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Pyrite-dacite stockwork – San Miguel pyrite mine, Huelva, Spain (Late Devonian-Early Carboniferous, Volcano-Sedimentary Complex, Iberian Pyrite Belt)
The Iberian Pyrite Belt is located in the SW of the Iberian Peninsula, comprising part of Portugal and of the provinces of Huelva and Seville in Spain. It forms an arch about 240 km long and 35 km wide between Seville and the proximities of Grándola in Portugal. Geologically, it belongs to the South Portuguese Zone, the southernmost of the zones in which the Iberian Massif is divided. The Iberian Pyrite Belt is one of the most important volcanogenic massive sulphide districts in the world, and has been mined during more than 5000 years.
The stratigraphic sequence of the Iberian Pyrite Belt is relatively simple.
1). It begins with a basal unit (Phyllite-Quartzite Group or PQ Group) with more than 2000 m of slate and sandstone with siliciclastic shelf facies and of Late Devonian age.
2). The PQ Group is overlain by the Volcano-Sedimentary Complex (CVS, Late Devonian-Early Carboniferous), reaching a thickness of 1300 m and deposited in an intracontinental basin during the oblique collision of the South Portuguese Zone (Avalonia?) against the Iberian Massif (Gondwana). The volcanism of the Pyrite Belt shows compositions from basalt to rhyolite. The most felsic terms dominate, as domes and sills associated to volcanoclastic deposits with similar composition, as well as slate and chemical sediments.
3). The Culm Group diachronically lays on the CVS, and consists of a synorogenic flysch with an Early Carboniferous age. The whole series is affected by very low degree metamorphism and a fold and thrust tectonic (“epidermic belt”) within the context of Variscan.
The San Miguel mine is the best outcrop example in the Pyrite Belt of a stockwork and massive sulphides replacing volcanic rocks. Besides, it displays one of the most spectacular gossan of the area, with works from Roman times.
The recent works began in 1851, and between 1851 and 1960 1,29 million tons of ore were extracted with a 2-3% Cu and 46% S. Copper content was very irregular, but increased significantly towards the supergene alteration zone. Most of the “gossan” has been recently worked by Minas de Rio Tinto Co.
The mine worked several lenses of massive sulphides. The biggest one, San Miguel, is 200 m long with an average thickness of 10 m and 40 m maximum, and has been tracked to a depth of 155 m.
Geologically, the massive sulphides replace a volcanoclastic breccia marginal to a dacitic dome. They have coarse grain size with abundant quartz and chlorite inclusions. In detail, there is a gradation from a “stockwork” in chloritized and silicified dacite, to the massive sulfides. The upper contact is a thrust plane with slates and volcanoclastic rocks. In the easternmost part of the mine, the massive sulphides are covered by a thick gossan with a sharp contact with the massive sulphides. There are abundant rests of Roman mining in the gossan and cementation zone.
The San Miguel mineralizations originated from the interaction of hydrothermal fluids with deep sea rocks and sediments. Hydrothermal fluids, with temperaturesof 350 ºC, generated from a high geothermal gradient, rose to seabed porous and fractured areas, giving rise to various reactions between fluids and rocks.
This process caused the alteration of volcanic rocks and the deposit of sulfides, both in open spaces (fractures and pores) and replacing rocks and sediments. The outcrop is interpreted as part of the channels that hot fluids used to ascend to seabed.
An exploration of designing for meaningfulness, combining traditional craft (kintsugi) with electronics and interaction. www.meaningfuldevices.com
Created by Vanessa Julia Carpenter with FabLabRUC (Dzl) (fablab.ruc.dk), FabCafe Tokyo (fabcafe.com/tokyo/), and Kintsugi Artist Kurosawa (kurovsya.com).
Connor wants us to read his lips.
When ClickTracks' CEO John Marshall first approached ZURB with a request for ten icons and a rough prototype of a website?neither company realized at that moment just how far they'd travel together. ZURB helped John build ClickTracks (a web based analytics business) over the next months to come. John sold ClickTracks for over $10 million and went on to start MarketMotive.
The ZURB Soapbox lecture series is a new venture ZURB is embarking on where we invite entrepreneurs, designers, managers, movers, shakers and friends of ZURB to speak to a like-minded audience and spar with them afterward.
ZURB is a close-knit team of interaction designers and strategists that help companies design better (www.zurb.com).
IAEA Director General Yukiya Amano is accompanied by Philippe Corréa, CEA Director and Aline Caranicolas, CEA Project Manager as he visits the CEA Exhibit at the World Nuclear Exhibition in Paris, France. Director General Amano is seen here testing the preview of the future platform EVOC for teaching the physics of reactors in virtual reality. This platform will allow students from the French National Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology to take part in a virtual teaching reactor in the days to come. This new platform, mixing physical world and virtual reality and allowing the interaction of several students, is a world first realized by CEA colleagues, nuclear experts and virtual reality experts. 26 June 2018
Photo Credit: V.Bousserez / CEA
Le tractor pulling est un sport mécanique pratiqué principalement aux États-Unis, en Australie, et en Europe du Nord.
À la fin du XIXe siècle, les fermiers américains se lançaient des défis pour prouver la force de leurs chevaux de trait. Ils attelaient une porte de grange à un cheval et les fermiers montaient les uns après les autres sur la porte jusqu'à obtenir l'arrêt du cheval. Le cheval pouvant tirer le plus de personnes sur la plus grande distance était gagnant. Cette discipline, appelée Horse pulling (en), se pratique toujours aujourd'hui avec des lests de béton.
Des engins motorisés sont utilisés pour la première fois en 1929 pour un tel exercice dans le Missouri et l'Ohio. En 1969, la National Tractor Pullers Association (NTPA) est fondée par des représentants de huit États pour structurer la discipline aux États-Unis.
En Australie, le premier évènement de tractor pulling se tient en 1976.
En France, le tractor pulling apparait en 1983 à Neuville-aux-Bois (Loiret) puis à Amboise (Indre-et-Loire).
Contrairement aux dragsters, avec lesquels on compare parfois ce sport, le but n'est pas tant d'aller vite que d'aller loin.
Il s'agit de tracter une remorque à masse variable le plus loin possible, jusqu'au Full-Pull (100 mètres). La remorque se compose d'un godet destiné à recevoir des masses, ce godet avance pour appuyer de plus en plus vers l'avant, de fait la remorque devient un traîneau en quelques secondes. La remorque atteint même en fin de course une position de bêche (elle entre dans le sol de plusieurs centimètres).
La remorque, homologuée, doit pouvoir arrêter les meilleurs tracteurs avant les 100 mètres, et dans la catégorie 4,5 tonnes certains tracteurs atteignent les 12 000 chevaux. Les machines de compétitions les plus puissantes ne ressemblent que peu aux tracteurs agricoles.
La plupart du temps les moteurs viennent de l'aéronautique comme des moteurs en étoile ou des V12, mais on trouve aussi parfois des moteurs d'origine automobile de type V8. Pour la catégorie Pro-stock les blocs moteurs sont ceux d'origine. Le nombre de moteurs et la cylindrée ne sont limités. Certains tracteurs dépassent les 145 dB pendant un run.
Les réservoirs sont très petits, autour des 30 à 40 litres. Dans certains cas cette quantité est presque intégralement consommée sur un seul run.