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The monumental gateway to the Acropolis, the Propylaea was built under the general direction of the Athenian leader Pericles, but Phidias was given the responsibility for planning the rebuilding the Acropolis as a whole at the conclusion of the Persian Wars. According to Plutarch, the Propylaea was designed by the architect Mnesicles, but we know nothing more about him. Construction began in 437 BCE and was terminated in 432, when the building was still unfinished.
The Propylaea was constructed of white Pentelic marble and gray Eleusinian marble or limestone, which was used only for accents. Structural iron was also used, though William Bell Dinsmoor analyzed the structure and concluded that the iron weakened the building. The structure consists of a central building with two adjoining wings on the west (outer) side, one to the north and one to the south. The core is the central building, which presents a standard six-columned Doric façade both on the West to those entering the Acropolis and on the east to those departing. The columns echo the proportions (not the size) of the columns of the Parthenon. There is no surviving evidence for sculpture in the pediments.
The central building contains the gate wall, about two-thirds of the way through it. There are five gates in the wall, one for the central passageway, which was not paved and lay along the natural level of the ground, and two on either side at the level of the building's eastern porch, five steps up from the level of the western porch. The central passageway was the culmination of the Sacred Way, which led to the Acropolis from Eleusis.
Entrance into the Acropolis was controlled by the Propylaea. Though it was not built as a fortified structure, it was important that people not ritually clean be denied access to the sanctuary. In addition, runaway slaves and other miscreants could not be permitted into the sanctuary where they could claim the protection of the gods. The state treasury was also kept on the Acropolis, making its security important.
The gate wall and the eastern (inner) portion of the building sit at a level five steps above the western portion, and the roof of the central building rose on the same line. The ceiling in the eastern part of the central building was famous in antiquity, having been called by Pausanias (about 600 years after the building was finished) "...down to the present day unrivaled." It consisted of marble blocks carved in the shape of ceiling coffers and painted blue with gold stars.
6 days around the Outer Hebrides, exploring the Isles of Harris & Lewis, Berneray, North Uist, Benbecula, South Uist and Eriskay.
LANSW Outer West Met Zone Championships 2024 (Day 2)
Harold Corr Oval, Cambridge Park, NSW, Australia.
Please Keep Comments Respectable.
Frisco, NC. October 2023.
If you would like to use THIS picture in any sort of media (such as newspaper or article) please send me a Flickr mail or an e-mail at natehenderson6@gmail.com.
The outer fabric is a picture of what I think Edith Piaf is on about in La Vie en Rose. Vibrant warm colours… baby cheek’s pink, magenta, spring chartreuse, sweet mandarin, rich caramel, dark chocolate, and dreamy teal. There are sketches of birds on twigs, butterflies lighting on flower buds and plump blossoms. This fabric is Anna Maria Horner’s Sketchbook in Rose from her Drawing Room collection.
The lining is a vintage inspired design of sunbursts clustered in circles. Pale blue and rose on grey.
This rucksack measures H 14 ½ in x L 13 in (H 37 cm x L 33 cm). The straps are 26 in (66 cm) long.
I think Edith would approve.
2025 St Patrick's Chicago River Dye
Scanned from Kodak Ektar 100
loaded as ISO-080
Chicago, IL
March 15, 2025
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The Outer Battery is located towards the outer edge of the harbour at what is called the Narrows. Fog is not unusual here, even when much of the city is bathed in sunshine.