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Dad with another tanker. The 72nd Tank Battalion was an all-white unit until the fall of 1951, after which black soldiers were integrated into the ranks.
PNNL's Power Grid Integrator has demonstrated up to a 50 percent improvement in forecasting future electricity needs over several commonly used tools. Project lead Luke Gosink, right, consults on the use of the new tool, which could save millions in wasted electricity costs.
Terms of Use: Our images are freely and publicly available for use with the credit line, "Courtesy of Pacific Northwest National Laboratory." Please use provided caption information for use in appropriate context.
Alicia Barcena Ibarra, Executive Secretary, United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), Santiago; Global Agenda Council on Latin America, Felipe Larraín Bascuñán, Minister of Finance of Chile, Michael R. McAdoo, Vice-President, Strategy and International Business Development, Bombardier Aerospace, Canada, Rafael Roncagliolo, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Peru and Woods Staton, President and Chief Executive Officer, Arcos Dorados at the World Economic Forum on Latin America 2013. Copyright by World Economic Forum / Benedikt von Loebell
Since 2009, following near elimination of malaria in village communities, the MoH Malaria Program in Suriname has a focus on malaria transmission in remaining risk populations and areas, which are mostly mobile, illegal miners from Brazilian origin in gold mines. The Program aims to fill the gap of lacking malaria
services in these risk areas and among these populations. It is also working towards prevention of re-establishment of malaria in areas where malaria has been eliminated. The prevention effort is partly directed towards interception of import malaria, which made up about 75% of the number of cases diagnosed last year.
The four main strategies of the Malaria Program are:
Improved access to diagnosis and treatment, and case investigation. (T3 recommendations applied in the specific conditions of the gold mines)
Prevention in the highest risk areas with Long Lasting Impregnated mosquito Nets (LLINs).
Awareness building to change behavior.
National en regional Partnerships.
Improved access to diagnosis and treatment is achieved by establishment of Malaria Service Deliverers, so-called MSDs, in high risk areas. MSDs are people originating from risk populations and based in risk areas who are trained to provide diagnosis and treatment to their peers under supervision of the Malaria Program. The geographical distribution of MSDs in the MSD network is guided by the national surveillance system and has a focus on remote areas of high risk or areas where import of malaria is common. In addition, in areas where no MSDs are stationed yet, but which are prone to incidental outbreaks, regular Active Case Detections (ACD) campaigns are executed, guided by epidemiological data. Some of these areas, depending on priority, are serviced by mobile MSDs, traveling with all-terrain-vehicles (ATV) or boat. Trained MSD-supervisors of the Malaria Program support the local MSDs with case investigations in the areas of transmission.
LLINs provided to high risk mobile populations are of a specific design. The design was established prior to the onset of the current Program via community involvement and can be used for both beds and hammocks. They are distributed via the MSD network and during ACD surveys. Villages close to mining areas where transmission still occurs are considered susceptible to malaria re-establishment and are included in the LLINs distribution. Distribution here is done in cooperation with Medical Mission (MM), responsible for primary health care in stabile populations in the Interior.
Awareness building strategies are based on recommendation from previous studies on Knowledge, Attitude and Practices. The campaign takes into account amongst other factors, the ethnicity (language), education level (significant part illiterate) and mobility (messages also via SMS) of the target population.
National partnerships include cooperation with the MM and with multi-nationals active in logging and mining in Suriname. MoUs have been established with these partners with an aim to cooperate in the prevention and control of malaria. This secures ownership and sustainability of malaria prevention and control efforts. There is a continuous communication with neighboring countries for the exchange of epidemiological data and to support international cooperation.
Miners active in French Guiana cross into Suriname to sell gold and buy equipment Due to a hard-line policy of France towards illegal mining, the miners are not able to do this in French Guiana. The significant malaria problem in French mining areas and continuous cross-border movement of miners result in high importation of malaria into Suriname. The Malaria Program addressed this by establishing border posts for screening at the main garimpeiro crossing points. The Malaria Program has also started executing surveillance by boat along the South-Eastern part of the border, which facilitates provision of services to remote camps, boat landing sites and resting places. The border surveillance along the remainder of the border is supported by the Medical Mission clinics in villages.
The MSDs, many of which are from Brazilian origin, were trained/re-trained with help of Brazilian counterparts. Re-training is a continuous effort due to the high mobility and turn-over of the MSDs. This is the result of changes in profitability of mining areas. The garimpeiros are following the gold. The MSDs and most field personnel of the Malaria Program are Portuguese speaking enabling them to interact with the priority target population.
Annually the Malaria Program organizes a re-training of national malaria microscopists in order for them to maintain capacity for diagnosis in a near elimination setting. The national trainers have been trained and certified abroad. Also the Program is currently in the process of developing and implementing a guideline for all screening posts/personnel (including hospitals, private labs, private clinics, MM clinics etc) on the diagnosis, treatment and data management of malaria cases, again to help maintain capacity in situations where malaria is nowadays seldom encountered.
Personnel of the malaria program have participated in training on recognizing human trafficking and on the prevention of stigma and discrimination (related to illegality/ethnicity of the target population, sex workers in the mining areas, and HIV status (as part of integration of services and testing of HIV by Malaria Program personnel))
Active outreach towards the target populations includes activities both in the transmission settings as well as in selected neighborhoods in the capital, where the target population resides. The Program has a trained Outreach Officer. The Outreach Officer is also responsible for communication with hospitals and is available for support of hospitals when experiencing difficulties in interacting with patients of the target population (esp. due to language barriers).
Located at the corner of Bayswater and Somerset W. How is it possible to walk by a building and never really notice it? Very easy,
He believes no call can be missed. I rarely have my phone on me, and if I do, it is set on vibrate. In fact, I've never heard what my ringtone sounds like.
Microchip Technology's mTouch™ Projected Capacitive Touch-Screen Sensing Technology and PIC16F707 8-bit microcontroller (MCU), featuring two 16-channel Capacitive Sensing Modules (CSMs) that can run in parallel for increased sampling speed. The MCU is available today for just $0.99 each in volume and, along with the mTouch projected-capacitive technology and development kit, enables designers to easily integrate projected capacitive touch-sensing functionality into their application with a single MCU, thus reducing total system costs and increasing design flexibility.
The families, most of which have been affected by violence and live in a high degree of vulnerability and poverty, build friendships with their neighbors and find in the orchards a source of unity and teamwork.
Photo credit must be given: ©FAO/Team Colombia. Editorial use only. Copyright FAO
UNDP visit to a Colombian FARC re-integration camp to support local life and help setup a tourism project
The Somnath temple located in Prabhas Patan near Veraval in Saurashtra on the western coast of Gujarat, India, is the first among the twelve Jyotirlinga shrines of Shiva. It is an important pilgrimage and tourist spot. The temple is considered sacred due to the various legends connected to it. Somnath means "Lord of the Soma", an epithet of Shiva.
The Somnath temple is known as "the Shrine Eternal". This legendary temple has been destroyed and rebuilt several times by Islamic kings and Hindu kings respectively. Most recently it was rebuilt in November 1947, when Vallabhbhai Patel visited the area for the integration of Junagadh and mooted a plan for restoration. After Patel's death, the rebuilding continued under Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi, another minister of the Government of India.
The temple is open daily from 6AM to 9PM. There are 3 aarti daily; in the morning at 07:00, at 12:00 and in the evening at 19:00.
It is also believed that nearby Bhalka is the place where Krishna ended his lila on earth and left for his heavenly abode.
JYOTIRLINGA
The Shiva linga in Somnath is believed to be one of the 12 jyotirlingas in India, where Shiva appeared as a fiery column of light. The jyotirlingas are taken as the supreme, undivided reality out of which Shiva partly appears.
The jyotirlinga shrines are the places where Shiva is believed to have appeared as a fiery column of light.[5][6] Originally there are believed to have been 64 jyotirlingas and 12 of them were considered to be very auspicious and holy.
Each of the twelve jyotirlinga sites take the name of a different manifestation of Shiva. At all these sites, the primary image is a lingam representing the beginningless and endless stambha pillar, symbolizing the infinite nature of Shiva. Even though there are believed to have been 64 jyotirlingas, twelve of them are considered to be very auspicious. In addition to the one at Somanath, the others are at Varanasi, Rameswaram, Dwarka etc.
HISTORY
The site of Somnath has been a pilgrimage site from ancient times on account of being a triveni sangam (the joining of three rivers — Kapila, Hiran and the mythical Sarasvati River). Soma, the Moon god, is believed to have lost his lustre due to a curse, and he bathed in the Sarasvati River at this site to regain it. The result is the waxing and waning of the moon, no doubt an allusion to the waxing and waning of the tides at this sea shore location. The name of the town Prabhas, meaning lustre, as well as the alternative names Someshvar and Somanath ("lord of the moon" or "moon god") arise from this tradition.
HISTORY OF THE TEMPLE
According to popular tradition documented by J. Gordon Melton, the first Siva temple at Somanath is believed to have been built at some unknown time in the past. The second temple was said to be built at the same site by the Seuna kings of Vallabhi around 649 CE. In 725 CE, Al-Junayd, the Arab governor of Sindh is said to have destroyed the second temple as part of his invasions of Gujarat and Rajasthan. The Gurjara-Pratihara king Nagabhata II is said to have constructed the third temple in 815 CE, a large structure of red sandstone.
There is no historical record of an attack on Somnath by Al-Junayd. However, Nagabhata II is known to have visited tirthas in Saurashtra, including Someshvara (the Lord of the Moon) at Somnath, which may or may not be a reference to a Siva temple. The Solanki king Mularaja possibly built the first temple at the site sometime before 997 CE, even though some historians believe that he may have renovated a smaller earlier temple.
Somnath temple, 1869
In 1024, during the reign of Bhimdev I, the prominent Afghan ruler Mahmud of Ghazni raided Gujarat, plundering the Somnath temple and breaking its jyotirlinga. He took away a booty of 20 million dinars. Historians expect the damage to the temple to have been minimal because there are records to pilgrimages to the temple in 1038, which make no mention of any damage to the temple. However, powerful legends with intricate detail had developed regarding Mahmud's raid in the Turko-Persian literature, which "electrified" the Muslim world according to scholar Meenakshi Jain.
The prior temple appears to have been a wooden structure which decayed in time (kalajirnam) and Kumarpal (r. 1143-72) rebuilt it in "excellent stone and studded it with jewels," according to an inscription in 1169.
In 1299, Alauddin Khilji's army under the leadership of Ulugh Khan defeated Karandev II of the Vaghela dynasty, and sacked the Somnath temple. According to Taj-ul-Ma'sir of Hasan Nizami, the Sultan boasted that "fifty thousand infidels were dispatched to hell by the sword" and "more than twenty thousand slaves, and cattle beyond all calculation fell into the hands of the victors."
The temple was rebuilt by Mahipala Deva, the Chudasama king of Saurashtra in 1308 and the Linga was installed by his son Khengar sometime between 1326 and 1351. In 1395, the temple was destroyed for the third time by Zafar Khan, the last governor of Gujarat under the Delhi Sultanate. In 1451, it was desecrated by Mahmud Begada, the Sultan of Gujarat.
In 1546, the Portuguese, based in Goa, attacked ports and towns in Gujarat including Somnath and destroyed several temples and mosques.
By 1665, the temple, one of many, was once again ordered destroyed by Mughal emperor Aurangzeb. In 1702, he ordered that if Hindus had revived worship there, it should be demolished completely.
Later the temple was rebuilt to its same glory adjacent to the ruined one by the joint efforts of the Marathas including the Peshwa of Pune, Raja Bhonsle of Nagpur, Chhatrapati Bhonsle of Kolhapur, Queen Ahilyabai Holkar of Indore & Shrimant Patilbuwa Shinde of Gwalior rebuilt the temple in 1783 at a site adjacent to the ruined temple.
'Proclamation of the Gates' Incident during the British raj
In 1782-83 AD, Maratha king Mahadaji Shinde, victoriously brought back the Three Silver Gates from Lahore after defeating Muhammad Shah of Lahore. After refusal from Pundits of Guzrath and the then ruler Gaekwad to put them back on Somnath temple, these silver gates were placed in the temples of Ujjain. Today they can be seen in two temples of India, Mahakaleshwar Jyotirlinga and Gopal Mandir of Ujjain.
In 1842, Edward Law, 1st Earl of Ellenborough issued his famous Proclamation of the Gates, in which he ordered the British army in Afghanistan to return via Ghazni and bring back to India the sandalwood gates from the tomb of Mahmud of Ghazni in Ghazni, Afghanistan. These were believed to have been taken by Mahmud from Somnath. There was a debate in the House of Commons in London in 1843 on the question of the gates of the Somanatha temple. After much crossfire between the British Government and the opposition, the gates were uprooted and brought back in triumph. But on arrival, they were found to be replicas of the original. They were placed in a store-room in the Agra Fort where they still lie to the present day.
In the 19th century novel The Moonstone by Wilkie Collins, the diamond of the title is presumed to have been stolen from the temple at Somnath and, according to the historian Romila Thapar, reflects the interest aroused in Britain by the gates.
RECONSTRUCTION OF THE SOMNATH TEMPLE
Before independence, Prabhas Patan was part of the princely state of Junagadh, whose ruler had acceded to Pakistan in 1947. After India refused to accept his decision, the state was made a part of India and Deputy Prime Minister Patel came to Junagadh on 12 November 1947 to direct the stabilization of the state by the Indian Army and at the same time ordered the reconstruction of the Somanath temple.
When Patel, K. M. Munshi and other leaders of the Congress went to Mahatma Gandhi with their proposal to reconstruct the Somnath temple, Gandhi blessed the move, but suggested that the funds for the construction should be collected from the public and the temple should not be funded by the state. He expressed that he was proud to associate himself to the project of renovation of the temple However, soon both Gandhi and Sardar Patel died and the task of reconstruction of the temple continued under Munshi, who was the Minister for Food and Civil Supplies in the Nehru Government.
The ruins were pulled down in October 1950 and the mosque present at that site was shifted few kilometres away. In May 1951, Dr. Rajendra Prasad, the first President of the Republic of India, invited by K M Munshi, performed the installation ceremony for the temple. The President said in his address, "It is my view that the reconstruction of the Somnath Temple will be complete on that day when not only a magnificent edifice will arise on this foundation, but the mansion of India's prosperity will be really that prosperity of which the ancient temple of Somnath was a symbol.". He added "The Somnath temple signifies that the power of reconstruction is always greater than the power of destruction"
ARCHITECTURE OF THE PRESENT TEMPLE
The present temple is built in the Chalukya style of temple architecture or "Kailash Mahameru Prasad" style and reflects the skill of the Sompura Salats, one of Gujarat's master masons. The temple's śikhara, or main spire, is 15 metres in height, and it has an 8.2-metre tall flag pole at the top.
The temple is situated at such a place that there is no land in a straight line between Somnath seashore until Antarctica, such an inscription in Sanskrit is found on the Bāṇastambha (Sanskrit: बाणस्तम्भ, lit. arrow pillar) erected on the sea-protection wall. The Bāṇastambha mentions that it stands at a point on the Indian landmass that is the first point on land in the north to the South Pole at that particular longitude.
WIKIPEDIA
Website:
english
The Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA) is an ethnographical and natural history museum in Tervuren, just outside Brussels, Belgium. It was first built to show off King Leopold II's Congo Free State for the 1897 World Exhibition. It focuses mainly on Congo, Belgium's former colony. The sphere of influence however (especially regarding to biological research) extends to the whole Congo River basin, Middle Africa, East Africa and West Africa, but tries to integrate Africa as a whole. First purely intended as a colonial museum, after 1960 it became more focused on ethnography and anthropology. Like in most museums, there is a research department and a public exhibit department. Not all research is pertaining to Africa, for example the research on the archaeozoology of Sagalassos. Some researchers have strong ties with the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences.
History
After the Congo Free State was recognized by the Berlin Conference of 1884-1885, King Léopold II decided he had to show the potential of the country in an exhibition. Economic investors had to be attracted and the public had to know this faraway country better. After considering other places, the king decided to have the exhibition in his royal estate at Tervuren. When the 1897 International Exposition was held in Brussels, a colonial section was built in Tervuren with two new transport connections to Brussels city centre, the Avenue de Tervuren and the tramway line. The 44 tram line (Brussels-Tervuren) was built at the same time as the original museum by King Leopold II of Belgium to bring the visitors from the 1897 World Exhibition to the exhibition of the Congo in Tervuren. The colonial section was hosted in the Palace of the Colonies (although there was only the one colony). It was designed by the Belgian architect Albert-Philippe Aldophe. In the main hall Georges Hobé designed a distinctive wooden Art Nouveau structure to evoke the forest, using Bilinga wood, an African tree. The exhibition displayed ethnographic objects, stuffed animals and in the "Hall of the Great Cultures" Congo's most important export products were displayed: coffee, cacao and tobacco. In the park, a copy of an African village was built, in which 60 Africans lived. The exposition was a huge success.
In 1898 the Palace of the Colonies became the Musée du Congo, and now the exhibits became permanent. It was then that the scientific research really took off. But due to the avid collecting of the scientists, the collection soon grew too large for the museum and enlargement was needed. Léopold II saw it big: he wanted not only an Africa Museum but also Chinese and Japanese pavilions, a congress centre, a World School and so forth. Tervuren became a rich suburb of Brussels. The new museum started construction in 1904 by the French architect Charles Girault in neoclassical "palace" architecture, reminiscent of Petit Palais, with large gardens extending into the Tervuren Forest, a part of the Sonian Forest. It was officially opened by King Albert I in 1910 and named The Museum of the Belgian Congo. In 1952 the adjective "Royal" was added. In 1957, for Expo '58, a large building was constructed to receive African personnel: the Centre d'Accueil du Personnel Africain (CAPA). In 1960 the museum had its name changed to The Royal Museum for Central Africa.
At present, the RMCA is struggling with modernisation. Some call it "a museum of a museum", as it shows how a museum looked like in the mid-twentieth century. For example, Expo '58 still showed a harmonious Belgian-Congolese relationship, while the country stood on the brink of independence. A more modern exhibition "The Memory of Congo" (February 4, 2005 - October 9, 2005), tried to tell the whole truth of what happened in the Congo Free State before it became Belgium's colony, a very sensitive subject in Belgium. It was put on after The Guardian reported in July 2002 that, after initial outrage by Belgian historians over King Leopold's Ghost by Adam Hochschild, the state-funded museum would finance an investigation into Hochschild's allegations. The investigatory panel, headed by Professor Jean-Luc Vellut, reported its findings in 2004. The exhibit based on them was set up the following year.
Critical of the museum was Adam Hochschild again, author of King Leopold's Ghost, who wrote an article for the New York Review of Books purporting to show 'distortions and evasions' in the special 2005 exhibition.
Collections
10,000,000 animals
250,000 rock samples
120,000 ethnographic objects
20,000 maps
56,000 wood samples
8,000 musical instruments
350 archives, including some of Henry Morton Stanley's journals
The herbarium collection of the Congo Museum was transferred to that of the National Botanic Garden of Belgium in 1934.
Português
Museu Real da África Central (RMCA) é um museu de história natural e etnografia, localizado em Tervuren, Bélgica. É especializado no conhecimento do antigo Congo Belga, ex-colônia que corresponde hoje à República Democrática do Congo.
Foi fundado a partir da Exposição Internacional de 1897. No ano seguinte, passou a ser chamado de "Museu do Congo", sendo posto a serviço do rei Leopoldo II, que foi proprietário particular do Estado Livre do Congo até 1908.
Operational Integration Exercise 2007 Kleine-Brogel.
© Jason Grant - All Rights Reserved unauthorized use is strictly prohibited.
Segunda edición de esta iniciativa que tiene como objetivo formar a jóvenes de Brasil / Second edition of the Sao Paulo 2.0 project which aims to help a group of young people from Brazil to improve their chances of integration in society and in the job market, by providing them with training.
{In progress..... }
Just as taking the derivative of a function "eats" constants, integrating a function generates constants. Every time an integration is performed a new constant of integration is produced.
The Somnath temple located in Prabhas Patan near Veraval in Saurashtra on the western coast of Gujarat, India, is the first among the twelve Jyotirlinga shrines of Shiva. It is an important pilgrimage and tourist spot. The temple is considered sacred due to the various legends connected to it. Somnath means "Lord of the Soma", an epithet of Shiva.
The Somnath temple is known as "the Shrine Eternal". This legendary temple has been destroyed and rebuilt several times by Islamic kings and Hindu kings respectively. Most recently it was rebuilt in November 1947, when Vallabhbhai Patel visited the area for the integration of Junagadh and mooted a plan for restoration. After Patel's death, the rebuilding continued under Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi, another minister of the Government of India.
The temple is open daily from 6AM to 9PM. There are 3 aarti daily; in the morning at 07:00, at 12:00 and in the evening at 19:00.
It is also believed that nearby Bhalka is the place where Krishna ended his lila on earth and left for his heavenly abode.
JYOTIRLINGA
The Shiva linga in Somnath is believed to be one of the 12 jyotirlingas in India, where Shiva appeared as a fiery column of light. The jyotirlingas are taken as the supreme, undivided reality out of which Shiva partly appears.
The jyotirlinga shrines are the places where Shiva is believed to have appeared as a fiery column of light.[5][6] Originally there are believed to have been 64 jyotirlingas and 12 of them were considered to be very auspicious and holy.
Each of the twelve jyotirlinga sites take the name of a different manifestation of Shiva. At all these sites, the primary image is a lingam representing the beginningless and endless stambha pillar, symbolizing the infinite nature of Shiva. Even though there are believed to have been 64 jyotirlingas, twelve of them are considered to be very auspicious. In addition to the one at Somanath, the others are at Varanasi, Rameswaram, Dwarka etc.
HISTORY
The site of Somnath has been a pilgrimage site from ancient times on account of being a triveni sangam (the joining of three rivers — Kapila, Hiran and the mythical Sarasvati River). Soma, the Moon god, is believed to have lost his lustre due to a curse, and he bathed in the Sarasvati River at this site to regain it. The result is the waxing and waning of the moon, no doubt an allusion to the waxing and waning of the tides at this sea shore location. The name of the town Prabhas, meaning lustre, as well as the alternative names Someshvar and Somanath ("lord of the moon" or "moon god") arise from this tradition.
HISTORY OF THE TEMPLE
According to popular tradition documented by J. Gordon Melton, the first Siva temple at Somanath is believed to have been built at some unknown time in the past. The second temple was said to be built at the same site by the Seuna kings of Vallabhi around 649 CE. In 725 CE, Al-Junayd, the Arab governor of Sindh is said to have destroyed the second temple as part of his invasions of Gujarat and Rajasthan. The Gurjara-Pratihara king Nagabhata II is said to have constructed the third temple in 815 CE, a large structure of red sandstone.
There is no historical record of an attack on Somnath by Al-Junayd. However, Nagabhata II is known to have visited tirthas in Saurashtra, including Someshvara (the Lord of the Moon) at Somnath, which may or may not be a reference to a Siva temple. The Solanki king Mularaja possibly built the first temple at the site sometime before 997 CE, even though some historians believe that he may have renovated a smaller earlier temple.
Somnath temple, 1869
In 1024, during the reign of Bhimdev I, the prominent Afghan ruler Mahmud of Ghazni raided Gujarat, plundering the Somnath temple and breaking its jyotirlinga. He took away a booty of 20 million dinars. Historians expect the damage to the temple to have been minimal because there are records to pilgrimages to the temple in 1038, which make no mention of any damage to the temple. However, powerful legends with intricate detail had developed regarding Mahmud's raid in the Turko-Persian literature, which "electrified" the Muslim world according to scholar Meenakshi Jain.
The prior temple appears to have been a wooden structure which decayed in time (kalajirnam) and Kumarpal (r. 1143-72) rebuilt it in "excellent stone and studded it with jewels," according to an inscription in 1169.
In 1299, Alauddin Khilji's army under the leadership of Ulugh Khan defeated Karandev II of the Vaghela dynasty, and sacked the Somnath temple. According to Taj-ul-Ma'sir of Hasan Nizami, the Sultan boasted that "fifty thousand infidels were dispatched to hell by the sword" and "more than twenty thousand slaves, and cattle beyond all calculation fell into the hands of the victors."
The temple was rebuilt by Mahipala Deva, the Chudasama king of Saurashtra in 1308 and the Linga was installed by his son Khengar sometime between 1326 and 1351. In 1395, the temple was destroyed for the third time by Zafar Khan, the last governor of Gujarat under the Delhi Sultanate. In 1451, it was desecrated by Mahmud Begada, the Sultan of Gujarat.
In 1546, the Portuguese, based in Goa, attacked ports and towns in Gujarat including Somnath and destroyed several temples and mosques.
By 1665, the temple, one of many, was once again ordered destroyed by Mughal emperor Aurangzeb. In 1702, he ordered that if Hindus had revived worship there, it should be demolished completely.
Later the temple was rebuilt to its same glory adjacent to the ruined one by the joint efforts of the Marathas including the Peshwa of Pune, Raja Bhonsle of Nagpur, Chhatrapati Bhonsle of Kolhapur, Queen Ahilyabai Holkar of Indore & Shrimant Patilbuwa Shinde of Gwalior rebuilt the temple in 1783 at a site adjacent to the ruined temple.
'Proclamation of the Gates' Incident during the British raj
In 1782-83 AD, Maratha king Mahadaji Shinde, victoriously brought back the Three Silver Gates from Lahore after defeating Muhammad Shah of Lahore. After refusal from Pundits of Guzrath and the then ruler Gaekwad to put them back on Somnath temple, these silver gates were placed in the temples of Ujjain. Today they can be seen in two temples of India, Mahakaleshwar Jyotirlinga and Gopal Mandir of Ujjain.
In 1842, Edward Law, 1st Earl of Ellenborough issued his famous Proclamation of the Gates, in which he ordered the British army in Afghanistan to return via Ghazni and bring back to India the sandalwood gates from the tomb of Mahmud of Ghazni in Ghazni, Afghanistan. These were believed to have been taken by Mahmud from Somnath. There was a debate in the House of Commons in London in 1843 on the question of the gates of the Somanatha temple. After much crossfire between the British Government and the opposition, the gates were uprooted and brought back in triumph. But on arrival, they were found to be replicas of the original. They were placed in a store-room in the Agra Fort where they still lie to the present day.
In the 19th century novel The Moonstone by Wilkie Collins, the diamond of the title is presumed to have been stolen from the temple at Somnath and, according to the historian Romila Thapar, reflects the interest aroused in Britain by the gates.
RECONSTRUCTION OF THE SOMNATH TEMPLE
Before independence, Prabhas Patan was part of the princely state of Junagadh, whose ruler had acceded to Pakistan in 1947. After India refused to accept his decision, the state was made a part of India and Deputy Prime Minister Patel came to Junagadh on 12 November 1947 to direct the stabilization of the state by the Indian Army and at the same time ordered the reconstruction of the Somanath temple.
When Patel, K. M. Munshi and other leaders of the Congress went to Mahatma Gandhi with their proposal to reconstruct the Somnath temple, Gandhi blessed the move, but suggested that the funds for the construction should be collected from the public and the temple should not be funded by the state. He expressed that he was proud to associate himself to the project of renovation of the temple However, soon both Gandhi and Sardar Patel died and the task of reconstruction of the temple continued under Munshi, who was the Minister for Food and Civil Supplies in the Nehru Government.
The ruins were pulled down in October 1950 and the mosque present at that site was shifted few kilometres away. In May 1951, Dr. Rajendra Prasad, the first President of the Republic of India, invited by K M Munshi, performed the installation ceremony for the temple. The President said in his address, "It is my view that the reconstruction of the Somnath Temple will be complete on that day when not only a magnificent edifice will arise on this foundation, but the mansion of India's prosperity will be really that prosperity of which the ancient temple of Somnath was a symbol.". He added "The Somnath temple signifies that the power of reconstruction is always greater than the power of destruction"
ARCHITECTURE OF THE PRESENT TEMPLE
The present temple is built in the Chalukya style of temple architecture or "Kailash Mahameru Prasad" style and reflects the skill of the Sompura Salats, one of Gujarat's master masons. The temple's śikhara, or main spire, is 15 metres in height, and it has an 8.2-metre tall flag pole at the top.
The temple is situated at such a place that there is no land in a straight line between Somnath seashore until Antarctica, such an inscription in Sanskrit is found on the Bāṇastambha (Sanskrit: बाणस्तम्भ, lit. arrow pillar) erected on the sea-protection wall. The Bāṇastambha mentions that it stands at a point on the Indian landmass that is the first point on land in the north to the South Pole at that particular longitude.
WIKIPEDIA
Original abstract artwork
24x18 in.
Charcoal, graphite, oil pastel on Canson sketch paper
To purchase original please contact ajeffries101958@yahoo.com
Prints, etc. are available at www.redbubble.com/people/atj1958
Thanks for taking the time to look at my work.
The ECB Forum on Banking Supervision took place on 9 and 10 November, 2021, and featured panels with discussions around climate change, credit risk, and integration of European banking.
02-20-08 -- FANM has serviced the greater Miami-Dade area since 1991 with the purpose of empowering Haitian women and their families socially, economically, and politically and to facilitate their adjustment to South Florida and the United States.
Marleine Bastien, executive director of FANM, is the host of the show "Tele FANM" which is geared towards Haitian women and their families. Shot from above, Bastien interviews two instructors at FANM about their role in the organization. CARL JUSTE/IRIS PHOTOCOLLECTIVE
Ed Reynolds ('64), the first black student at Wake Forest University, meets with current students in Reynolda Hall on Thursday, September 20, 2012. Reynolds was on campus to celebrate the 50th anniversary of integration.
WHITEMAN AIR FORCE BASE, Mo. -- Master Sgt. Jonathan Allen and Staff Sgt. Alex Zeman, members of the 131st Civil Engineer Squadron, take the back railing off a leased trailer here June 26, 2013. The trailer was previously used by squadrons that are being deactivated. As a part of a total force integration mindset, three guardsmen from the 131st CES arrived at Whiteman June 25 to collaborate with their active-duty counterparts on a large-scale project. (U.S. Air National Guard photo/Senior Master Sgt. Mary-Dale Amison)
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U.S. Airmen from the 169th Fighter Wing and the South Carolina Air National Guard arrive at Naval Air Station Fallon, Nevada, Nov. 7, 2014. Swamp Fox Airmen from McEntire Joint National Guard Base, S.C., are deployed to NAS Fallon to support Naval Carrier Air Wing One with pre-deployment fighter jet training, integrating the F-16s suppression of enemy air defenses (SEAD) capabilities with Navy fighter pilot training. (U.S. Air National Guard photo by Tech. Sgt. Caycee Watson/RELEASED)