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Blogged in The Woodwork: Why I YUI
This is a slide from 2002 of a number of PHP frameworks. My list was actually twice as long but I just picked some of the most popular of them.
How many of them are around today, and why are they around today?
高雄市玩美攝影協會 / 拍攝
『玩美是人生追求完美境界的過程，完美是生活過程中的成果，攝影人在乎過程中的進行。因此，玩美幾乎是攝影人所追求的程序，意即尚在進行中，永無止息，故取名之。』
協會會址:台灣 高雄市新興區尚信街29號
捷運O7文化站 1號出口(步行約1分鐘)
協會服務電話：07-2231345
E-mail：wm2231345@gmail.com
Wedding dress from the Christos Collection as shown at Fashion Week. Designs property of Christos and more can be seen online at www.getmarried.com/fashion/collections.php?designer=Christos
Ahora en Biodiversidad virtual
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Escurridizo y ágil como un pez, así es el ciliado Chaenea que puede pasar de trucha a anguila en un instante mientras se retuerce y estira gozosamente en el agua. Chaenea siempre se mueve veloz, pero parece disfrutar como si no tuviera prisa y deslizándose de aquí para allá va reconociendo, palmo a palmo, cualquier rincón del agua en el que pueda encontrar lo que tanto parece gustarle: minúsculas algas verdes que le sirven de alimento.
Pero las apetencias de Chaenea no parecen quedarse sólo en el verde y fresco alimento que le proporcionan las algas y de apacible herbívoro puede pasar a convertirse en un voraz depredador de otros ciliados más pequeños que él. Es el pez grande que se come al chico y así, Chaenea vorax , ha sido utilizado en experimentos de ecología, haciéndole representar el papel de depredador sobre el pequeño ciliado Cyclidium
El cuerpo de Chaenea es alargado, muy variable en tamaño y flexible. Puede llegar a medir de 100 a180 micras de longitud y está recubierto por una fina película que fácilmente se deforma. Los cilios, densamente dispuestos, siguen un patrón helicoidal que dan a la superfice de Chaenea un aspecto escamoso. La porción anterior de su cuerpo es algo afilada y remata en diez u once cilios más gruesos que constituyen su principal aparato locomotor.
En su interior Chaenea presenta un citoplasma hialino con numerosos gránulos globulares y una gran vacuola contráctil, situada en la parte posterior.
Escurridizo y solitario, este ciliado no es muy común y por ello es relativemente difícil encontrarlo. Son muy escasos los registros fotográficos que existen de él. Estos días de atrás tuvimos la suerte de encontralo retozando en una gota de agua procedente de las lagunas salobres de Peñíscola (Castellón) y mientras nadaba como un pez pudimos fotografiarlo a 400 aumentos empleando la técnica de contraste de interferencia.
Located in the south of the Beijing Olympic Green, the National Stadium (Bird’s Nest) has a floor area of 258,000m2 and a site area of 204,000m2; and with about 80,000 fixed seats it is able to accommodate 91,000 audiences. The National Stadium, a special-grade oval building with designed service life up to 100 years, has a longitudinal length of 333 meters, a latitudinal width of 296 meters and a maximum height of 69 meters. The construction of the National Stadium was started on December 24, 2003 and completed on June 28, 2008.
Pangu Plaza (Chinese: 盘古大观): Shaped like a dragon, a five-building complex with high-rise office tower, Dragon Corridor Shopping mall, Chinese courtyards in the sky (there were rumors that Bill Gates paid $17 million to rent one of the high-rise courtyard apartments for a single year) and Pangu Seven-star Hotel Beijing
Architect: C.Y. Lee & Partners (Chinese: 李祖原, pinyin: Li Zuyuan, best known for Taipei 101, the tallest building in Taiwan).
Origin of the name "Pangu": Pangu is the creator of the world in Chinese myth. Among his acts of creation was the separation of the heaven and earth.
from@meiguo Xing
A Baliuag ‘Masitera’ lansena
Estimate: PHP 100,000 - 110,000
1st quarter, 20th century
Bulacan
Narra, brass / glass mounts
195 x 127 x 54 cm (77 x 50 x 21 in)
A ‘lansena’ or hutch is a dining room sideboard for utensils, silvers and cutlery, etc., surmounted by open shelving to display fancy dinner plates and other tableware. Flanked by turned urn finials on either side and a row of struts below, the crown is a sinuous calado of pierced ‘masitera’ carvings – a motif that features scrolling foliates and flowers crawling from a pot. S-scroll brackets connect the upper part to the cupboard below with drawers and a cabinet, the doors of which are carved with pinwheels and oval center. The yellow-orange color of the wood and openness of the design accord this piece a light and easy provincial feel.
Lot 92 of the Salcedo Auctions auction on 26 November 2022. Please see salcedoauctions.com/auction/under-the-tree-the-wish-list-... for more details.
The Ticketing Business Forum annual conference at Emirates Old Trafford, Manchester. Picture by Paul Heyes, Thursday July 07, 2022.
Pannenhoef bos
Korte beschrijving
Van de veertiende tot de zeventiende eeuw werd in dit deel van Brabant de hele laag hoogveen afgegraven tot de zandondergrond. Er ontwikkelde zich moerasheide waar weinigen een bestaansgrond vonden. Vanaf 1800 werden de onafzienbare heidevelden geleidelijk ontgonnen tot cultuurland en bos. Van 1900 tot 1940 verhevigde de ontginningsintensiteit. In het kader van de werkverschaffing werden de vennen en overige lage delen opgehoogd met zand van hoge koppen als de Lokkerberg.
Door het verbreden en verdiepen van het beekje de Bijloop werd het gebied ontwaterd. Op de drooggevallen venbodem van De Lokker ontwikkelde zich natte heide, rietland, gagelstruweel en moerasbos van wilgen, elzen en berken. Door het plaatsen van stuwen in de Bijloop steeg het waterpeil van deze beek aanzienlijk. De kalk- en ijzerrijke kwel van de hogere gronden werd niet langer door de beek 'weggevangen'. Het verzuurde moeras van De Lokker werd er weer mee gevoed, wat zorgde voor een herstel van de amfibienstand en een uitbreiding van planten als wateraardbei, moeraswederik en moerasviooltje. Sinds enkele jaren vliegen er weer weide- en bosbeekjuffers boven de Bijloop. Zomertaling, blauwborst, waterral en roodborsttapuit broeden er.
Toen Brabants landschap het landgoed in 1970 kon verwerven, was nog maar circa 100 hectare woeste grond over. Door geleidelijk aan landbouwgronden uit de pacht te nemen, konden wij vanaf 1995 verscheidene verdwenen vennen opnieuw uitgraven. De afgelopen 12 jaar zijn maar liefst 11 vennen uit de dood herrezen. Vele zeldzame planten keerden weer terug uit de ondergrondse zaadbank: blauwe knoop, teer guichelheil, moerashertshooi, heidekartelblad en pilvaren zijn slechts enkele voorbeelden.
Om de bijzondere plantengroei blijvend te behouden wordt er kleinschalig geplagd en begrazen Schotse hooglanders en laaglanders (Galloways) en IJslandse pony's het gebied het jaar rond. Boven de hernieuwde vennen vliegen veel libellen, waaronder bloedrode en bruinrode heidelibel. Typische heidebewoners als levendbarende hagedis, heideblauwtje en bont dikkopje kunnen weer migreren en hun populaties voorzien van 'vers bloed'.
Het hoge, droge deel van de Pannenhoef bestaat grotendeels uit bos dat qua soortensamenstelling en leeftijdsopbouw gevarieerd is en veel dood hout kent. Dat vertaalt zich in een hoge broeddichtheid van zangvogels en spechten.
Het open weidegebied het Rondgors moet een verbindingsschakel worden tussen de Pannenhoef en de Vloeiweide. Bij piekafvoeren krijgt het tevens een waterbergingsfunctie. De voormalige gemeentebossen van Etten-Leur vormen een belangrijke droge verbindingsschakel tussen beide landgoederen.
ALTA BADIA, ITALY – DECEMBER 22: Alexis Pinturault of France competes during the Audi FIS Alpine Ski World Cup Men's Giant Slalom on December 22, 2013 in Alta Badia, Italy. (Photo by Alexis Boichard/Agence Zoom)
Sekolah Tinggi Perikanan Jl. AUP Pasar Minggu Jakarta Selatan 12520
(dulu DIKLAT AUP)
Atraksi Seni dan Budaya "Taruna-Taruni" STP dalam acara :
WISUDA ANGKATAN 42 – TAHUN 2010
Pada hari Sabtu, 07 Agustus 2010, Sekolah Tinggi Perikanan melantik 327 wisudawan dari enam program studi, yakni Teknologi Penangkapan Ikan, Permesinan Perikanan, Teknologi Pengolahan Hasil Perikanan, Akuakultur, Teknologi Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Perairan, dan Penyuluhan Perikanan.
Ketua STP, Dr. Aef Permadi, S.Pi, M.Si menyebutkan bahwa hingga sekarang STP telah menghasilkan 7749 lulusan yang bekerja di dalam maupun luar negeri. Di antara Sarjana Sains Terapan Perikanan yang diwisuda rencananya akan direkrut oleh perusahaan-perusahaan perikanan, seperti PT Ocean Mitramas dan PT Marindo. Saat ini STP membuka enam program studi yaitu Teknologi Penangkapan Ikan (TPI), Permesinan Perikanan (MP), Teknologi Pengolahan Hasil Perikanan (TPH), Teknologi Akuakultur (TAK), Teknologi Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Perairan (TPS), dan Penyuluhan Perikanan (PP) bagi para taruna yang berasal dari lulusan Sekolah Lanjutan Tingkat Atas baik umum maupun kejuruan, termasuk yang telah menjadi Pegawai Negeri Sipil. Biaya selama pendidikan, seperti asrama, konsumsi, perkuliahan, dan praktikum, sebagian besar ditanggung oleh Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan.
Annapurna Base Camp Trekking is known as Annapurna Sanctuary Trekking as is an brilliant stroll thru diverse landscape and subculture complete with prosperous mountain vistas, terraced fields, quaint Gurung villages and a vast range of flowers and fauna during your trip with Treks Himalaya. Get the view of over three dozens of mountains trekking in Nepal. Mt. Annapurna (8091m) of Nepal is the tenth best possible mountain in the world and the journey to its base camp, which is at 4130m height, is one of the most popular walks on earth. The Annapurna Base Camp Trek is one of the most famous treks in Annapurna region of Nepal trekking. Moreover, we reach our destination by way of Mt. Machapuchhre (Fishtail) which is revered with the aid of the Nepalese for its special beauty and most popular treks in the world. www.trekshimalaya.com/annapurna-base-camp-trekking.php
Furthermore nicely groomed itinerary of the Annapurna Base Camp package, it is a famous preference amongst various outside enthusiasts, from a solo lady tourist to hikers visiting in agencies to Nepal. Many landscapes and convey you so shut to the base of 7,000 and 8,000 meter peaks in a such a quick duration of time as the Annapurna Base Camp. This trek is the combination of easy walking trail along the various landscape, forests, water resources, villages and mountains. After an exploration day in Kathmandu, fly alongside the Himalayan Range to the lake town of Pokhara below the Annapurnas. Spend an afternoon exploring the town and strolling along the lake shore. Trail takes trekkers to base camp of tenth tallest mountain of the world Mt. Annapurna (8091 m).
This Annapurna Sanctuary Trek presents a comprehensive exploration of the most hanging area in the 50 km Annapurna Range. This trekking package is designed to aid acclimatization with reasonable daily altitude increases. Setting of Annapurna Base Camp at 4130 m is unique and fairly spectacular, set amidst the majestic peaks of Annapurna I (8091 m), Annapurna South (7219 m), Machapuchhre (6993 m) and Hiunchuli (6441 m). ABC (4130 m) along the Machhapuchhre Base Camp is the ultimate destination for the trekkers in which the panoramic view of mountains never fail to dazzle. It’s ignored with the aid of the domineering peaks of Annapurna (8091m) and Machhapuchchhre (6993m), meaning “Fishtail” for its distinct summit.
14 days Annapurna Base Camp Trekking itinerary
Day 01:- Kathmandu-Pokhara (820m.) by drive 6 to 8 hrs, air 25 minute O/N hotel.
Day 02:- Drive to Nayapul same day Tikhedhunga (1540m.) 4 hrs walk O/N hotel.
Day 03:- Tikhedhunga-Ghorepani (2850m.) 6 hours walk and overnight hotel.
Day 04:- Climb up to Poon Hill (3210m.) in the morning, see sunrise in 180 degree
back down to hotel in Ghorepani & trek to Tadapani (2590m.) 6 hrs walk O/N hotel.
Day 05:- Tadapani-Chhomrong (2340m.) 5 hours walk and overnight hotel.
Day 06:- Chhomrong-Himalaya Hotel (2920m.) 6 hours walk and overnight hotel.
Day 07:- Himalaya Hotel-Annapurna Base Camp (4130m.) 6-7 hrs walk O/N hotel.
Day 08:- Morning view from ABC and trek to Bamboo (2335m.) 6 hrs walk O/N hotel.
Day 09:- Bamboo-Jhinu (1780m.) 5 hours walking and overnight hotel.
Day 10:- Rest day in Jhinu and enjoy with hot spring and overnight hotel.
Day 11:- Jhinu-Ghandruk (1940m.) 4 hours walking and overnight hotel.
Day 12:- Ghandruk-Deurali (2000m.) 6 hours walking and overnight hotel.
Day 13:- Deurali-Dhampus Phedi (1130m.) walk & drive to Pokhara 5 hrs O/N hotel.
Day 14:- Pokhara-Kathmandu by drive 6 to 8 hours, air 25 minute O/N hotel.
Further information contact below:-
Treks Himalaya Pvt. Ltd.
P.O.Box: 23044, Tarakeshwor-5,
Lolang, Kathmandu, Nepal
Phone: 0097715169092
Mobile: 009779841433205
guidenepal@gmail.com
Things are not good in parts of the mill. Needles, foil and the like are scattered around, and someone has been sleeping in this room, along with others. Today, we saw no-one in here.
It appears that this place is the second oldest mill in Bradford (Holme mill - 1800, pretty much opposite is the oldest) This place was built in 1801/2 by Mr Piele, (a dyer) at two different periods, and at one time was two different mills. By 1833, Mr Benjamin and Matthew Thompson owned the whole of this mill. Today, it lies empty, trashed and open to the elements, the smack heads and the firestarters. The looms are long gone; the mill silent. Titus Salt, (an important Bradford man, who went on to build the enormous Salt's Mill in Saltaire - named after him and the River Aire) had been experimenting with a Russian wool called Donskoi wool for worsted manufacture. He was unable to persuade manufacturers to make use of the wool, and was determined to do so himself. After careful experimentation, he fully succeeded, by means of special machinery which he set up in here.
*EDIT*
It occurred to me today, that this was the second mill to be built in Bradford the year after Holme Mill. Holme mill was actually rebuilt, which by my reckoning makes this the oldest mill in Bradford, the mill capital of Britain. Sad that it is left to collapse then really. Good old Bradford.
Best viewed LARGE (on black) - seriously!!!
From left to right:
Carsten Lepper (Jack Favell), Susan Rigvava-Dumas (Mrs Denvers), Uwe Kröger (Maxim de Winter), Michael Kunze (Book & Lyrics), Wietske van Tongeren ("Ich"/"I"), Sylvester Levay (Music & Orchestration) Carin Filipcic (Mrs Van Hopper), André Bauer (Frank Crawley).
(You just HAVE to go to Sound & Vision > Music and listen to the snippet of "Rebecca" they have there. Susan Rigvava-Dumas is just.. Ahahahhhhhhhhh!!! Love her. LOVE HER. Gahh.)
HRT 6 is a Pure Natural Shampoo made with rare Indian herbs & suitable for all hair types. HRT 6 - Hair Repair Therapy is scientifically prepared using the principles of Ayurdeva. Its special ayurvedic formula makes it perfect for daily use.
Pattern:
Shrug This
www.oneskeinwonders.com/patterns/shrug.php
Yarn:
Schaefer Yarn Company Chris in Tatiana Proskouriakoff
around 1.1 skeins = 236.5 yards for Elanor's & 0.5 skeins = 107.5 yards for Liz
Child Version Cast On:
November 13, 2011
Child Version Completed:
Knitting Completed - November 30, 2011
Button Added - January 29, 2012
I found this shrug to make this for my DD. I think it is really cute. Also super simple. I picked it so that I might be able to get some knitting in under the table at my work conference. Since this is a very simple pattern, it fits the bill.
I will concur with the majority of people here who think this sweater is kinda small for an adult. I know my gauge was tighter as I went down a needle size. I got 17 sts per inch. However, even if I got gauge, I really think the pattern would only fit a petite adult. However, it worked perfectly for me as I made a kid sweater.
I used moss stitch for the edges. I think it will be a bit more sturdy than the ribbing and cuter.
I made a little ruffle on the bottom edge and the sleeve cuffs. I took it from Ruffled Moss Stitch Scarf. It looks adorable.
I decided to make full sleeves. I picked up 4 sts along the bottom opening. I decreased every 3 rows until I got down to 20 sts. It helped to pull in the sleeves so they fit well. With the stretch to it, it can fit well but not be too snug.
I only needed to break into the second skein for the ruffles at the cuffs. If I had just bound off the edges as the pattern suggested, it would have been well within the skein.
I have enough yarn remaining. I am hoping to make a matching shrug for the American Girl sized 18” doll she is getting from Santa this Christmas. I think it will be kinda sweet. And hey, the doll won’t outgrow the lovely yarn!
I love Schaefer yarns and splurged on this to make DD something. The nice thing about the pattern is that it is very loose gauge so it can stretch a lot. So I am hoping she can wear it for a few years. crosses fingers
Knitting completed 11/30. Just need to add a button. And since it is only one button, I think it will actually get done. crosses fingers
Okay. So I couldn’t find any button I liked for both the shrug for my daughter & her doll. Finally picked up cute hearts that looked good. Decide to flip the button to the side where I put the hole and actually just use an opening in the button band for the button as they are kinda small. Looks adorable.
On Doll Sweater:
Doll/Liz Version Cast On:
December 1, 2011
Doll/Liz Version Completed:
Knitting Completed - December 4, 2011
Button Added - January 29, 2012
More details on Ravelry
Visit www.fabinstyle.com / www.fabinstyle.in for latest Bollywood celebrity pictures, Hot Bollywood Celebrity pictures, Hot Bollywood actress, Hot actresses and Movie Timings, much more….
Isherwood grave
www.gravestonephotos.com/public/gravedetails.php?grave=21...
First Baron of Raggleswood, Sir Joseph William Isherwood. Married Annie Mary Fleetham of the Headland, Hartlepool. They had four children: Arnold, Alberta, William (the Second Baron of Raggleswood) and Marie. Arnold and Alberta are buried with Joseph at St Mary's, West Acklam, whilst William is buried with his mother, Annie Mary, at St Luke's, Bromley, Kent. Sir Joseph died at his London home, Grosvenor House, Park Lane, London W1. The Isherwood's Baronetcy name was provided from their country residence, the original Raggleswood House, located in Chislehurst, Kent. This is retained throughout various photographs by the Chislehurst Society and notably, the ariel view of the house taken in 1935, just prior to Sir Joseph's death. His eminent career is well mapped and recorded within various publications. He remains a well respected man, international naval architect, husband and father. His memory lives on through his contributions to naval research and through his assistance to government, notably during the First World War and in liaison with the Prime Minister, Stanley Baldwin. Sir Joseph's patents and designs were tested in liaison with the government at the National Physics Laboratory (NPL) Teddington. His family remain proud of his contributions towards naval technology advancement, all around the world. The Isherwood Hall at St. Mary’s was commissioned after Alberta and Arnold’s early passing, by Sir Joseph & Lady Annie Mary. The Hall was purposely built in the Arts & Crafts style. During this period, the family were living in Middlesbrough, whilst Joseph was building his first ship with the local firm Craggs. In addition, and after Alberta’s death, Sir Joseph & Lady Annie presented St Mary’s with a silver chalice, paten and wafer box, in her dear memory. In the family’s honour and memory, various plaques and tablets are visible at St Mary’s church and hall. Sir Joseph’s career stands as a testament to a great man.
My objective in scanning and subsequently uploading so many photographs from my archives is to preserve the images in digital form. I strongly believe that many if not most professional and advanced amateur photographers, are or should be doing the same thing with their images. In many instances like this they are preservation of photojournalistic or photodocumentary data from the past that can be viewed and enjoyed by future generations. I want to be certain that many of my better images outlive the shelf life of film and chemicals, fortunately digital imagery is the best way to do that.
This is a Kodachrome 64 slide scanned from my archives. The shot was taken in September 1984 in the Bunker Hill Financial District of Downtown Los Angeles. The skyline of the city has changed a great deal since that time.
© Lawrence Goldman 2011, All Rights Reserved
This work may not be copied, reproduced, republished, edited, downloaded, displayed, modified, transmitted, licensed, transferred, sold, distributed or uploaded in any way without my prior written permission.
This image has strong emotional meaning for me. I shot it on March 21, 2006. It was freezing cold and my hands were so cold, I could barely hold the camera still long enough to get these shots (it's a stitched composite of 16 images).
Times were so good when I shot this and I had no idea what hard times were to come within the next two months. I won't exploit my friend's memory here for the world, and I'm not looking for sympathy. But I miss him dearly.
Every time I see this image, I feel a strong surge of emotions. And every time I'm in Upstate New York, I have to visit this spot. I miss our adventures together.
If you ever have the opportunity to go on a trip with someone, take it. Even if you can't really afford it. If a friend just wants to hang out, don't find an excuse not to. Take every opportunity you can to explore what this world has to show you, and to spend as much time with friends as you can. You have no idea just how quickly those times can come to a permanent end.
I may only be 26, but I know how precious my youth still is. Stay young forever. There will come a day when you'll no longer be able to explore. And that day may not be in your later years.
Xel-Há, Parque Acuático de Cancun, Encuentro con Rayas.
Esta nueva actividad en Xel-Há te permitirá conocer a estos sorprendentes peces. Ve más allá del cristal de un acuario y siente su piel rugosa por arriba y tersa por debajo. Descubre cómo se alimenta y se reproduce en la hermosa caleta de la Riviera Maya
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Xel-Há Water Park Tulum, Stingrays Encounter.
Sting Ray Encounter is a new activity at Xel-Há park. It allows you to meet these awesome specie. Have you ever touched it? It feels rough and smooth at the same time. You will know how does they live at this beautiful inlet in the Riviera Maya.
www.vagamondi.net/c_dung_ppb.php
Oggettistica in Dung Paper con Carta riciclata in cacca d'elefante
ECO MAXIMUS è nata per produrre materiale per cancelleria e regalo da una materia molto "originale". Incredibilmente infatti, i prodotti di carta, totalmente
hand-crafted, sono fatti al 75% di sterco di elefante e per un 25% di carta riciclata.
PERCHE' ECO MAXIMUS ESISTE
Carta in cacca d'elefante
Lo Sri Lanka è la casa a di un decimo dei 40.000 elefanti Asiatici selvaggi, elefanti che in Sri Lanka non vengono uccisi per le loro zanne; non sono uccisi per la carne, poichè nessuno mangia la carne di elefante; non sono uccisi per la pelle, poichè non vi è mercato per non esiste industria della pelle di elefante.
Sono semplicemente uccisi perchè interferiscono con l'agricoltura. Dal 1950, è probabile che più di 4.000 elefanti siano stati abbattuti nel conflitto tra l'uomo e l'elefante.
L'elefante è senza spazio in Sri Lanka. La maggior parte delle aree protette abitate dagli elefanti sono piccole, meno di 1.000 kmq, mentre gli elefanti, possono spostarsi per centinaia di chilometri nel corso di una stagione. Il loro appetito è enorme e gli elefanti e le persone non possono vivere insieme dove l'agricoltura è la forma dominante di utilizzo del suolo, a meno che il danno che causano ai contadini possa essere ricompensato.
Maximus - Lavorazione carta
Non ci sono facili soluzioni per risolvere il conflitto! Molto dipenderà da come i contadini percepiranno il valore dell'elefante per fermarne l'uccisione ingiustificata. Molti si stanno convincendo che l'unico modo per convivere pacificamente passi attraverso l'utilizzo dell'elefante come una risorsa sostenibile economica. Lo sterco di elefante è un prodotto finito ed è anche una merce che è liberamente disponibile a in qualunque momento (mediamente ogni elefante adulto ne produce 180-200 kg al giorno) e, fino ad ora, nessuno aveva trovato alcun utilizzo.
Il progetto di Maximus per fabbricare la carta dallo sterco di elefante può aiutare la percezione dei contadini sul valore economico dell'elefante nelle aree di conflitto. Il progetto, cominciato nel 1997, ha prodotto con successo e lanciato sul mercato ciò che è conosciuto come "carta di pachiderma".
In questo modo "la cacca di elefante" prende la forma di quaderni, fogli di carta, scatole, borse ecc. La sola limitazione è l'immaginazione!
Maximus - Lavorazione carta
Questi prodotti sono divenuti estremamente popolari fra la popolazione locale ed i turisti stranieri. Anche se lo sterco di elefante non può risolvere il crescente conflitto uomo-elefante, il suo uso a beneficio dei contadini che soffrono andrà certamente ad innalzare il livello di tolleranza di questi ultimi. Se l'elefante sarà visto come un valore economico per contribuire significativamente al benessere delle persone, le stesse non ameranno vederlo scomparire dalla loro area. In conclusione, tutti gli sforzi sarebbero futili senza il sostegno delle comunità locali.
You know you waaaaannnnt to! • Well, seems like we had only good looking models in that shoot, huh?
From our amazing crazy cool photoshoot in a REAL studio with my flickr friends Kip, Caps, MizJ and Ulric... My goodness was that a load of fun. More pics later (so much to process). Make sure to visit their streams, they have pretty cool stuff!!
Model: Yennie
Makeup: Claudy Beaulieu
Durante il periodo della vendemmia e fino a ottobre inoltrato, c'è un'invasione di questi 'simpatici' insetti (abbastanza stupidi peraltro); qui a Marino li chiamano
Puzzamano Forse per via dello sgradevole odore che emanano quando vengono pestati :-(
E da voi come si chiamano?
i need to start reaching for the brighter things in life. yuck. i have to go back to school on monday. there won't be many pictures. i'm running of ideas, subjects, things like that. i wish i could just stop and see what i want to do, stop all of the things coming my way like swim practice and school and homework and all the attachments that come along with these things :( i feel as though i should let what's happening in my life shine through in this flickr description.
my grandpa was recently hospitalized because he choked on a piece of food. from what i've been told, i think they had to open up his chest and preform surgery to get the food out of his throat. he's survived the surgery, and i'm so happy about that. i felt pretty wonderful when my siblings and i got the phone call from my parents that told us he survived. he's eighty-five. i hope he lives til 100.
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Rafiz uddin ahamed focuses on business development and project management at BLACK iz WEBs and is a company partner. His duties include building client relationships and guiding clients through the design development processes. rafiz studied chemistry in M. M. college jessore, earning degrees in Business Administration and in Marketing, with a minor in Graphic Design & Public Relations.rafizuddin rafiz is another experienced teachers in BLACK iz IT Institute working on the first season of this institute. Along with rafiz's teaching qualification holds in Bachelor of Business studies (BSS) .He Worked as Senior Executive at a multinational company. Now he is working as a trainer on Expert SEO, Web Design & Development and more. Rafiz Ahamed’s interests include Online Market and Freelancing. His drive to pass his knowledge to students makes him a key asset to BLACK iz IT Institute.And Online Forex market. rafiz, rafizbd, rafizjess, rafiz bd, rafizuddin, eveloper, SEO Analyst,SEO Expert, SEO Adviser in Banglades, Best odesk worker in Bangladesh, top 10 Odesk earner in Bangladesh, Best Freelance In Bangladesh, WebDevelopment, Databases Developer in bd, php Developer in Bangladesh, custom cms Developer in Dhaka, software Developer in Bangladesh, Web web design, Responsive site, Dynamic Web, Mobile Device, Static Site, php Base site, css, HTML5, HTML5, CMS Web Marketer in BLACK iz IT
Bis Mitte der 1990er Jahre verlief beinahe der gesamte Anstieg auf den Lusen (bis kurz vor das Blockmeer) im schattigen Misch- bzw. Nadelwald. Ab 1995 fielen aufgrund der ungewöhnlich warmen Witterung jedoch weite Teile des alten Bergfichtenwaldes dem Borkenkäfer zum Opfer. Im Lusengebiet und nördlich davon traten auf rund 4000 Hektar die Schäden fast geschlossen auf. Dem Grundsatz des Nationalparkgedankens folgend wurden keine chemischen oder biologischen Abwehrmaßnahmen ergriffen. Dem Betrachter bietet sich vom Lusengipfel aus daher ein Bild, in dem immer noch die abgestorbenen Nadelbäume dominieren. Für viele Besucher des Nationalparks wirkt dieses Bild des augenscheinlich "toten Waldes" befremdlich. Die Nationalparkverwaltung hat sich jedoch dafür entschieden, kein Totholz aus dem betroffenen Gebiet zu entfernen. Sie vertritt die Philosophie "Natur Natur sein lassen". Es sterbe nicht der Wald, sondern nur seine alten Individuen. Im Schutze der toten Bäume wächst bereits ein neuer Wald zu einem europaweit einzigartigen “wilden Wald” nach. Der neue natürliche und baumartenreiche Wald dürfte den üblichen monotonen Nutzholzforsten ökologisch weit überlegen sein. Der Erlebnisweg "Hochwaldsteig" am Sommerweg gibt Einblicke in diese natürliche Waldentwicklung.
.
what happened before:
Capítulo anterior:
---
Frente a él, cara a cara, como hacía cinco años.
Las mismas llaves, el mismo sombrero, sus gafas de
montura fina, aquel larguísimo pasillo a oscuras, la
misma cámara sobre la mesa de trabajo, su lámpara
encendida...
Todo había quedado anclado en el tiempo desde aquel
momento en el que se le dió por muerto. Aquel miércoles
que nunca existió, en el que la dama de negro le hizo llegar
su mensaje.
Y Benito seguía allí, preso de su locura, frente al reflejo de sí mismo.
Atrapado en un tiempo de nadie del que ya no podía salir.
En efecto, Paramio era el peor de sus fantasmas,
y su propia imagen así se lo mostraba.
---
Right in front of him, face to face, just like five years ago.
The same keys, the same hat, his glasses,
that long dark corridor, the same camera on the table,
the lamp on...
All that had been frozen in time since that day
when he had been left for dead.
That wednesday never existed, the day when
the woman in black sent him her message.
And Benito was still there, imprisoned by
his own madness, facing his own reflection.
Trapped in a time that was no one´s,
from which he could not escape.
Yes indeed, Paramio was the worst ghost to himself.
His own image was the proof.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ info: beliomagazine.com/app/webroot/index.php/stories/view/5323
The Live, We Rise (Están Vivos, Nosotros Nos Sublevamos) es una edición especial totalmente distinta en su forma a nuestras publicaciones anteriores. Para sorpresa de muchos, nuestro nuevo Belio es un periódico comprometido con la situación social, económica y política de nuestros días.
Se trata de una edición física y digital inspirada en la película Están Vivos (They Live) de John Carpenter. Una especie de homenaje a la película para denunciar una sociedad conformista y lobotomizada. El diseño y contenido del periódico se basa en una de las celebres escenas de la película en que su protagonista descubre gracias a unas gafas los mensajes ocultos escondidos en la publicidad y en los medios de comunicación. Para leer nuestro periódico NO necesitarás dichas gafas... Pero en el pack a la venta hemos incluido unas gafas de 3D anaglíficas con las que podrás leer la edición digital We Rise que se puede descargar de forma gratuita desde www.beliomagazine.com. Todo va dentro de una funda de PVC transparente serigrafiada limitada a 1000 unidades, que podrás comprar mandando un mail a store@beliomagazine.com
----------------------
The Live, We Rise is a special edition absolutely different in form to all our previous publications. To the surprise of many, our next Belio is a newspaper compromised with the social, economic and political situation today.
This is a physical and digital edition inspired by John Carpenter's movie They Live. A short of homage to the film in order to expose a conformist and lobotomized society. The design and content of the newspaper is based in one of the famous scene from the movie where the protagonist discovers the hidden messages in advertising and the media with the help of some special glasses. To read our newspaper, you won't need those glasses... But we have included in the pack a special 3D anaglyph glasses that you will need to read the online edition We Rise which can be downloaded at www.beliomagazine.com. Everything is packed within a transparent PVC bag screenprinted and limited to 1000 units, that you can order directly to us by sending an e.mail to store@beliomagazine.com
if you've ever been to colombia, and specifically cartagena, then this photo probably doesn't look that surreal. for the majority that don't fall into that category i can see how this looks pretty fucked up. and in truth it kinda is. it's a place called volcan de lodo el totumo which is a mud volcano. legend has it that it used to be a run-of-the-mill fire and lava volcano until a priest banished the devil inside and turned it into mud. obviously the legend is steeped in bollocks. either way it's a fun place to visit as you can bathe in the crater. it's a surreal experience as the mud is so thick and dense. as a result it's really hard to stand vertically as your body naturally tends to float flat. it was also almost (although as i crucially discovered not) impossible to put you head under and sink. after some massaging and bathing we had the idea of lying down flat from one end to the other and seeing if we could run across each other. i was tasked with asking that in spanish, which i'll admit wasn't a phrase i'd picked up in any of my previous classes. surprisingly they managed to understand and even more surprisingly they said it was no problem. no one ever made it to the final body before slipping and splashing into the mud, but we had fun trying.
this is one of the rare photos on this site that i didn't actually take myself. i was in the mud bath as well (off frame) so i gave my camera to a guy called antonio and asked him to take pictures for me. whilst i asked him to take this, he actually composed it and pressed the shutter, so i need to share the credit with him. then again i did the post processing, and gave him 3000 pesos, so i don't feel guilty at claiming this as my creation.
here's the original
'#2802 American Bison' On Black
Bison have a shaggy, dark brown winter coat, and a lighter weight, lighter brown summer coat. Bison can reach up to 2 metres (6½ ft) tall, 3 metres (10 ft) long and weigh 450 to 900 kilograms (900 to 2,000 lb). The biggest specimens on record have weighed as much as 1140 kg (2,500 lb). The heads and forequarters are massive, and both sexes have short, curved horns, which they use in fighting for status within the herd and for defence. Bison mate in August and September; a single reddish-brown calf is born the following spring, and it nurses for a year. Bison are mature at three years of age, and have a life expectancy of 18 to 22 years in the wild and 35 to 40 years in captivity. Bison can jump up to 6 feet high and run up to 40 mph, a fact that comes as a surprise to those familiar with docile domesticated cattle.
One very rare condition results in the white buffalo, where the calf turns entirely white. It is not to be confused with albino, since white bison still possess pigment in the skin, hair, and eyes. White bison are considered sacred by many Native Americans.
Due to its size and the protection afforded by living in a herd, the bison have few enemies besides humans. Grizzly bears and wolves may attempt to attack young calves or subadults, but only in the dead of winter when the herd cannot expend the energy to protect stragglers. A wolf pack can also take down an adult bison, wolves frequently test even the largest bison for weaknesses, usually several wolves may pursue a bison and attempt to bring it down after the bison has succumbed to exhaustion or wounds from the wolves' deadly jaws. The only other threat, other than hunting by humans, that leads to the depletion of wild bison is interbreeding with domestic bovines. In fact, only a small number of bison herds found in North America today are pure breed bison.
If you have a moment, peruse my Birmingham Zoo Photos:
www.flickr.com/photos/belle19661/sets/72157600015602974/c...
桃園縣推廣動物保護協會↓
www.tyacad.org/phpbb2/viewforum.php?f=38
流浪動物花園-新屋收容所↓
www.doghome.org.tw/phpbb2/viewforum.php?f=172
（BC區單隻介紹他們的故事，請看莊稚庭的FB塗鴉牆或潘貢丸的相簿）
www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100000793554233
（C區單隻介紹他們的故事，請看以下的FB塗鴉牆）
（C區幼犬區介紹他們的故事，請看以下的FB塗鴉牆）
www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100000133872571
www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100000218148647
（桃園濫捕多，一週殺兩次，籠位變動快，現場看最準）
桃園縣每日捕捉公告
我家沒事別來↓
Holocaust Remembrance Event To Be Held At Iranian Mission in NYC
www.jewishvoiceny.com/index.php?option=com_content&vi...
Yom HaSho’a – Holocaust Remembrance Day
kosherscene.wordpress.com/2014/04/28/yom-hashoa-holocaust...
Note: If time restraints prevent you from watching the entire STOP IRAN NOW rally, the speeches by Lt. Col. Allen West, Admiral James Lyons Jr., and Frank Gaffney are highly recommended.
Telecast of July 22, 2015 'STOP IRAN NOW RALLY' IN TIMES SQUARE:
www.youtube.com/watch?v=QgEaL3BioPw
Former Congressman LT. Col. Allen West's passionate/ genuine comments at the Rally:
www.youtube.com/watch?v=miKOVEBpNCQ
Frank Gaffney, Clare Lopez, Adm. Ace Lyons at Stop-Iran Rally in NY [36]
www.youtube.com/watch?v=UrVlhJ0m86I
........................
Articles:
US to Lift Sanctions on Iran Supreme Leader Khamenei’s $100 Billion Empire
jtf.org/us-to-lift-sanctions-on-iran-supreme-leader-khame...
Kerry Blames the Jews: Israel Will Be ‘Blamed’ If Congress Rejects Iran Deal
jtf.org/kerry-blames-the-jews-israel-will-be-blamed-if-co...
Iran Can Buy A Lot of Terror With $100 Billion
jtf.org/iran-can-buy-a-lot-of-terror-with-100-billion/
Obama Lied: There Are No Ballistic Missile Restrictions in Iran Deal
jtf.org/obama-lied-there-are-no-ballistic-missile-restric...
Iranian Textbooks Teach War and Jihad Against US, West
jtf.org/iranian-textbooks-teach-war-and-jihad-against-us-...
Great debate on Iran: Brilliant Ted Cruz vs. Code Pink leftists (new video)
jtf.org/great-debate-on-iran-brilliant-ted-cruz-vs-code-p...
Iranian General: We Hate US 100 Times More For the Nuclear Deal
jtf.org/iranian-general-we-hate-us-100-times-more-for-the...
Iran is building HUNDREDS of nuclear bombs and Netanyahu does nothing (2 videos)
jtf.org/iran-is-building-hundreds-of-nuclear-bombs-and-ne...
Holding a Gun, Iran Dictator Calls for Muslim World to Unite and Destroy Israel
jtf.org/holding-a-gun-iran-dictator-calls-for-muslim-worl...
ZOA: Deal Repeatedly Refers to Iran’s “Voluntary Measures”: Does Iran Have No Real Obligations?
zoa.org/2015/07/10291044-zoa-deal-repeatedly-refers-to-ir...
ZOA Agrees With Huckabee –– Iran Deal Could Lead To Holocaust-Like Massacre of Jews
zoa.org/2015/07/10291703-zoa-agrees-with-huckabee-iran-de...
Stanford’s Sowell: Nuke Deal Tells Us –– “America’s Best Interests Not Obama’s Top Priority”
zoa.org/2015/07/10291188-stanfords-sowell-nuke-deal-tells...
View On Black Con el apagón, qué cosas suceden.♫
Solo por subir algo y tener una excusa para escribir...
Entré a la U y solo maravillas puedo decir hasta ahora. Luego las cosas se van a poner aaarto más peludas, pero ahora es cuando hay que ponerle ganas.
Viviendo solo, disfrutando de una total independencia.
Y ahora, al fín, con poco tiempo para pensar, pero bien aprovechado y bien analizado, las cosas van pasando.
Importantes, claro, pero no sé si sea provechozo darle tanta vuelta.
Como decía... solo maravillas puedo decir hasta ahora.
___________________________________________________________________
Just to upload something and have an excuse for writing.
I started on college, only nice things I can tell for now. Then, things will become really dificult, but now is when I have to go on hard.
Living alone, enjoying full independence.
And now, finally, with quite little time to think, but well used and well analyzed, things are going through.
Important things, surely, but I don't know if it's helpful to re-think it all.
As I said... only nice things I can tell for now
I dig my toes into the sand.
The ocean looks like a thousand diamonds strewn across a blue blanket.
I lean against the wind, pretend that I am weightless...
And in this moment I am happy...happy~
The Ticketing Business Forum annual conference at Emirates Old Trafford, Manchester. Picture by Paul Heyes, Thursday July 07, 2022.
Whitish valves tinted slightly yellow with characteristic black-brown streaks. Whitish girdle has no pattern and is stained yellow.
Orkney, Scotland, June 2022. © A. Skene.
Full SPECIES DESCRIPTION BELOW
PDF available at www.researchgate.net/publication/387626826_Leptochiton_as...
Sets of OTHER SPECIES at: www.flickr.com/photos/56388191@N08/collections/
Leptochiton asellus (Gmelin, 1791)
Synonyms: Chiton asellus Gmelin, 1791; Chiton asellus Chemnitz in Forbes & Hanley 1853; Chiton cinereus Linnaeus, 1767 sensu Montagu, 1803 in Jeffreys, 1865; Lepidopleurus asellus (Gmelin, 1791).
Current Taxonomy WoRMS www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=140199
GLOSSARY BELOW
Shell Description
Leptochiton asellus grows to a maximum length of 18 or 19 mm. It is a broad oval with width 60% to 70% of its length 01La flic.kr/p/2qCvBg4 & 12La flic.kr/p/2qCvypH . Intermediate valves ii to vii have almost straight side slopes. Valves iv and v and are elevated about 36% (Kaas & Van Belle, 1985) of their span 02La flic.kr/p/2qCuqFB creating a low shell profile. They are moderately keeled and, when unworn, each valve usually has a slight beak which is best seen in lateral view 02La flic.kr/p/2qCuqFB & 12La flic.kr/p/2qCvypH .
In clean water, the tegmentum (dorsal surface) is dirty white or light grey, usually with longitudinal dark streaks of black-brown 03La flic.kr/p/2qCw7GL , grey 01La flic.kr/p/2qCvBg4 , brown 04La flic.kr/p/2qCvDPm or olive green. In many places the colour is dominated by deposits of brown 05La flic.kr/p/2qCpLHg or black 06La flic.kr/p/2qCvz9J on the valves and girdle, varying in intensity and extent up to an almost complete cover. When cover is partial, the deposits are usually most dense on the oldest shell material near the posterior margin of each valve, and least intense on recent growth at the ends of each valve and on the anterior margins which are often covered by the adjacent valve 05La flic.kr/p/2qCpLHg .
The head valve (i) is almost semicircular 07La flic.kr/p/2qCvDyG with a straight front slope 08La flic.kr/p/2qCvzLw . The tail valve (viii) is bluntly triangular and narrower than the head valve. Its length is less than half its width 09La flic.kr/p/2qCpGkU and its posterior slope is straight or slightly concave 08La flic.kr/p/2qCvzLw . The mucro is slightly anterior of the centre 09La flic.kr/p/2qCpGkU of the tail valve (viii) but seems more so when the anterior of the valve is hidden under the posterior of valve vii 07 La & 08La flic.kr/p/2qCvzLw . The tegmentum (dorsal surface) of the valves is roughened by many small, low pustules which are arranged in crowded radiating lines on the head valve (70 to 80), postmucronal part of the tail valve, and lateral triangles of intermediate valves (15 to 20) 04La flic.kr/p/2qCvDPm & 07La flic.kr/p/2qCvDyG . They are in longitudinal lines on the central area of intermediate valves (60 to 70) 07La flic.kr/p/2qCvDyG and the antemucronal area of the tail valve 09La flic.kr/p/2qCpGkU . Valves i and viii and the lateral areas of valve ii to vii have concentric growth lines which vary in number and clarity; sometimes being made more discernible by differential staining 01La flic.kr/p/2qCvBg4 . The tegmentum is permeated by aesthete canals containing sensory tissue.
The whitish or greyish blue articulamentum is thin and weak 10La flic.kr/p/2qCwreR . It protrudes from under the tegmentum as a pair of small apophyses which are approximately triangular with a rounded apex, and are separated by a wide sinus 10La flic.kr/p/2qCwreR . As on other Leptochiton species, the ventral surfaces of the valves have no slits forming insertion plates (Matthews, 1967) 10La flic.kr/p/2qCwreR & 11La flic.kr/p/2qCvAXK .
When the narrow girdle is fully spread, each side of it is about 10% of the total body width 12La flic.kr/p/2qCvypH . Dorsally, it is whitish 12La flic.kr/p/2qCvypH with no pattern, but is often stained with brown and black 06La flic.kr/p/2qCvz9J or yellow 03La flic.kr/p/2qCw7GL to rust 13La flic.kr/p/2qCpGgq coloured deposits. It has irregularly spaced, crowded, elongate, bluntly pointed scales which are often stained by deposits 06La flic.kr/p/2qCvz9J , 12La flic.kr/p/2qCvypH & 13La flic.kr/p/2qCpGgq . Ventrally, it has radiating, elongate, rectangular scales with blunt, distal points 14La flic.kr/p/2qCvwCX . The mantle edge has slender, smooth, white needle like spicules and stout spicules (Kaas & Van Belle, 1985) 15La flic.kr/p/2qCvzrZ .
Body Description.
The head and foot rarely protrude into view naturally on live individuals, and are best seen if the chiton is removed from the substrate and attached to glass.
The head consists of a mouth surrounded by the anterior of the foot and a large anterior and lateral rim; it has no eyes or sensory tentacles. When shut the mouth is a transverse slit 16La flic.kr/p/2qCvzdN which opens into circle, sometimes revealing the dull reddish radula 17La flic.kr/p/2qCpG3Q .The median and intermediate plates of the radula widen distally into curved blades. The flesh is whitish or yellowish, often with pink edges on the foot, head and mantle fold 15La flic.kr/p/2qCvzrZ . Dark viscera may show faintly through the slightly translucent sole.
The aragonite valves have a thin weakly developed articulamentum and a tegmentum permeated by aesthete canals. They lack strength and are easily fractured 11La flic.kr/p/2qCvAXK , but strong muscles often hold the broken parts in position and may enable the chiton to continue functioning. The transverse muscles form thick pads in the overlap between adjacent valves 10La flic.kr/p/2qCwreR . They connect the dorsal surface of the anterior insertion plate of one valve to the ventral surface of the posterior edge of the adjacent preceding valve.
The mantle cavity is an open groove around the whole animal 15La flic.kr/p/2qCvzrZ & 18La flic.kr/p/2qCumcG . On each side the groove contains 7 to 13 simply pinnate, fleshy gills 19La flic.kr/p/2qCum3y . They extend alongside the posterior 40% or less of the foot (merobranch arrangement) to the anal papilla from which the anus opens into the mantle cavity at the posterior. Excretory nephridiopores and gonopores open laterally into the posterior quarter of the cavity. There is no penis as fertilization is external.
Key identification features
Leptochiton asellus (Gmelin, 1791)
1) Max. L. c. 18 mm. Broad oval; W/L 60-70% 01La flic.kr/p/2qCvBg4 . Intermediate valves H. c. 35% of their span so a low shell profile 02La flic.kr/p/2qCuqFB .
2) Valves ii to vii have straight side slopes and a keel 02La flic.kr/p/2qCuqFB .
3) Valves dorsally whitish, sometimes dark longitudinal streaks 03La flic.kr/p/2qCw7GL Often widely stained rufous 05La flic.kr/p/2qCpLHg or black 06La flic.kr/p/2qCvz9J . No ventral slits.
4) Girdle whitish with no pattern. Often stained rufous or black. Narrow girdle width on each side about 10% of total width 12La flic.kr/p/2qCvypH .
5) Girdle has crowded, irregularly spaced, elongate, bluntly pointed scales 12La flic.kr/p/2qCvypH & 13La flic.kr/p/2qCpGgq .
6) Dorsally, valves roughened by crowded lines of pustules 07La flic.kr/p/2qCvDyG .
7) 7 to 13 merobranch gills alongside posterior 40% or less of foot; no space separates them from prominent anal papilla 18La flic.kr/p/2qCumcG & 19La flic.kr/p/2qCum3y .
8) Mucro not swollen and slightly to anterior of centre of valve viii. Valves ii-vii all have beak visible from side, unless eroded 02La flic.kr/p/2qCuqFB & 08La flic.kr/p/2qCvzLw .
9) Sublittoral and at LWS on shores. North-west Europe. All round Britain, probably commonest sublittoral chiton.
10) Sole whitish or yellowish often with pink edges on the foot, head and mantle fold 15La flic.kr/p/2qCvzrZ .
Similar species
Leptochiton cancellatus (G. B. Sowerby II, 1840)
1) Max. L. c. 8 mm. Intermediate valves H. c. 40% of their span 20La flic.kr/p/2qCpFYb so profile moderately high.
2) Valves ii to vii have smooth, exterior convex curve with no keel 20La flic.kr/p/2qCpFYb .
3) Valves whitish or cream, often widely stained rufous or black. No ventral slits 21La flic.kr/p/2qCvzcf .
4) Girdle whitish with no pattern. Often stained rufous 21La flic.kr/p/2qCvzcf or black.
5) Dorsal girdle scales squarish with rolled tip.
6) Dorsal surface of valves is cancellated by closely packed, almost touching, oval granules in chainlike lines 21La flic.kr/p/2qCvzcf running radially on valves i & viii, and on lateral areas of valves ii to vii (sometimes obsolete on lateral areas) . Lines longitudinal on central areas of valves ii to vii.
7) About 8 gills close to anus at posterior (merobranch) 22La flic.kr/p/2qCumdP .
8) Mucro slightly swollen and to posterior of centre of extracted valve viii (part of anterior concealed on live specimens) No posterior beak on intermediate valves 23La flic.kr/p/2qCwFJH .
9) Only at LWS and sublittorally. All round Britain. Probably overlooked.
10) Sole whitish pink centrally, becoming reddish pink towards periphery 22La flic.kr/p/2qCumdP .
Leptochiton scabridus (Jeffreys, 1880).
1) Max. L. c. 8 mm. Intermediate valves H. c. 30% of their span
20La flic.kr/p/2qCpFYb so profile low.
2) Valves ii to vii have slightly convex side slopes and a slight keel 20La flic.kr/p/2qCpFYb .
3) Valves whitish to dull orange 24La flic.kr/p/2qCwJG1 , often widely stained rufous or black. No ventral slits.
4) Girdle whitish with no pattern. Often stained rufous 24La flic.kr/p/2qCwJG1 or black.
5) Dorsal girdle has densely packed squarish scales.
6) Rows of raised, nodules are largest towards anterior and outer margins of valves 25La flic.kr/p/2qCujmn .
7) Gills confined to posterior half (merobranch) 26La flic.kr/p/2qCuz29 .
8) Mucro swollen and near centre of valve viii. Postmucronal slope entirely concave No posterior beak on intermediate valves, but anterior of valve ii tends to be angulated.
9) Only at LWS and sublittorally. Rare, only SW England, Channel Islands and Brittany.
10) Whole sole strikingly bright red 26La flic.kr/p/2qCuz29 .
Lepidochitona cinerea (Linnaeus, 1767).
1) Max. L. c. 28 mm. Intermediate valves H. c. 40% of their span 20La flic.kr/p/2qCpFYb so profile moderately high.
2) Valves ii to vii have convex side slopes and a keel 20La flic.kr/p/2qCpFYb .
3) Valves diversely coloured and patterned, including whitish resembling Leptochiton species 27La flic.kr/p/2qCvKp3 . Not often stained black or rufous. Ventral surfaces have 8 slits (i), 1 slit at each end (ii - vii) and 10 to 12 slits (viii).
4) Girdle has a unique (in N.W. Europe) lozenge pattern 28La flic.kr/p/2qCpDgc , but sometimes indistinct, especially on whitish specimens which are easily confused with Leptochiton species.
5) Dorsal surface of girdle has densely packed rounded granules 28La flic.kr/p/2qCpDgc .
6) Dorsal surface of valves has densely packed rounded granules, not in straight lines 29La flic.kr/p/2qCuiw6 .
7) Usually 16 to19 gills each side for whole length of foot (holobranch) 30La flic.kr/p/2qCvH5E .
8) Distinct posterior beak on intermediate valves 29La flic.kr/p/2qCuiw6 .
9) Midshore level and below. All round Britain. Commonest littoral chiton.
10) Sole pinkish white to orange pink, usually with grey viscera showing centrally 30La flic.kr/p/2qCvH5E .
Stenosemus albus (Linnaeus, 1767)
1) Max. L. c. 17 mm, exceptionally 22 mm. H. c. 45% to 50% of their span so profile moderately high 31La flic.kr/p/2qCpNpx .
2) Valves ii to vii have slightly convex side slopes and a distinct keel 31La flic.kr/p/2qCpNpx .
3) Valves white 32La flic.kr/p/2qCvCzg , very light buff, tinted pink or golden yellow 31La flic.kr/p/2qCpNpx often stained brown or black 32La flic.kr/p/2qCvCzg . Ventral surfaces have 13 slits (i), 1 slit at each end (ii - vii) and 11 or 12 slits (viii).
4) Girdle coloured as the valves; no pattern. Girdle width on each side about 12% of total width.
5) Girdle has deeply embedded, substantial, rounded, calcareous, evenly spaced, discrete, button-like granules which distinctly contrast with the pale girdle when they are coated with brown or black deposits 32La flic.kr/p/2qCvCzg .
6) Dorsal surface of valves looks smooth to naked eye and on many images but small oval papillae may be visible in good light under magnification.
7) About 20 gills on each side; merobranch but more numerous and extending further forward than on L. asellus. Space between them and the small anal papilla 33La flic.kr/p/2qCwvSo .
8) Valves ii-vii usually lack beaks; occasional on valve vi and/or vii.
9) Arctic , boreal and temperate zones of northern hemisphere. Usually sublittoral, at increasing depths southwards. Rarely intertidal at ELWS 31La flic.kr/p/2qCpNpx .
10) Sole is slightly-translucent white, sometimes showing dark viscera.
Habits and ecology
L. asellus lives on rocky shores at ELWS and below to 250 m (Kaas & Van Belle, 1985). Off Iceland it has been dredged from 65 to 320 m (Delongueville et al. 2024).
The articulated shell enables it to conform closely to uneven rock surfaces which the large foot grips firmly. The aragonite shell is weak and frequently broken, but the valve fragments may be held in position by strong muscles which allow the chiton to continue functioning. It has no eyes on its head but aesthetes in the valves of chitons have sensory functions.
Tufts of cilia on the surfaces of the mantle cavity and gills create aninhalant respiratory water-current entering the mantle cavity wherever the girdle is raised laterally. The current passes along the cavity through the gills to the posterior 18La flic.kr/p/2qCumcG , where faecal pellets from the anus on the anal papilla join the flow to be expelled from under the raised girdle.
L. asellus feeds by scraping microalgae and associated organisms from the rock surface using its radula of chitin hardened with magnetite. It detects suitable food by protruding between each stroke of the radula a subradular ‘tasting’ organ (Yonge & Thompson, 1976). The large anterolateral rim round the mouth 17La flic.kr/p/2qCpG3Q and the anterior of the foot probably help retain loosened food particles.
Reproduction is gonochoric. The water current in the mantle cavity carries sperm or ova from lateral gonopores to exit at the posterior. As fertilization is external, synchronised emission of sperm and ova is needed to ensure success. The ova hatch into planktonic trochophore larvae and later metamorphose into small adult-form young without an intervening veliger stage.
Distribution and status
L. asellus is the most common chiton sublittorally in the north-east Atlantic Ocean from Iceland, Spitzbergen, the Barents Sea and possibly Greenland to Galicia, Spain (Kaas & Van Belle, 1985). GBIF map www.gbif.org/species/5193785 . It is frequent offshore all around Britain with the apparent exception of the north-east of the Irish Sea. NBN map species.nbnatlas.org/species/NBNSYS0000176074
Acknowledgements
I gratefully thank George Brown, David Kipling, Claude Nozères, Ian Paterson, Alastair Skene and Julia Sigwart for use of images, and Paula Lightfoot, David McKay, Simon Taylor and Steve Trewhella for specimens to study and photograph.
Links and references
Delongueville, C., Ólafsdóttir, S.H. & Scaillet, R. 2024. Report of ten years Mollusca collection in Icelandic waters by the Marine and Freshwater Research Institute. Hafnarfjörður, Iceland. www.hafogvatn.is/static/research/files/hv2024_06.pdf
Forbes, E. & Hanley S. 1853. A history of the British mollusca and their shells. vol. 2 London, van Voorst. (As Chiton asellus Chemnitz.) archive.org/details/historyofbritish02forbe/page/407/mode...
Fox, R. 2007. Invertebrate Anatomy On Line. Katharina tunicata lanwebs.lander.edu/faculty/rsfox/invertebrates/katharina....
Jeffreys, J.G. 1865. British conchology. vol. 3. London, van Voorst. (As Chiton cinereus Linnaeus, 1767 sensu Montagu, 1803.) archive.org/details/britishconcholog03jeffr/page/220/mode...
Jones, A.M. & Baxter, J.M. 1987. Molluscs: Caudofoveata, Solenogastres, Polyplacophora and Scaphopoda London, Linnean Society, and Estuarine and Brackish-water Sciences Association.
Kaas, P. and Van Belle, R.A. 1985. Monograph of living chitons.
vol 1 Leiden and Boston, Brill.
Matthews, G. 1967. The identification of British chitons. Papers for Students No.9. London, Conchological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. (As Lepidopleurus asellus.) conchsoc.org/papers_for_students
Schwabe, E. 2010. Illustrated summary of chiton terminology. Spixiana 33(2):171-194. www.researchgate.net/publication/258843995_Illustrated_su...
Glossary
aesthetes = complex of canals permeating shell; filled with sensory tissue.
antemucronal = anterior to the mucro on a tail valve (viii).
anterolateral = situated on the side near the anterior.
apophysis = (pl. apophyses) protuberance within a shell for attachment of muscles. On chitons, anterior extension of articulamentum which underlies next valve; on all valves except head valve.
aragonite = crystalline mineral-form of calcium carbonate; less common on land than calcite, but, currently, the more frequent mineral-form in oceans and living mollusc shells.
articulamentum = ventral shell-layer of chiton valves.
articulated = having sections (valves) connected by a flexible joint.
cancellated = has lattice like pattern.
chitin = semitransparent flexible horny protein.
chitinous = (adj.) made of chitin.
cilia = (pl.) motile linear extensions of membrane used in locomotion, or to create water currents. (“cilium” singular).
distal = away from centre of body or from point of attachment.
ELWS = extreme low water spring tide, two periods near equinoxes when tide falls lowest.
girdle = peripheral band of thickened, reflexed mantle which encloses ends of valves.
gonochoric = having separate male and female individuals, not hermaphrodite.
gonopore = opening through which eggs or sperm are released.
holobranch = gills in mantle cavity extend full length, or almost, of foot.
intermediate valve = valves ii to vii.
lateral triangle = (on valves ii - vii) triangular area with its base along lateral edge of valve and its apex near the centre of the posterior edge. a.k.a. lateral area.
mantle = sheet of tissue that secretes the shell, surrounds the viscera and forms a cavity for the gill in most marine molluscs.
mantle cavity = (in chitons; a.k.a. pallial groove) narrow groove around whole foot and head, roofed by mantle and containing gills, nephridiopores and gonopores.
magnetite = mineral of iron oxide, hardest material made by any living organism.
median = at/near centre of body as opposed to the sides.
merobranch = gills in pallial cavity only in posterior two-thirds of animal.
motile = (adj.) able to move spontaneously; applicable to whole animals or to parts of them such as cells, gametes or cilia.
mucro = protuberance on tail valve (viii) of chiton demarking posterior from rest of valve; varies in prominence and position.
nephridium = tubular excretory/osmoregulatory organ. (a.k.a. kidney).
nephridiopore = opening of nephridium for excretion. (a.k.a. renal pore).
pinnate = (simply pinnate) bearing pinnae in one plane like a feather without any branching of the individual pinnae to the bipinnate or tripinnate pattern.
plankton = animals and plants that drift in pelagic zone (main body of water).
planktonic = (adj.) of or pertaining to plankton.
postmucronal = situated to posterior of mucro on tail valve of a chiton.
pustule = pimple
radula = ribbon of chitin bearing chitinous teeth impregnated with magnetite.
side slope = shape in profile view (from posterior or anterior) of lateral triangles of intermediate valves; may be straight, convex, concave or a combination of these.
sinus = a cavity, channel or space, such as the gap between apophyses.
sublittoral = below level of low water spring tide.
tegmentum = outer shell-layer of chiton valves, usually porous and relatively soft.
trochophore = spherical or pear-shaped larvae that move with aid of girdle of cilia. Subsequent veliger stage of most marine molluscs is not found in chitons.
veliger = shelled larva of marine gastropod or bivalve mollusc which swims by beating cilia of a velum (bilobed flap).
WoRMS = World Register of Marine Species