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From the sign:
"Running Eagle lived many years ago, long before European contact in the early 1700's [sic]. She was born here in the heartland of the Amskapi-Pikuni, next to the shining mountains. Running Eagle was a real mortal person, not mythical.
"Running Eagle's life story is an illustrious saga of leadership and many victories that are famous to this day. The story of her life was told by Pikuni elders in a true oral traditional manner. Running Eagle is the only young woman of the Pikuni people to have gone on a four day fast; to suffer, dream, pray and find her medicine. High above the beautiful falls, her vision was successful. This is a most sacred and respected site, named in her honor by the Pikuni people. In those early days only young men of certain societies had the special privilege to fast and receive their power.
"Running Eagle became a true woman warrior for courage and bravery in all her accomplishments and deeds. Running Eagle was a great horsewoman, a fast runner and an excellent hunter. She was kind, thoughtful, and a generous person. With precise perfection, Running Eagle made everything, including her spear, quiver, bow and arrows, all of her horse accouterments of those days. She was outstanding in her warrior-woman attire of white buckskin decorated with dyed quill work. She wore a splendid straight up eagle feather war bonnet and carried a shield.
"The true exciting stories of her prowess on war parties, raids, adventures, and counting coup unfolded many times in lodges throughout the land.
"In the time of her teenage years, Running Eagle became the head of her father's painted lodge after his death. It was then she raised her brothers and sisters, and took care of the extended family in accordance with Pikuni laws and traditions.
"Running Eagle was a tall and beautiful woman, with long black braids, and walked a straight religious path with grace, pride, and honor. Near her 30th year, Running Eagle went on her last raid across the Continental Divide, where she was killed by the Flathead in their territory.
"The Pikuni warriors brought her back to Upper Two Medicine Lake and buried her in a tree on the mountain overlooking the falls. The Pikuni people hold Running Eagle in very high esteem for her knowledge and wisdom, and the inspiring person she became."
Glacier National Park was established in 1910. In 1850, there were 150 glaciers in the park; now there are 25 active glaciers. It is estimated that by 2030, there will be no glaciers in Glacier National Park due to climate change.
The Knowledge City would be virtually an extension of Hitec City in Character and business. APIC will auction lands for development of IT/ITES/BPO, Commercial, Hospitality and even Retail use.
Once the legal hurdles are cleared, the development here will result in transformation of the stretch of land between Whisper Valley Junction and Guchibowli Junction. At the moment there are no shops or super markets along the road. But this stretch will develop into major commercial street similar to Madhapur and will cater to requirements of people living in Residential Complexes of L&T, IVRCL and several upcoming ventures at Guchibowli.
I'd go to sea any time with this Captain, he knows the sea, but he's a railroader with about a year too go and then it will be the sea. Great Guy
03 October 2017, Manila, Philippines: Glimpse from Regional Knowledge Exchange. #Action2030 Photo: Cheryl Gagalac/UNDP Philippines
devotees engrossed in prayer in front of Saraswati,the deity of knowledge,music and art in hinduism.
specially young man and woman turn up in lagre numbers seeking knowledge guidence.
[PS: suggestions are appreciated : ]
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taken with nikon D5000+ 18-55 kits lens
taken in JOGONATH HALL PUJA MONDOP,DHAKA UNIVERSITY,BANGLADESH
The Thirty-Fourth Session Session of WIPO's Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property and Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge and Folklore (IGC) took place in Geneva, Switzerland from June 12 to June 16, 2017.
Copyright: WIPO. Photo: Emmanuel Berrod. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 IGO License.
The Thirty-Eighth Session of WIPO's Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property and Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge and Folklore (IGC) took place in Geneva, Switzerland from December 10 to December 14, 2018.
Copyright: WIPO. Photo: Emmanuel Berrod. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 IGO License.
The Thirty-Third Session Session of WIPO's Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property and Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge and Folklore (IGC) took place in Geneva, Switzerland from February 27 to March 3, 2017.
Copyright: WIPO. Photo: Emmanuel Berrod. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 IGO License.
These pics are from a set of old childrens encyclopedias that belonged to my Dad. There is no publishing date on them, but they seem to be from the early 1950's.
"Professor, please tell us more about the Great Solar System!". The professor also adds that science, education and knowledge will lead to peace, emphasized by a dove landing on his hand!
Kristine Pearson, Chief Executive.Lifeline Energy at the World Economic Forum on Africa 2017 in Durban, South Africa. Copyright by World Economic Forum / Greg Beadle
MOTOR CITY MADNESS!
This was taken at the Telegraph Cruise, one of the annual summer classic car extravaganzas in Metro Detroit every summer.
Telegraph (US-24) is a major "main drag" going through Detroit, where cruisin' for burgers and action was all the rage Once Upon A Time...
This was taken in Taylor, on Telegraph & Wick near I-94 where a crazy bridge is designed to look like a football when viewed from approaching aircraft.
There are lots of classic car cruises every summer in Metro Detroit, ending in August with the granddaddy of them all, The Woodward Dream Cruise.
Woodward was the very first paved road in the USA!
Many consider the Woodward Dream Cruise to be the granddaddy of all such events, but also right up there is the Telegraph Cruise, the Downriver Cruise on Fort, and east side cruises on Van Dyke and Gratiot.
To my knowledge, Metro Detroit has more big-time cruises than anywhere else!
Trying new genre of street photography inspired by James Yeung and Jeff Krol.
You can find their photos at the link below:
www.flickr.com/photos/jeffkrol/
www.flickr.com/photos/jamesyeung/
Find me at: www.snapby.me
The Thirty-Seventh Session of WIPO's Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property and Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge and Folklore (IGC) took place in Geneva, Switzerland from August 27 to August 31, 2018.
Copyright: WIPO. Photo: Emmanuel Berrod. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 IGO License.
Unveiling ceremony of the Knowledge Accelerator sculpture held at the IAEA Library, Vienna, Austria. 20 March 2018
Photo Credit: Dean Calma / IAEA
8 volume 1936 edition of "Newnes' Pictorial Knowledge An Educational Treasury And Children's Dictionary" edited by HA Pollock (main editor) Enid Blyton (associate editor), AC Marshall (Technical Editor) and AHJ Humphreys (art editor). There are 10 volume editions around as well with different editorial staff (RH Poole, Peter Finch, Enid Blyton).
The 9th Graduation Ceremony Housed in Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Block- Seminar Hall, at Nehru Gardens Thirumalayampalayam situated on the National Highway to Palakkad, at Nehru Institute of Engineering and Technology held on Sunday, 24th May 2019.
The Nehru Institute of Engineering and Technology is an ISO 14001:2004 Certified Institution, Affiliated to Anna University Chennai, Approved by AICTE New Delhi and Accreditated by NAAC and Recognized by UGC under Section 2(f) and 12(B) and has completed a decade in molding our Youngsters into Millennium Leaders to face the Future Challenges in Technological Breakthroughs and Information Explosions. At 10.00 a.m at Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Block- Seminar Hall at the campus was bustling with high energy as the Institution felicitated the Academic Achievers of all the branches of Batch 2014-2018. 273 students of NIET were awarded with degrees of Anna University Chennai. In which Undergraduate Programme was Two Hundred and Seven and Postgraduate Programme was Sixty Six.
The convocation began with a majestic and grand academic procession which was headed by the Principal followed by the other dignitaries. The ceremony was formally opened by Dr. P. Krishna Kumar, CEO & Secretary, Nehru Group of Institutions. The College report was read by Dr. P. Maniarasan, Principal, NIET followed by this was the Address of the Chief Guest. Adv. Dr. P. Krishnadas, Chairman and Managing Trustee, Nehru Group of Institutions presided over the function and Dr. P. Krishnakumar, CEO & Secretary, Nehru Group of Institutions felicitated the students with exemplary performance.
The chief guest, Prof (Dr.) K. K. Aggarwal, chairman, National Board of Accreditation, Government of India, said the need of the hour was citizens who will use their knowledge and learning to better their society. He asked students to think individually and become an entrepreneur to create job opportunity for others. He said the first job and the job one holds when retiring may be totally different. "Today you may be in maintenance job, and tomorrow you may shift to marketing job, selling automobiles. These changes, which will come in your lives will be far greater than your earlier generation would have seen. Therefore, you will have to make sure that you will be able to take every change in its stride," he told students.
www.bgcfd.com/vn/knowledge/forex_trading/605.html
I. Yếu tố ảnh hưởng tới USD
1. Lãi suất cơ bản chuẩn Liên bang Hoa Kỳ
Trong trường hợp bình thường, khi lãi suất của Mỹ giảm, xu hướng của đồng đô la Mỹ sẽ yếu đi, khi lãi suất của Mỹ tăng thì xu hướng của đồng đô la Mỹ sẽ tốt lên.
2. Tỷ lệ chiết khấu
Lãi suất chiết khấu là lãi suất do Fed thu khi các ngân hàng thương mại xin vay từ Fed trong các tình huống khẩn cấp như dự trữ tiền. Mặc dù đây là một chỉ báo lãi suất mang tính tượng trưng, nhưng những thay đổi của nó cũng sẽ thể hiện những tín hiệu rõ dệt cho chính sách. Lãi suất chiết khấu thường nhỏ hơn lãi suất quỹ liên bang.
3. Tín phiếu kho bạc kỳ hạn 30 năm
Tín phiếu kho bạc kỳ hạn 30 năm, còn được gọi là trái phiếu dài hạn, là chỉ báo quan trọng nhất để tính toán lạm phát trên thị trường. Không có mối liên hệ rõ ràng giữa trái phiếu dài hạn và tỷ giá hối đoái của đồng đô la Mỹ. Tuy nhiên, nhìn chung có mối liên hệ như sau: Giá trái phiếu giảm do lạm phát, tức là lãi suất tăng, có thể gây áp lực lên đồng đô la Mỹ.
4. Dữ liệu kinh tế
Trong số các dữ liệu kinh tế do Hoa Kỳ công bố, những dữ liệu quan trọng nhất bao gồm: báo cáo năng lực, CPI, PPI, GDP, mức độ thương mại quốc tế, sản xuất công nghiệp, khởi công nhà ở, giấy phép nhà ở và niềm tin của người tiêu dùng.
5. Thị trường chứng khoán
Ba chỉ số chứng khoán chính là: Chỉ số Công nghiệp Dow Jones, Chỉ số Standard & Poor's 500 và Chỉ số Nasdaq (TECH 100). Trong số đó, chỉ số công nghiệp Dow Jones có tác động lớn nhất đến tỷ giá đồng đô la Mỹ. Kể từ giữa những năm 1990, Chỉ số Công nghiệp Trung bình Dow Jones và tỷ giá hối đoái đồng đô la Mỹ đã có một mối tương quan tích cực lớn. Ba yếu tố chính ảnh hưởng đến Chỉ số Công nghiệp Dow Jones là: 1) Thu nhập của công ty, bao gồm thu nhập kỳ vọng và thu nhập thực tế. 2) Kỳ vọng về mặt bằng lãi suất. 3) Tình hình kinh tế chính trị toàn cầu.
6. Giá cả hàng hóa
Hầu hết hàng hóa trên thị trường hàng hóa quốc tế đều được định giá bằng đô la Mỹ, vì vậy giá hàng hóa có mối tương quan nghịch tương đối rõ ràng với chỉ số đô la Mỹ.
7. Tỷ giá hối đoái đồng EUR
Chỉ số đô la Mỹ về cơ bản là một chỉ số có trọng số của một loạt tỷ giá của các đồng tiền khác. Do đó, nó phản ánh sức mạnh của đồng tiền tự do chuyển đổi giữa Hoa Kỳ và đồng tiền giao dịch chính của nó. Trong hàng loạt tiền tệ bao gồm chỉ số đô la Mỹ, đồng euro là đồng tiền có tỷ trọng lớn nhất, và xu hướng của đồng euro nghiễm nhiên trở thành một yếu tố quan trọng ảnh hưởng đến chỉ số đô la Mỹ.
II. Yếu tố ảnh hưởng tới EUR
1. Về yếu tố chính sách, chính sách tiền tệ của Ngân hàng Trung ương Châu Âu có ảnh hưởng quyết định đến xu hướng của tỷ giá hối đoái đồng euro. Do đó, Ngân hàng Trung ương châu Âu về cơ bản kiểm soát các chính sách tiền tệ của 12 quốc gia trong khu vực đồng euro. Chính sách tiền tệ của nó ảnh hưởng đến sự ổn định giá cả và tăng trưởng tiền tệ. Do đó, chính sách của Ngân hàng Trung ương Châu Âu đã thu hút được nhiều sự chú ý, và mục tiêu rất đơn giản: duy trì sự ổn định giá cả.
2. Tỷ giá hối đoái của đồng euro có liên quan đến các yếu tố kinh tế. Những biểu hiện chính là gì? Giống như hầu hết các loại tiền tệ, tỷ giá hối đoái của đồng euro bị ảnh hưởng phần lớn bởi nền kinh tế, trong đó quan trọng nhất là lãi suất. Tỷ giá của đồng euro chịu một sự ảnh hưởng rất phức tạp từ lãi suất. Trong ngắn hạn, nó bị ảnh hưởng chủ yếu bởi lãi suất tài chính. Một yếu tố khác là tác động của lãi suất tiền gửi đồng euro, đây là một chỉ số quan trọng để đánh giá sự chênh lệch của lãi suất đồng euro, có thể được sử dụng để đánh giá tỷ giá hối đoái.
Xu hướng của tỷ giá hối đoái đồng euro cũng bị ảnh hưởng bởi dữ liệu kinh tế, bao gồm tỷ lệ lạm phát, GDP của các quốc gia thành viên và các phương diện khác như công nghiệp. Nó ảnh hưởng trực tiếp đến xu hướng của tỷ giá hối đoái đồng euro và là yếu tố không thể không nhắc tới.
III. Những yếu tố ảnh hưởng tới JPY
1. Bộ tài chính
Bộ Tài chính Nhật Bản có nhiều ảnh hưởng đến tiền tệ hơn Bộ Tài chính Mỹ, Anh hay Đức. Các quan chức của Bộ Tài chính Nhật Bản thường đưa ra một số nhận xét về điều kiện kinh tế, những nhận xét này thường ảnh hưởng đến đồng Yên. Chẳng hạn, nếu như trong ngày đồng Yên Nhật có phát sinh sự tăng giảm giá đồng tiền không tương ứng với các tin tức đưa ra, những quan chức của bộ tài chính sẽ có những phát biểu để can thiệp.
2. Ngân hàng Trung Ương Nhật Bản
Năm 1998, chính phủ Nhật Bản đã thông qua luật mới cho phép ngân hàng trung ương xây dựng chính sách tiền tệ một cách độc lập mà không có ảnh hưởng của chính phủ, trong khi tỷ giá hối đoái đồng yên vẫn do Bộ Tài chính chịu trách nhiệm.
3. Lãi suất
Lãi suất cho vay qua đêm là lãi suất liên ngân hàng ngắn hạn chính và do BOJ xác định. BOJ cũng sử dụng lãi suất này để thể hiện những thay đổi trong chính sách tiền tệ, một trong những yếu tố chính ảnh hưởng đến tỷ giá đồng yên.
4. Trái phiếu chính phủ Nhật Bản
Để tăng cường tính thanh khoản của hệ thống tiền tệ, hàng tháng BOJ mua các hợp đồng kỳ hạn 10 năm hoặc 20 năm, lợi tức của kỳ hạn 10 năm được coi là chỉ số chuẩn của lãi suất dài hạn.
5. Vụ Chính sách Kinh tế và Tài khóa
Cơ quan này chính thức thay thế Cơ quan Kế hoạch Kinh tế ban đầu vào ngày 6 tháng 1 năm 2001. Các trách nhiệm bao gồm xây dựng các kế hoạch kinh tế và điều phối các chính sách kinh tế, bao gồm việc làm, thương mại quốc tế và tỷ giá hối đoái.
6. Dữ liệu kinh tế
Dữ liệu kinh tế quan trọng hơn bao gồm: GDP, CPI, Khảo sát kinh tế Tankan (khảo sát hàng quý về các điều kiện kinh doanh hiện tại và kỳ vọng), thương mại quốc tế, tỷ lệ thất nghiệp, sản xuất công nghiệp, cung tiền (M2 + CDs).
7. Chỉ số Nikkei 255
Đề cập đến các chỉ số thị trường chứng khoán chính ở Nhật Bản. Khi tỷ giá hối đoái của Nhật Bản giảm một cách hợp lý, nó sẽ làm tăng giá cổ phiếu của các công ty định hướng xuất khẩu, và đồng thời, toàn bộ chỉ số Nikkei sẽ tăng.
8. Tác động của tỷ giá hối đoái chéo
Ví dụ, khi đồng euro / yên tăng cũng sẽ khiến đồng đô la / yên tăng, nguyên nhân có thể không phải do tỷ giá đô la Mỹ tăng, mà do kỳ vọng kinh tế khác nhau của Nhật Bản và châu Âu.
IV. Yếu tố ảnh hưởng tới GBP
1. Thay đổi chính sách tiền tệ
Nhiều nhà đầu tư chú ý đến đồng bảng Anh vì muốn tìm tài sản sinh lợi cao và giao dịch chênh lệch giá. Những thay đổi trong lãi suất MPC sẽ thay đổi tâm lý thị trường đối với đồng bảng Anh, vì những thay đổi sẽ ảnh hưởng đến lợi suất chứng khoán của Anh. Ngoài ra, những thay đổi trong tỷ lệ mua lại ngân hàng phản ánh quan điểm của Ngân hàng Trung ương Anh về triển vọng kinh tế.
2. Sự phát triển của đồng Euro và đồng USD
Giống như các cặp tiền tệ khác, GBP / USD bị ảnh hưởng bởi sự phát triển ở Khu vực đồng tiền chung châu Âu và Hoa Kỳ. Dữ liệu kinh tế của Mỹ ảnh hưởng trực tiếp đến tâm lý của các nhà đầu tư và thương nhân trên thị trường. Thông tin tốt hay xấu của dữ liệu ở Hoa Kỳ có thể làm tăng nhu cầu rủi ro của những người tham gia thị trường và hướng tới đồng bảng Anh, hoặc họ có thể có xu hướng tránh rủi ro và chuyển sang đồng đô la sản phẩm tránh rủi ro.
3. Hiệu ứng lan tỏa
Khu vực đồng tiền chung châu Âu là một thành viên rất quan trọng của các đối tác thương mại của Vương quốc Anh. Vì vậy, bạn phải luôn chú ý đến sự phát triển của khu vực Châu Âu. Bất kỳ tin xấu nào hoặc hoạt động kinh tế kém có thể khiến đồng bảng Anh giảm giá.
4. Bị ảnh hưởng khi nhu cầu rủi ro tăng lên
Mặc dù nhỏ nhưng đồng bảng Anh được hưởng lợi từ lãi suất cao hơn các đồng tiền chính khác. Khi các nhà giao dịch tìm kiếm lợi suất cao, họ sẽ tìm đến Vương quốc Anh vì các khoản đầu tư của họ ở đây có tiềm năng lớn hơn cho lợi suất cao. Khi các nhà giao dịch từ bỏ các khoản đầu tư có lợi nhuận cao, họ sẽ chuyển sang đô la Mỹ và bán bảng Anh.
V. Yếu tố ảnh hưởng tới AUD
1. Đồng đô la mạnh lên
Đồng đô la mạnh hơn có nghĩa là các đồng tiền không phải của Hoa Kỳ thường giảm giá so với đồng đô la.
2. Yếu tố Trung Quốc
Kinh tế Trung Quốc suy yếu khiến nhu cầu tiêu thụ hàng rời giảm mạnh, kéo theo giá hàng hóa liên tục giảm, đã giáng một đòn mạnh vào nền kinh tế Australia, vốn bị chi phối bởi xuất khẩu hàng hóa, đồng thời cũng góp phần khiến đồng đô la Australia suy yếu.
3. Giá cả hàng hóa quốc tế
Đồng đô la Úc còn được gọi là “tiền tệ hàng hóa”, tỷ giá hối đoái của nó liên quan chặt chẽ đến giá cả của các mặt hàng như vàng, đồng, niken, than và len, chiếm gần 2/3 tổng kim ngạch xuất khẩu của Úc. Do đó, xu hướng của đồng đô la Úc thường bị ảnh hưởng mạnh bởi xu hướng giá của các mặt hàng này. Đồng đô la Úc thường được hỗ trợ trong môi trường kinh tế lạm phát, khi giá hàng hóa tăng vọt.
4. Ngân hàng Dự trữ Úc
Theo Đạo luật Ngân hàng Dự trữ năm 1959, Ngân hàng Dự trữ Úc có tư cách là Ngân hàng Trung ương Úc. Nhiệm vụ chính của Ngân hàng Dự trữ là duy trì sự ổn định của tỷ giá đồng đô la Úc và duy trì toàn dụng lao động. Năm 1993, Ngân hàng Dự trữ Úc được quyền hoạt động độc lập, đồng thời, mục tiêu công việc của Ngân hàng Dự trữ cũng được đặt ra, đó là mục tiêu kiểm soát tốc độ tăng trưởng lạm phát trung hạn hàng năm ở mức 2-3%. Lý do của việc đặt mục tiêu lạm phát trung hạn thay vì ngắn hạn là để khuyến khích tăng trưởng kinh tế lành mạnh và bền vững.
5. Ủy ban Ngân hàng Dự trữ
Ủy ban Ngân hàng Dự trữ chịu trách nhiệm thiết lập chính sách tiền tệ. Ngoại trừ tháng Giêng hàng năm, Ủy ban tổ chức cuộc họp chính sách tiền tệ vào thứ Ba đầu tiên của mỗi tháng. Kết quả quyết định lãi suất thường được công bố vào ngày thứ hai của cuộc họp.
6. Lãi suất
Công cụ chính sách tiền tệ quan trọng nhất của Ngân hàng Dự trữ là lãi suất thị trường tiền tệ qua đêm, hay mục tiêu tỷ giá tiền mặt. Tỷ giá tiền mặt là lãi suất cho vay qua đêm giữa hai tổ chức tài chính.
The Thirty-First Session Session of WIPO's Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property and Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge and Folklore (IGC) took place in Geneva, Switzerland from September 19 to September 23, 2016.
Copyright: WIPO. Photo: Emmanuel Berrod. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 IGO License.
This is the third tome I have visited St Vncent: first time I found it locked, or more likely did not push the door hard enough, second time I did go inside but only took a handful of shots. So this time, it means a lot of snapping.
Both this and Wingham were among the first churches I visited in this project, and with years of accumulated knowledge a return is always good to see what you missed the first, and second time.
As it turned out, I could not find the church. It is signposted off the main road, then nothing. We were two miles in the country before I found a place to turn round, but a check of the county map and we turned back to the village and found it on Church lane, of course.
Littlebourne is another village and church on the banks of the Nailbourne, a winterbourne, that flows through here to Bridge, eventually to Barham. Downstream it turns quickly into the Little Stour which in turn flows into the Great Stour at Plucks Gutter.
The view from the south is limited due to mature trees, but from the north reveals several periods of buildings with rooflines at different angles and heights.
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The villages 13th century church, St Vincent of Saragossa, is thought to have been founded by the monks of St Augustine's Abbey in Canterbury and contains an ancient wall painting depicting Saint Christopher, patron saint of travellers. The church also has what is reckoned to be one of the finest collection of stained glass windows designed by Nathaniel Westlake in the country. Nathaniel Westlake was a leading designer of the Gothic Revival movement in England.
Work done in 1995 by experts from the V&A Museum established that he designed each of the windows over the long period of his work with the Company, thus giving an outstanding example of the development of his style.
The Church has a six-bell peal, the oldest bell dating back to 1597, the newest 1899.
www.littlebournebenefice.org.uk/littlebournechurchhistory...
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LOCATION: Situated at about 40 feet above O.D. on Head brickearth (over Upper Chalk). A little to the west of the river Little Stour. Littlebourne Court, originally belonging to St. Augustine’s Abbey, lies immediately to the north-west. Wickhambreaux and Ickham churches are not far away to the north and east.
DESCRIPTION: As with many North-East Kent churches, this church points south-east, and it is first documented in Domesday Book, with the eastern three-quarters of the nave of the present church presumably being, in part, of an early Norman date. The only visible evidence for the earliest structure, however, is outside the south-west corner of the nave. Here one can see reused Roman bricks, and the original steep slope of the very early 13th century south aisle (continuing the line of the nave roof). The nave must be earlier than this, so is at least 12th century in date. It is also worth noting the very rare dedication, to St Vincent.
The whole of the south arcade for the south aisle still survives in its very early 13th century form, with four pointed arches (that on the west is smaller). The arches have continuous flat
the piers themselves. All the dressings are in Caen stone.
Later in the 13th century a large new chancel was built, probably at about the time (c. 1245) when St Augustine’s Abbey were endowing the new vicarage there, after the appropriation. The chancel has four tall lancets on either side, and an eastern triplet which has internal shafting on the jambs, and deeply moulded rere-arches and hood-moulds. All the other lancets have plain rere-arches, and all the chancel windows sit internally on a filleted roll-moulding which steps up at the east end and runs under the triplet. There is a piscina on the south-east with a pointed arch (with hood) over it, and bar-stopped chamfers on the sides. On the north-west side of the chancel is a small doorway, which was restored in the 19th century. The chancel was fairly heavily restored on the outside in the 19th century (‘1865’ on one of the rain-water hoppers), but much of its original coursed whole flints are still visible, as well as some of the rows of putlog holes. The chancel also has a separate roof, with a west gable, but this was rebuilt completely in c. 1865.
At about the same time as the chancel was being rebuilt in the early to mid-15th century, a very plain tower was added at the west end (It is similar to the neighbouring tower at Ickham). This has a tall simple pointed arch (with flat chamfers and abaci) into the nave, and on the west is a simple pointed doorway with flat chamfers and a tall lancet above it. The tower is unbuttressed, and has four more wide restored lancets (one in each face) in the top (belfry) stage. Externally the tower has the remains of its original plastering over coursed flint with side-alternate Caenstone quoins. On top of the tower is a later medieval (14th/15th century) brooch spire (now covered in slates).
The tower was restored in 1899, and the bells were rehung in a new timber and cast iron frame. There are now six bells, dated 1597,1610, 1650 and three of 1899 (said to have been recast from two late medieval ones). Glynne tells us that there was an organ in a west gallery under the tower, but this was removed during the restoration. A shed (now 2 cloakrooms) was also added to the north side of the tower in c. 1899.
A small Lady Chapel may have been added to the north-east side of the nave in the later 13th century as shown by its two light trefoil-headed (with circular opening above) east window (it has an internal rere-arch). All other evidence for this above ground was removed by the early 14th and early 19th century re-buildings (see below). The Lady Chapel is first documented in the late 15th century, but most churches acquired a separate Lady Chapel in N.W. Kent in the 13th century.
In the early 14th century both the south and north aisles had their outer walls rebuilt. On the south this was a continuous heightening and rebuild for the full length of the nave (with the evidence for the earlier lean-to aisle surviving in the west wall, as shown above). There is however still a later 13th century lancet in the centre of the south wall, with a probable later 13th century south doorway next to it (though completely rebuilt externally in the 19th century). The other aisle windows are all, however, 2 - light early 14th century traceried windows, and the gables and separate pitched roof over the aisle is also perhaps 14th century (it is still hidden under a flat plaster ceiling). In the south aisle wall are some reused Reigate stone fragments, and the large later south buttress has Ragstone quoins and reused Reigate And Caenstone fragments (and heavy 19th century knapped flintwork). Some Purbeck marble is reused in the wall west of the south porch. This aisle also has a small square-topped piscina in its south-east corner, and a very small stoup just inside the door on the east.
Hasted tells us that ‘a few years ago the north isle fell down, when there were some curious paintings discovered by the breaking of the plaster from the walls. This aisle was immediately rebuilt’. It is however, clear from the present remains (and from the Petrie water-colour view), that the church was again rebuilt in the early 19th century, with the present flatish 4-bay crown/king post nave roof and lath and plaster ceiling. The two dormers on the south side of the nave roof are presumably of the same date as is the shallow-pitched shed-roof over the north aisle, and the wooden post and two semi-circular arches into the north aisle. On the north-west side of the nave one can see an infilled pointed arch (? of chalk) with abaci, suggesting that there was originally a 13th century 3-bay north aisle (and Lady Chapel). The scar for the south-west corner of this aisle which did not continue to the west end of the nave, is just visible, and the late 18th century collapse was clearly at the west end of this aisle, which was not rebuilt (the other aisle-wall window being reset in the nave wall). The north wall of the north aisle must have been rebuilt in the early 14th century with buttresses and new two-light traceried windows. There may have been a north door here.
Only the chancel was heavily restored in the later 19th century (1865) with a new south porch in 1896, replacing a brick one, according to Glynne. A porch is documented from at least 1505.
BUILDING MATERIALS: (Incl. old plaster, paintings, glass, tiles etc.):
The main local material is flint, and whole flints, in courses, are used for all the early work with dressings of Caenstone. Some Reigate stone is then used in the 13th century, with Kent Rag for the quoins in the early 14th century. There is also some reused Purbeck marble in the walls, and Bathstone is used for the late 19th century restorations. Hasted mentions ‘the remains of good painted glass’ in the chancel side lancets and ‘seven sacraments, etc. handsomely done, with rich borders’ in the eastern lancets, ‘but they have been some few years since removed’ (op. cit. below, p.155). Also he mentions armorial glass in the S.E. window of the south aisle, and other now-vanished glass is known from the church - see C.R. Councer (below).
EXCEPTIONAL MONUMENTS IN CHURCH: None, but remains of medieval wall-painting on the north side of the nave, at the west end. Also a leger slab, with a small brass inscription in it, dated 1585, in front of the chancel arch. Also some early 19th century Benefaction boards on the west wall of the south aisle. Most of the furnishings in the church date from the restoration of 1864-4, or later.
CHURCHYARD AND ENVIRONS:
Size & Shape: Large north-south rectangular area around church, with large extensions to north (20th century) and south (19th century).
Condition: Good
Building in churchyard or on boundary: Lych Gate of timber (1892) to the south. Very large c. early 14th century great barn of Littlebourne Court (172ft long) runs along west boundary of the churchyard.
Ecological potential: ? Yes. The burial under a ‘great palm’ (ie. Yew Tree) in the churchyard is mentioned in a will of 1542, and there are still some quite large Yews north of the church.
Late med. Status: Vicarage endowed in 1245 with a house, some tithes, etc. A chaplain had to be found to celebrate weekly in Garrington Chapel.
Patron: St. Augstine’s Abbey, Canterbury (and alienated to the Italian monastery of Monte Mirteto in Italy, 1224). In 1538 it went to the crown, and then on to the Dean and Chapter of Canterbury in 1541.
Other documentary sources: Hasted IX (1800) , 155-8. There is much documentation in Thorne’s Chronicle and the ‘Black Book’ of St Augustine’s. Testamenta Cantiana (E. Kent, 1907), 196-8 mentions burial in the churchyard from 1473, the church porch (1501), various ‘lights’, the altar of Our Lady (1499+), reparation of the altars of St James and St Nicholas (1473), for paving between the chancel and the west door (1419).
SURVIVAL OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL DEPOSITS:
Inside present church: ? Good.
Outside present church: ? Good, though there is a large soil build-up around the church, and a brick-lined drainage gulley (up to 2ft deep) has been made all around the church.
RECENT DISTURBANCES/ALTERATIONS:
To structure: None, but chancel stalls brought from St Johns, Herne Bay in 1974, and organ in north aisle from Holy Cross, Canterbury in 1972.
To floors: Brick floor relaid at east end of S. aisle - Oct 1991.
Quinquennial inspection (date/architect): Feb. 1990 Maureen O’Connor.
ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL ASSESSMENT:
A Norman nave was given a lean-to south aisle and perhaps extended to the west in the very early 13th century, with a plain west tower being added soon after. The chancel was rebuilt (and greatly enlarged) in the mid 13th century, and there was probably also a Lady Chapel and nave north aisle by the later 13th century. The outer walls of the aisles were rebuilt in the early 14th century. A timber spire was also built. In the late 18th century the west end of the north aisle collapsed and this was rebuilt along with the nave roof, etc. again in the early 19th century. Chancel restored in 1865, and west tower in 1899 (with rehung bells). A new south porch was built in 1896.
The wider context: One of a group of churches belonging to St Augustine’s Abbey, Canterbury with major rebuildings in the 13th and early 14th centuries.
REFERENCES: S.R. Glynne, Notes of the Churches of Kent (1877), 167-8. (He visited in 1851). C.R. Councer, Lost Glass from Kent Churches ) (1980), 77-8.
Guide Book: None available in church, but see St Vincent’s Church, Littlebourne by Elizabeth Jeffries (1984) - very poor for architectural history.
Plans & drawings: Petrie early 19th cent. view from N.E., with continuous roof slope over nave and N. aisle.
DATES VISITED: 19th December 1996 REPORT BY: Tim Tatton-Brown
www.kentarchaeology.org.uk/01/03/LIT.htm
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LITTLEBORNE
LIES the next parish south-eastward from Stodmarsh, taking its name from its situation close to the stream which bounds the eastern part of it, and at the same time to distinguish it from the other parishes of the name of Borne in the near neighbourhood of it.
There is but one borough in this parish, called the borough of Littleborne.
Littleborne extends to the skirt of the beautiful and healthy parts of East Kent, and verging farther from the large levels of marsh land which lie near the Stour, quits that gloomy aspect of ill health so prevalent near them, and here begins to assume one more cheerful, pleasant and healthy; and Twyne tells us, (fn. 1) that it was allotted by the abbot and convent of St. Augustine's, who possessed the manor, for the plantation of vines. The village is built on the high road leading from Canterbury to Sandwich and Deal, at the eastern boundary of the parish, adjoinining to the Little Stour, and consists of about forty houses. The church stands at a small distance from it, having the courtlodge close to it, with the parsonage at a small distance. This parish extends northward as far as the Stour, opposite to Westbere, in which part of it however, there is but a small quantity of marsh-land, near which is an estate called Higham, which antiently was owned by a family of that name. Above the hill, south-eastward from hence, there is a great deal of woodland, and among it a tract of heathy rough land, belonging to the archbishop, called Fishpool-downs, through which the road leads to Wickham. At the bottom of Fishpool hill is the valley called the Ponds, now entirely covered with wood, part of which is in this parish. The ponds were supplied from a spring called Arrianes well, probably for Adrian's well, and were of a considerable size and depth, made for the supply of the convent of St. Augustine, the owners of them, with fish for their refectory, the sides of them now equally thick with coppice wood, were antiently a vineyard. These woods continue from hence adjoining the high road towards the village in great quantities, much of which belongs to the archbishop, and are intermixed with a great deal of rough bushy ground. The lands in this parish are in general very poor and gravelly, but towards Wickham they are much more fertile both for corn and hops, of which there are several plantations. This parish extends across the river eastward towards the hill, and takes in great part of Lower Garwinton, and part of the house, and some little land of Upper Garwinton within it, which is entirely separated from the rest of it by the parish of Adisham intervening.
Polygonatum scalacæci, Solomon's seal; grows plentifully on Fishpool-hill in this parish.
A fair is held here on the 5th of July, for toys and pedlary.
In the year 690, Widred, king of Kent, gave to the monastery of St. Augustine, in pure and perpetual alms, five plough-lands called Litleborne, on condition of their remembring of him in their prayers and solemn masses. And in the year 1047, king Edward the Consessor gave another plough-land here, which consisted of the estates of Bourne, Dene, and Wiliyington, to archbishop Eadsin, free from all service, except. the trinoda necessitas, and he bestowed it on that monastery. After which the manor of Little borne continued in the possession of the abbey to the time of taking the survey of Domesday, in which it is thus entered under the general title of the land of the church of St. Augustine:
In Dunamesfort hundred, the abbot himself holds, Liteburne, which is taxed at seven sulings. The arable land is twelve carucates. In demesne there are three carucates, and thirty-five villeins, with fourteen cottagers having six and an half. There is a church, and thirtyeight acres of meadow. Wood for the pannage of four hogs. In the time of king Edward the Consessor it was worth twenty-five pounds, afterwards twenty pounds, now thirty-two pounds. Of this manor the bishop of Baieux has in his park, as much as is worth sixty shillings.
After this the abbot and convent's possessions here were increased by several gifts and purchases of different parcels of land. (fn. 2)
King Henry III. in his 54th year, granted to the abbot and convent free-warren in all their demesne lands of Littleborne, among others. In the 7th year of king Edward II.'s reign, anno 1313, in the iter of H. de Stanton and his sociates, justices itinerant, the abbot, upon a quo warranto, claimed and was allowed in this manor among others, free warren in all his demesne lands of it, and view of frank-pledge, and other liberties therein-mentioned, in like manner as has been already mentioned before, in the description of the manors of Sturry and Stodmarsh. (fn. 3) By a register of the monastery of about this time, it appears, that this manor had then in demesne the park of Trendesle. In the 10th year of king Edward III. Solomon de Ripple being custos, or bailiff of this manor, made many improvements here, and purchased more lands in it, all the buildings of it being in a manner wholly re-built and raised from the ground, with much cost, by him. In king Richard II.'s reign, the abbot's manor of Littleborne was valued at 23l. 8s. 6d. the admeasurement of the lands being 505 acres. After which this manor continued with the monastery till its dissolution, anno 30 Henry VIII. when it came into the king's hands, and remained in the crown till king Edward VI. in his 1st year, granted the manor and manor-house, with all lands and appurtenances, and a water-mill lately belonging to the abbot and convent of St. Augustine, to the archbishop, among other premises, in exchange for the manor of Mayfield, &c. parcel of the possessions of whose see it still remains, the archbishop being the present owner of it. The manor, with the profits of courts, royalties, &c. the archbishop keeps in his own hands; but the demesnes have been from time to time demised on a beneficial lease. The family of Denne have been for more than a century lessees of it, who now reside in the court-lodge.
On the abolition of episcopacy, after the death of king Charles I. this manor was sold by the state to Sir John Roberts and John Cogan, the latter of whom, by his will in 1657, gave his moiety of it to the mayor and aldermen of Canterbury, for the benefit of six poor ministers widows (for whose use he had at the same time demised his dwelling-house in Canterbury, now called Cogan's hospital. But the manor of Littleborne, on the restoration in 1660, returned again to the see of Canterbury.
The manor of Wolton, alias Walton, lies in the southern part of this parish, adjoining to the precinct of Well, and was antiently possessed by a family who took their name from it, one of whom, John, son of John de Wolton, held it at the latter end of king Henry III.'s reign. But this family became extinct here before the reign of king Edward III. in the 20th year of which, Roger de Garwinton held it by knight's service, (fn. 4) in whose descendants it continued till it passed into the family of Petit, of Shalmsford, who held it of the abbot of St. Augustine's by the like service, in which name and family it continued till it was at length alienated to Sir Henry Palmer, of Bekesborne, whose descendant of the same name passed it away by sale to Sir Robert Hales, of Bekesborne, in whose descendants it continued down to Sir Philip Hales, bart. of Howlets, who in 1787 alienated this manor to Isaac Baugh, esq. of Well, the present owner of it.
Wingate, alias Lower Garwington, in a manor, which lies on the other or eastern side of the river, adjoining to Ickham, taking the former of those names from a family, who were owners of it in Henry III.'s reign, and held it by knight's service of the abbot and convent of St. Augustine. In which reign Simon de Wingate held it as above-mentioned, but before the 20th year of King Edward III. this name was extinct here, and Thomas de Garwinton then held this estate, lying in Wingate, held of the abbot by the like tenure. (fn. 5) In the descendants of Thomas de Garwington, who resided at their mansion and manor, since called Upper Garwinton, adjoining to it, seems to have continued some time, and from them, as well as to distinguish it from that, to have taken the name of Wingate, alias Lower Garwinton. After this family had quitted the possession of it, the Clyffords appear from different records to have become owners of it, and after them the Sandfords, and it appears by the escheat rolls, that Humphrey Sandford died possessed of it in the 14th year of king Henry VII. and that Thomas Sandford was his son and heir. After which it came into the hands of the crown, for king Henry VIII. in his 30th year, granted the manors of Wingate and Garwinton to Sir Christopher Hales, then master of the rolls. He left three daughters his coheirs, who became jointly, entitled to it, and on the division of their estates it was allotted to the youngest daughter Mary, who entitled her husband Alexander Colepeper, esq. to it, in which name it continued till the 22d of queen Elizabeth, when it was passed away by sale to Thomas Fane, esq. whose son Francis, earl of Westmoreland, sold it to William Prude, alias Proude, esq. who being a lieutenant-colonel in the army, was slain at the siege of Maestricht in 1632, having devised this estate in tail male to his eldest surviving son Serles Prude, who died in 1642, leaving only two daughters his coheirs, upon which it came to his next brother William, who left an only daughter Dorothy, and she, the entail being barred, carried it first in marriage to Nethersole, by whom she had no issue, and secondly to Christopher May, esq. of Rawmere, in Suffex, whose only daughter and heir Anne, entitled her husband William Broadnax, esq. of Godmersham, to the possession of it. His son Thomas Changed his name, first to May and then to Knight, and died possessed of this manor in 1781, leaving an only son Thomas Knight, esq. of Godmersham, who in the year 1785 exchanged it for other lands in Crundal with Thomas Barret, esq. of Lee, the present owner of it.
Upper Garwinton is a manor, which lies adjoining to that last-described, southward, at the boundary of this parish, next to Adisham, in which parish part of the mansion of it stands, being written in the survery of Domesday, Warwintone, one of the many instances in that book of the mistakes of the Norman scribes. It was, after the conquest, parcel of those possessions with which the Conqueror enriched his half-brother Odo, the great bishop of Baieux and earl of Kent, and was exchanged by him for other lands with the abbot of St. Augustine's, accordingly it is thus entered in that record, under the general title of the land of the church of St. Augustine:
The abbot himself holds Warwintone, and the bishop of Baieux gave it to him in exchange of his park. It was taxed at half a suling and forty-two acres of land. The arable land is one carucate, and there is in demesne, with three cottagers, and sixteen acres of meadow. In the time of king Edward the Confessor it was worth four pounds, and afterwards forty shillings, now four pounds. This manor Edric de Sbern Biga held, and now Radulf holds it of the abbot.
Whether this description extended to the last-described manor of Wingate, is uncertain, though most probably, as both were held of the abbot by knight's service, it was comprehended in it. However that may be, this manor of Garwintone, called as above, erroneously, in Domesday, Warwintone, was held of the abbot by a family who took their surname from it; one of whom, Richard de Garwynton, resided here at the latter end of king Henry II.'s reign, and had a chapel at his mansion here; and in 1194, the abbot granted to him and his heirs, to have the divine office celebrated for three days in a week in this chapel by the priest of Littleborne. (fn. 6) His descendant Thomas Garwinton was possessed of this manor and several other estates in this part of the county, in the 20th year of king Edward III. whose great-grandson William Garwynton dying S. P. Joane his kinswoman, married to Richard Haut, was anno II Henry IV. found to be his heir not only to this manor, but to much other lands in these parts, and their son Richard Haut having an only daughter and heir Margery, she carried this manor in marriage to William Isaac, esq. of Patrixborne, whose descendant Edward Isaac, at his death, gave this manor to his two daughter by his second wife, viz. Mary, married to Thomas Appleton, esq. of Suffolk, and Margaret, to John Jermye, second son of Sir John Jermye, of the same county, and they seem to have shared this manor between them. Thomas Appleton sold his share afterwards to Anthony Parker, who with Isaac Jermye, eldest son of John above-mentioned, joined in the sale of the entire see of it to Sir Henry Palmer, of Howlets, and he by his will in 1611, devised it to his nephew John Goodwyn, whose heirs some time afterwards passed it away by sale to George Curteis, esq. afterwards knighted, and of Otterden, and he alienated it to Sir Robert Hales, of Bekesborne, in whose descendants it continued down to Sir Philip Hales, bart. of Howlets, who in 1787, passed it away by sale to Isaac Baugh, esq. the present owner of it.
Charities.
John Dorrante, of Bekesborne, yeoman, in 1560, gave by will, to discharge the poor from the assessments of the church, the overplus to be paid to the most antient poor of the parish, the sum of 3s, 6d. on Palm Sunday and the Monday before Penticost; and 21s. 6d. on Christmas-day yearly, out of the house and lands called Church-house, now vested in Mr. Peter Inge.
Henry Sloyden, of Wickhambreaux, in 1568, gave by will to the poor of this parish and of Wickham, six acres and a half of land, called Church-close, to be divided between them yearly, now of the annual produce of 3l. 9s. 9d.
Sir Henry Palmer, by his will in 1611, gave 10s. to be paid yearly out of his manor of Welle, for the use of the poor.
James Franklyn, by will in 1616, gave to the parishes of Littleborne, Chistlet, and Hoathe, in Reculver, 5l. each, to be employed in a stock for the poor. This 5l. is now increased to 11l. this interest of which being 8s. 93frac34;d. is distributed among the poor in general.
Valentine Norton, gent. by his will, was a benefactor to the poor; but there are no particulars further known of it.
The poor constantly relieved are about fifty, casually thirtyfive.
This parish is within the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the diocese of Canterbury, and deanry of Bridge.
The church, which is dedicated to St. Vincent, consists of three isles and a chancel, having at the west end a low pointed steeple, in which hang five bells. The church is kept very neat. It is a good sized building, and is handsomely ceiled. The chancel is lostly, and has four narrow lancet windows on each side, and three at the end; in the former are the remains of good painted glass, and in the latter some years ago were the seven sacraments, &c. very handsomely done, with rich borders, but they have been some few years since removed. In it is a memorial for George I'anns, curate, obt. 1699. In the middle isle are several memorials for the family of Denne, for many descents lessees of the court-lodge, and descended from those of Dennehill, in Kingston, In the south-east window of the south isle is a saint holding a shield of arms, in front, Gules, three cocks, argent, being the arms of Bunington, on the lest side a moon, on the right a sun, all very well done; and there were formerly in one of the windows, the arms of Higham, argent, a lion passant regardant, between six cross-croslets fitchee, sable, impaling Gallaway, ermine, three lozenges, gules. A few years ago the north isle fell down, when there were some curious paintings discovered, by the breaking of the plaister from the walls. This isle was immediately rebuilt. In the church-yard, at the north-west part of it, are several tombs and head stones of the family of Denne before- mentioned.
¶The church of Littleborne was antiently appendant to the manor, part of the possessions of the abbot and convent of St. Augustine, and continued so till the year 1224, when Robert de Bello being chosen abbot, and finding much difficulty in obtaining the pope's benediction, to facilitate it, gave this church to the monastery of St. Mary de Monte Mirteto, in Italy, to which the pope, in 1241, appropriated it. Immediately after which, this parsonage, so appropriated, was demised to the abbot and convent of St. Augustine, in perpetual ferme, at the clear yearly sum of thirty marcs. (fn. 7) Four years after which, anno 1245, archbishop Stratford endowed the vicarage of it, the advowson of which was reserved to the abbot and convent of St. Augustine, when he decreed, that the vicarage should be endowed with a mansion, the tithes of filva cæ dua, of hay, and in three acres of arable, one acre of meadow, and in the receipt of three marcs and an half in money from the religious yearly, and in the tithes of flax, hemp, ducks, calves, pigeons, bees, milk, milkmeats, mills, wool, pigs, and in all oblations and other small tithes belonging to the church; and that the vicar should serve the church in divine rites, and find one chaplain to celebrate weekly in the chapel of Garwyntone, and to find bread, wine, and tapers, for celebrating divine rites in the church. Which endowment was afterwards, in 1370, certified by inspeximus, by archbishop Wittlesey. In which state this church and advowson remained till the final dissolution of the abbey of St. Augustine, in the 30th year of Henry VIII. when they came into the king's hands, and the king, in his 33d year, settled both, by his dotation-charter, on his new-erected dean and chapter of Canterbury, with whom they continue at this time. The parsonage has been from time to time let on a beneficial lease, Mr. Thomas Holness being the present lessee of it, but the advowson of the vicarage the dean and chapter retain in their own hands.
The vicarage of Littleborne is valued in the king's books at 7l. 19s. 10d. but the yearly tenths taken are sixteen shillings, the sum total being erroneonsly cast up in the king's books at eight pounds. The antient pension of 3l. 17s. 4d. from the abbey of St. Augustine's, is yearly received by the vicar out of the exchequer; the demesne lands of the court-lodge pay no greattithes, and the archbishop's woods in his own occupation pay none. In 1588 here were one hundred and fifty communicants; in 1640 the same, when it was valued at thirty-five pounds. It has been augmented by the dean and chapter with fifty pounds per annum.
The chapel of Lukedale, in the precinct of Well, was once esteemed as within the bounds of this parish, of which more may be seen herefter, under Ickham, to which parish Well is now annexed.
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