A HURRICANE THRILL.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Nurse Ellen E. Wells and Nurse Mary Hennemeier, United States Navy
-------------------383</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">AN EPIDEMIC OF IMPETIGO CONTAGIOSA.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Nurse Caroline W. Spofford, United States Navy _________ 385</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTES AND COMMENTS:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A new section of the BULLETIN-Change in character of –examinations for
promotion-Hospital Corps instruction-Duty at sea – Handling poisons-Laboratory
technicians-The Henry S. Wellcome medal and prize for 1927-Micro-Kahn
reactions-Streptococcus cardioarthritidis--Progress in dermatology-Mitral
regurgitation-<span> </span>Cutaneous leishmaniasis
and the phlebotomus-Medicinals and dyes-Rectal feeding-Epidemic
encephalitis-Catarrhal jaundice- Excoriation of the skin about intestinal
fistulae-Ethylene</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">anesthesia-Sodoku in the treatment of general paresis—Carbuncles of the
neck-Gye's theory of cancer-$100,000 offered for conquest of cancer-The Sofie
A. Nordoff-Jung cancer prize ____387</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">BOOK NOTICES ------------------- 413</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">TOTAL FUEL REQUIREMENT IN HEALTH.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander J. R. Phelps, Medical Corps, United States Navy_ 431</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ON SMALLPOX AND VACCINATION.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">BY Surg. J. P. Leake, United States Public Health Service______ 461</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A fatal case of food poisoning caused by fried oysters contaminated
with a paratyphoid B. bacillus-Outbreak of food poisoning in the wardroom mess
of the U. S. S. Richmond, caused by chicken</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">salad contaminated with B. enteritidis-------------------------- 475</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">R EPORT OF AN OUTBREAK OF FISH POISONING ON BOARD THE U. S. S. “CALIFORNIA.''</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Capt. J. L. Neilson, Medical Corps, United States Navy ------ 480</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">AN OUTBREAK OF FOOD POISONING CAUSED BY BOILED SMOKED TONGUE.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander W. A. Fort, Medical Corps, United States Navy -------------------------------------
484</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report of an outbreak of food poisoning caused by cheese-Outbreak of
food poisoning caused by corned-beef hash at the United States destroyer base,
San Diego, Calif. _______________ 486</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">REPORT OF POISONING BY TRINITROTOLUENE AMONG ENLISTED MEN ENGAGED IN
TRANSFERRING T. N. T. FROM STORAGE TO U. S. S. "NITRO."</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander T. A. Fortescue, Medical Corps, United States
Navy_______________________________________________ 491</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">An epidemic of jaundice in San Diego, Calif.-Health of the Navy___ 494</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 3</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREFACE ---------------------------------------------------------- v</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS--------------------------- vi</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SPECIAL ARTICLES :</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SOME OBSERVATIONS ON AVOIDABLE DROWNING.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander R. B. Miller, Medical Corps, United States Navy
___________505</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">FLIES AND THEIR ERADICATION.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander E. C. Carr, Medical Corps, United States
Navy----------------------------- 528</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">ACTIVITIES OF THE UNITED STATES NAVAL MEDICAL SUPPLY DEPOT.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Capt. D. C. Cather, Medical Corps, United States Navy ___ 542</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander C. B. Camerer, Medical Corps, United States
Navy---------------------------------- 562</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREMATURE CONTRACTIONS OF THE HEART.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Capt. E. C. White, Medical Corps, United States Navy ___ 567</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">ROENTGEN RAY EXAMINATION IN SUSPECTED CHRONIC APPENDICITIS.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. P. P. Maher, Medical Corps, United States Navy ____ 573</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">COMPARISON OF THE KAHN AND KOLMER REACTIONS.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander P. Richmond, jr., Medical Corps, United States
Navy--------------------585</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">COMMENTS ON THE ORIGIN OF DISABILITY.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander Lewis W. Johnson, Medical Corps, United States
Navy--------------------------------- 588</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">DEPARTMENT OF SANITATION, MARINE BARRACKS, QUANTICO, VA.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Capt. W. M. Garton, Medical Corps, United States Navy ___593</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CLINICAL NOTES :</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CHOLECYSTOGRAPHY,</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. G. B. Larson, Medical Corps, United States Navy __597</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">THROMBO-ANGIITIS OBLITERANS.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. (Junior Grade) R. A. Schneiders, Medical Corps, United States
Navy----------------------------605</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">THE DEBT OF SURGICAL DIAGNOSIS TO THE X RAY.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander G. F. Cottle, Medical Corps, United States Navy_ 614</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">THE TREATMENT OF CHANOROIDS AND OTHER LESIONS WITH AMMONIACAL</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SILVER NITRATE AND FORMALIN.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander P. G. White, Dental Corps, and Lieut. (Junior Grade) J. Q.
Owsley, Medical Corps, United States Navy _____ 619</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SUMMARY OF SEVENTY CASES OF GONOCOCCUS INFECTION TREATED WITH
MERCUROCHROME-220 SOLUBLE TOGETHER WITH SUGAR AND FOREIGN PROTEIN.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander L. H. Williams and Lieut. W. D. Small, Medical
Corps, United States Navy------621</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">TREATMENT OF ENCEPHALITIS LETHARGICA.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Harold S. Hulbert, M. D. -------------------------------624</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">MULTIPLE UNERUPTED AND IMPACTED CUSPID AND BICUSPID TEETH.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander M. W. Mangold, Dental Corps, United States
Navy----------------- ------------------ 625</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">MIXED VENEREAL INFECTIONS.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. (Junior Grade) G. F. Cooper, Medical Corps, United States
Navy-----------------------------626</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CAISSON DISEASE DURING HELMET DIVING.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander W. M. Anderson, Medical Corps, United States Navy
--- ------------------------ 628</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">ANTERIO-VENOUS ANEURYSM OF THE COMMON CAROTID ARTERY AND INTERNAL
JUGULAR VEIN: OPERATION WITH CONSERVATION OF THE ARTERY.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander F. X. Koltes, Medical Corps, United States Navy_ 630</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CREEPING ERUPTION.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander H. L. Shinn, Medical Corps, United States Navy
___________________632</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">DEATH BY LIGHTNING.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. J. D. Benjamin, Medical Corps, United States Navy _634</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">DEVICE FOR TRANSFERRING PATIENTS FROM SHIPS.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Master Rigger Thomas Schofield _______________________ _ 635</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">AN ECONOMICAL AND PRACTICAL UTENSIL STERILIZER.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Chief Pharmacist Charles Peek, United States Navy ______ _637</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">THE NAVAL RESERVE-------------------------------------------- 639</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NURSE CORPS:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">HOSPITAL HOUSEKEEPING.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Chief Nurse Nell I. Disert, United States Navy ________ ___ _ 649</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">DIETS AND THE NURSE.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By J. Beatrice Bowman, Superintendent, Navy Nurse Corps __ 651</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">DIETETICS AT NAVAL HOSPITALS.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Nurse Anna F. Patten, United States Navy _______________ 655</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTES AND COMMENTS:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Comments on " Some observations on avoidable drowning
"-Hypertension- Unrecognized syphilitic myocarditis- Tuberculosis
hospitalization- Microbic dissociation-Bacteriological nomenclature - Carbon</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">dioxide in hiccough-Diathermy in pneumonia-Answering examination
questions-Medical ethics-Alcoholic content of brain-Electric shock-Acid and
alkali burns-Antiseptics and the nasal flora of rabbits-Annam swelling- The
metric system-Eye test for hypersensitiveness to serum-Research on
pharmacological</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">problems- Syphilis not caused by vaccination-Line of duty ____ 661</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">BOOK NOTICES--- - - --------- - - --- ------ - - - -------- ------
--------- 697</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREVENTIVE MEDICINE, STATISTICS :</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Digest of the views of medical officers regarding venereal-disease
problems as recorded in various annual sanitary reports for 1926- Two deaths
following inoculation with B. typhosus vaccine- Report</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">of outbreak of cereb1'ospinal fever at United States naval training
station, San Diego, Calif., December, 1926-January, 1927-Report of outbreak of
scarlet fever at United States naval training station, Hampton Roads, Va.-Fatal
poisoning by arseniuretted hydrogen in the galvanizing shop at the navy yard,
Puget Sound, Wash.-Data useful in estimating the amount of food wasted by men
eating in hospital wards and in a general mess-Outbreak of food poisoning at
United States naval training station, Hampton Roads, Va., attributed to canned
Vienna sausages-Epidemic of influenza among natives of Samoa in August, 1926-
Health of the Navy --------------------------------------------</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 4</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREFACE--------------------------------------- --------------- VII</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS----------------------------- viii</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SPECIAL ARTICLES :</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CHINESE MILITARY MEDICINE.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. (Junior Grade) J. L. McClartney, Medical Corps (Vol. G),
United States Naval Reserve-------- 783</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">ABDOMINAL WOUNDS AND INJURIES.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander Lucius W. Johnson, Medical Corps, United States Navy
---------------------------- 816</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">AVIATION HYGIENE.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander R. G. Davis, Medical Corps, United States Navy_ 832</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">GOITER.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander C. E. Henry, M. D., F. A. C. P., Medical Corps (Vol. S),
United States Naval Reserve __ 837</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">COMMENTS CONCERNING THE DUTIES OF THE COMMANDING OFFICER OF A NAVAL
HOSPITAL.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Capt. A. Farenholt, Medical Corps, United States Navy______ 844</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">THE BUDGET AND THE BUREAU OF MEDICINE AND SURGERY ACCOUNTING SYSTEM.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Chief Pharmacist B. E. Irwin, United States Navy_________ 851</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">ELECTROCARDIOGRAM IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF THE CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander R. L. Nattkemper, Medical Corps, United States Navy
------------------- 862</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SIPPY TREATMENT FOR PEPTIC ULCER IN NAVAL HOSPITALS.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. (Junior Grade) A. E. Brunschwig, Medical Corps, United States
Navy ------ ------------------ 871</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander W. H. Whitemore and Lieut. (Junior Grade) O. A.
Smith, Medical Corps, United States Navy______ 875</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">LOCAL ANESTHESIA IN EYE, EAR, NOSE, AND THROAT WORK.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander F. L. Young, Medical Corps (Vol. G), United States
Naval Reserve-------------- 879</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">ENDARTERITIS, ACUTE, FROM ELECTRIC SHOCK.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. P. F. Dickens, Medical Corps, United States Navy____ 881</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">ACUTE OSTEOMYELITIS WITH METASTASIS.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. G. G. Herman, Medical Corps, United States Navy____ 883</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">ABDOMINAL HODGKIN'S DISEASE.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. (Junior Grade) W. D. C. Day, Medical Corps, United States
Navy--------------------- 886</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A NEEDLE FOR ANESTHESIA OF THE MAXILLARY NERVE.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. (Junior Grade) J. Connolly, Dental Corps, United States Navy
------- --- --- ----- 889</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">POISONING FROM SOAP-VINE.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. (Junior Grade) G. F . Cooper, Medical Corps, United States
Navy<span> </span>- - ------- ---------- 892</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">THE DIRECT DIAGNOSIS OF PERICARDITIS WITH EFFUSION.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. (Junior Grade) C. G. Dyke, Medical Corps, United States
Navy--- -------- - --- --- -- 894</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">WHAT SHOULD THE DIAGNOSIS BE?</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander C. A. Andrus, Medical Corps, United States Navy-----
---------------------- 896</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">MULTIPLE SCROTAL FISTULAE FOLLOWING RUPTURE OF THE BLADDER WITH
STRICTURE OF URETHRA. OPERATION AND RESTORATION OF FUNCTION.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander L. H. Williams, Medical Corps, United States
Navy------ - - ----------------897</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">TRAUMATIC RUPTURE OF THE SPLEEN.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander F. X. Koltes, Medical Corps, United States Navy_ 898</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">APPENDIX ABSCESS V. PYONEPHROSIs.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander G. F. Cottle, Medical Corps, United States Navy_ 900</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">MERCUROCHROME IN A CASE WITHOUT DIAGNOSIS.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. (Junior Grade) B. W. Harris, Medical Corps, United States Navy--------------------------903</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">GREASE RACK FOR AUTOMOBILES.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Capt. A. Farenholt, Medical Corps, United States Navy ____ 908</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NAVAL RESERVE:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hospital units- Recent appointments _____________________________ 909</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NURSE CORPS:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">THE LECTURES ON ACCOUNTING FROM A NURSE'S POINT OF VIEW.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Chief Nurse Mabel T. Cooper, United States Navy _________ 913</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">ADDRESS TO THE CLASS OF 1926 HAITIAN GENERAL HOSPITAL TRAINING SCHOOL
FOR NURSES.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Capt. C. St. J. Butler, Medical Corps, United States Navy __ 918</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A NAVY NURSE IN THE NEAR EAST.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Mabell S. C. Smith--------------------------- 920</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">DIETETICS.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Nurse Anna P. Smith, United States Navy ________________ 921</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">DIETETICS.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Nurse Mary J. Miney, United States Navy ________________ 923</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTES AND COMMENTS :</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Correction-Report on treatment of Chinese wounded-Skin tests in asthma-
Treponematosis-The physiological effects of tropical climate-History of medical
practice in the State of Illinois-Mercurochrome- Water
supplies-Seasickness-Cholera in Shanghai in 1926--Fracture of the
skull-Senescence and senility-Bismuth in the treatment of syphilis-Pressure
method of vaccination - Ventilators- Neurosyphilis-Tennis leg-Tea in treatment
of burns-European influenza epidemic at end-Visit of the Relief to Washington-Aviation
instruction for Hospital Corpsmen_ ______ 927</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">BOOK NOTICES----------------------- ------------------------------ 959</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREVENTIVE MEDICINE, STATISTICS :</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A STUDY OF TWO THOUSAND HEALTH RECORDS CONTAINING ENTRIES FOR SYPHILIS.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander H. H. Montgomery, Medical Corps, United States Navy-------------------------------973</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">MEASURES OF OUTSTANDING IMPORTANCE IN THE PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF
MALARIA.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander M.A. Stuart, Medical Corps, United States Navy_ 996</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Outbreak of infectious diarrhea in the Battle Fleet, April, 1927, not
investigated at the time of occurrence----An epidemic of malaria at the United
States Naval Station, Olongapo, P. I.- Two deaths from rabies contracted by
playing with a dog which was incubating the disease, in Hankow, China-Frequency
of rabies-An outbreak of mumps among midshipmen at the United States Naval
Academy-Health of the Navy_________ 1010</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">INDEX TO SUBJECTS ----------------------------------------- 1035</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">INDEX TO AUTHORS-------- ------------------------------------- 1047</p>
<br /><span style="font-size:12pt;"></span>
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Title: United States Naval Medical Bulletin Vol. 25, Nos. 1-4, 1927
Creator: U.S. Navy. Bureau of Medicine and Surgery
Publisher:
Sponsor:
Contributor:
Date: 1927-01
Language: eng
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Table of Contents</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> Number 1</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> PREFACE v</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS vi</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SPECIAL ARTICLES:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Posture.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. G. E. Mott, Medical Corps, United States Navy 1</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Medical Tactics in Naval Warfare —Part III— Continued.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander W. L. Mann, Medical Corps, United States Navy, and Maj. A.
D. Tuttle, Medical Corps, United States Army 20</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Identification by the Teeth.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By J. H. Taylor, Identification Section, Bureau of Navigation, Navy
Department 49</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">An Analysis of the Annual Physical Examination of a Group of Officers.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander L. G. Roddis and Lieut. (Junior Grade) G. A.
Cooper, Medical Corps, United States Navy 54</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Dressing Sterilizers with Special Reference to Temperature, Pressure,
and Chamber Air Exhaustion During the Process of Sterilization.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander J. Harper, Medical Corps, United States Navy 62</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Calcium Hypochlorite for Lyster Bags.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. E. M. Steger, Medical Corps, United States Navy 6S</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The Use of Modified Milk in Infant Feeding.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander W. H. Short, Medical Corps, United States Navy 73</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Aviation Crashes at Pensacola— 1925-26.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. J. D. Benjamin, Medical Corps, United States Navy.. 86</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Climatic Bubo.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander W. H. Whitmore, Medical Corps, United States Navy
89</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Ideas on Recruiting.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. J. G. Smith, Medical Corps, United States Navy 102 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CLINICAL NOTES:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">One Thousand Operations During a Shore Cruise.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander G. F. Cottle, Medical Corps, United States Navy 105</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Filariasis.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander H. V. Hughens, Medical Corps, United States Navy. .
111</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Bismuto-Yatren A and B in the Treatment of Yaws. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander R. P. Parsons, Medical Corps, United States Navy
117</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Addison's Disease Without the Usual Pigmentation of the Skin.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander E. C. White and Lieut. (Junior Grade) W. F. James, Medical
Corps, United States Navy 122</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Scurvy.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander L. J. Roberts, Medical Corps, United States Navy
126 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Early Pulmonary Tuberculosis With Negative X-ray Findings.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. J. D. Blackwood, jr., Medical Corps, United States Navy 128</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Cholecystography.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. O. B. Spalding, Medical Corps, United States Navy.. 131</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Syphilis.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut, (junior grade) B. W. Harris, Medical Corps, United States
Navy 134</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Yaws Sera and the Kahn Precipitation Test, Experiments With.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Pharmacist F. O. Huntsinger, United States Navy 135</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTES AND COMMENTS:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Commendation for articles in the Bulletin—Treatment of burns — Parasitic
infections in China—Effect of elevation of temperature on spirochetes —Rabies
—-American Relief Administration in Russia, 1921-1923— Forecasting smallpox
epidemics in India —Helium-oxygen mixture in diving —Treatment of pernicious
anemia by diet —International meeting on cancer control, September 20-24, 1926
—American College of Surgeons —Resignation after special courses—Study courses
for Hospital Corps ratings 137-160</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NURSE CORPS:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Laboratory Experiences with Epidemic Cerebrospinal Meningitis.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Nurse S. Ruth Hassler, United States Navy 161</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Help from the Laboratory.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Nurse Ruth B. Meutzer, United States Navy 164</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Some Interesting Laboratory Work.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Nurse Frances C. Bonner, United States Navy 166</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">BOOK NOTICES 169</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREVENTIVE MEDICINE, STATISTICS:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Reactions incidental to the administration of 91,707 doses of
neoarsphenamine and other arsenical compounds in the United States Navy—Food
poisoning on board U. S. S. "Concord" May 13, 1926—Food poisoning
following a barbecue —Food poisoning at marine barracks, navy yard,
Philadelphia, Pa., May 21, 1926 — Influenza in Guam —Efficacy of B. typhosus
vaccine in controlling typhoid fever in Guam 177</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Public Health Activities Against Tropical Diseases.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Dr. Pedro N. Ortiz, commissioner of health, Porto Rico 208</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Scarlet fever attack rate among contacts, Detroit, Mich.—Health of the
Navy— Statistics 220</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 2</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREFACE---------------- --------- ------- - ------------- ------ vii</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS____________________________ viii</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SPECIAL ARTICLES: .</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">MEDICINE IN TURKEY.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander C. W. 0 . Bunker, Medical Corps, United States
Navy------------------------·------ 229</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">COLOR-BLINDNESS.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Capt. E. H. H. Old, Medical Corps, United States Navy______ 253</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">ETIOLOGICAL FACTORS IN THE PRODUCTION OF MAXILLARY ANTRUM DISEASE.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By G. B. Trible, M. D., F. A. C. S., former commander, medical Corps,
United States Navy________ 266</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">BUREAU OF MEDICINE AND SURGERY'S EXHIBIT, SESQUICENTENNIAL,
PHILADELPHIA, 1926.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Capt. R. C. Holcomb, Medical Corps, United States Navy____ 272</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">MALARIA IN HAITI.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Capt. O. S. Butler, and Lieut. E. Peterson, Medical Corps, United
States Navy_____________ 278</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">INSTITUTIONAL POLICIES AS APPLIED TO A YEAR'S DENTAL ACTIVITIES.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander J. L. Brown, Dental Corps, United States
Navy________________ __________ 288</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">RECURRENCE OF INGUINAL HERNIA.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander K. E. Lowman, Medical Corps, United States Navy
------------------------- 300</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SOME OBSERVATIONS ON CEREBROSPINAL FEVER.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander Paul Richmond, Medical Corps, United States
Navy__________________ 304</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">THEORIES CONCERNING THE MECHANISM OF THE INSULIN EFFECT ON CARBOHYDRATE
METABOLISM.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. (Junior Grade) H. Phillips, Medical Corps, United States
Navy--------------------------- 309</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">THE WASSERMANN REACTION FOLLOWING THE USE OF BISMUTH IN THE TREATMENT
OF YAWS AND SYPHILIS.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. (Junior Grade) C. D. Middlestadt, Medical Corps, United
States Navy _______________<span> </span>315.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">THE TUBERCULOUS VETERANS' BUREAU PATIENT.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. J. D. Blackwood, jr., Medical Corps, United States
Navy--------------------------------------- 319</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CLINICAL NOTES:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">OCULAR ENUCLEATION.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander C. B. Camerer, and Lieut. Commander B. P. Davis, Medical
Corps, United States Navy________________ 325</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">TREATMENT OF AN IRREDUCIBLE DISLOCATED LOWER JAW OF 98 DAYS' DURATION.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander M. D. Willcutts, Medical Corps, United States Navy
------------------ 331</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">TRAUMATIC RUPTURE OF THE SPLEEN.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander L. W. Johnson, Medical Corps, United States
Navy-------------------------------- 336</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">DIATHERMY IN SHOCK.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander G. F. Cottle, Medical Corps, United States Navy_ 340</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SPONTANEOUS RUPTURE OF THE HEART.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. (Junior Grade) G. 'w. Cooper, Medical Corps, United States
Navy ------------------------------- 343</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">MERCUROCHROME-220 SOLUBLE, FOREIGN PROTEIN, AND SUGAR IN ACUTE
GONORRHEAL URETHRITIS, WITH A STUDY OF THE BLOOD CELLULAR CHANGES DURING THE
REACTION.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander L. H. Williams, and Lieut. (Junior Grade) G. F.
Cooper, Medical Corps, United States Navy _________ 352</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">GLANDULAR FEVER WITH INGUINAL ADENOPATHY.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. (Junior Grade) C. C. Yanquell, Medical Corps, United States
Navy ___________358</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A CASE OF ACQUIRED HYDROCEPHALUS.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Capt. E. O. White, Medical Corps, United States Navy ____ 361</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CARCINOMA OF THE STOMACH WITH LARGE RETROPERITONEAL TUMOR.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander W. H. Whitmore, Medical Corps, United States Navy----------------
365</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">HEXAMETHYLENAMINE IN MENINGEAL INFECTIONS.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. (Junior Grade) A. E. Bruuschwig, Medical Corps, United States
Navy ________369</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">REINFECTION IN SYPHILIS.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. O. P. Archambeault, Medical Corps, United States Navy--------------------------------------372</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">AN UNUSUAL BULLET WOUND. ·</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. (Junior Grade) P. H. Golberg, Medical Corps, United States
Navy __________374</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">THE NAVAL RESERVE --------------------------------------------<span> </span>375</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NURSE CORPS:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">THE PENSACOLA HURRICANE.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Chief Nurse Mary J. McCloud, United States Navy ______ 379</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">MY FIRST EXPERIENCE IN A HURRICANE.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Reserve Nurse Luama A. MacFarland, United States Navy _ 382</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A HURRICANE THRILL.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Nurse Ellen E. Wells and Nurse Mary Hennemeier, United States Navy
-------------------383</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">AN EPIDEMIC OF IMPETIGO CONTAGIOSA.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Nurse Caroline W. Spofford, United States Navy _________ 385</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTES AND COMMENTS:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A new section of the BULLETIN-Change in character of –examinations for
promotion-Hospital Corps instruction-Duty at sea – Handling poisons-Laboratory
technicians-The Henry S. Wellcome medal and prize for 1927-Micro-Kahn
reactions-Streptococcus cardioarthritidis--Progress in dermatology-Mitral
regurgitation-<span> </span>Cutaneous leishmaniasis
and the phlebotomus-Medicinals and dyes-Rectal feeding-Epidemic
encephalitis-Catarrhal jaundice- Excoriation of the skin about intestinal
fistulae-Ethylene</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">anesthesia-Sodoku in the treatment of general paresis—Carbuncles of the
neck-Gye's theory of cancer-$100,000 offered for conquest of cancer-The Sofie
A. Nordoff-Jung cancer prize ____387</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">BOOK NOTICES ------------------- 413</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">TOTAL FUEL REQUIREMENT IN HEALTH.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander J. R. Phelps, Medical Corps, United States Navy_ 431</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ON SMALLPOX AND VACCINATION.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">BY Surg. J. P. Leake, United States Public Health Service______ 461</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A fatal case of food poisoning caused by fried oysters contaminated
with a paratyphoid B. bacillus-Outbreak of food poisoning in the wardroom mess
of the U. S. S. Richmond, caused by chicken</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">salad contaminated with B. enteritidis-------------------------- 475</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">R EPORT OF AN OUTBREAK OF FISH POISONING ON BOARD THE U. S. S. “CALIFORNIA.''</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Capt. J. L. Neilson, Medical Corps, United States Navy ------ 480</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">AN OUTBREAK OF FOOD POISONING CAUSED BY BOILED SMOKED TONGUE.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander W. A. Fort, Medical Corps, United States Navy -------------------------------------
484</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report of an outbreak of food poisoning caused by cheese-Outbreak of
food poisoning caused by corned-beef hash at the United States destroyer base,
San Diego, Calif. _______________ 486</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">REPORT OF POISONING BY TRINITROTOLUENE AMONG ENLISTED MEN ENGAGED IN
TRANSFERRING T. N. T. FROM STORAGE TO U. S. S. "NITRO."</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander T. A. Fortescue, Medical Corps, United States
Navy_______________________________________________ 491</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">An epidemic of jaundice in San Diego, Calif.-Health of the Navy___ 494</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 3</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREFACE ---------------------------------------------------------- v</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS--------------------------- vi</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SPECIAL ARTICLES :</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SOME OBSERVATIONS ON AVOIDABLE DROWNING.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander R. B. Miller, Medical Corps, United States Navy
___________505</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">FLIES AND THEIR ERADICATION.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander E. C. Carr, Medical Corps, United States
Navy----------------------------- 528</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">ACTIVITIES OF THE UNITED STATES NAVAL MEDICAL SUPPLY DEPOT.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Capt. D. C. Cather, Medical Corps, United States Navy ___ 542</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander C. B. Camerer, Medical Corps, United States
Navy---------------------------------- 562</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREMATURE CONTRACTIONS OF THE HEART.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Capt. E. C. White, Medical Corps, United States Navy ___ 567</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">ROENTGEN RAY EXAMINATION IN SUSPECTED CHRONIC APPENDICITIS.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. P. P. Maher, Medical Corps, United States Navy ____ 573</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">COMPARISON OF THE KAHN AND KOLMER REACTIONS.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander P. Richmond, jr., Medical Corps, United States
Navy--------------------585</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">COMMENTS ON THE ORIGIN OF DISABILITY.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander Lewis W. Johnson, Medical Corps, United States
Navy--------------------------------- 588</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">DEPARTMENT OF SANITATION, MARINE BARRACKS, QUANTICO, VA.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Capt. W. M. Garton, Medical Corps, United States Navy ___593</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CLINICAL NOTES :</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CHOLECYSTOGRAPHY,</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. G. B. Larson, Medical Corps, United States Navy __597</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">THROMBO-ANGIITIS OBLITERANS.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. (Junior Grade) R. A. Schneiders, Medical Corps, United States
Navy----------------------------605</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">THE DEBT OF SURGICAL DIAGNOSIS TO THE X RAY.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander G. F. Cottle, Medical Corps, United States Navy_ 614</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">THE TREATMENT OF CHANOROIDS AND OTHER LESIONS WITH AMMONIACAL</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SILVER NITRATE AND FORMALIN.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander P. G. White, Dental Corps, and Lieut. (Junior Grade) J. Q.
Owsley, Medical Corps, United States Navy _____ 619</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SUMMARY OF SEVENTY CASES OF GONOCOCCUS INFECTION TREATED WITH
MERCUROCHROME-220 SOLUBLE TOGETHER WITH SUGAR AND FOREIGN PROTEIN.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander L. H. Williams and Lieut. W. D. Small, Medical
Corps, United States Navy------621</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">TREATMENT OF ENCEPHALITIS LETHARGICA.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Harold S. Hulbert, M. D. -------------------------------624</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">MULTIPLE UNERUPTED AND IMPACTED CUSPID AND BICUSPID TEETH.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander M. W. Mangold, Dental Corps, United States
Navy----------------- ------------------ 625</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">MIXED VENEREAL INFECTIONS.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. (Junior Grade) G. F. Cooper, Medical Corps, United States
Navy-----------------------------626</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CAISSON DISEASE DURING HELMET DIVING.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander W. M. Anderson, Medical Corps, United States Navy
--- ------------------------ 628</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">ANTERIO-VENOUS ANEURYSM OF THE COMMON CAROTID ARTERY AND INTERNAL
JUGULAR VEIN: OPERATION WITH CONSERVATION OF THE ARTERY.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander F. X. Koltes, Medical Corps, United States Navy_ 630</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CREEPING ERUPTION.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander H. L. Shinn, Medical Corps, United States Navy
___________________632</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">DEATH BY LIGHTNING.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. J. D. Benjamin, Medical Corps, United States Navy _634</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">DEVICE FOR TRANSFERRING PATIENTS FROM SHIPS.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Master Rigger Thomas Schofield _______________________ _ 635</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">AN ECONOMICAL AND PRACTICAL UTENSIL STERILIZER.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Chief Pharmacist Charles Peek, United States Navy ______ _637</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">THE NAVAL RESERVE-------------------------------------------- 639</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NURSE CORPS:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">HOSPITAL HOUSEKEEPING.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Chief Nurse Nell I. Disert, United States Navy ________ ___ _ 649</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">DIETS AND THE NURSE.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By J. Beatrice Bowman, Superintendent, Navy Nurse Corps __ 651</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">DIETETICS AT NAVAL HOSPITALS.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Nurse Anna F. Patten, United States Navy _______________ 655</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTES AND COMMENTS:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Comments on " Some observations on avoidable drowning
"-Hypertension- Unrecognized syphilitic myocarditis- Tuberculosis
hospitalization- Microbic dissociation-Bacteriological nomenclature - Carbon</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">dioxide in hiccough-Diathermy in pneumonia-Answering examination
questions-Medical ethics-Alcoholic content of brain-Electric shock-Acid and
alkali burns-Antiseptics and the nasal flora of rabbits-Annam swelling- The
metric system-Eye test for hypersensitiveness to serum-Research on
pharmacological</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">problems- Syphilis not caused by vaccination-Line of duty ____ 661</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">BOOK NOTICES--- - - --------- - - --- ------ - - - -------- ------
--------- 697</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREVENTIVE MEDICINE, STATISTICS :</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Digest of the views of medical officers regarding venereal-disease
problems as recorded in various annual sanitary reports for 1926- Two deaths
following inoculation with B. typhosus vaccine- Report</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">of outbreak of cereb1'ospinal fever at United States naval training
station, San Diego, Calif., December, 1926-January, 1927-Report of outbreak of
scarlet fever at United States naval training station, Hampton Roads, Va.-Fatal
poisoning by arseniuretted hydrogen in the galvanizing shop at the navy yard,
Puget Sound, Wash.-Data useful in estimating the amount of food wasted by men
eating in hospital wards and in a general mess-Outbreak of food poisoning at
United States naval training station, Hampton Roads, Va., attributed to canned
Vienna sausages-Epidemic of influenza among natives of Samoa in August, 1926-
Health of the Navy --------------------------------------------</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 4</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREFACE--------------------------------------- --------------- VII</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS----------------------------- viii</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SPECIAL ARTICLES :</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CHINESE MILITARY MEDICINE.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. (Junior Grade) J. L. McClartney, Medical Corps (Vol. G),
United States Naval Reserve-------- 783</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">ABDOMINAL WOUNDS AND INJURIES.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander Lucius W. Johnson, Medical Corps, United States Navy
---------------------------- 816</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">AVIATION HYGIENE.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander R. G. Davis, Medical Corps, United States Navy_ 832</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">GOITER.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander C. E. Henry, M. D., F. A. C. P., Medical Corps (Vol. S),
United States Naval Reserve __ 837</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">COMMENTS CONCERNING THE DUTIES OF THE COMMANDING OFFICER OF A NAVAL
HOSPITAL.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Capt. A. Farenholt, Medical Corps, United States Navy______ 844</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">THE BUDGET AND THE BUREAU OF MEDICINE AND SURGERY ACCOUNTING SYSTEM.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Chief Pharmacist B. E. Irwin, United States Navy_________ 851</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">ELECTROCARDIOGRAM IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF THE CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander R. L. Nattkemper, Medical Corps, United States Navy
------------------- 862</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SIPPY TREATMENT FOR PEPTIC ULCER IN NAVAL HOSPITALS.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. (Junior Grade) A. E. Brunschwig, Medical Corps, United States
Navy ------ ------------------ 871</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander W. H. Whitemore and Lieut. (Junior Grade) O. A.
Smith, Medical Corps, United States Navy______ 875</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">LOCAL ANESTHESIA IN EYE, EAR, NOSE, AND THROAT WORK.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander F. L. Young, Medical Corps (Vol. G), United States
Naval Reserve-------------- 879</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">ENDARTERITIS, ACUTE, FROM ELECTRIC SHOCK.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. P. F. Dickens, Medical Corps, United States Navy____ 881</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">ACUTE OSTEOMYELITIS WITH METASTASIS.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. G. G. Herman, Medical Corps, United States Navy____ 883</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">ABDOMINAL HODGKIN'S DISEASE.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. (Junior Grade) W. D. C. Day, Medical Corps, United States
Navy--------------------- 886</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A NEEDLE FOR ANESTHESIA OF THE MAXILLARY NERVE.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. (Junior Grade) J. Connolly, Dental Corps, United States Navy
------- --- --- ----- 889</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">POISONING FROM SOAP-VINE.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. (Junior Grade) G. F . Cooper, Medical Corps, United States
Navy<span> </span>- - ------- ---------- 892</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">THE DIRECT DIAGNOSIS OF PERICARDITIS WITH EFFUSION.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. (Junior Grade) C. G. Dyke, Medical Corps, United States
Navy--- -------- - --- --- -- 894</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">WHAT SHOULD THE DIAGNOSIS BE?</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander C. A. Andrus, Medical Corps, United States Navy-----
---------------------- 896</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">MULTIPLE SCROTAL FISTULAE FOLLOWING RUPTURE OF THE BLADDER WITH
STRICTURE OF URETHRA. OPERATION AND RESTORATION OF FUNCTION.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander L. H. Williams, Medical Corps, United States
Navy------ - - ----------------897</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">TRAUMATIC RUPTURE OF THE SPLEEN.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander F. X. Koltes, Medical Corps, United States Navy_ 898</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">APPENDIX ABSCESS V. PYONEPHROSIs.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander G. F. Cottle, Medical Corps, United States Navy_ 900</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">MERCUROCHROME IN A CASE WITHOUT DIAGNOSIS.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. (Junior Grade) B. W. Harris, Medical Corps, United States Navy--------------------------903</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">GREASE RACK FOR AUTOMOBILES.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Capt. A. Farenholt, Medical Corps, United States Navy ____ 908</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NAVAL RESERVE:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hospital units- Recent appointments _____________________________ 909</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NURSE CORPS:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">THE LECTURES ON ACCOUNTING FROM A NURSE'S POINT OF VIEW.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Chief Nurse Mabel T. Cooper, United States Navy _________ 913</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">ADDRESS TO THE CLASS OF 1926 HAITIAN GENERAL HOSPITAL TRAINING SCHOOL
FOR NURSES.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Capt. C. St. J. Butler, Medical Corps, United States Navy __ 918</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A NAVY NURSE IN THE NEAR EAST.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Mabell S. C. Smith--------------------------- 920</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">DIETETICS.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Nurse Anna P. Smith, United States Navy ________________ 921</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">DIETETICS.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Nurse Mary J. Miney, United States Navy ________________ 923</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTES AND COMMENTS :</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Correction-Report on treatment of Chinese wounded-Skin tests in asthma-
Treponematosis-The physiological effects of tropical climate-History of medical
practice in the State of Illinois-Mercurochrome- Water
supplies-Seasickness-Cholera in Shanghai in 1926--Fracture of the
skull-Senescence and senility-Bismuth in the treatment of syphilis-Pressure
method of vaccination - Ventilators- Neurosyphilis-Tennis leg-Tea in treatment
of burns-European influenza epidemic at end-Visit of the Relief to Washington-Aviation
instruction for Hospital Corpsmen_ ______ 927</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">BOOK NOTICES----------------------- ------------------------------ 959</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREVENTIVE MEDICINE, STATISTICS :</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A STUDY OF TWO THOUSAND HEALTH RECORDS CONTAINING ENTRIES FOR SYPHILIS.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander H. H. Montgomery, Medical Corps, United States Navy-------------------------------973</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">MEASURES OF OUTSTANDING IMPORTANCE IN THE PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF
MALARIA.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander M.A. Stuart, Medical Corps, United States Navy_ 996</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Outbreak of infectious diarrhea in the Battle Fleet, April, 1927, not
investigated at the time of occurrence----An epidemic of malaria at the United
States Naval Station, Olongapo, P. I.- Two deaths from rabies contracted by
playing with a dog which was incubating the disease, in Hankow, China-Frequency
of rabies-An outbreak of mumps among midshipmen at the United States Naval
Academy-Health of the Navy_________ 1010</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">INDEX TO SUBJECTS ----------------------------------------- 1035</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">INDEX TO AUTHORS-------- ------------------------------------- 1047</p>
<br /><span style="font-size:12pt;"></span>
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Title: United States Naval Medical Bulletin Vol. 25, Nos. 1-4, 1927
Creator: U.S. Navy. Bureau of Medicine and Surgery
Publisher:
Sponsor:
Contributor:
Date: 1927-01
Language: eng
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Table of Contents</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> Number 1</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> PREFACE v</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS vi</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SPECIAL ARTICLES:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Posture.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. G. E. Mott, Medical Corps, United States Navy 1</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Medical Tactics in Naval Warfare —Part III— Continued.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander W. L. Mann, Medical Corps, United States Navy, and Maj. A.
D. Tuttle, Medical Corps, United States Army 20</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Identification by the Teeth.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By J. H. Taylor, Identification Section, Bureau of Navigation, Navy
Department 49</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">An Analysis of the Annual Physical Examination of a Group of Officers.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander L. G. Roddis and Lieut. (Junior Grade) G. A.
Cooper, Medical Corps, United States Navy 54</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Dressing Sterilizers with Special Reference to Temperature, Pressure,
and Chamber Air Exhaustion During the Process of Sterilization.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander J. Harper, Medical Corps, United States Navy 62</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Calcium Hypochlorite for Lyster Bags.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. E. M. Steger, Medical Corps, United States Navy 6S</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The Use of Modified Milk in Infant Feeding.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander W. H. Short, Medical Corps, United States Navy 73</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Aviation Crashes at Pensacola— 1925-26.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. J. D. Benjamin, Medical Corps, United States Navy.. 86</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Climatic Bubo.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander W. H. Whitmore, Medical Corps, United States Navy
89</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Ideas on Recruiting.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. J. G. Smith, Medical Corps, United States Navy 102 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CLINICAL NOTES:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">One Thousand Operations During a Shore Cruise.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander G. F. Cottle, Medical Corps, United States Navy 105</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Filariasis.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander H. V. Hughens, Medical Corps, United States Navy. .
111</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Bismuto-Yatren A and B in the Treatment of Yaws. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander R. P. Parsons, Medical Corps, United States Navy
117</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Addison's Disease Without the Usual Pigmentation of the Skin.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander E. C. White and Lieut. (Junior Grade) W. F. James, Medical
Corps, United States Navy 122</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Scurvy.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander L. J. Roberts, Medical Corps, United States Navy
126 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Early Pulmonary Tuberculosis With Negative X-ray Findings.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. J. D. Blackwood, jr., Medical Corps, United States Navy 128</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Cholecystography.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. O. B. Spalding, Medical Corps, United States Navy.. 131</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Syphilis.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut, (junior grade) B. W. Harris, Medical Corps, United States
Navy 134</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Yaws Sera and the Kahn Precipitation Test, Experiments With.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Pharmacist F. O. Huntsinger, United States Navy 135</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTES AND COMMENTS:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Commendation for articles in the Bulletin—Treatment of burns — Parasitic
infections in China—Effect of elevation of temperature on spirochetes —Rabies
—-American Relief Administration in Russia, 1921-1923— Forecasting smallpox
epidemics in India —Helium-oxygen mixture in diving —Treatment of pernicious
anemia by diet —International meeting on cancer control, September 20-24, 1926
—American College of Surgeons —Resignation after special courses—Study courses
for Hospital Corps ratings 137-160</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NURSE CORPS:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Laboratory Experiences with Epidemic Cerebrospinal Meningitis.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Nurse S. Ruth Hassler, United States Navy 161</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Help from the Laboratory.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Nurse Ruth B. Meutzer, United States Navy 164</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Some Interesting Laboratory Work.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Nurse Frances C. Bonner, United States Navy 166</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">BOOK NOTICES 169</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREVENTIVE MEDICINE, STATISTICS:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Reactions incidental to the administration of 91,707 doses of
neoarsphenamine and other arsenical compounds in the United States Navy—Food
poisoning on board U. S. S. "Concord" May 13, 1926—Food poisoning
following a barbecue —Food poisoning at marine barracks, navy yard,
Philadelphia, Pa., May 21, 1926 — Influenza in Guam —Efficacy of B. typhosus
vaccine in controlling typhoid fever in Guam 177</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Public Health Activities Against Tropical Diseases.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Dr. Pedro N. Ortiz, commissioner of health, Porto Rico 208</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Scarlet fever attack rate among contacts, Detroit, Mich.—Health of the
Navy— Statistics 220</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 2</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREFACE---------------- --------- ------- - ------------- ------ vii</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS____________________________ viii</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SPECIAL ARTICLES: .</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">MEDICINE IN TURKEY.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander C. W. 0 . Bunker, Medical Corps, United States
Navy------------------------·------ 229</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">COLOR-BLINDNESS.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Capt. E. H. H. Old, Medical Corps, United States Navy______ 253</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">ETIOLOGICAL FACTORS IN THE PRODUCTION OF MAXILLARY ANTRUM DISEASE.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By G. B. Trible, M. D., F. A. C. S., former commander, medical Corps,
United States Navy________ 266</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">BUREAU OF MEDICINE AND SURGERY'S EXHIBIT, SESQUICENTENNIAL,
PHILADELPHIA, 1926.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Capt. R. C. Holcomb, Medical Corps, United States Navy____ 272</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">MALARIA IN HAITI.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Capt. O. S. Butler, and Lieut. E. Peterson, Medical Corps, United
States Navy_____________ 278</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">INSTITUTIONAL POLICIES AS APPLIED TO A YEAR'S DENTAL ACTIVITIES.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander J. L. Brown, Dental Corps, United States
Navy________________ __________ 288</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">RECURRENCE OF INGUINAL HERNIA.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander K. E. Lowman, Medical Corps, United States Navy
------------------------- 300</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SOME OBSERVATIONS ON CEREBROSPINAL FEVER.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander Paul Richmond, Medical Corps, United States
Navy__________________ 304</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">THEORIES CONCERNING THE MECHANISM OF THE INSULIN EFFECT ON CARBOHYDRATE
METABOLISM.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. (Junior Grade) H. Phillips, Medical Corps, United States
Navy--------------------------- 309</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">THE WASSERMANN REACTION FOLLOWING THE USE OF BISMUTH IN THE TREATMENT
OF YAWS AND SYPHILIS.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. (Junior Grade) C. D. Middlestadt, Medical Corps, United
States Navy _______________<span> </span>315.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">THE TUBERCULOUS VETERANS' BUREAU PATIENT.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. J. D. Blackwood, jr., Medical Corps, United States
Navy--------------------------------------- 319</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CLINICAL NOTES:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">OCULAR ENUCLEATION.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander C. B. Camerer, and Lieut. Commander B. P. Davis, Medical
Corps, United States Navy________________ 325</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">TREATMENT OF AN IRREDUCIBLE DISLOCATED LOWER JAW OF 98 DAYS' DURATION.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander M. D. Willcutts, Medical Corps, United States Navy
------------------ 331</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">TRAUMATIC RUPTURE OF THE SPLEEN.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander L. W. Johnson, Medical Corps, United States
Navy-------------------------------- 336</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">DIATHERMY IN SHOCK.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander G. F. Cottle, Medical Corps, United States Navy_ 340</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SPONTANEOUS RUPTURE OF THE HEART.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. (Junior Grade) G. 'w. Cooper, Medical Corps, United States
Navy ------------------------------- 343</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">MERCUROCHROME-220 SOLUBLE, FOREIGN PROTEIN, AND SUGAR IN ACUTE
GONORRHEAL URETHRITIS, WITH A STUDY OF THE BLOOD CELLULAR CHANGES DURING THE
REACTION.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander L. H. Williams, and Lieut. (Junior Grade) G. F.
Cooper, Medical Corps, United States Navy _________ 352</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">GLANDULAR FEVER WITH INGUINAL ADENOPATHY.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. (Junior Grade) C. C. Yanquell, Medical Corps, United States
Navy ___________358</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A CASE OF ACQUIRED HYDROCEPHALUS.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Capt. E. O. White, Medical Corps, United States Navy ____ 361</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CARCINOMA OF THE STOMACH WITH LARGE RETROPERITONEAL TUMOR.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander W. H. Whitmore, Medical Corps, United States Navy----------------
365</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">HEXAMETHYLENAMINE IN MENINGEAL INFECTIONS.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. (Junior Grade) A. E. Bruuschwig, Medical Corps, United States
Navy ________369</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">REINFECTION IN SYPHILIS.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. O. P. Archambeault, Medical Corps, United States Navy--------------------------------------372</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">AN UNUSUAL BULLET WOUND. ·</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. (Junior Grade) P. H. Golberg, Medical Corps, United States
Navy __________374</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">THE NAVAL RESERVE --------------------------------------------<span> </span>375</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NURSE CORPS:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">THE PENSACOLA HURRICANE.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Chief Nurse Mary J. McCloud, United States Navy ______ 379</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">MY FIRST EXPERIENCE IN A HURRICANE.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Reserve Nurse Luama A. MacFarland, United States Navy _ 382</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A HURRICANE THRILL.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Nurse Ellen E. Wells and Nurse Mary Hennemeier, United States Navy
-------------------383</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">AN EPIDEMIC OF IMPETIGO CONTAGIOSA.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Nurse Caroline W. Spofford, United States Navy _________ 385</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTES AND COMMENTS:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A new section of the BULLETIN-Change in character of –examinations for
promotion-Hospital Corps instruction-Duty at sea – Handling poisons-Laboratory
technicians-The Henry S. Wellcome medal and prize for 1927-Micro-Kahn
reactions-Streptococcus cardioarthritidis--Progress in dermatology-Mitral
regurgitation-<span> </span>Cutaneous leishmaniasis
and the phlebotomus-Medicinals and dyes-Rectal feeding-Epidemic
encephalitis-Catarrhal jaundice- Excoriation of the skin about intestinal
fistulae-Ethylene</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">anesthesia-Sodoku in the treatment of general paresis—Carbuncles of the
neck-Gye's theory of cancer-$100,000 offered for conquest of cancer-The Sofie
A. Nordoff-Jung cancer prize ____387</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">BOOK NOTICES ------------------- 413</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">TOTAL FUEL REQUIREMENT IN HEALTH.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander J. R. Phelps, Medical Corps, United States Navy_ 431</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ON SMALLPOX AND VACCINATION.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">BY Surg. J. P. Leake, United States Public Health Service______ 461</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A fatal case of food poisoning caused by fried oysters contaminated
with a paratyphoid B. bacillus-Outbreak of food poisoning in the wardroom mess
of the U. S. S. Richmond, caused by chicken</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">salad contaminated with B. enteritidis-------------------------- 475</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">R EPORT OF AN OUTBREAK OF FISH POISONING ON BOARD THE U. S. S. “CALIFORNIA.''</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Capt. J. L. Neilson, Medical Corps, United States Navy ------ 480</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">AN OUTBREAK OF FOOD POISONING CAUSED BY BOILED SMOKED TONGUE.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander W. A. Fort, Medical Corps, United States Navy -------------------------------------
484</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report of an outbreak of food poisoning caused by cheese-Outbreak of
food poisoning caused by corned-beef hash at the United States destroyer base,
San Diego, Calif. _______________ 486</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">REPORT OF POISONING BY TRINITROTOLUENE AMONG ENLISTED MEN ENGAGED IN
TRANSFERRING T. N. T. FROM STORAGE TO U. S. S. "NITRO."</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander T. A. Fortescue, Medical Corps, United States
Navy_______________________________________________ 491</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">An epidemic of jaundice in San Diego, Calif.-Health of the Navy___ 494</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 3</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREFACE ---------------------------------------------------------- v</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS--------------------------- vi</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SPECIAL ARTICLES :</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SOME OBSERVATIONS ON AVOIDABLE DROWNING.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander R. B. Miller, Medical Corps, United States Navy
___________505</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">FLIES AND THEIR ERADICATION.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander E. C. Carr, Medical Corps, United States
Navy----------------------------- 528</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">ACTIVITIES OF THE UNITED STATES NAVAL MEDICAL SUPPLY DEPOT.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Capt. D. C. Cather, Medical Corps, United States Navy ___ 542</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander C. B. Camerer, Medical Corps, United States
Navy---------------------------------- 562</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREMATURE CONTRACTIONS OF THE HEART.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Capt. E. C. White, Medical Corps, United States Navy ___ 567</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">ROENTGEN RAY EXAMINATION IN SUSPECTED CHRONIC APPENDICITIS.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. P. P. Maher, Medical Corps, United States Navy ____ 573</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">COMPARISON OF THE KAHN AND KOLMER REACTIONS.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander P. Richmond, jr., Medical Corps, United States
Navy--------------------585</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">COMMENTS ON THE ORIGIN OF DISABILITY.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander Lewis W. Johnson, Medical Corps, United States
Navy--------------------------------- 588</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">DEPARTMENT OF SANITATION, MARINE BARRACKS, QUANTICO, VA.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Capt. W. M. Garton, Medical Corps, United States Navy ___593</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CLINICAL NOTES :</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CHOLECYSTOGRAPHY,</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. G. B. Larson, Medical Corps, United States Navy __597</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">THROMBO-ANGIITIS OBLITERANS.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. (Junior Grade) R. A. Schneiders, Medical Corps, United States
Navy----------------------------605</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">THE DEBT OF SURGICAL DIAGNOSIS TO THE X RAY.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander G. F. Cottle, Medical Corps, United States Navy_ 614</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">THE TREATMENT OF CHANOROIDS AND OTHER LESIONS WITH AMMONIACAL</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SILVER NITRATE AND FORMALIN.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander P. G. White, Dental Corps, and Lieut. (Junior Grade) J. Q.
Owsley, Medical Corps, United States Navy _____ 619</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SUMMARY OF SEVENTY CASES OF GONOCOCCUS INFECTION TREATED WITH
MERCUROCHROME-220 SOLUBLE TOGETHER WITH SUGAR AND FOREIGN PROTEIN.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander L. H. Williams and Lieut. W. D. Small, Medical
Corps, United States Navy------621</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">TREATMENT OF ENCEPHALITIS LETHARGICA.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Harold S. Hulbert, M. D. -------------------------------624</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">MULTIPLE UNERUPTED AND IMPACTED CUSPID AND BICUSPID TEETH.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander M. W. Mangold, Dental Corps, United States
Navy----------------- ------------------ 625</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">MIXED VENEREAL INFECTIONS.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. (Junior Grade) G. F. Cooper, Medical Corps, United States
Navy-----------------------------626</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CAISSON DISEASE DURING HELMET DIVING.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander W. M. Anderson, Medical Corps, United States Navy
--- ------------------------ 628</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">ANTERIO-VENOUS ANEURYSM OF THE COMMON CAROTID ARTERY AND INTERNAL
JUGULAR VEIN: OPERATION WITH CONSERVATION OF THE ARTERY.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander F. X. Koltes, Medical Corps, United States Navy_ 630</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CREEPING ERUPTION.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander H. L. Shinn, Medical Corps, United States Navy
___________________632</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">DEATH BY LIGHTNING.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. J. D. Benjamin, Medical Corps, United States Navy _634</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">DEVICE FOR TRANSFERRING PATIENTS FROM SHIPS.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Master Rigger Thomas Schofield _______________________ _ 635</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">AN ECONOMICAL AND PRACTICAL UTENSIL STERILIZER.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Chief Pharmacist Charles Peek, United States Navy ______ _637</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">THE NAVAL RESERVE-------------------------------------------- 639</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NURSE CORPS:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">HOSPITAL HOUSEKEEPING.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Chief Nurse Nell I. Disert, United States Navy ________ ___ _ 649</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">DIETS AND THE NURSE.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By J. Beatrice Bowman, Superintendent, Navy Nurse Corps __ 651</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">DIETETICS AT NAVAL HOSPITALS.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Nurse Anna F. Patten, United States Navy _______________ 655</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTES AND COMMENTS:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Comments on " Some observations on avoidable drowning
"-Hypertension- Unrecognized syphilitic myocarditis- Tuberculosis
hospitalization- Microbic dissociation-Bacteriological nomenclature - Carbon</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">dioxide in hiccough-Diathermy in pneumonia-Answering examination
questions-Medical ethics-Alcoholic content of brain-Electric shock-Acid and
alkali burns-Antiseptics and the nasal flora of rabbits-Annam swelling- The
metric system-Eye test for hypersensitiveness to serum-Research on
pharmacological</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">problems- Syphilis not caused by vaccination-Line of duty ____ 661</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">BOOK NOTICES--- - - --------- - - --- ------ - - - -------- ------
--------- 697</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREVENTIVE MEDICINE, STATISTICS :</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Digest of the views of medical officers regarding venereal-disease
problems as recorded in various annual sanitary reports for 1926- Two deaths
following inoculation with B. typhosus vaccine- Report</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">of outbreak of cereb1'ospinal fever at United States naval training
station, San Diego, Calif., December, 1926-January, 1927-Report of outbreak of
scarlet fever at United States naval training station, Hampton Roads, Va.-Fatal
poisoning by arseniuretted hydrogen in the galvanizing shop at the navy yard,
Puget Sound, Wash.-Data useful in estimating the amount of food wasted by men
eating in hospital wards and in a general mess-Outbreak of food poisoning at
United States naval training station, Hampton Roads, Va., attributed to canned
Vienna sausages-Epidemic of influenza among natives of Samoa in August, 1926-
Health of the Navy --------------------------------------------</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 4</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREFACE--------------------------------------- --------------- VII</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS----------------------------- viii</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SPECIAL ARTICLES :</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CHINESE MILITARY MEDICINE.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. (Junior Grade) J. L. McClartney, Medical Corps (Vol. G),
United States Naval Reserve-------- 783</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">ABDOMINAL WOUNDS AND INJURIES.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander Lucius W. Johnson, Medical Corps, United States Navy
---------------------------- 816</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">AVIATION HYGIENE.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander R. G. Davis, Medical Corps, United States Navy_ 832</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">GOITER.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander C. E. Henry, M. D., F. A. C. P., Medical Corps (Vol. S),
United States Naval Reserve __ 837</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">COMMENTS CONCERNING THE DUTIES OF THE COMMANDING OFFICER OF A NAVAL
HOSPITAL.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Capt. A. Farenholt, Medical Corps, United States Navy______ 844</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">THE BUDGET AND THE BUREAU OF MEDICINE AND SURGERY ACCOUNTING SYSTEM.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Chief Pharmacist B. E. Irwin, United States Navy_________ 851</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">ELECTROCARDIOGRAM IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF THE CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander R. L. Nattkemper, Medical Corps, United States Navy
------------------- 862</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SIPPY TREATMENT FOR PEPTIC ULCER IN NAVAL HOSPITALS.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. (Junior Grade) A. E. Brunschwig, Medical Corps, United States
Navy ------ ------------------ 871</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander W. H. Whitemore and Lieut. (Junior Grade) O. A.
Smith, Medical Corps, United States Navy______ 875</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">LOCAL ANESTHESIA IN EYE, EAR, NOSE, AND THROAT WORK.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander F. L. Young, Medical Corps (Vol. G), United States
Naval Reserve-------------- 879</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">ENDARTERITIS, ACUTE, FROM ELECTRIC SHOCK.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. P. F. Dickens, Medical Corps, United States Navy____ 881</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">ACUTE OSTEOMYELITIS WITH METASTASIS.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. G. G. Herman, Medical Corps, United States Navy____ 883</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">ABDOMINAL HODGKIN'S DISEASE.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. (Junior Grade) W. D. C. Day, Medical Corps, United States
Navy--------------------- 886</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A NEEDLE FOR ANESTHESIA OF THE MAXILLARY NERVE.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. (Junior Grade) J. Connolly, Dental Corps, United States Navy
------- --- --- ----- 889</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">POISONING FROM SOAP-VINE.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. (Junior Grade) G. F . Cooper, Medical Corps, United States
Navy<span> </span>- - ------- ---------- 892</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">THE DIRECT DIAGNOSIS OF PERICARDITIS WITH EFFUSION.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. (Junior Grade) C. G. Dyke, Medical Corps, United States
Navy--- -------- - --- --- -- 894</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">WHAT SHOULD THE DIAGNOSIS BE?</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander C. A. Andrus, Medical Corps, United States Navy-----
---------------------- 896</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">MULTIPLE SCROTAL FISTULAE FOLLOWING RUPTURE OF THE BLADDER WITH
STRICTURE OF URETHRA. OPERATION AND RESTORATION OF FUNCTION.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander L. H. Williams, Medical Corps, United States
Navy------ - - ----------------897</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">TRAUMATIC RUPTURE OF THE SPLEEN.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander F. X. Koltes, Medical Corps, United States Navy_ 898</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">APPENDIX ABSCESS V. PYONEPHROSIs.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander G. F. Cottle, Medical Corps, United States Navy_ 900</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">MERCUROCHROME IN A CASE WITHOUT DIAGNOSIS.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. (Junior Grade) B. W. Harris, Medical Corps, United States Navy--------------------------903</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">GREASE RACK FOR AUTOMOBILES.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Capt. A. Farenholt, Medical Corps, United States Navy ____ 908</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NAVAL RESERVE:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hospital units- Recent appointments _____________________________ 909</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NURSE CORPS:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">THE LECTURES ON ACCOUNTING FROM A NURSE'S POINT OF VIEW.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Chief Nurse Mabel T. Cooper, United States Navy _________ 913</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">ADDRESS TO THE CLASS OF 1926 HAITIAN GENERAL HOSPITAL TRAINING SCHOOL
FOR NURSES.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Capt. C. St. J. Butler, Medical Corps, United States Navy __ 918</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A NAVY NURSE IN THE NEAR EAST.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Mabell S. C. Smith--------------------------- 920</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">DIETETICS.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Nurse Anna P. Smith, United States Navy ________________ 921</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">DIETETICS.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Nurse Mary J. Miney, United States Navy ________________ 923</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTES AND COMMENTS :</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Correction-Report on treatment of Chinese wounded-Skin tests in asthma-
Treponematosis-The physiological effects of tropical climate-History of medical
practice in the State of Illinois-Mercurochrome- Water
supplies-Seasickness-Cholera in Shanghai in 1926--Fracture of the
skull-Senescence and senility-Bismuth in the treatment of syphilis-Pressure
method of vaccination - Ventilators- Neurosyphilis-Tennis leg-Tea in treatment
of burns-European influenza epidemic at end-Visit of the Relief to Washington-Aviation
instruction for Hospital Corpsmen_ ______ 927</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">BOOK NOTICES----------------------- ------------------------------ 959</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREVENTIVE MEDICINE, STATISTICS :</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A STUDY OF TWO THOUSAND HEALTH RECORDS CONTAINING ENTRIES FOR SYPHILIS.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander H. H. Montgomery, Medical Corps, United States Navy-------------------------------973</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">MEASURES OF OUTSTANDING IMPORTANCE IN THE PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF
MALARIA.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander M.A. Stuart, Medical Corps, United States Navy_ 996</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Outbreak of infectious diarrhea in the Battle Fleet, April, 1927, not
investigated at the time of occurrence----An epidemic of malaria at the United
States Naval Station, Olongapo, P. I.- Two deaths from rabies contracted by
playing with a dog which was incubating the disease, in Hankow, China-Frequency
of rabies-An outbreak of mumps among midshipmen at the United States Naval
Academy-Health of the Navy_________ 1010</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">INDEX TO SUBJECTS ----------------------------------------- 1035</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">INDEX TO AUTHORS-------- ------------------------------------- 1047</p>
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