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The Mona Lisa is a half-length portrait painting by Italian artist Leonardo da Vinci. Considered an archetypal masterpiece of the Italian Renaissance, it has been described as "the best known, the most visited, the most written about, the most sung about, [and] the most parodied work of art in the world". The painting's novel qualities include the subject's enigmatic expression, monumentality of the composition, the subtle modelling of forms, and the atmospheric illusionism.
The painting has been traditionally considered to depict the Italian noblewoman Lisa del Giocondo. It is painted in oil on a white Lombardy poplar panel. Leonardo never gave the painting to the Giocondo family. It was believed to have been painted between 1503 and 1506; however, Leonardo may have continued working on it as late as 1517. It was acquired by King Francis I of France and is now the property of the French Republic. It has normally been on display at the Louvre in Paris since 1797.
The painting's global fame and popularity partly stem from its 1911 theft by Vincenzo Peruggia, who attributed his actions to Italian patriotism—a belief it should belong to Italy. The theft and subsequent recovery in 1914 generated unprecedented publicity for an art theft, and led to the publication of many cultural depictions such as the 1915 opera Mona Lisa, two early 1930s films (The Theft of the Mona Lisa and Arsène Lupin) and the song "Mona Lisa" recorded by Nat King Cole—one of the most successful songs of the 1950s.
The Mona Lisa is one of the most valuable paintings in the world. It holds the Guinness World Record for the highest known painting insurance valuation in history at US$100 million in 1962, equivalent to $1 billion as of 2023.
Graffiti (plural; singular graffiti or graffito, the latter rarely used except in archeology) is art that is written, painted or drawn on a wall or other surface, usually without permission and within public view. Graffiti ranges from simple written words to elaborate wall paintings, and has existed since ancient times, with examples dating back to ancient Egypt, ancient Greece, and the Roman Empire (see also mural).
Graffiti is a controversial subject. In most countries, marking or painting property without permission is considered by property owners and civic authorities as defacement and vandalism, which is a punishable crime, citing the use of graffiti by street gangs to mark territory or to serve as an indicator of gang-related activities. Graffiti has become visualized as a growing urban "problem" for many cities in industrialized nations, spreading from the New York City subway system and Philadelphia in the early 1970s to the rest of the United States and Europe and other world regions
"Graffiti" (usually both singular and plural) and the rare singular form "graffito" are from the Italian word graffiato ("scratched"). The term "graffiti" is used in art history for works of art produced by scratching a design into a surface. A related term is "sgraffito", which involves scratching through one layer of pigment to reveal another beneath it. This technique was primarily used by potters who would glaze their wares and then scratch a design into them. In ancient times graffiti were carved on walls with a sharp object, although sometimes chalk or coal were used. The word originates from Greek γράφειν—graphein—meaning "to write".
The term graffiti originally referred to the inscriptions, figure drawings, and such, found on the walls of ancient sepulchres or ruins, as in the Catacombs of Rome or at Pompeii. Historically, these writings were not considered vanadlism, which today is considered part of the definition of graffiti.
The only known source of the Safaitic language, an ancient form of Arabic, is from graffiti: inscriptions scratched on to the surface of rocks and boulders in the predominantly basalt desert of southern Syria, eastern Jordan and northern Saudi Arabia. Safaitic dates from the first century BC to the fourth century AD.
Some of the oldest cave paintings in the world are 40,000 year old ones found in Australia. The oldest written graffiti was found in ancient Rome around 2500 years ago. Most graffiti from the time was boasts about sexual experiences Graffiti in Ancient Rome was a form of communication, and was not considered vandalism.
Ancient tourists visiting the 5th-century citadel at Sigiriya in Sri Lanka write their names and commentary over the "mirror wall", adding up to over 1800 individual graffiti produced there between the 6th and 18th centuries. Most of the graffiti refer to the frescoes of semi-nude females found there. One reads:
Wet with cool dew drops
fragrant with perfume from the flowers
came the gentle breeze
jasmine and water lily
dance in the spring sunshine
side-long glances
of the golden-hued ladies
stab into my thoughts
heaven itself cannot take my mind
as it has been captivated by one lass
among the five hundred I have seen here.
Among the ancient political graffiti examples were Arab satirist poems. Yazid al-Himyari, an Umayyad Arab and Persian poet, was most known for writing his political poetry on the walls between Sajistan and Basra, manifesting a strong hatred towards the Umayyad regime and its walis, and people used to read and circulate them very widely.
Graffiti, known as Tacherons, were frequently scratched on Romanesque Scandinavian church walls. When Renaissance artists such as Pinturicchio, Raphael, Michelangelo, Ghirlandaio, or Filippino Lippi descended into the ruins of Nero's Domus Aurea, they carved or painted their names and returned to initiate the grottesche style of decoration.
There are also examples of graffiti occurring in American history, such as Independence Rock, a national landmark along the Oregon Trail.
Later, French soldiers carved their names on monuments during the Napoleonic campaign of Egypt in the 1790s. Lord Byron's survives on one of the columns of the Temple of Poseidon at Cape Sounion in Attica, Greece.
The oldest known example of graffiti "monikers" found on traincars created by hobos and railworkers since the late 1800s. The Bozo Texino monikers were documented by filmmaker Bill Daniel in his 2005 film, Who is Bozo Texino?.
In World War II, an inscription on a wall at the fortress of Verdun was seen as an illustration of the US response twice in a generation to the wrongs of the Old World:
During World War II and for decades after, the phrase "Kilroy was here" with an accompanying illustration was widespread throughout the world, due to its use by American troops and ultimately filtering into American popular culture. Shortly after the death of Charlie Parker (nicknamed "Yardbird" or "Bird"), graffiti began appearing around New York with the words "Bird Lives".
Modern graffiti art has its origins with young people in 1960s and 70s in New York City and Philadelphia. Tags were the first form of stylised contemporary graffiti. Eventually, throw-ups and pieces evolved with the desire to create larger art. Writers used spray paint and other kind of materials to leave tags or to create images on the sides subway trains. and eventually moved into the city after the NYC metro began to buy new trains and paint over graffiti.
While the art had many advocates and appreciators—including the cultural critic Norman Mailer—others, including New York City mayor Ed Koch, considered it to be defacement of public property, and saw it as a form of public blight. The ‘taggers’ called what they did ‘writing’—though an important 1974 essay by Mailer referred to it using the term ‘graffiti.’
Contemporary graffiti style has been heavily influenced by hip hop culture and the myriad international styles derived from Philadelphia and New York City Subway graffiti; however, there are many other traditions of notable graffiti in the twentieth century. Graffiti have long appeared on building walls, in latrines, railroad boxcars, subways, and bridges.
An early graffito outside of New York or Philadelphia was the inscription in London reading "Clapton is God" in reference to the guitarist Eric Clapton. Creating the cult of the guitar hero, the phrase was spray-painted by an admirer on a wall in an Islington, north London in the autumn of 1967. The graffito was captured in a photograph, in which a dog is urinating on the wall.
Films like Style Wars in the 80s depicting famous writers such as Skeme, Dondi, MinOne, and ZEPHYR reinforced graffiti's role within New York's emerging hip-hop culture. Although many officers of the New York City Police Department found this film to be controversial, Style Wars is still recognized as the most prolific film representation of what was going on within the young hip hop culture of the early 1980s. Fab 5 Freddy and Futura 2000 took hip hop graffiti to Paris and London as part of the New York City Rap Tour in 1983
Commercialization and entrance into mainstream pop culture
Main article: Commercial graffiti
With the popularity and legitimization of graffiti has come a level of commercialization. In 2001, computer giant IBM launched an advertising campaign in Chicago and San Francisco which involved people spray painting on sidewalks a peace symbol, a heart, and a penguin (Linux mascot), to represent "Peace, Love, and Linux." IBM paid Chicago and San Francisco collectively US$120,000 for punitive damages and clean-up costs.
In 2005, a similar ad campaign was launched by Sony and executed by its advertising agency in New York, Chicago, Atlanta, Philadelphia, Los Angeles, and Miami, to market its handheld PSP gaming system. In this campaign, taking notice of the legal problems of the IBM campaign, Sony paid building owners for the rights to paint on their buildings "a collection of dizzy-eyed urban kids playing with the PSP as if it were a skateboard, a paddle, or a rocking horse".
Tristan Manco wrote that Brazil "boasts a unique and particularly rich, graffiti scene ... [earning] it an international reputation as the place to go for artistic inspiration". Graffiti "flourishes in every conceivable space in Brazil's cities". Artistic parallels "are often drawn between the energy of São Paulo today and 1970s New York". The "sprawling metropolis", of São Paulo has "become the new shrine to graffiti"; Manco alludes to "poverty and unemployment ... [and] the epic struggles and conditions of the country's marginalised peoples", and to "Brazil's chronic poverty", as the main engines that "have fuelled a vibrant graffiti culture". In world terms, Brazil has "one of the most uneven distributions of income. Laws and taxes change frequently". Such factors, Manco argues, contribute to a very fluid society, riven with those economic divisions and social tensions that underpin and feed the "folkloric vandalism and an urban sport for the disenfranchised", that is South American graffiti art.
Prominent Brazilian writers include Os Gêmeos, Boleta, Nunca, Nina, Speto, Tikka, and T.Freak. Their artistic success and involvement in commercial design ventures has highlighted divisions within the Brazilian graffiti community between adherents of the cruder transgressive form of pichação and the more conventionally artistic values of the practitioners of grafite.
Graffiti in the Middle East has emerged slowly, with taggers operating in Egypt, Lebanon, the Gulf countries like Bahrain or the United Arab Emirates, Israel, and in Iran. The major Iranian newspaper Hamshahri has published two articles on illegal writers in the city with photographic coverage of Iranian artist A1one's works on Tehran walls. Tokyo-based design magazine, PingMag, has interviewed A1one and featured photographs of his work. The Israeli West Bank barrier has become a site for graffiti, reminiscent in this sense of the Berlin Wall. Many writers in Israel come from other places around the globe, such as JUIF from Los Angeles and DEVIONE from London. The religious reference "נ נח נחמ נחמן מאומן" ("Na Nach Nachma Nachman Meuman") is commonly seen in graffiti around Israel.
Graffiti has played an important role within the street art scene in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), especially following the events of the Arab Spring of 2011 or the Sudanese Revolution of 2018/19. Graffiti is a tool of expression in the context of conflict in the region, allowing people to raise their voices politically and socially. Famous street artist Banksy has had an important effect in the street art scene in the MENA area, especially in Palestine where some of his works are located in the West Bank barrier and Bethlehem.
There are also a large number of graffiti influences in Southeast Asian countries that mostly come from modern Western culture, such as Malaysia, where graffiti have long been a common sight in Malaysia's capital city, Kuala Lumpur. Since 2010, the country has begun hosting a street festival to encourage all generations and people from all walks of life to enjoy and encourage Malaysian street culture.
The modern-day graffitists can be found with an arsenal of various materials that allow for a successful production of a piece. This includes such techniques as scribing. However, spray paint in aerosol cans is the number one medium for graffiti. From this commodity comes different styles, technique, and abilities to form master works of graffiti. Spray paint can be found at hardware and art stores and comes in virtually every color.
Stencil graffiti is created by cutting out shapes and designs in a stiff material (such as cardboard or subject folders) to form an overall design or image. The stencil is then placed on the "canvas" gently and with quick, easy strokes of the aerosol can, the image begins to appear on the intended surface.
Some of the first examples were created in 1981 by artists Blek le Rat in Paris, in 1982 by Jef Aerosol in Tours (France); by 1985 stencils had appeared in other cities including New York City, Sydney, and Melbourne, where they were documented by American photographer Charles Gatewood and Australian photographer Rennie Ellis
Tagging is the practice of someone spray-painting "their name, initial or logo onto a public surface" in a handstyle unique to the writer. Tags were the first form of modern graffiti.
Modern graffiti art often incorporates additional arts and technologies. For example, Graffiti Research Lab has encouraged the use of projected images and magnetic light-emitting diodes (throwies) as new media for graffitists. yarnbombing is another recent form of graffiti. Yarnbombers occasionally target previous graffiti for modification, which had been avoided among the majority of graffitists.
Theories on the use of graffiti by avant-garde artists have a history dating back at least to the Asger Jorn, who in 1962 painting declared in a graffiti-like gesture "the avant-garde won't give up"
Many contemporary analysts and even art critics have begun to see artistic value in some graffiti and to recognize it as a form of public art. According to many art researchers, particularly in the Netherlands and in Los Angeles, that type of public art is, in fact an effective tool of social emancipation or, in the achievement of a political goal
In times of conflict, such murals have offered a means of communication and self-expression for members of these socially, ethnically, or racially divided communities, and have proven themselves as effective tools in establishing dialog and thus, of addressing cleavages in the long run. The Berlin Wall was also extensively covered by graffiti reflecting social pressures relating to the oppressive Soviet rule over the GDR.
Many artists involved with graffiti are also concerned with the similar activity of stenciling. Essentially, this entails stenciling a print of one or more colors using spray-paint. Recognized while exhibiting and publishing several of her coloured stencils and paintings portraying the Sri Lankan Civil War and urban Britain in the early 2000s, graffitists Mathangi Arulpragasam, aka M.I.A., has also become known for integrating her imagery of political violence into her music videos for singles "Galang" and "Bucky Done Gun", and her cover art. Stickers of her artwork also often appear around places such as London in Brick Lane, stuck to lamp posts and street signs, she having become a muse for other graffitists and painters worldwide in cities including Seville.
Graffitist believes that art should be on display for everyone in the public eye or in plain sight, not hidden away in a museum or a gallery. Art should color the streets, not the inside of some building. Graffiti is a form of art that cannot be owned or bought. It does not last forever, it is temporary, yet one of a kind. It is a form of self promotion for the artist that can be displayed anywhere form sidewalks, roofs, subways, building wall, etc. Art to them is for everyone and should be showed to everyone for free.
Graffiti is a way of communicating and a way of expressing what one feels in the moment. It is both art and a functional thing that can warn people of something or inform people of something. However, graffiti is to some people a form of art, but to some a form of vandalism. And many graffitists choose to protect their identities and remain anonymous or to hinder prosecution.
With the commercialization of graffiti (and hip hop in general), in most cases, even with legally painted "graffiti" art, graffitists tend to choose anonymity. This may be attributed to various reasons or a combination of reasons. Graffiti still remains the one of four hip hop elements that is not considered "performance art" despite the image of the "singing and dancing star" that sells hip hop culture to the mainstream. Being a graphic form of art, it might also be said that many graffitists still fall in the category of the introverted archetypal artist.
Banksy is one of the world's most notorious and popular street artists who continues to remain faceless in today's society. He is known for his political, anti-war stencil art mainly in Bristol, England, but his work may be seen anywhere from Los Angeles to Palestine. In the UK, Banksy is the most recognizable icon for this cultural artistic movement and keeps his identity a secret to avoid arrest. Much of Banksy's artwork may be seen around the streets of London and surrounding suburbs, although he has painted pictures throughout the world, including the Middle East, where he has painted on Israel's controversial West Bank barrier with satirical images of life on the other side. One depicted a hole in the wall with an idyllic beach, while another shows a mountain landscape on the other side. A number of exhibitions also have taken place since 2000, and recent works of art have fetched vast sums of money. Banksy's art is a prime example of the classic controversy: vandalism vs. art. Art supporters endorse his work distributed in urban areas as pieces of art and some councils, such as Bristol and Islington, have officially protected them, while officials of other areas have deemed his work to be vandalism and have removed it.
Pixnit is another artist who chooses to keep her identity from the general public. Her work focuses on beauty and design aspects of graffiti as opposed to Banksy's anti-government shock value. Her paintings are often of flower designs above shops and stores in her local urban area of Cambridge, Massachusetts. Some store owners endorse her work and encourage others to do similar work as well. "One of the pieces was left up above Steve's Kitchen, because it looks pretty awesome"- Erin Scott, the manager of New England Comics in Allston, Massachusetts.
Graffiti artists may become offended if photographs of their art are published in a commercial context without their permission. In March 2020, the Finnish graffiti artist Psyke expressed his displeasure at the newspaper Ilta-Sanomat publishing a photograph of a Peugeot 208 in an article about new cars, with his graffiti prominently shown on the background. The artist claims he does not want his art being used in commercial context, not even if he were to receive compensation.
Territorial graffiti marks urban neighborhoods with tags and logos to differentiate certain groups from others. These images are meant to show outsiders a stern look at whose turf is whose. The subject matter of gang-related graffiti consists of cryptic symbols and initials strictly fashioned with unique calligraphies. Gang members use graffiti to designate membership throughout the gang, to differentiate rivals and associates and, most commonly, to mark borders which are both territorial and ideological.
Graffiti has been used as a means of advertising both legally and illegally. Bronx-based TATS CRU has made a name for themselves doing legal advertising campaigns for companies such as Coca-Cola, McDonald's, Toyota, and MTV. In the UK, Covent Garden's Boxfresh used stencil images of a Zapatista revolutionary in the hopes that cross referencing would promote their store.
Smirnoff hired artists to use reverse graffiti (the use of high pressure hoses to clean dirty surfaces to leave a clean image in the surrounding dirt) to increase awareness of their product.
Graffiti often has a reputation as part of a subculture that rebels against authority, although the considerations of the practitioners often diverge and can relate to a wide range of attitudes. It can express a political practice and can form just one tool in an array of resistance techniques. One early example includes the anarcho-punk band Crass, who conducted a campaign of stenciling anti-war, anarchist, feminist, and anti-consumerist messages throughout the London Underground system during the late 1970s and early 1980s. In Amsterdam graffiti was a major part of the punk scene. The city was covered with names such as "De Zoot", "Vendex", and "Dr Rat". To document the graffiti a punk magazine was started that was called Gallery Anus. So when hip hop came to Europe in the early 1980s there was already a vibrant graffiti culture.
The student protests and general strike of May 1968 saw Paris bedecked in revolutionary, anarchistic, and situationist slogans such as L'ennui est contre-révolutionnaire ("Boredom is counterrevolutionary") and Lisez moins, vivez plus ("Read less, live more"). While not exhaustive, the graffiti gave a sense of the 'millenarian' and rebellious spirit, tempered with a good deal of verbal wit, of the strikers.
I think graffiti writing is a way of defining what our generation is like. Excuse the French, we're not a bunch of p---- artists. Traditionally artists have been considered soft and mellow people, a little bit kooky. Maybe we're a little bit more like pirates that way. We defend our territory, whatever space we steal to paint on, we defend it fiercely.
The developments of graffiti art which took place in art galleries and colleges as well as "on the street" or "underground", contributed to the resurfacing in the 1990s of a far more overtly politicized art form in the subvertising, culture jamming, or tactical media movements. These movements or styles tend to classify the artists by their relationship to their social and economic contexts, since, in most countries, graffiti art remains illegal in many forms except when using non-permanent paint. Since the 1990s with the rise of Street Art, a growing number of artists are switching to non-permanent paints and non-traditional forms of painting.
Contemporary practitioners, accordingly, have varied and often conflicting practices. Some individuals, such as Alexander Brener, have used the medium to politicize other art forms, and have used the prison sentences enforced on them as a means of further protest. The practices of anonymous groups and individuals also vary widely, and practitioners by no means always agree with each other's practices. For example, the anti-capitalist art group the Space Hijackers did a piece in 2004 about the contradiction between the capitalistic elements of Banksy and his use of political imagery.
Berlin human rights activist Irmela Mensah-Schramm has received global media attention and numerous awards for her 35-year campaign of effacing neo-Nazi and other right-wing extremist graffiti throughout Germany, often by altering hate speech in humorous ways.
In Serbian capital, Belgrade, the graffiti depicting a uniformed former general of Serb army and war criminal, convicted at ICTY for war crimes and crimes against humanity, including genocide and ethnic cleansing in Bosnian War, Ratko Mladić, appeared in a military salute alongside the words "General, thank to your mother". Aleks Eror, Berlin-based journalist, explains how "veneration of historical and wartime figures" through street art is not a new phenomenon in the region of former Yugoslavia, and that "in most cases is firmly focused on the future, rather than retelling the past". Eror is not only analyst pointing to danger of such an expressions for the region's future. In a long expose on the subject of Bosnian genocide denial, at Balkan Diskurs magazine and multimedia platform website, Kristina Gadže and Taylor Whitsell referred to these experiences as a young generations' "cultural heritage", in which young are being exposed to celebration and affirmation of war-criminals as part of their "formal education" and "inheritance".
There are numerous examples of genocide denial through celebration and affirmation of war criminals throughout the region of Western Balkans inhabited by Serbs using this form of artistic expression. Several more of these graffiti are found in Serbian capital, and many more across Serbia and Bosnian and Herzegovinian administrative entity, Republika Srpska, which is the ethnic Serbian majority enclave. Critics point that Serbia as a state, is willing to defend the mural of convicted war criminal, and have no intention to react on cases of genocide denial, noting that Interior Minister of Serbia, Aleksandar Vulin decision to ban any gathering with an intent to remove the mural, with the deployment of riot police, sends the message of "tacit endorsement". Consequently, on 9 November 2021, Serbian heavy police in riot gear, with graffiti creators and their supporters, blocked the access to the mural to prevent human rights groups and other activists to paint over it and mark the International Day Against Fascism and Antisemitism in that way, and even arrested two civic activist for throwing eggs at the graffiti.
Graffiti may also be used as an offensive expression. This form of graffiti may be difficult to identify, as it is mostly removed by the local authority (as councils which have adopted strategies of criminalization also strive to remove graffiti quickly). Therefore, existing racist graffiti is mostly more subtle and at first sight, not easily recognized as "racist". It can then be understood only if one knows the relevant "local code" (social, historical, political, temporal, and spatial), which is seen as heteroglot and thus a 'unique set of conditions' in a cultural context.
A spatial code for example, could be that there is a certain youth group in an area that is engaging heavily in racist activities. So, for residents (knowing the local code), a graffiti containing only the name or abbreviation of this gang already is a racist expression, reminding the offended people of their gang activities. Also a graffiti is in most cases, the herald of more serious criminal activity to come. A person who does not know these gang activities would not be able to recognize the meaning of this graffiti. Also if a tag of this youth group or gang is placed on a building occupied by asylum seekers, for example, its racist character is even stronger.
By making the graffiti less explicit (as adapted to social and legal constraints), these drawings are less likely to be removed, but do not lose their threatening and offensive character.
Elsewhere, activists in Russia have used painted caricatures of local officials with their mouths as potholes, to show their anger about the poor state of the roads. In Manchester, England, a graffitists painted obscene images around potholes, which often resulted in them being repaired within 48 hours.
In the early 1980s, the first art galleries to show graffitists to the public were Fashion Moda in the Bronx, Now Gallery and Fun Gallery, both in the East Village, Manhattan.
A 2006 exhibition at the Brooklyn Museum displayed graffiti as an art form that began in New York's outer boroughs and reached great heights in the early 1980s with the work of Crash, Lee, Daze, Keith Haring, and Jean-Michel Basquiat. It displayed 22 works by New York graffitists, including Crash, Daze, and Lady Pink. In an article about the exhibition in the magazine Time Out, curator Charlotta Kotik said that she hoped the exhibition would cause viewers to rethink their assumptions about graffiti.
From the 1970s onwards, Burhan Doğançay photographed urban walls all over the world; these he then archived for use as sources of inspiration for his painterly works. The project today known as "Walls of the World" grew beyond even his own expectations and comprises about 30,000 individual images. It spans a period of 40 years across five continents and 114 countries. In 1982, photographs from this project comprised a one-man exhibition titled "Les murs murmurent, ils crient, ils chantent ..." (The walls whisper, shout and sing ...) at the Centre Georges Pompidou in Paris.
In Australia, art historians have judged some local graffiti of sufficient creative merit to rank them firmly within the arts. Oxford University Press's art history text Australian Painting 1788–2000 concludes with a long discussion of graffiti's key place within contemporary visual culture, including the work of several Australian practitioners.
Between March and April 2009, 150 artists exhibited 300 pieces of graffiti at the Grand Palais in Paris.
Spray paint has many negative environmental effects. The paint contains toxic chemicals, and the can uses volatile hydrocarbon gases to spray the paint onto a surface.
Volatile organic compound (VOC) leads to ground level ozone formation and most of graffiti related emissions are VOCs. A 2010 paper estimates 4,862 tons of VOCs were released in the United States in activities related to graffiti.
In China, Mao Zedong in the 1920s used revolutionary slogans and paintings in public places to galvanize the country's communist movement.
Based on different national conditions, many people believe that China's attitude towards Graffiti is fierce, but in fact, according to Lance Crayon in his film Spray Paint Beijing: Graffiti in the Capital of China, Graffiti is generally accepted in Beijing, with artists not seeing much police interference. Political and religiously sensitive graffiti, however, is not allowed.
In Hong Kong, Tsang Tsou Choi was known as the King of Kowloon for his calligraphy graffiti over many years, in which he claimed ownership of the area. Now some of his work is preserved officially.
In Taiwan, the government has made some concessions to graffitists. Since 2005 they have been allowed to freely display their work along some sections of riverside retaining walls in designated "Graffiti Zones". From 2007, Taipei's department of cultural affairs also began permitting graffiti on fences around major public construction sites. Department head Yong-ping Lee (李永萍) stated, "We will promote graffiti starting with the public sector, and then later in the private sector too. It's our goal to beautify the city with graffiti". The government later helped organize a graffiti contest in Ximending, a popular shopping district. graffitists caught working outside of these designated areas still face fines up to NT$6,000 under a department of environmental protection regulation. However, Taiwanese authorities can be relatively lenient, one veteran police officer stating anonymously, "Unless someone complains about vandalism, we won't get involved. We don't go after it proactively."
In 1993, after several expensive cars in Singapore were spray-painted, the police arrested a student from the Singapore American School, Michael P. Fay, questioned him, and subsequently charged him with vandalism. Fay pleaded guilty to vandalizing a car in addition to stealing road signs. Under the 1966 Vandalism Act of Singapore, originally passed to curb the spread of communist graffiti in Singapore, the court sentenced him to four months in jail, a fine of S$3,500 (US$2,233), and a caning. The New York Times ran several editorials and op-eds that condemned the punishment and called on the American public to flood the Singaporean embassy with protests. Although the Singapore government received many calls for clemency, Fay's caning took place in Singapore on 5 May 1994. Fay had originally received a sentence of six strokes of the cane, but the presiding president of Singapore, Ong Teng Cheong, agreed to reduce his caning sentence to four lashes.
In South Korea, Park Jung-soo was fined two million South Korean won by the Seoul Central District Court for spray-painting a rat on posters of the G-20 Summit a few days before the event in November 2011. Park alleged that the initial in "G-20" sounds like the Korean word for "rat", but Korean government prosecutors alleged that Park was making a derogatory statement about the president of South Korea, Lee Myung-bak, the host of the summit. This case led to public outcry and debate on the lack of government tolerance and in support of freedom of expression. The court ruled that the painting, "an ominous creature like a rat" amounts to "an organized criminal activity" and upheld the fine while denying the prosecution's request for imprisonment for Park.
In Europe, community cleaning squads have responded to graffiti, in some cases with reckless abandon, as when in 1992 in France a local Scout group, attempting to remove modern graffiti, damaged two prehistoric paintings of bison in the Cave of Mayrière supérieure near the French village of Bruniquel in Tarn-et-Garonne, earning them the 1992 Ig Nobel Prize in archeology.
In September 2006, the European Parliament directed the European Commission to create urban environment policies to prevent and eliminate dirt, litter, graffiti, animal excrement, and excessive noise from domestic and vehicular music systems in European cities, along with other concerns over urban life.
In Budapest, Hungary, both a city-backed movement called I Love Budapest and a special police division tackle the problem, including the provision of approved areas.
The Anti-social Behaviour Act 2003 became Britain's latest anti-graffiti legislation. In August 2004, the Keep Britain Tidy campaign issued a press release calling for zero tolerance of graffiti and supporting proposals such as issuing "on the spot" fines to graffiti offenders and banning the sale of aerosol paint to anyone under the age of 16. The press release also condemned the use of graffiti images in advertising and in music videos, arguing that real-world experience of graffiti stood far removed from its often-portrayed "cool" or "edgy'" image.
To back the campaign, 123 Members of Parliament (MPs) (including then Prime Minister Tony Blair), signed a charter which stated: "Graffiti is not art, it's crime. On behalf of my constituents, I will do all I can to rid our community of this problem."
In the UK, city councils have the power to take action against the owner of any property that has been defaced under the Anti-social Behaviour Act 2003 (as amended by the Clean Neighbourhoods and Environment Act 2005) or, in certain cases, the Highways Act. This is often used against owners of property that are complacent in allowing protective boards to be defaced so long as the property is not damaged.
In July 2008, a conspiracy charge was used to convict graffitists for the first time. After a three-month police surveillance operation, nine members of the DPM crew were convicted of conspiracy to commit criminal damage costing at least £1 million. Five of them received prison sentences, ranging from eighteen months to two years. The unprecedented scale of the investigation and the severity of the sentences rekindled public debate over whether graffiti should be considered art or crime.
Some councils, like those of Stroud and Loerrach, provide approved areas in the town where graffitists can showcase their talents, including underpasses, car parks, and walls that might otherwise prove a target for the "spray and run".
Graffiti Tunnel, University of Sydney at Camperdown (2009)
In an effort to reduce vandalism, many cities in Australia have designated walls or areas exclusively for use by graffitists. One early example is the "Graffiti Tunnel" located at the Camperdown Campus of the University of Sydney, which is available for use by any student at the university to tag, advertise, poster, and paint. Advocates of this idea suggest that this discourages petty vandalism yet encourages artists to take their time and produce great art, without worry of being caught or arrested for vandalism or trespassing.[108][109] Others disagree with this approach, arguing that the presence of legal graffiti walls does not demonstrably reduce illegal graffiti elsewhere. Some local government areas throughout Australia have introduced "anti-graffiti squads", who clean graffiti in the area, and such crews as BCW (Buffers Can't Win) have taken steps to keep one step ahead of local graffiti cleaners.
Many state governments have banned the sale or possession of spray paint to those under the age of 18 (age of majority). However, a number of local governments in Victoria have taken steps to recognize the cultural heritage value of some examples of graffiti, such as prominent political graffiti. Tough new graffiti laws have been introduced in Australia with fines of up to A$26,000 and two years in prison.
Melbourne is a prominent graffiti city of Australia with many of its lanes being tourist attractions, such as Hosier Lane in particular, a popular destination for photographers, wedding photography, and backdrops for corporate print advertising. The Lonely Planet travel guide cites Melbourne's street as a major attraction. All forms of graffiti, including sticker art, poster, stencil art, and wheatpasting, can be found in many places throughout the city. Prominent street art precincts include; Fitzroy, Collingwood, Northcote, Brunswick, St. Kilda, and the CBD, where stencil and sticker art is prominent. As one moves farther away from the city, mostly along suburban train lines, graffiti tags become more prominent. Many international artists such as Banksy have left their work in Melbourne and in early 2008 a perspex screen was installed to prevent a Banksy stencil art piece from being destroyed, it has survived since 2003 through the respect of local street artists avoiding posting over it, although it has recently had paint tipped over it.
In February 2008 Helen Clark, the New Zealand prime minister at that time, announced a government crackdown on tagging and other forms of graffiti vandalism, describing it as a destructive crime representing an invasion of public and private property. New legislation subsequently adopted included a ban on the sale of paint spray cans to persons under 18 and increases in maximum fines for the offence from NZ$200 to NZ$2,000 or extended community service. The issue of tagging become a widely debated one following an incident in Auckland during January 2008 in which a middle-aged property owner stabbed one of two teenage taggers to death and was subsequently convicted of manslaughter.
Graffiti databases have increased in the past decade because they allow vandalism incidents to be fully documented against an offender and help the police and prosecution charge and prosecute offenders for multiple counts of vandalism. They also provide law enforcement the ability to rapidly search for an offender's moniker or tag in a simple, effective, and comprehensive way. These systems can also help track costs of damage to a city to help allocate an anti-graffiti budget. The theory is that when an offender is caught putting up graffiti, they are not just charged with one count of vandalism; they can be held accountable for all the other damage for which they are responsible. This has two main benefits for law enforcement. One, it sends a signal to the offenders that their vandalism is being tracked. Two, a city can seek restitution from offenders for all the damage that they have committed, not merely a single incident. These systems give law enforcement personnel real-time, street-level intelligence that allows them not only to focus on the worst graffiti offenders and their damage, but also to monitor potential gang violence that is associated with the graffiti.
Many restrictions of civil gang injunctions are designed to help address and protect the physical environment and limit graffiti. Provisions of gang injunctions include things such as restricting the possession of marker pens, spray paint cans, or other sharp objects capable of defacing private or public property; spray painting, or marking with marker pens, scratching, applying stickers, or otherwise applying graffiti on any public or private property, including, but not limited to the street, alley, residences, block walls, and fences, vehicles or any other real or personal property. Some injunctions contain wording that restricts damaging or vandalizing both public and private property, including but not limited to any vehicle, light fixture, door, fence, wall, gate, window, building, street sign, utility box, telephone box, tree, or power pole.
To help address many of these issues, many local jurisdictions have set up graffiti abatement hotlines, where citizens can call in and report vandalism and have it removed. San Diego's hotline receives more than 5,000 calls per year, in addition to reporting the graffiti, callers can learn more about prevention. One of the complaints about these hotlines is the response time; there is often a lag time between a property owner calling about the graffiti and its removal. The length of delay should be a consideration for any jurisdiction planning on operating a hotline. Local jurisdictions must convince the callers that their complaint of vandalism will be a priority and cleaned off right away. If the jurisdiction does not have the resources to respond to complaints in a timely manner, the value of the hotline diminishes. Crews must be able to respond to individual service calls made to the graffiti hotline as well as focus on cleanup near schools, parks, and major intersections and transit routes to have the biggest impact. Some cities offer a reward for information leading to the arrest and prosecution of suspects for tagging or graffiti related vandalism. The amount of the reward is based on the information provided, and the action taken.
When police obtain search warrants in connection with a vandalism investigation, they are often seeking judicial approval to look for items such as cans of spray paint and nozzles from other kinds of aerosol sprays; etching tools, or other sharp or pointed objects, which could be used to etch or scratch glass and other hard surfaces; permanent marking pens, markers, or paint sticks; evidence of membership or affiliation with any gang or tagging crew; paraphernalia including any reference to "(tagger's name)"; any drawings, writing, objects, or graffiti depicting taggers' names, initials, logos, monikers, slogans, or any mention of tagging crew membership; and any newspaper clippings relating to graffiti crime.
· ▸ Refresh single purchase is available in:
ㅤㅤ• Basic Pack
ㅤㅤ• Upgrade Pack
· ▸ Refresh Includes:
ㅤㅤ• 180 Color textures
ㅤㅤ• Color section options
ㅤㅤ• Layered & Flipped Style
ㅤㅤ• Optional Bangs
ㅤㅤ• 4 Style Variants
· ▸ Refresh Basic Pack includes:
ㅤㅤ• Hairstyle Mesh
ㅤㅤ• All Full Pack colors
ㅤㅤ• One Style variant
ㅤㅤ• Ability to turn Roots On/Off
· ▸ Refresh Upgrade includes:
ㅤㅤ• All Full Pack color textures
ㅤㅤ• All Style variants
ㅤㅤ• 5 Material options
ㅤㅤ• Ability to Color/Tint Sections
ㅤㅤ• Ability to turn Hairline On/Off
ㅤㅤ• Ability to turn Roots On/Off
ㅤㅤ• Style AO cycle with custom delays
· ▸ Refresh Full includes:
ㅤㅤ• All Hairstyle meshes
ㅤㅤ• All Full Pack color textures
ㅤㅤ• All Style Variants
ㅤㅤ• 5 Material options
ㅤㅤ• Ability to Color/Tint Sections
ㅤㅤ• Ability to turn Hairline On/Off
ㅤㅤ• Ability to turn Roots On/Off
ㅤㅤ• Style AO cycle with custom delays
· ▸ Copy
· ▸ Modify
· ▸ No Transfer
ㅤㅤｓｈｏｐ ｔｈｉｓ ａｔ ｅｑｕａｌ１０ 苛 尉 ズ ょ ド
ㅤㅤ
▸ Ｊｏｉｎ ｕｓ ｏｎ Ｐｒｉｍｆｅｅｄ
ㅤㅤ
▸ Ｊｏｉｎ ｕｓ ｏｎ Ｆａｃｅｂｏｏｋ
ㅤㅤ
▸ Ｊｏｉｎ ｕｓ ｏｎ Ｉｎｓｔａｇｒａｍ
ㅤㅤ
▸ Ｊｏｉｎ ｕｓ ｏｎ Ｙｏｕｔｕｂｅ
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▸ Main Sim
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Includes:
- 5 tones (ivory, sand, limestone, sienna, almond)
- with brows
- browless
- separate tintable brows
- base shape included
*Only works with harana body skintones*
LM:
The collection includes 900 paintings; approximately 100 sculptures; nearly 2,000 works on paper; more than 1,000 published and unique prints; and 4,000 photographs. The collection also features wallpaper and books by Warhol, covering the entire range of his work from all periods, and includes student work from the 1940s, 1950s drawings, commercial illustrations and sketchbooks; 1960s Pop paintings of consumer products (Campbell's Soup Cans), celebrities (Liz, Jackie, Marilyn, Elvis), Disasters and Electric Chairs; portrait paintings (Mao), Andy Warhol Museum is one of the four Carnegie Museums of Pittsburgh, and a collaborative project between the Carnegie Institute,
Includes♕
✿ Shape ( modify/copy )
Eyebrow Shaper( modify/copy )
✿ Styling Card
100% Original
only the Shape, not included skin
The model is using the mesh heads Genus Classic Face
MAKEUP, SKIN, EYEBROWS, LIPSTICKED LIPS ,ALL Accessories ARE PRESENTED IN THE NOTE CARD+GIFT
RICH STORY {NATALI } BENTO POSE AO
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★ Includes:
• Hud with 8 Jeans Colors/ 8 Belts Colors & 2 Metals
• 1 Fitted Size for Maitreya.
• 2 Fitted Sizes: Slink 'Physique & Hourglass'
• 3 Fitted Sizes: Belleza 'Freya,Isis & Venus'
• 5 Standard Sizes: XXS.XS.S.M.L
• ALPHA for Classic Avatars
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A sunny morning for today's Goodwood Breakfast Club - this one was to celebrate 75 years of Goodwood. The tinted windows on this Citroen created a surreal view.
Neha Saxsena, Actress at International Yoga Day in Bengaluru.
Neha's acting career began with the show " Sajan Ghar Jaana Hai" on Star Plus in 2009. Her next show wsa Tere Liye. The actress has also been a contestant in the competition cooking show Rasoi Ki Raani and won it eventually.
After being a successful TV actress, Neha, made her big screen debut in 2015 with the Kannada movie Preethi Savigu. Her 2016 releases include a Tamil movie Oru Melliya Kodu, a Malayalam movie Kasaba, and a Tamil movie Daandu.
MOoH! Quinn bikini
10 top colors, 10 bottom colors, 6 metal colors. Fits Maitreya, Legacy/Perky, Reborn/Waifu, Kupra, and Erika.
Fashiowl - Happy Tiki
This collection includes so many variations and pieces to enjoy! You can do single or even group photo shoots with all the different possibilities presented.Each piece is sold separately via a next up machine, or you can skip this part and purchase the fatpack.Here are some of the items to collect!
Ice Cream: 1 Pose wearable with AO, Mix : 6 static poses . wear to animate ( Parrot, bartender poses with drinks, energy drink... included) (wear),. Cocktails: 4 different cocktails wearable with AO, Octopus: 4 static poses with octopus, mask and tube (wear), Watermelon: 4 static poses with watermelon (wear), Stools: 2 stools in 4 colors each. 4 different poses for each stool (rez and sit), Surf: 4 static poses with surfboard (wear), Beach Ball: 3 static poses with beach ball (wear) and 1 wearable with AO pose, Popsicle: 4 different popsicles wearable with AO,. Beach Scene: A complete beach Scene full decorated, Happy Tiki Beach Bar RARE : The rare item is a tiki bar, is a complete fully decorated, with food, neons, cats, surfboard rental stall, details everywhere. You can create great scenes with the complete pack!
Available at Arcade on July 15
MINA - Florine
Includes styleHUD, textureHUD, colorpicker, fitted mesh bento scapes, and optional unrigged bangs.
enLight -IVY (EvoX)
Head skins includes with/without eyebrow versions in blond and red! Head skin tattoos with neck blend, freckles, and FREE body skins. Worn here with optional ND/MD HDL *Plus* body skin which is available at the main store. 12 tones to choose from, Toast worn here. An exclusive at Uber Event June 25th - July 22nd. 33% off discount for VIP members with enLight - VIP grouptag
enLight - IVY Shapes
Created for Lelutka EvoX Avalon and Briannon mesh heads, with multiple body options.
enLight -IVY eyes
BOM eyes in your choice of 4 different greens or 4 blues, fatpack includes bonus tone! An exclusive at Uber Event
ND/MD HDL*Plus* Body skins
2 versions included: Regular and Chubby. These skins have more skin details, skin blemishes, natural veins, and pubic hair option. Matching nipple covers included along with breast option BOM tattoos (cleavage, petite, flat) Sold in the main store. Shown here with cleavage tattoos add-on
Blog:
Each set includes a separate cami as well as a garter skirt.
It includes stocking in three tones
Available in 8 colors
Compatible with:
Belleza Venus, Isis and Freya
Experimental for Maitreya
Slink Physique and Hourglass
Please try a DEMO before purchase.
New HD lipstick available for Kustom9 Weekend, the skin has been updated and is also for sale!
Try demo♥
Compatible with LeLutka EvoX, 8 tones available, each includes:
•2 EvoX head skin
- as skin layer
- as tattoo layer, with neck fade
• EvoX ears
• 5 Eyebrows {mod}
• 3 Lipsticks
• Freckles {mod}
Shape includes:
•Reborn + LeL Halle shape
•Eyebrow shape
HD lipstick, each version includes:
• 12 colors
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Wearing: LeLutka Halle Head + Ebody Reborn, Lila skin in Ivory tone, Juno eyes, Vco hair.
✧ INCLUDES
• Style card
• Physics
• Eyebrow shape
• Extra cosmetics:
- HD Eyeliner
- Waterline
- Nose Highlight
- Inner Corner Highlight
• Windlight
• Small and curvy shapes for legacy, reborn, larax, and belleza
✧ IMPORTANT
• The avatar design was created using items from various second life stores, which need to be purchased separately to achieve the final look.
• Please contact me if you have any questions.
West-German collectors card by Bravo.
Beautiful German-born actress Nastassja Kinski (1961) has appeared in more than 60 films. Her starring roles include her Golden Globe Award-winning portrayal of the title character in Tess (1979) and parts in Wim Wenders' films Falsche Bewegung/The Wrong Move (1975), Paris, Texas (1984) and In weiter Ferne, so nah!/Faraway, So Close! (1993).
Nastassja Kinski (pronounced as "nas-TAS-ya") was born as Nastassja Aglaia Nakszyński in Berlin in 1961 (some sources say 1964. She is the daughter of the German actor Klaus Kinski from his marriage to actress Ruth Brigitte Tocki. She is a half-sister to actress Pola Kinski and actor Nikolai Kinski. Her parents divorced in 1968 and Kinski rarely saw her father after the age of 10. She and her mother struggled financially and eventually lived in a commune in Munich. Her career began in Germany as a model. The actress Lisa Kreuzer placed her in the role of the dumb Mignon in Wim Wenders' film Falsche Bewegung/The Wrong Move (1975) starring Rüdiger Vogler and Hanna Schygulla. In Great-Britain she featured in the horror film To the Devil a Daughter (Peter Sykes, 1976), starring Christopher Lee and produced by Hammer Film. That year she had her first major role in an episode of the popular German TV crime show Tatort. This episode, Reifezeugnis/For Your Love Only (1977), had a feature film length and was directed by Wolfgang Petersen at the beginning of his career. Years later, after Kinski had become an international star, the TV film was released theatrically in the U.S. In 1976, Kinski was photographed for French Vogue by director Roman Polanski, and the two started a romantic relationship. She was 15 years old at the time and he was 43. In the cinema Kinski also had a May-December romance in Così come sei/Stay As You Are (Alberto Lattuada, 1978) with Marcello Mastroianni. Polanski urged Kinski to study acting with Lee Strasberg in the United States and Great Britain and cast her in the lead part of his film, Tess (1979), based on the classic novel by Thomas Hardy. The film won three Oscars and Kinski won the Golden Globe for best newcomer. However, Derek Armstrong writes at AllMovie: “The quiet, contemplative nature of the film is echoed, although not so skilfully, in the lead performance of Nastassja Kinski. Seemingly cast more for her soulful eyes (and Polanski's budding relationship with her) than her acting, Kinski gives a tentative, one-note performance that is nearly inaudible. Still, it served to deliver her a variety of other projects and bring her limited stardom.”
Director Francis Ford Coppola brought Nastassja Kinski to the U.S.A. to act for his new Zoetrope Studios. In 1981, photographer Richard Avedon photographed Kinski. Hal Erickson at AllMovie: “Kinski became the dream of male college undergraduates everywhere by posing for a Richard Avedon poster wearing nothing but a large, live python which spiralled around her body. “The first Zoetrope production, One From the Heart (Francis Ford Coppola, 1982), starring Frederic Forrest, Teri Garr and Kinski, failed at the box office and was a major loss for Coppola's new studio. In 1982, she also appeared in the erotic horror film Cat People (Paul Schrader, 1982), which also was not successful commercially. Kinski then split her time between Europe and the United States. In France she filmed La lune dans le caniveau/Moon in the Gutter (Jean-Jacques Beineix, 1983) with Gérard Dépardieu. In Germany, she played Clara Wieck in the biography Frühlingssinfonie/Spring Symphony (Peter Schamoni, 1983) opposite Herbert Grönemeyer as composer Robert Schumann. In Italy she co-starred with Rutger Hauer in In una notte di chiaro di luna/ Up to date (Lina Wertmüller, 1989). And in the U.S. she co-starred with Rudolph Nureyev in Exposed (James Toback, 1983), with Rob Lowe and Jodie Foster in The Hotel New Hampshire (Tony Richardson, 1984), with John Savage in Maria's Lovers (Andrey Konchalovskiy, 1984) and with Al Pacino in Revolution (Al Pacino, 1985). Her most acclaimed film was Paris, Texas (Wim Wenders, 1984) in which she played the estranged wife of Harry Dean Stanton. Mark Deming at AllMovie: “Paris, Texas may be the finest of Wim Wenders' "road movies," a deliberately paced but deeply moving story of a man at the end of his emotional rope who is given an unexpected chance to heal both his scars and those he has inflicted on others. Harry Dean Stanton gives perhaps his finest performance - few actors could pull off a scene like the long monologue he shares with Kinski near the film's conclusion” The film won a César and also three awards in Cannes, and was nominated, however, the film was not widely released in the United States. In the mid-1980s, Kinski met Egyptian filmmaker Ibrahim Moussa. They married in 1984 and they have two children together, son Aljosha (1984) and daughter Sonja Kinski (1986).
Nastassja Kinski's luck in Hollywood turned in the 1990s when she appeared opposite Charlie Sheen in the action-comedy Terminal Velocity (Deran Serafian, 1994). After her marriage with Moussa had been dissolved, Kinski lived with musician Quincy Jones till 1995. In 1993, their daughter, Kenya Julia Miambi Sarah Jones, was born. In the cinema, Kinski would tackle serious subject matter in the AIDS drama One Night Stand (Mike Figgis, 1997) with Wesley Snipes, The Lost Son (Chris Menges, 1999), a crime drama revolving around a network of paedophiles, and the Serbian war drama Savior (Predrag Antonijevic, 1998) with Dennis Quaid. Her other film appearances include In weiter Ferne, so nah!/Faraway, So Close (Wim Wenders, 1993) with Bruno Ganz, the comedy of manners Your Friends & Neighbors (Neil LaBute, 1998) with Aaron Eckhardt, and The Claim (Michael Winterbottom, 2000), loosely based on Thomas Hardy's novel Mayor of Casterbridge. The story, filmed in sub-zero Calgary, Canada, tells about a man (Peter Mullan) who sells his wife (Kinski) and daughter (Sarah Polley) for a gold-mining claim. Jason Clark at AllMovie: “Winterbottom subtly draws viewers into this haunting tale of family regained and the power of greed by letting them take in the details through small gestures.” In the following years, Kinski played mainly in B-films and TV movies. Interesting were the French-Canadian Mini-Series Les liaisons dangereuses/Dangerous Liaisons (Josée Dayan, 2003) with Catherine Deneuve and Rupert Everett, and the dark mystery Inland Empire (David Lynch, 2006) with Laura Dern and Jeremy Irons. She co-starred with Julian Sands in the short film Il turno di notte lo fanno le stele/The Nightshift Belongs to the Stars (2012), directed by Edoardo Ponti, son of producer Carlo Ponti and Sophia Loren. After a long interval, she was seen on TV in the French crime series Police de Caractères/Typeface (2022). Her daughter with producer Ibrahim Moussa, Sonja Kinski (1986), is a model and actress, and daughter by Quincy Jones, Kenya Kinski-Jones (1993) is also a model.
Sources: Hal Erickson (AllMovie), Derek Armstrong (AllMovie), Jason Clark (AllMovie), Mark Deming (AllMovie), Wikipedia and IMDb.
And, please check out our blog European Film Star Postcards.
For years the russian rules only used Estonia for their own profit. After the independence thecountry is catching up with the rest of Europe. That includes the tram network. In a way it's not a really big extensive network, but it more or less seems to work for the city. The city is getting brand new trams, which is a rather big change, as the city used (and still uses) some rather old fashioned trams. Quite some are second handed trams even. That includes the KT4MR series, which were rebuild out of old german trams. Although still with woden benches inside. During a rather nice but rainy evening I was able to get one of those trams, the 168 "Julius" on photo as it was on its way towards the depot at Kopli.
Foregrounding Métis history and aesthetic practices, this painting includes around150,000 to 250,000 bead-like dots and blends Belcourt’s knowledge of beadwork traditions with her expertise in medicinal plants. Various plants are represented, as well as insects, raindrops, dew and birds. The patterns have been adapted from nature, with several inspired by traditional Métis floral beadwork. A visual ode to water, the work recognizes the life that water brings to everything and everyone.
New Release at Blurr!
Includes BOM Layers Only!
BOM Layers are copy & mod.
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Phalaena is an obsolete genus of Lepidoptera used by Carl Linnaeus to include most moths. Because the flowers of some Phaelenopsis resemble moths in flight so the species is sometimes called moth orchids.
They are native throughout southeast Asia from the Himalayan mountains to the islands of Polillo, Palawan and Zamboanga del Norte in the island of Mindanao in the Philippines and northern Australia. Orchid Island of Taiwan is named after this genus. Little recent information about their habitat and their ecology in nature is available since little field research has been done in the last decades.
Most are epiphytic shade plants; a few are lithophytes. In the wild, some species grow below the canopies of moist and humid lowland forests, protected against direct sunlight; others grow in seasonally dry or cool environments. The species have adapted individually to these three habitats.
Possessing neither pseudobulbs nor rhizome, Phalaenopsis has a single growing stem which produces one or two alternate, thick, fleshy, elliptical leaves a year at the top, while older, basal leaves drop off at the same rate.
If very healthy, a Phalaenopsis plant can have up to ten or more leaves. If kept in a home, the flowers can last two to three months.
Phaelenopsis or Moth Orchid
Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden, Miami FL
The set include 12 brand new items + 3 Fatpack Only Bonus like in the pic, with Bento PG/Cuddles/Adult animations in the chairs, candles drivable via script, all in Celestial/Mystical/Noir/Goth/Witchy Christmas theme, exclusive for the event, perfect for your home/sim/skybox, fully matcheable with all our other items.
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° Celestial Upholstery Chair - PG or Adult - BENTO animations
° Celestial Dining Chair - PG or Adult - BENTO animations
° Celestial Tree Candle - ON/OFF, adjustable via notecard or menu
° Celestial Dining Table
° Celestial Cocktail Tray
° Celestial Candle - ON/OFF, adjustable via notecard or menu
° Celestial Placemat 1
° Celestial Placemat 2
° Celestial Cupboard
° Celestial Placeholder - Customizable (FP texture in the box)
-------------------------------------------
Fatpack Bonus Only :
° Celestial House Lantern - ON/OFF, adjustable via notecard or menu
° Celestial Giftboxes
° Celestial Cocktail - wearable
-------------------------------------------
Onlyfans: thorsecondlife.carrd.co
Mainstore: maps.secondlife.com/secondlife/Nyn/130/13/20
Have fun & I wish all of you and your loved ones Happy Holidays, Merry Christmas, and a Happy New Year!!♥
Loneliness is a complex and usually unpleasant emotional response to isolation. Loneliness typically includes anxious feelings about a lack of connection or communication with other beings, both in the present and extending into the future. As such, loneliness can be felt even when surrounded by other people and one who feels lonely, is lonely. The causes of loneliness are varied and include social, mental, emotional, and physical factors.
Research has shown that loneliness is prevalent throughout society, including people in marriages, relationships, families, veterans, and those with successful careers.[1] It has been a long explored theme in the literature of human beings since Classical antiquity. Loneliness has also been described as social pain—a psychological mechanism meant to motivate an individual to seek social connections.[2] Loneliness is often defined in terms of one's connectedness to others, or more specifically as "the unpleasant experience that occurs when a person's network of social relations is deficient in some important way".[3]
Contents
1Common causes
2Typology
2.1Feeling lonely vs. being socially isolated
2.2Transient vs. chronic loneliness
2.3Loneliness as a human condition
3Frequency
4Effects
4.1Mental health
4.2Physical health
4.3Physiological mechanisms link to poor health
5Treatments and prevention
6See also
7References
8External links
Common causes[edit]
People can experience loneliness for many reasons, and many life events may cause it, such as a lack of friendship relations during childhood and adolescence, or the physical absence of meaningful people around a person. At the same time, loneliness may be a symptom of another social or psychological problem, such as chronic depression.
Many people experience loneliness for the first time when they are left alone as infants. It is also a very common, though normally temporary, consequence of a breakup, divorce, or loss of any important long-term relationship. In these cases, it may stem both from the loss of a specific person and from the withdrawal from social circles caused by the event or the associated sadness.
The loss of a significant person in one's life will typically initiate a grief response; in this situation, one might feel lonely, even while in the company of others. Loneliness may also occur after the birth of a child (often expressed in postpartum depression), after marriage, or following any other socially disruptive event, such as moving from one's home town into an unfamiliar community, leading to homesickness. Loneliness can occur within unstable marriages or other close relationships of a similar nature, in which feelings present may include anger or resentment, or in which the feeling of love cannot be given or received. Loneliness may represent a dysfunction of communication, and can also result from places with low population densities in which there are comparatively few people to interact with. Loneliness can also be seen as a social phenomenon, capable of spreading like a disease. When one person in a group begins to feel lonely, this feeling can spread to others, increasing everybody's risk for feelings of loneliness.[4] People can feel lonely even when they are surrounded by other people.[5]
A twin study found evidence that genetics account for approximately half of the measurable differences in loneliness among adults, which was similar to the heritability estimates found previously in children. These genes operate in a similar manner in males and females. The study found no common environmental contributions to adult loneliness.[6]
Typology[edit]
Feeling lonely vs. being socially isolated[edit]
There is a clear distinction between feeling lonely and being socially isolated (for example, a loner). In particular, one way of thinking about loneliness is as a discrepancy between one's necessary and achieved levels of social interaction,[1] while solitude is simply the lack of contact with people. Loneliness is therefore a subjective experience; if a person thinks they are lonely, then they are lonely. People can be lonely while in solitude, or in the middle of a crowd. What makes a person lonely is the fact that they need more social interaction or a certain type of social interaction that is not currently available. A person can be in the middle of a party and feel lonely due to not talking to enough people. Conversely, one can be alone and not feel lonely; even though there is no one around that person is not lonely because there is no desire for social interaction. There have also been suggestions that each person has their own optimal level of social interaction. If a person gets too little or too much social interaction, this could lead to feelings of loneliness or over-stimulation.[7]
Solitude can have positive effects on individuals. One study found that, although time spent alone tended to depress a person's mood and increase feelings of loneliness, it also helped to improve their cognitive state, such as improving concentration. Furthermore, once the alone time was over, people's moods tended to increase significantly.[8] Solitude is also associated with other positive growth experiences, religious experiences, and identity building such as solitary quests used in rites of passages for adolescents.[9]
Loneliness can also play an important role in the creative process. In some people, temporary or prolonged loneliness can lead to notable artistic and creative expression, for example, as was the case with poets Emily Dickinson and Isabella di Morra, and numerous musicians[who?]. This is not to imply that loneliness itself ensures this creativity, rather, it may have an influence on the subject matter of the artist and more likely be present in individuals engaged in creative activities.[citation needed]
Transient vs. chronic loneliness[edit]
The other important typology of loneliness focuses on the time perspective.[10] In this respect, loneliness can be viewed as either transient or chronic. It has also been referred to as state and trait loneliness.
Transient (state) loneliness is temporary in nature, caused by something in the environment, and is easily relieved. Chronic (trait) loneliness is more permanent, caused by the person, and is not easily relieved.[11] For example, when a person is sick and cannot socialize with friends would be a case of transient loneliness. Once the person got better it would be easy for them to alleviate their loneliness. A person who feels lonely regardless of if they are at a family gathering, with friends, or alone is experiencing chronic loneliness. It does not matter what goes on in the surrounding environment, the experience of loneliness is always there.
Loneliness as a human condition[edit]
The existentialist school of thought views loneliness as the essence of being human. Each human being comes into the world alone, travels through life as a separate person, and ultimately dies alone. Coping with this, accepting it, and learning how to direct our own lives with some degree of grace and satisfaction is the human condition.[12]
Some philosophers, such as Sartre, believe in an epistemic loneliness in which loneliness is a fundamental part of the human condition because of the paradox between people's consciousness desiring meaning in life and the isolation and nothingness of the universe.[13] Conversely, other existentialist thinkers argue that human beings might be said to actively engage each other and the universe as they communicate and create, and loneliness is merely the feeling of being cut off from this process.
In his recent text, Evidence of Being: The Black Gay Cultural Renaissance and the Politics of Violence, Darius Bost draws from Heather Love's theorization of loneliness[14] to delineate the ways in which loneliness structures black gay feeling and literary, cultural productions. Bost limns, “As a form of negative affect, loneliness shores up the alienation, isolation, and pathologization of black gay men during the 1980s and early 1990s. But loneliness is also a form of bodily desire, a yearning for an attachment to the social and for a future beyond the forces that create someone’s alienation and isolation."[15]
Frequency[edit]
There are several estimates and indicators of loneliness. It has been estimated that approximately 60 million people in the United States, or 20% of the total population, feel lonely.[2] Another study found that 12% of Americans have no one with whom to spend free time or to discuss important matters.[16] Other research suggests that this rate has been increasing over time. The General Social Survey found that between 1985 and 2004, the number of people the average American discusses important matters with decreased from three to two. Additionally, the number of Americans with no one to discuss important matters with tripled[17] (though this particular study may be flawed[18]). In the UK research by Age UK shows half a million people more than 60 years old spend each day alone without social interaction and almost half a million more see and speak to no one for 5 or 6 days a week.[19] On the other hand, the Community Life Survey, 2016 to 2017, by the UK's Office for National Statistics, found that young adults in England aged 16 to 24 reported feeling lonely more often than those in older age groups.[20]
Loneliness appears to have intensified in every society in the world as modernization occurs. A certain amount of this loneliness appears to be related to greater migration, smaller household sizes, a larger degree of media consumption (all of which have positive sides as well in the form of more opportunities, more choice in family size, and better access to information), all of which relates to social capital.
Within developed nations, loneliness has shown the largest increases among two groups: seniors[21][22] and people living in low-density suburbs.[23][24] Seniors living in suburban areas are particularly vulnerable, for as they lose the ability to drive, they often become "stranded" and find it difficult to maintain interpersonal relationships.[25]
Loneliness is prevalent in vulnerable groups in society. In New Zealand the fourteen surveyed groups with the highest prevalence of loneliness most/all of the time in descending order are: disabled, recent migrants, low income households, unemployed, single parents, rural (rest of South Island), seniors aged 75+, not in the labour force, youth aged 15–24, no qualifications, not housing owner-occupier, not in a family nucleus, Māori, and low personal income.[26]
Americans seem to report more loneliness than any other country, though this finding may simply be an effect of greater research volume. A 2006 study in the American Sociological Review found that Americans on average had only two close friends in which to confide, which was down from an average of three in 1985. The percentage of people who noted having no such confidant rose from 10% to almost 25%, and an additional 19% said they had only a single confidant, often their spouse, thus raising the risk of serious loneliness if the relationship ended.[27] The modern office environment has been demonstrated to give rise to loneliness. This can be especially prevalent in individuals prone to social isolation who can interpret the business focus of co-workers for a deliberate ignoring of needs.[28]
Whether a correlation exists between Internet usage and loneliness is a subject of controversy, with some findings showing that Internet users are lonelier[29] and others showing that lonely people who use the Internet to keep in touch with loved ones (especially seniors) report less loneliness, but that those trying to make friends online became lonelier.[30] On the other hand, studies in 2002 and 2010 found that "Internet use was found to decrease loneliness and depression significantly, while perceived social support and self-esteem increased significantly"[31] and that the Internet "has an enabling and empowering role in people's lives, by increasing their sense of freedom and control, which has a positive impact on well-being or happiness."[32] The one apparently unequivocal finding of correlation is that long driving commutes correlate with dramatically higher reported feelings of loneliness (as well as other negative health impacts).[33][34]
Effects[edit]
Mental health[edit]
Loneliness by Hans Thoma (National Museum in Warsaw)
Loneliness has been linked with depression, and is thus a risk factor for suicide.[35] Émile Durkheim has described loneliness, specifically the inability or unwillingness to live for others, i.e. for friendships or altruistic ideas, as the main reason for what he called egoistic suicide.[36][unreliable source?] In adults, loneliness is a major precipitant of depression and alcoholism.[37] People who are socially isolated may report poor sleep quality, and thus have diminished restorative processes.[38] Loneliness has also been linked with a schizoid character type in which one may see the world differently and experience social alienation, described as the self in exile.[39]
While the long term effects of extended periods of loneliness are little understood, it has been noted that people who are isolated or experience loneliness for a long period of time fall into a “ontological crisis” or “ontological insecurity,” where they are not sure if they or their surroundings exist, and if they do, exactly who or what they are, creating torment, suffering, and despair to the point of palpability within the thoughts of the person.[40][41]
In children, a lack of social connections is directly linked to several forms of antisocial and self-destructive behavior, most notably hostile and delinquent behavior. In both children and adults, loneliness often has a negative impact on learning and memory. Its disruption of sleep patterns can have a significant impact on the ability to function in everyday life.[35]
Research from a large-scale study published in the journal Psychological Medicine, showed that "lonely millennials are more likely to have mental health problems, be out of work and feel pessimistic about their ability to succeed in life than their peers who feel connected to others, regardless of gender or wealth.”[42][43]
In 2004, the United States Department of Justice published a study indicating that loneliness increases suicide rates profoundly among juveniles, with 62% of all suicides that occurred within juvenile facilities being among those who either were, at the time of the suicide, in solitary confinement or among those with a history of being housed thereof.[40]
Pain, depression, and fatigue function as a symptom cluster and thus may share common risk factors. Two longitudinal studies with different populations demonstrated that loneliness was a risk factor for the development of the pain, depression, and fatigue symptom cluster over time. These data also highlight the health risks of loneliness; pain, depression, and fatigue often accompany serious illness and place people at risk for poor health and mortality.[44]
Physical health[edit]
Chronic loneliness can be a serious, life-threatening health condition. It has been found to be associated with an increased risk of stroke and cardiovascular disease.[45] Loneliness shows an increased incidence of high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and obesity.[46]
Loneliness is shown to increase the concentration of cortisol levels in the body.[46] Prolonged, high cortisol levels can cause anxiety, depression, digestive problems, heart disease, sleep problems, and weight gain.[47]
″Loneliness has been associated with impaired cellular immunity as reflected in lower natural killer (NK) cell activity and higher antibody titers to the Epstein Barr Virus and human herpes viruses".[46] Because of impaired cellular immunity, loneliness among young adults shows vaccines, like the flu vaccine, to be less effective.[46] Data from studies on loneliness and HIV positive men suggests loneliness increases disease progression.[46]
Physiological mechanisms link to poor health[edit]
There are a number of potential physiological mechanisms linking loneliness to poor health outcomes. In 2005, results from the American Framingham Heart Study demonstrated that lonely men had raised levels of Interleukin 6 (IL-6), a blood chemical linked to heart disease. A 2006 study conducted by the Center for Cognitive and Social Neuroscience at the University of Chicago found loneliness can add thirty points to a blood pressure reading for adults over the age of fifty. Another finding, from a survey conducted by John Cacioppo from the University of Chicago, is that doctors report providing better medical care to patients who have a strong network of family and friends than they do to patients who are alone. Cacioppo states that loneliness impairs cognition and willpower, alters DNA transcription in immune cells, and leads over time to high blood pressure.[2] Lonelier people are more likely to show evidence of viral reactivation than less lonely people.[48] Lonelier people also have stronger inflammatory responses to acute stress compared with less lonely people; inflammation is a well known risk factor for age-related diseases.[49]
When someone feels left out of a situation, they feel excluded and one possible side effect is for their body temperature to decrease. When people feel excluded blood vessels at the periphery of the body may narrow, preserving core body heat. This class protective mechanism is known as vasoconstriction.[50]
Treatments and prevention[edit]
There are many different ways used to treat loneliness, social isolation, and clinical depression. The first step that most doctors recommend to patients is therapy. Therapy is a common and effective way of treating loneliness and is often successful. Short-term therapy, the most common form for lonely or depressed patients, typically occurs over a period of ten to twenty weeks. During therapy, emphasis is put on understanding the cause of the problem, reversing the negative thoughts, feelings, and attitudes resulting from the problem, and exploring ways to help the patient feel connected. Some doctors also recommend group therapy as a means to connect with other sufferers and establish a support system.[51] Doctors also frequently prescribe anti-depressants to patients as a stand-alone treatment, or in conjunction with therapy. It may take several attempts before a suitable anti-depressant medication is found.[52]
Alternative approaches to treating depression are suggested by many doctors. These treatments include exercise, dieting, hypnosis, electro-shock therapy, acupuncture, and herbs, amongst others. Many patients find that participating in these activities fully or partially alleviates symptoms related to depression.[53]
Paro, a robot pet seal classified as a medical device by U.S. regulators
Another treatment for both loneliness and depression is pet therapy, or animal-assisted therapy, as it is more formally known. Studies and surveys, as well as anecdotal evidence provided by volunteer and community organizations, indicate that the presence of animal companions such as dogs, cats, rabbits, and guinea pigs can ease feelings of depression and loneliness among some sufferers. Beyond the companionship the animal itself provides there may also be increased opportunities for socializing with other pet owners. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention there are a number of other health benefits associated with pet ownership, including lowered blood pressure and decreased levels of cholesterol and triglycerides.[54]
Nostalgia has also been found to have a restorative effect, counteracting loneliness by increasing perceived social support.[55]
A 1989 study found that the social aspect of religion had a significant negative association with loneliness among elderly people. The effect was more consistent than the effect of social relationships with family and friends, and the subjective concept of religiosity had no significant effect on loneliness.[56]
One study compared the effectiveness of four interventions: improving social skills, enhancing social support, increasing opportunities for social interaction, addressing abnormal social cognition (faulty thoughts and patterns of thoughts). The results of the study indicated that all interventions were effective in reducing loneliness, possibly with the exception of social skill training. Results of the meta-analysis suggest that correcting maladaptive social cognition offers the best chance of reducing loneliness.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loneliness
Adam's Song" is a song recorded by the American rock band Blink-182 for its third studio album, Enema of the State (1999). It was released as the third and final single from Enema of the State on September 5, 2000 through MCA Records. "Adam's Song" shares writing credits between the band's guitarist Tom DeLonge and bassist Mark Hoppus, but Hoppus was the primary composer of the song. The track concerns suicide, depression and loneliness. It incorporates a piano in its bridge section, and was regarded as one of the most serious songs the band had written to that point.
Hoppus was inspired by the loneliness he experienced while on tour; while his bandmates had significant others to return home to, he was single. He was also influenced by a teen suicide letter he read in a magazine. The song takes the form of a suicide note, and contains lyrical allusions to the Nirvana song "Come as You Are". "Adam's Song" was one of the last songs to be written and recorded for Enema of the State, and it was nearly left off the album. Though Hoppus worried the subject matter was too depressing, his bandmates were receptive to its message. The song was produced by Jerry Finn.
"Adam's Song" peaked at number two on the US Billboard Hot Modern Rock Tracks chart; it was also a top 25 hit in Canada and Italy, but did not replicate its success on other charts. It received praise from music critics, who considered it a change of pace from the trio's more lighthearted singles. The single's music video, a hit on MTV, was directed by Liz Friedlander. Though the song was intended to inspire hope to those struggling with depression, it encountered controversy when a student of Columbine High School committed suicide with the track on repeat in 2000.
LeLutka applier and BoM, includes 12 colors.
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Wearing: LeLutka Avalon Head, Ebody Reborn, Scarlet skin in mannequin tone, Eyeliner included with skin, Scarlet HD lipstick, Bonnie hairbase Natural eyelashes v2, Maeve eyes {soon}, Doux hair.
@
- Pack includes 2 poses
- Can be purchased individually
- 20% group discount [FULL PACK]
TAXI: maps.secondlife.com/secondlife/Sanctuary%20Isles/219/97/24
· ▸ Rinari Hair includes:
ㅤㅤ• Texture HUD:
ㅤㅤ · 81 Main color options · HUD 1
ㅤㅤ · 81 Roots color options · HUD 1
ㅤㅤ · 81 Ombres color options · HUD 2
ㅤㅤ · 36 Extra color options · HUD 2
ㅤㅤ · 4 Hair Styles
ㅤㅤ · 2 Bang Styles
ㅤㅤ · 2 Materials · Off option
ㅤㅤ · Hairbase · On/Off option
ㅤㅤ · Tint option
· ▸ Copy
· ▸ Modify
· ▸ No Transfer
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▸ Main Sim
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Another visit to Woods Mill this morning. The Song Thrushes were in full voice - this one posed nicely for me.
Shorts includes HUD with 14 different patterns, perfect or summer!
Find this item on the Marketplace or Inworld.
Tiffany Designs PROMO:: Mia Valentine Outfit [Mesh] + Lara X
★★★ MESH VALENTINE'S DAY OUTFIT ★★★
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➣ Includes:
• Mesh Top
• Mesh Dress
• Mesh Boots (classic & Maze)
• Texture HUD Driven
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➣ Compatible with:
➠ LARA X, Petite
➠ MAITREYA, Petite
➠ LEGACY, Perky
➠ BOMBSHELL
➠ REBORN, Waifus
➠ GENX, Curvy
➠ KUPRA
➠ ERIKA
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☎ In world assistance if you need additional help - please contact LucyHope.
Tiffany Designs
LM: maps.secondlife.com/secondlife/Hilton%20Villas/232/207/22
It would be a crime not to include this photo of Western Pathfinder leaving Taunton after posting the one of her setting off.
She is now getting into her stride and the faint trail of exhaust is deceptive - she is actually making one hell of a racket getting going on full throttle. Like the Westerns were renowned - 1071 - for doing.
I am inclined to think that I may have had the teleconverter on for this view and the one in the station with 1001 setting off.
I am led to believe that a Western ran very clean on full throttle immediately after a bit of TLC. It didn't take long for that characteristic V clag to build up though, and idling at a station stop could lead to a build up that would give a noticeable clag cloud. Well it is a diesel and the cars can do the same. Or buses of the older variety.
What is unusual about this view - apart from the fact that I actually took a photo at an angle like this - is both front coaches have open windows and in late September as well. Passengers usually had something to say if bashers let in fresh air and diesel fumes - not necessarily in equal measures. And that was if in a mid summer heatwave. There wouldn't be too many enthusiasts in a First Class coach though.
Only the chancers would try that because there was an increasing clampdown on ticket inspection probably in direct proportion to the numbers of enthusiasts some of whom could take a very loose interpretation of suitable ticket use.
I have to say I did present a Platform ticket once when on a gripped service - to prove where I had got on. Not an option these days of course, as Platform tickets are as rare as hens teeth, unless collectors items.
The real delight was to be on a First Class ticket/rover and have the gripper come along thinking he had a good target.
Even further down the scale was to have a wad of window stickers to put on indicating "First Class for the use of Second Class passengers".
As long as there was one one each side at each end of the coach, it made it declassified.
Did I ever do it? Not that I can recall, however I did use a sticker which secured a compartment on a train which got very crowded eventually. Reserved for passengers travelling to X - which was nowhere near where the train was going. It was only removed by us at the suggestion of a lady travelling with us who thought we should be fair given the crowded nature of the train. Oh well.
The museum includes many buildings from the ordinary middle class Japanese experience to the homes of wealthy and powerful individuals, which have all been moved to Koganei Park from their original sites, recreated and preserved for exhibit. The museum enables visitors to enter and explore a wide variety of buildings of different styles, periods, and purposes, from upper-class homes to pre-war shops, public baths, and Western-style buildings of the Meiji period, which would normally be inaccessible to tourists or other visitors, or which cannot be found in Tokyo.
Ghibli animator Hayao Miyazaki often visited this open air museum during the creation of his film “Spirited Away” for inspiration. He also designed the mascot of the museum : Edomaru, a little green caterpillar with very big eyes.
Includes 32 quality dance animations, including male pole dancing. 3 land impact with the base, or you can unlink the pole to use by itself and it's only 1 LI. They are copy/mod and have materials on them for added effect in advanced lighting.
There are also several dance sequences set, or just choose the All Dances sequence and it will cycle through all 22 female pole dances in a loop so you can dance and dance and dance!
See also the fantasy version!
The Ricardo fireworks party was back after a covid break. Live music with Tom Walker, fairground rides from the Harris family, food and drink.
Ironic then that my covid status changed from negative on Friday afternoon to faintly positive on Saturday morning - sorry about that.
"The site of the Piarist Church of the Finding of the Holy Cross is located in Litomyšl on the slope east of the square. It includes the church of the Finding of the Holy Cross itself, the building of the Piarist dormitory, the garden and the building of the former Piarist gymnasium, which housed the Litomyšl Regional Museum from 1926. It is currently home to the Faculty of Restoration of the University of Pardubice.
The order of Piarists from Mikulov was brought to Litomyšl by Frebonia Eusebio from Pernštejn in 1640. The Piarists had three wings of the dormitory, a school and a church built. The Piarist gymnasium was opened in 1644. The last wing of the dormitory was built in 1681, part of the dormitory was a refectory with stucco and painting decoration and a chapel called Purgatory. A large garden with an orchard was established near the dormitory, which is part of the so-called Monastery Gardens complex. In the church, services were held mainly by Piarists and students of their schools. The Piarists left Litomyšl in 1948.
The one-nave church has a Latin cross plan with a semicircular finial. In the facade, there are two diagonally built three-story towers on a square plan, covered by articulated mines. Two semicircular chapels adjoin the main nave in a crossing. The church is vaulted with three fields of barrel vault with cut-outs above the longitudinal nave and a flat vault above the crossing. The entrance facade has three portals, it is girdled by a heavy cordon cornice, the main cornice has a balustrade with sculptures and a nani three-sided gable with a sun nimbus. The facade is convex and decorated with sculptures from the workshop of sculptor Matyáš Bernard Braun. Above the main portal is a sandstone cartouche under the crown with the coat of arms of the Trauttmansdorf family by Jiří Pacák and on the cornice an allegory of Hope and Faith from the workshop of Matyáš Bernard Braun. Above the side entrances are shields with the dates 1722 and 1892 and statues of putti. Between the towers there is an attic with a baluster railing and statues of St. Václav and Vojtěch.
Litomyšl (German: Leitomischel, Leutomischel) is a town in the Svitavy district of the Pardubice region on the Czech side of the former land border with Moravia. It is located 17 km northwest of the district town of Svitavy (which was itself the seat of the district until 1960) and 13 km southwest of Ústí nad Orlicí. Litomyšl covers an area of less than 34 square kilometers in the central part of the Svitava Uplands on the Loučná River at an altitude of 330 meters. The cadastral area of Litomyšle includes the territorially independent parts of Kornice, Nová Ves u Litomyšle, Pazucha, Pohodlí and Suchá. Approximately 10 thousand inhabitants live here.
The name of the city comes from the Old Bohemian personal name Ľutomysl. Litomyšl received city privileges in 1259 (confirmed in 1263) from King Přemysl Otakar II as a vassal town of the local Premonstratensian monastery, whose lily symbol was adopted by the town as its coat of arms. The development of the city is closely linked to its lordship - first ecclesiastical (Premonstratensian monastery, bishopric of Litomyšl), later secular (Kostková from Postupice, Pernštejn, Trauttmansdorff, Valdštejn-Vartenberk, Thurn-Taxis). A number of leading personalities were born or worked in the city, including Bedřich Smetana, Alois Jirásek, Bozena Němcová, Josef Váchal or Olbram Zoubek.
The castle hill and the city itself offer a combination of historical architecture (the Renaissance castle on the UNESCO World Heritage list, the Baroque Church of the Finding of the Holy Cross and the Gothic Church of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross) with modern artistic trends (revitalization and projects by Josef Pleskot ). A number of events and festivals take place in the city throughout the year (Smetanova Litomyšl, Litomyšl Days of Baroque Tradition, ArchiMyšl, MD Rettigová Gastronomic Festivals). Litomyšl is therefore often referred to as a "modern historical city".
Bohemia (Latin Bohemia, German Böhmen, Polish Czechy) is a region in the west of the Czech Republic. Previously, as a kingdom, they were the center of the Czech Crown. The root of the word Czech probably corresponds to the meaning of man. The Latin equivalent of Bohemia, originally Boiohaemum (literally "land of Battles"), which over time also influenced the names in other languages, is derived from the Celtic tribe of the Boios, who lived in this area from the 4th to the 1st century BC Bohemia on it borders Germany in the west, Austria in the south, Moravia in the east and Poland in the north. Geographically, they are bounded from the north, west and south by a chain of mountains, the highest of which are the Krkonoše Mountains, in which the highest mountain of Bohemia, Sněžka, is also located. The most important rivers are the Elbe and the Vltava, with the fertile Polabean Plain extending around the Elbe. The capital and largest city of Bohemia is Prague, other important cities include, for example, Pilsen, Karlovy Vary, Kladno, Ústí nad Labem, Liberec, Hradec Králové, Pardubice and České Budějovice, Jihlava also lies partly on the historical territory of Bohemia." - info from Wikipedia.
Summer 2019 I did a solo cycling tour across Europe through 12 countries over the course of 3 months. I began my adventure in Edinburgh, Scotland and finished in Florence, Italy cycling 8,816 km. During my trip I took 47,000 photos.
Now on Instagram.
Includes corset, bra, panties and stole.
Stockings from Izzies, with SLink appliers
Hair from Argrace
Shoes from SLink
Skin from Glam Affair
· ▸ Ascendance Tattoo includes:
ㅤㅤ• Fresh version
ㅤㅤ• Faded version
ㅤㅤ• Worn version
· ▸ Neck - Arm Tattoos · Can be worn separately
· ▸ Ascendance Tattoo is fitted for:
ㅤㅤ• Lelutka EvoX
· ▸ Copy
· ▸ No Modify
· ▸ No Transfer
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▸ Main Sim
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*1,619 Supporters Update - New color scheme that is buildable with existing parts. Also includes never before seen foyer view, new bed design and updated exterior living room wall design here.
Featured on:
Are you like me and dream of one day owning a Victorian style home? Is there something keeping that dream from becoming a reality?
Well, then this Victorian Dream Home is for you. I created this project to fulfill that dream in some small way while also hoping to fulfill another dream of mine; to design a real LEGO set.
If you like the idea of this project as a LEGO set and would want LEGO Ideas to release one, please cast your vote by clicking here to go to LEGO Ideas and support the project. It’s free to support and setup a LEGO ID. Also, by supporting The Victorian Dream Home, you are NOT obligated to buy it if it is released in the future.
If this project reaches 10,000 supporters, then LEGO Ideas will consider it for an official LEGO set. If they decide to release an official version, the final design will be created by LEGO Master Builders. Mine is only a prototype.
More information on the build process and set details can also be found on LEGO Ideas
This render made possible with Mecabricks Blender Lite Template and Blender v2.79.
Екатерининский дворец, Царское Село.
The Catherine Palace (Russian: Екатерининский дворец) was the Rococo summer residence of the Russian tsars, located in the town of Tsarskoye Selo (Pushkin), 25 km south-east of St. Petersburg, Russia.
The residence originated in 1717, when Catherine I of Russia engaged the German architect Johann-Friedrich Braunstein to construct a summer palace for her pleasure. In 1733, Empress Anna commissioned Mikhail Zemtsov and Andrei Kvasov to expand the Catherine Palace. Empress Elizabeth, however, found her mother's residence outdated and incommodious and in May 1752 asked her court architect Bartolomeo Rastrelli to demolish the old structure and replace it with a much grander edifice in a flamboyant Rococo style. Construction lasted for four years and on 30 July 1756 the architect presented the brand-new 325-meter-long palace to the Empress, her dazed courtiers and stupefied foreign ambassadors.
During Elizabeth's lifetime, the palace was famed for its obscenely lavish exterior.[citation needed] More than 100 kilograms of gold were used to gild the sophisticated stucco façade and numerous statues erected on the roof. It was even rumoured that the palace's roof was constructed entirely of gold. In front of the palace a great formal garden was laid out. It centres on the azure-and-white Hermitage Pavilion near the lake, designed by Zemtsov in 1744, overhauled by Rastrelli in 1749 and formerly crowned by a grand gilded sculpture representing The Rape of Persephone. The interior of the pavilion featured dining tables with dumbwaiter mechanisms. The grand entrance to the palace is flanked by two massive "circumferences", also in the Rococo style. A delicate iron-cast grille separates the complex from the town of Tsarskoe Selo.
Although the palace is popularly associated with Catherine the Great, she actually regarded its "whipped cream" architecture as old-fashioned. When she ascended the throne, a number of statues in the park were being covered with gold, in accordance with the last wish of Empress Elizabeth, yet the new monarch had all the works suspended upon being informed about the expense. In her memoirs she censured the reckless extravagance of her predecessor:
"The palace was then being built, but it was the work of Penelope: what was done today, was destroyed tomorrow. That house has been pulled down six times to the foundation, then built up again ere it was brought to its present state. The sum of a million six hundred thousand rubles was spent on the construction. Accounts exist to prove it; but besides this sum the Empress spent much money out of her own pocket on it, without ever counting".
In order to gratify her passion for antique and Neoclassical art, Catherine employed the Scottish architect Charles Cameron who not only refurbished the interior of one wing in the Neo-Palladian style then in vogue, but also constructed the personal apartments of the Empress, a rather modest Greek Revival structure known as the Agate Rooms and situated to the left from the grand palace. Noted for their elaborate jasper decor, the rooms were designed so as to be connected to the Hanging Gardens, the Cold Baths, and the Cameron Gallery (still housing a collection of bronze statuary) - three Neoclassical edifices constructed to Cameron's designs. According to Catherine's wishes, many remarkable structures were erected for her amusement in the Catherine Park. These include the Dutch Admiralty, Creaking Pagoda, Chesme Column, Rumyantsev Obelisk, and Marble Bridge.
Upon Catherine's death in 1796, the palace was abandoned in favour of the Pavlovsk Palace. Subsequent monarchs preferred to reside in the nearby Alexander Palace and, with only two exceptions, refrained from making new additions to the Catherine Palace, regarding it as a splendid monument to Elizabeth's wealth and Catherine II's glory. In 1817, Alexander I engaged Vasily Stasov to refurbish some interiors of his grandmother's residence in the Empire style. Twenty years later, the magnificent Stasov Staircase was constructed to replace the old circular staircase leading to the Palace Chapel. Unfortunately, most of Stasov's interiors - specifically those dating from the reign of Nicholas I - have not been restored after the destruction caused by the Germans during World War Two.[citation needed]
When the German forces retreated after the siege of Leningrad, they had the residence intentionally destroyed,[1] leaving only the hollow shell of the palace behind. Prior to World War II, the Russian archivists managed to document a fair amount of the contents, which proved of great importance in reconstructing the palace. Although the largest part of the reconstruction was completed in time for the Tercentenary of St Petersburg in 2003, much work is still required to restore the palace to its former glory. In order to attract funds, the administration of the palace has leased the Grand Hall to such high-profile events as Elton John's concert for the elite audience in 2001 and the 2005 exclusive party which featured the likes of Bill Clinton, Tina Turner, Whitney Houston, Naomi Campbell, and Sting.
In Twentieth Century Fox's 1997 animated feature, "Anastasia", the Catherine Palace is depicted inaccurately as the home of the last imperial family.Although Stasov's and Cameron's Neoclassical interiors are superb manifestations of the late 18th-century and early 19th-century taste, the palace is best known for Rastrelli's grand suit of formal rooms known as the Golden Enfilade. It starts at the spacious airy ballroom, the "Grand Hall" or the "Hall of Lights", with a spectacular painted ceiling, and comprises numerous distinctively decorated smaller rooms, including the reproduced Amber Room.
The Great Hall, or the Light Gallery as it was called in the 18th century, is a formal apartment in the Russian baroque style designed by Bartolomeo Rastrelli between 1752 and 1756. The Great Hall was intended for more important receptions such as balls, formal dinners, and masquerades. The hall was painted in two colors and covers an area of approximately 1,000 square meters. Occupying the entire width of the palace, the windows on the eastern side look out onto the park while the windows of the western side look out to the palace plaza. In the evening, 696 lamps are lit on 12-15 chandeliers located near the mirrors. The halls sculptural and gilded carvings and ornimantation were created according to sketches by Rastrelli and models by Johann Franz Dunker.
Beyond the Great Hall is the dining room for the courtiers in attendance (the Courtiers-in-Attendance Dining Room). The room was designed by Rastrelli in the mid-18th century. The small room is lit by four windows which look out into the formal courtyard. The architect placed false windows with mirrors and mirrored glass on the opposite wall, making the hall more spacious and bright. Decorated in the typical baroque interior style, the hall is filled with gilded wall-carvings, complex gilded pieces on the doors, and ornamental patterns of stylized flowers. The ceiling mural was painted by a well known student of the Russian School from the mid-18th century. It is based on the Greek myth of the sun god Helios and the goddess of the dawn, Eos.
Across from the Courtiers-in-Attendance Dining Room, on the other side of the Main Staircase, is the White Formal Dining Room. The hall was used for the empresses' formal dinners or "evening meals". The walls of the dining hall were decorated with the utmost extravagance with gilded carvings. The furnishings consist of gilded carvings on the consoles. The painted mural, The Triumph of Apollo is a copy of a painting completed in the 16th century by Italian artist, Guido Reni.
The Portrait Hall is a formal apartment that covers 100 square meters of space. The room's walls boast large formal portraits of Empress Catherine I, Empress Elizabeth Petrovna, as well as paintings of Natalya Alexeyevna, sister of Peter the Great, and Empress Catherine II. The inlaid floors of the hall contain precious woods. The Drawing Room of Alexander I was designed between 1752 and 1756 and belonged to the Emperor's private suite. The drawing room stood out from the rest of the formal rooms in the palace due to the fact that the walls were covered in Chinese silk. Other decor in the room was typical for the palace's formal rooms, a ceiling mural, gilded carvings. The elegant card-tables and inlaid wood commode display Japanese, Chinese, and Berlin porcelain.
The Green Dining Room, which replaced Rastrelli's "Hanging Garden" in 1773, is the first of the rooms in the northern wing of the Catherine Palace, designed by Cameron for the future Emperor Paul and his wife. The pistachio-coloured walls of the room are lined with stucco figures by Ivan Martos. During the great fire of 1820 the room was seriously damaged, thus sharing the fate of other Cameron's interiors. It was subsequently restored under Stasov's direction.
Other Cameron's interiors include the Waiters' Room, with the inlaid floor of rosewood, amaranth and mahogany and stylish Chippendale card-tables; the Blue Formal Dining-Room, with white-and-blue silk wallpapers and Carrara marble chimneys; the Chinese Blue Drawing Room, a curious combination of Adam style with the Chinoiserie; the Choir Anteroom, with walls lined in apricot-colored silk; and the columned boudoir of Alexander I, executed in the Pompeian style.
Before leaving on a two week NY vacation, one that would include a 7 day stay in a seven bedroom beach house I decided I needed a bluetooth speaker. I checked out online reviews and listened to the ones on my shortlist in store. I really liked the Bose Mini Soundlink II, but, I was really intrigued by the JBL Charge 2 which a friend had. I saw that the JBL Charge 3 had been released and wanted to hear it before making m decision. I thought the Bose sounded a touch better, but the JBL Charge 3 had a few things going for it that weighed my decision in its favor.
1. It was louder than the Bose.
2. It was less expensive than the Bose.
3. It is waterproof
These three factors helped me make my decision and after spending a week on the Jersey Shore with my JBL Charge 3 I was able to compare it to another guests Soundlink Mini II and I can say wholeheartedly that I made the correct decision.
A circus is a company of performers that may include clowns, acrobats, trained animals, trapeze acts, musicians, hoopers, tightrope walkers, jugglers, unicyclists and other object manipulation and stunt-oriented artists. The term 'circus' also describes the performance which has followed various formats through its 150 year modern history. Philip Astley is credited with being the 'father' of the modern circus when he opened the first circus in 1768 in England. Early circuses were almost exclusively demonstrations of equestrian skills with a few other types of acts to link the horsemanship performances. Performances developed significantly through the next fifty years, with large scale theatrical battle reenactments becoming a significant feature. The 'traditional' format, whereby a ringmaster introduces a varied selection of acts that mostly perform choreographed acts to traditional music, developed in the latter part of 19th century and continued almost universally to be the main style of circus up until 1970s. Contemporary circus has been credited with reviving the circus tradition since 1980s when a number of groups introduced circus based almost solely on human skills and which drew from other performing art skills and styles. As styles of performance have changed since the time of Astley, so too have the types of venues where these circuses have performed. The earliest modern circuses were performed in open air structures with limited covered seating. From the late 18th to late 19th century bespoke circus buildings (often wooden) were built with various types of seating, a centre ring and sometimes a stage. The 'traditional' large tents, commonly known as 'Big Tops' were introduced in the mid 19th century as touring circuses superseded static venues. These tents eventually became the most common venue and remain so to the present day. Contemporary circuses perform in a variety of venues including tents, theatres and casinos. Many circus performances are still held in a ring usually 13 m (42 ft) in diameter. This dimension was adopted by Philip Astley in the late 18th century as the minimum diameter that enabled an acrobatic horse rider to stand upright on a cantering horse to perform their tricks.
Ein Zirkus (lateinisch circus „Kreis“, Plural: Zirkusse) – oder auch Circus – ist ein Unterhaltungsunternehmen oder eine Gruppe von Artisten, die eine Vorstellung mit verschiedenen artistischen (zirzensischen) Darbietungen (Akrobatik, Clownerie, Zauberei, Tierdressuren) zeigt.
Die Schreibweise „Circus“ benutzen die meisten Zirkusse wegen des lateinischen Ursprungs, etwa im Eigennamen „Circus Krone“.
Das deutsche Wort Zirkus wird vom griechischen „kirkos” oder lateinischen „circus” hergeleitet. Beide Begriffe bezeichneten im antiken Griechenland und Rom eine kreis- oder ellipsenförmige Arena, in der in erster Linie Wagenrennen und seltener Tierkämpfe der Gladiatoren stattfanden (z. B. Circus Maximus). Mehr als die Form der „Bühne“ hat der neuzeitliche Zirkus mit dem antiken Circus nicht gemeinsam.
from wikipedia.
in ravensburg, deutschland gesehen.
seen in ravensburg, germany.
!!New Release!! Tula Dress: Sweet summer maxi dress in 6 colors. Available individually or have all 6 in the Fatpack. Fatpack includes HUD for changing colors.
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Stealthic Cascade
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Italian postcard by SAG, Trieste, Serie, no. 10.
Italian actress Claudia Cardinale (1938) is one of Europe's iconic and most versatile film stars. The combination of her beauty, dark, flashing eyes, explosive sexuality and genuine acting talent virtually guaranteed her stardom. Her most notable films include 8½ (Federico Fellini, 1963), Il Gattopardo/The Leopard (Luchino Visconti, 1963) and Once Upon a Time in the West (Sergio Leone, 1968).
Claude Joséphine Rose Cardinale was born in La Goulette in Tunisia in 1938 (some sources claim 1939). Her mother, Yolande Greco, was born in Tunisia to Italian (Sicilian) emigrants from Trapani, Italy. Her father was an Italian (Sicilian) railway worker, born in Gela, Italy. Her native languages were Tunisian Arabic and French. She received a French education and she had to learn Italian once she pursued her acting career. She had her break in films after she was voted the most beautiful Italian girl in Tunisia in 1957. The contest of the Italian embassy had as a prize a trip to the Venice Film Festival. She made her film debut in the French-Tunisian coproduction Goha (Jacques Baratier, 1958) starring Omar Sharif. After attending the Centro Sperimentale di Cinematografia in Rome for two months, she signed a 7-year contract with the Vides studios. The contract forbade her to cut her hair, to marry or to gain weight. Later that year she had a role in the heist comedy I soliti ignoti/Big Deal On Madonna Street (Mario Monicelli, 1958) with Vittorio Gassman and Renato Salvatori. The film was an international success, and her film career was off and running. At this point, the press, noting her initials, announced that CC was the natural successor to BB (Brigitte Bardot), and began beating the drum on her behalf. Dozens of alluring photographs of Claudia Cardinale were displayed in newspapers and magazines throughout the world. According to IMDb, she has appeared on more than 900 magazine covers in over 25 countries. The contrast between these pictures and those of Marilyn Monroe or Jayne Mansfield is striking. Cardinale never appeared in a nude or fully topless scene. Her pictures promoted an image of a shy family girl who just happened to have a beautiful face and a sexy body. A photograph of Cardinale was featured in the original gate fold artwork to Bob Dylan's album Blonde on Blonde (1966), but because it was used without Cardinale's permission, the photo was removed from the cover art in later pressings.
Claudia Cardinale's early career was largely managed producer Franco Cristaldi. Because of her film contract, she told everyone that her son Patrizio was her baby brother. He was born out of wedlock when she was 17; the father was a mysterious Frenchman. She did not reveal to the child that he was her son until he was 19 years old. In 1966, she married Cristaldi, who adopted Patrizio. In only three years she made a stream of great films. First she made three successful comedies, Un Maledetto imbroglio/The Facts of Murder (Pietro Germi, 1959), Il Bell'Antonio/Bell'Antonio (Mauro Bolognini, 1960) featuring Marcello Mastroianni, and Audace colpo dei soliti ignoti/Fiasco in Milan (Nanni Loy, 1960). Cardinale had a supporting part in the epic drama Rocco e i suoi fratelli/Rocco and His Brothers (Luchino Visconti, 1960) in which she played the sister-in-law of Alain Delon and Renato Salvatori. And then followed leading parts in La Ragazza con la valigia/Girl with a Suitcase (Valerio Zurlini, 1961), La Viaccia/The Lovemakers (Mauro Bolognini, 1961) with Jean-Paul Belmondo, and Senilità/Careless (Mauro Bolognini, 1961). Claudia Cardinale had a deep, sultry voice and spoke Italian with a heavy French accent, so her voice was dubbed in her early films. In Federico Fellini's 8½ (1963), she was finally allowed to dub her own dialogue. In the film, she plays a dream woman - a character named Claudia, who is the object of the fantasies of the director in the film, played by Marcello Mastroianni. With Fellini's surrealistic masterpiece she received her widest exposure to date with this film. That same year, she also appeared in another masterpiece of the Italian cinema, the epic Il Gattopardo/The Leopard (Luchino Visconti, 1963) with Burt Lancaster and Alain Delon. The combined success of these two classic films made her rise to the front ranks of Italian cinema. And it also piqued Hollywood's interest.
In 1963 Claudia Cardinale played the princess who owned the Pink Panther diamond in The Pink Panther (Blake Edwards, 1963) which was filmed in Italy. It was the first in the series of detective comedies starring Peter Sellers as bumbling French Inspector Jacques Clouseau (the mishap-prone snoop was actually a supporting player in his debut). The film was an enormous success and brought CC to English-speaking audiences. In 1964 she co-starred with John Wayne and Rita Hayworth in her first American production, Circus World (Henry Hathaway, 1964). It was another box-office hit. The following year she appeared with Rock Hudson in Blindfold (Philip Dunne, 1966), an offbeat mixture of espionage and slapstick comedy. The Professionals (Richard Brooks, 1966) is her favourite among her Hollywood films. In this Western, she is a gutsy Mexican woman married against her will to a rich American. The film received Academy Award nominations for Best Direction (Richard Brooks), Best Screenplay (Brooks again), and Best Cinematography (Conrad L. Hall). Cardinale continued dividing her time between Hollywood and Europe for the remainder of the decade. Throughout the 1960s, Claudia Cardinale also appeared in some of the best European films. In France, she appeared in the Swashbuckler Cartouche (Philippe de Broca, 1962) featuring Jean-Paul Belmondo. Back in Italy, she played in I Giorno della civetta/The Day of the Owl (Damiano Damiani, 1968) with Franco Nero, and Nell'anno del Signore/The Conspirators (Luigi Magni, 1969) with Nino Manfredi. Mesmerizing is her performance in Sandra/Vaghe stelle dell'Orsa... (Luchino Visconti, 1965) as a Holocaust survivor with an incestuous relationship with her brother (Jean Sorel). Another highlight in her career is C'era una volta il West/Once Upon a Time in the West (Sergio Leone, 1968), the ultimate Spaghetti Western. Lucia Bozzola writes in her review at AllMovie: "In Sergio Leone's epic Western, shot partly in Monument Valley, a revenge story becomes an epic contemplation of the Western past. (...) As in his 'Dollars' trilogy, Leone transforms the standard Western plot through the visual impact of widescreen landscapes and the figures therein. At its full length, Once Upon a Time in the West is Leone's operatic masterwork, worthy of its legend-making title."
In the following decades, Claudia Cardinale remained mainly active in European cinema. She played a small part for Visconti in Gruppo di famiglia in un interno/Conversation Piece (Luchino Visconti, 1974) starring Burt Lancaster and Silvana Mangano. She worked with other major Italian directors at Goodbye e amen (Damiano Damiani, 1977), the TV mini-series Jesus of Nazareth (Franco Zeffirelli, 1977) as the adulteress, and La Pelle/The Skin (Liliana Cavani, 1981) starring Marcello Mastroianni and based on the bitter novel by Curzio Malaparte concerning the Allied liberation of Naples. An international arthouse hit was Fitzcarraldo (Werner Herzog, 1982), the story of an obsessed impresario (Klaus Kinski) whose foremost desire in life is to bring both Enrico Caruso and an opera house to the deepest jungles of South America. In his diary of the making of Fitzcarraldo, Werner Herzog writes: "Claudia Cardinale is great help because she is such a good sport, a real trouper, and has a special radiance before the camera. In her presence, [Klaus Kinski] usually acts like a gentleman." Other interesting films include the Luigi Pirandello adaptation Enrico IV/Henry IV (Marco Bellocchio, 1984) with Marcello Mastroianni, the epic La révolution française/The French Revolution (Robert Enrico, Richard T. Heffron, 1989), the nostalgic drama Mayrig/Mother (Henri Verneuil, 1991), and the romantic thriller And now... Ladies and Gentlemen (Claude Lelouch, 2002) starring Jeremy Irons. On Television she gave another well-received performance in the TV drama La storia/History (Luigi Comencini, 1986), in which she plays a widow raising a son during World War II.
Claudia Cardinale is a liberal with strong political convictions. She is involved in many humanitarian causes, and pro-women and pro-gay issues, and she has frequently stated her pride in her Tunisian and Arab roots - as evidenced by her appearance as herself in the Tunisian film Un été à La Goulette/A Summer at La Goulette (Férid Boughedir, 1996). She has managed to combine her acting work with a role of goodwill ambassador for UNICEF, and advocate for the work of Luchino Visconti with whom she made four films. She wrote an autobiography, 'Moi Claudia, Toi Claudia' (Me Claudia, You Claudia). In 2005, she also published a French-language book, Mes Etoiles (My Stars), about her personal and professional relationships with many of her directors and co-stars through her nearly 50 years in show-business. In 2002, she won an honorary Golden Bear award of the Berlin Film Festival, and previously in 1993 she was awarded an honorary Golden Lion at the Venice Film Festival. Cardinale works steadily on and in recent years she has also worked in the theatre. In the cinema, she appeared recently in the French-Tunisian gay drama Le fil/The String (Mehdi Ben Attia, 2009), the Algerian drama Un balcon sur la mer/A View of Love (Nicole Garcia, 2010) in which she played the mother of Jean Dujardin, and the costume drama Effie Gray (Richard Laxton, 2014) with Dakota Fanning. Claudia Cardinale currently lives in Paris. She has made over 135 films in the past 60 years and still does two or three a year.
Sources: Lucia Bozzola (AllMovie), Steve Rose (The Guardian), IMDb, and Wikipedia.
And, please check out our blog European Film Star Postcards.
30/1/19 #2221. A cold, frosty start to the day, but no evidence of snow in Shoreham. There were no takers for the picnic bench by River Adur. A bit sketchy for the ride to work - on the road, path and across the wooden deck of the Old Tollbridge.
Intersection #40 for the Treasure Hunt
Elephants in the San Diego Zoo have a huge enclosure.
Today, seven elephants live in the Zoo’s Elephant Odyssey habitat. Its features include a state-of-the-art Elephant Care Center, helpful, as the herd is made up of older, non-breeding elephants at this time.
They’re enormous and intelligent, strong and sociable. Humans have been impressed by elephants for centuries, simply because they are so big—a male African elephant can weigh up to 7.5 tons (6.8 metric tons)! They also amaze us with their long and flexible noses, large and flapping ears, and loose, wrinkly skin. There are many stories about elephants—you’ve probably heard of Horton, Babar, and Dumbo. Elephants are one of the best-known animals in the world.
Elephants are large and gray and have big ears and long trunks, right? If all elephants seem the same to you, take a closer look. There are two elephant species that are usually recognized: the African elephant and the Asian elephant. There is some ongoing debate about how many subspecies may exist, or whether some of these might, in fact, be species in their own right. Here are a few ways to tell them apart:
- African elephants have large ears that are shaped like the continent of Africa, both males and females have visible tusks, their skin is very wrinkly, their back is swayed, and the end of their trunk works as if they have two fingers there to help them pick things up. African elephants are the largest mammals on land.
- Asian elephants have smaller ears, usually only the males have visible tusks, their skin is not as wrinkly as African elephants’, they only have one "finger" at the ends of their trunk, and their back is dome-shaped.
Empress and Queenie were the San Diego Zoo’s first elephants, arriving here in 1923 via train from San Francisco. After being led off the train, the two Asian elephants refused to move another step, no matter how much encouragement they received. The Zoo’s founder, Harry Wegeforth, M.D., was there to greet them, and it occurred to him that they were probably used to being ridden, so he climbed up on Empress and another staff member did the same with Queenie, and off they walked from the train station to the Zoo, gathering many astonished looks along the way!
Peaches was the San Diego Zoo’s first African elephant—and she made sure to be a memorable one too. When she arrived in 1953, she was three years old, smart, curious, and, as then ZOONOOZ editor Ken Stott described her, “playful as a quarter-ton kitten.” She had made the journey from Africa to San Diego with keeper Ralph “Gabe” Davis, and they got along famously—at least most of the time. When Gabe gave her breakfast, she would grumble and trumpet at him until he left her alone to eat—apparently, she was not sociable in the morning. She also showed a marked preference for men, even pushing away Zoo Executive Director Belle Benchley when she tried to say hello. Peaches did become more mellow as she grew up, but even as an adult, she still had a way of “flirting” with men while more often than not giving women a cool stare.
Since that time, we've had numerous elephants at our two facilities, and our first elephant birth occurred in 1981. In 1971, Asian elephant Carol became famous by appearing on The Tonight Show with the Zoo’s animal ambassador Joan Embery, to meet Johnny Carson and paint for him while millions watched nationwide!
Elephants have been hunted relentlessly for their tusks (even though they’re made of dentine, the same as our teeth). Elephants are now protected, but poachers still hunt them, and they face other problems, too. Because they are so big and need so much food, they can eat themselves out of “house and home.” Elephants and people often come into conflict as elephant habitats undergo dramatic reductions in size. Asian and African forest elephants are listed as endangered, primarily due to habitat loss and fragmentation. African bush elephants are threatened, primarily due to habitat loss and being poached for their tusks.
Elephants Without Borders has been deploying satellite-monitoring collars on elephants throughout northern Botswana since 2000, having tracked over 90 individual elephants; this is one of the longest and largest elephant movement studies in Africa. Every individual pachyderm has its unique character and intriguing story to his or her own seasonal march, preferred routes, and favored places. Each new elephant fitted with a tracking device provides new information to understand the ecology of these animals. Unpredictable individual ranging behavior coupled with a dynamic, ever-changing environment in Botswana underscore the need for long-term elephant studies. The elephants are tracked from a fixed-wing plane, which allows a visual assessment of collared elephants to determine herd structure and habitat use.
Conservation farming project
In collaboration with San Diego Zoo Global, Elephants Without Borders has established a conservation farming project in the Chobe Enclave in Botswana. This project is developing experimental plots with various methods of keeping elephants away from crops, including farming of specific chili species that are thought to be unpalatable to elephants and may deter them from invading crop areas. Along with aerial survey wildlife counts and satellite-collared elephant data, these projects are essential for developing community-based conservation programs to reduce human-elephant conflict and make better-informed conservation decisions for all.
- See more at: animals.sandiegozoo.org/animals/elephant#sthash.uFZnr8tJ....
THE GLOBE AND MAIL 05 MARCH 2015
The Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus will phase out the show’s iconic elephants from its performances by 2018, telling Associated Press exclusively that growing public concern about how the animals are treated led to the decision.
Speicherstadt
Miniatur Wunderland (German for 'miniature wonderland') is a model railway and miniature airport attraction in Hamburg, Germany, the largest of its kind in the world. The railway is located in the historic Speicherstadt neighbourhood of the city.
In December 2021 the railway consisted of 16,138 m (52,946 ft) of track in H0 scale, divided into nine sections: Harz mountains, the fictitious town of Knuffingen, the Alps and Austria, Hamburg, America, Scandinavia, Switzerland, a replica of Hamburg Airport, Italy and South America. Of the 7,000 m2 (75,347 sq ft) of floorspace, the model occupies 1,545 m2 (16,630 sq ft).
The exhibit includes 1,300 trains made up of over 10,000 carriages, over 100,000 vehicles, approx. 500,000 lights, 130,000 trees, and 400,000 human figurines. Planning is also in progress for the construction of sections for Central America and the Caribbean, Asia, England, Africa and The Netherlands.
Prehistory
In the summer of 2000, Frederik Braun, one of the two founders of Miniatur Wunderland, was on vacation in Zurich. In a local model train store he came up with the idea for the world's largest model railway. Back in Hamburg he searched for email addresses online and started a survey on the popularity of real and fictional sights of the city. In the process, the Miniatur Wunderland, which did not yet exist, was ranked 3 by male respondents.
According to the twin brothers Gerrit and Frederik Braun, the idea for Miniatur Wunderland, including the business plan, fitted on just two pages. The financial backer was Hamburger Sparkasse.
Construction and expansion
After construction began in December 2000, the first three sections (Knuffingen, Central Germany and Austria) opened on August 16, 2001. Since then, new sections have been added. With the completion of the Hamburg, German Coast section in November 2002, Wunderland became the largest model railroad in Europe. Expansions in December 2003 with the USA and with Scandinavia in July 2005 followed. On September 10, 2015, Gerrit and Frederik Braun added the missing piece of track between the Switzerland section and a new Italy section. In doing so, they extended the track length from 13,000 to 15,400 meters. This was recorded by a Guinness judge, who then presented the certificate for the newly established world record. The 190 sq m Bella Italia section was opened on 28 September 2016 after four years under construction, involving 180,000 man hours and costing around four million euros. Work on the Monaco / Provence section started in August 2019 and, when completed, will mean the addition of another 315 meters. The total length of currently 15,715 meters therefore corresponds to 1,367.21 km in real length, so this is now also the largest model railway layout in the world across all scales.
System
Visitors walk back and forth between different rooms in a long corridor. Trains run along the walls of the rooms and on peninsula-like protrusions. The layout consists (as of September 2016) of nine completed sections of 60 to 300 m2 Model area:
The first three sections were created simultaneously. They show central and southern Germany with the Harz mountains, it also has a long ICE-high speed train track.
The fictional town of Knuffingen was given a road system with moving cars as a special feature.
The Austria section involved the implementation of the Alps theme, including a multi-level helix from which trains from the other sections change corridor sides above the heads of visitors.
The next stage of expansion includes the section with the theme Hamburg, German Coast.
The USA section includes Las Vegas, Miami, some Wild West, again a system with moving cars and a spaceport.
The Scandinavia section has a real water area: in the future, computer-controlled ships will operate in the 30,000 liter "North Sea" sea tub. At present, they are still controlled manually. Tides are also simulated here.
The Swiss Alps, extending over two floors, are modeled on the landscapes of the cantons of Ticino, Grisons and Wallis and were completed in November 2007. Through a hole in the ceiling on a total area of 100 m2 the mountains reach almost six meters in height. Visitors reach this new level via stairs, while trains negotiate the height differences in concealed switchbacks and in a locomotive lift.
The Knuffingen Airport section was opened in May 2011 after around six years in construction and development and an investment of 3.5 million euros. On display is a 150 m2 airport with a globally unique airport control system.
A small section forms the Hamburg HafenCity with the Elbphilharmonie concert hall. Planning began in May 2012 and construction began in August of the same year. A total of nine square meters (m2) were available, and 10 selected houses were built on this area. The opening was on November 13, 2013.
In 2014, a trip was made to Italy to gain lots of impressions of the country. These were brought into the 9th construction section Italy. In this section, some sights of Rome as well as landscapes like Tuscany or the lava-spewing Vesuvius can be seen. The construction section was presented in a specially created blog and opened in September 2016.
In February 2018, the Venice section was opened at only 9 m2 in size. Involving around 35,000 man hours, it is the most elaborate section – in relation to its size.
Special features
Special features include a simulated daily routine where twilight, night and day repeat every 15 minutes. This includes an automatic lighting control system that activates more than 300,000 lights to match the time of day.
The 120-square-meter fantasy town of Knuffingen, with a population of about 6,000, is equipped with more than 100 moving model cars, including numerous fire engines, which are used to simulate a firefighting operation in Knuffingen every 15 minutes on average. Traffic simulation is made possible by a modified car system that is also used in the USA, Scandinavia and Knuffingen Airport sections. In the America section, even an Interstate Highway is equipped with a dynamic Traffic Control System, which controls traffic through four different speed limits as well as permanent light signs and a variable text display.
The layout is considered to be rich in detail, examples include a changing scoreboard in the Volkspark Stadium or a crashed cheese wheel truck. There is also a Jet gas station there, displaying the real current gasoline prices of its prototype in Hamburg's Amsinck street.
Visitors can control operations on the system through ca. 200 pushbuttons. These buttons are highlights for many visitors. For example, a mine train starts, wind turbines turn, the next goal falls in the football stadium, a Space Shuttle takes off, a helicopter takes off or Pinocchio's nose begins to grow. A push button even allows visitors to watch the simulated production of a small bar of chocolate in a factory and taste the real product for themselves.
Certain tours also include a behind-the-scenes look at detailed figures that cannot be seen from the normal public area.
Knuffingen Airport
After six years in planning and under construction, Knuffingen airport was officially opened to visitors on May 4, 2011, as a special section of the facility. Its buildings resemble Hamburg Airport. As in the fictional main town of Knuffingen, there is also a simulation of a fire department with a large fleet of vehicles, including four airfield fire engines. On the 14 meter long runway, aircraft models can be accelerated to scale realistically on an invisible sled, and by means of two guide rods can also seemingly lift off the ground and disappear into a (cloud) wall. Depending on the launch phase, the guide rods allow a horizontal tilt of the aircraft that approximates reality.
There is also a wide variety of standard commercial aircraft including Boeing 747 and Airbus A380 in the liveries of many airlines around the world. Even models of the still relatively new Airbus A350 and Boeing 787 "Dreamliner" aircraft take off and land at Knuffingen. There is also a Concorde in British Airways livery, a Space Shuttle, a bee and the "Millennium Falcon" spaceship known from Star Wars.
The movement of the aircraft on the ground is realized with the help of technology based on the car system. The vehicles in the airport tell their own little stories with coordinated refueling, loading and unloading before and after landing starting from the aircraft parking positions.
Unlike the other landscapes, the railroad at the airport is hardly visible. There is only an airport station underground.
According to the operators, the 150-square-meter space has cost around 3.5 million euros, in addition to 150,000 man hours. The area is equipped not only with many rolling aircraft models, but also with hundreds of cars, passenger boarding bridges, parking garages, airport hotels, a subway and individual figures.
Visitors
On December 5, 2012, the ten millionth visitor came to Miniatur Wunderland, on December 2, 2016, the fifteen millionth. Around three quarters of visitors come from Germany, the remaining quarter from abroad, mainly from Denmark, Switzerland, Austria, England, the US and China.
Awards
In 2010, company founders Frederik and Gerrit Braun and Stephan Hertz were awarded the Cross of Merit on Ribbon of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany for their social commitment. The Miniatur Wunderland also holds the Guinness World Record for "Longest melody played by a model train."
Presence in the media
Several times following completion of the various expansion stages, the Hamburg section was visited by a team of reporters from Eisenbahn-Romantik from SWR. They were also give a look behind the scenes. Numerous television stations, magazines and newspapers have already reported on Miniatur Wunderland.
In May 2009, rapper Samy Deluxe filmed the video clip for his socially critical song Stumm in Miniatur Wunderland. Within just one night, about 100 sequences were recorded in which a miniature figure "runs" (stop-motion) through the layout.
On December 5, 2009, the outdoor betting section of the German television show Wetten, dass..? took place at Miniatur Wunderland.
The plot of several episodes of the Hamburg crime series Großstadtrevier took place at Miniatur Wunderland.
In 2015, together with singer Helene Fischer, a campaign for Ein Herz für Kinder was launched, in which over 450,000 euros (as of 01/2016) were collected. The campaign was presented, among others, in the Ein Herz für Kinder Gala.
In January 2016, Miniatur Wunderland partnered with Google MiniView – a miniature version of Google Street View.
(Wikipedia)
Das Miniatur Wunderland (Eigenschreibweise) in Hamburg ist die laut Guinness World Records größte Modelleisenbahnanlage der Welt. Sie befindet sich in der historischen Speicherstadt und wird von der Miniatur Wunderland Hamburg GmbH betrieben. Auf der 1.545 Quadratmeter großen Anlagenfläche liegen insgesamt 16.138 Meter Gleise (Stand: 2. Dezember 2021 nach der Erweiterung „Welt von oben“ und Rio de Janeiro) im Maßstab 1:87 (Nenngröße H0; entspricht etwa 1367 Gleiskilometern in Originalgröße), auf denen rund 1.120 digital gesteuerte Züge verkehren.
Vorgeschichte
Im Sommer 2000 war Frederik Braun, einer der vier Gründer des Miniatur Wunderlands, in Zürich im Urlaub. Dort kam ihm in einem Modellbahngeschäft die Idee zur größten Modelleisenbahn der Welt. Zurück in Hamburg suchte Frederik E-Mail-Adressen aus dem Internet und startete eine Umfrage zur Beliebtheit echter und fiktiver Sehenswürdigkeiten der Stadt. Dabei wurde das noch nicht existierende Miniatur Wunderland von den männlichen Befragten auf Platz 3 gewählt.
Nach Angaben der Zwillingsbrüder Gerrit und Frederik Braun passte die Idee für das Miniatur Wunderland inklusive Finanzierungsplan auf lediglich zwei Seiten. Geldgeber war die Hamburger Sparkasse mit einem Kredit von zwei Millionen DM, unterstützt durch Bürgschaften der Eigentümer und der Bürgschaftsgemeinschaft Hamburg. Die Anlage wurde ohne öffentliche Gelder finanziert.
Auf- und Ausbau
Nach dem Baubeginn im Dezember 2000 gingen am 16. August 2001 die ersten drei Abschnitte (Knuffingen, Mitteldeutschland und Österreich) in Betrieb. Seither wurden neue Bereiche angefügt. Mit der Fertigstellung des Abschnitts Hamburg, deutsche Küste im November 2002 wurde das Wunderland die größte Modelleisenbahn in Europa. Erweiterungen im Dezember 2003 mit dem Thema USA und Juli 2005 mit Skandinavien folgten. Am 10. September 2015 setzten Gerrit und Frederik Braun das fehlende Gleisstück zwischen dem Abschnitt Schweiz und einem neuen Italien-Abschnitt. Damit erweiterten sie die Gleislänge von 13000 auf 15400 Meter. Dies wurde von einem Guinness-Richter festgehalten, der anschließend die Urkunde für den neu aufgestellten Weltrekord überreichte. Mit dem im August 2019 begonnenen Bauabschnitt Monaco / Provence sollen weitere 315 Meter hinzugefügt werden. Die Gesamtlänge von zur Zeit 16.138 Meter entspricht damit 1.367,21 Kilometer in Originalgröße, so dass dies nun auch die größte Modelleisenbahnanlage der Welt über alle Maßstäbe hinweg darstellt.
Derzeit (Stand: Dezember 2021) gibt es 16.138 Meter Gleise, 289.000 Figuren, 1.120 Züge, über 250 fahrende Autos, mehrere Schiffe im 30.000 Liter-Echtwasserbecken, den größten Miniatur-Flughafen der Welt. Insgesamt wurden 990.000 Arbeitsstunden und 37 Millionen Euro Baukosten investiert.
Anlage
Die Besucher gehen in einem langen Flur zwischen verschiedenen Räumen hin und her. Die Züge fahren an den Raumwänden und auf halbinselartigen Ausbuchtungen. Die Anlage besteht (Stand: September 2016) aus neun fertiggestellten Abschnitten von jeweils 60 bis 300 m² Modellfläche:
Die ersten drei Abschnitte wurden parallel erstellt. Sie zeigen Mittel- und Süddeutschland mit dem Harz, außerdem verfügt es über eine lange ICE-Hochgeschwindigkeitstrasse.
Die fiktive Stadt Knuffingen erhielt als Besonderheit ein Straßensystem mit fahrenden Autos.
Im Abschnitt Österreich ging es um die Umsetzung des Themas Alpen, unter anderem durch eine vielstöckige Wendel, von der aus Züge aus den übrigen Abschnitten die Flurseite über den Köpfen der Besucher wechseln.
Die nächste Ausbaustufe umfasst den Abschnitt mit dem Thema Hamburg, deutsche Küste.
Der USA-Abschnitt enthält unter anderem Las Vegas, Miami, etwas Wilden Westen, wieder ein System mit fahrenden Autos und einen Weltraumbahnhof.
Der Abschnitt Skandinavien setzt den Schwerpunkt mit einer echten Wasserfläche: In der 30.000 Liter großen „Nord-Ostsee“-Meereswanne sollen in Zukunft computergesteuerte Schiffe verkehren. Zurzeit wird noch manuell gesteuert. Auch Ebbe und Flut werden hier simuliert. Eine Miniatur-Storebeltbrücke überquert das „Meer“. Ein Bergwerksbetrieb erinnert an Kiruna.
Die über zwei Etagen reichenden Schweizer Alpen sind den Landschaften der Kantone Tessin, Graubünden und Wallis nachempfunden und wurden im November 2007 fertiggestellt. Durch einen Deckendurchbruch auf einer Gesamtfläche von 100 Quadratmeter erreichen die Berge fast sechs Meter Höhe. Die Besucher erreichen diese neue Ebene über Treppen, während die Züge in verdeckten Kehren und in einem Loklift die Höhenunterschiede überwinden.
Der Abschnitt „Knuffingen Airport“ wurde im Mai 2011 nach rund sechs Jahren Bau und Entwicklungszeit und 3,5 Millionen Euro Investitionen eröffnet. Zu sehen ist ein 150 Quadratmeter großer Flughafen mit einer weltweit einzigartigen Flughafensteuerung.
Ein kleiner Abschnitt bildet die Hamburger HafenCity mit der Elbphilharmonie nach. Im Mai 2012 wurde mit der Planung begonnen und im August desselben Jahres mit dem Bau. Insgesamt neun Quadratmeter standen zur Verfügung, auf dieser Fläche wurden zehn ausgewählte Häuser aufgebaut. Die Eröffnung war am 13. November 2013 und wurde direkt übertragen.
Im Jahr 2014 wurde ein Ausflug nach Italien gemacht, um viele Eindrücke des Landes zu sammeln. Diese wurden in den 9. Bauabschnitt Italien eingebracht. In diesem Abschnitt sind einige Sehenswürdigkeiten Roms sowie Landschaften wie die Toskana oder der lavaspeiende Vesuv zu sehen. Der Bauabschnitt wurde in einem extra angelegten Blog vorgestellt und im September 2016 eröffnet. Der 190 Quadratmeter große Abschnitt Bella Italia wurde nach vier Jahren Bauzeit mit 180.000 Arbeitsstunden und Kosten von rund vier Millionen Euro am 28. September 2016 eröffnet.
Im Februar 2018 wurde der Teilabschnitt Venedig mit nur neun Quadratmeter eröffnet. Mit rund 35.000 Arbeitsstunden ist es der – im Verhältnis zur Größe – aufwändigste Abschnitt.
Am 2. Dezember 2021 wurde auf der neuen 25-Meter-Brücke, die die beiden Speicher in 16 Metern Höhe miteinander verbindet, der Teilabschnitt „Welt von oben“ eröffnet. Die 25 Meter lange Brücke verbindet den alten Speicher, in dem sich der größte Teil der Ausstellungsfläche befindet, mit dem neuen Speicher. Diese wurde am 15. Juli 2020 eingebaut. Die „Draufsicht“ verschiedener Landschaften der Welt hat eine Modellfläche von 13,75 m² und kostete 100.000 Euro. Auf zwei Schienensträngen fahren nun Züge auf insgesamt 25 Metern Gleisen.
Am 2. Dezember 2021 wurde der Teilabschnitt Südamerika nach vier Jahren Bauzeit und 60.000 Arbeitsstunden eröffnet. Südamerika ist 46 Quadratmeter groß und die Baukosten belaufen sich auf über 1,5 Millionen Euro. Alleine in diesem Abschnitt gibt es 20.000 Figuren und 18.000 LED-Lämpchen. Große Teile des neuen Bauabschnitts wurden in Südamerika produziert und nach Hamburg verschifft. Südamerika ist der erste Teilabschnitt im „neuen“ Speicher.
Besonderheiten
Zu den Besonderheiten gehört ein simulierter Tagesablauf, bei dem sich alle 15 Minuten Dämmerung, Nacht und Tag wiederholen. Dazu gehört eine automatische Lichtsteuerung, die die über 400.000 Lampen zur Tageszeit passend schaltet.
Die 120 Quadratmeter große Fantasiestadt Knuffingen mit rund 6.000 Einwohnern ist mit über 100 beweglichen Modellautos ausgestattet, darunter auch zahlreiche Feuerwehrfahrzeuge, mit denen in Knuffingen im Schnitt alle 15 Minuten ein Feuerwehreinsatz simuliert wird. Die Verkehrssimulation wird durch ein modifiziertes Car-System ermöglicht, das auch in den Abschnitten USA, Skandinavien und Knuffingen Airport eingesetzt wird. Im Abschnitt Amerika ist sogar ein Interstate Highway mit einem dynamischen Verkehrsleitsystem ausgestattet, welches durch vier verschiedene Geschwindigkeitsbegrenzungen sowie Dauerlichtzeichen und eine variable Textanzeige den Verkehr regelt. Pkw sind nicht beweglich, weil die Wartung der Mechanik zu häufig nötig wäre und die Akkukapazität zu gering ist, sodass sehr viele Ladestation erforderlich wären.
Die Anlage gilt als detailreich, als Beispiele gelten eine sich verändernde Spielstandsanzeige im Volksparkstadion und eine magnetisch gesteuerte Kuh in einem Kuhfladen-Bingo-Spiel, ein verunglückter Käserad-Laster sowie ein Miniatur-Blinkenlights im Hamburg-Teil. Auch gibt es dort eine Jet-Tankstelle, die die realen aktuellen Benzinpreise ihres Vorbildes in der Hamburger Amsinckstraße anzeigt.
Im Volksparkstadion spielen an jedem simulierten Tag der HSV und der FC St. Pauli gegeneinander. Alle Spiele enden mit 4:3 für den HSV.
Durch rund 200 Taster können die Besucher Vorgänge auf der Anlage steuern. Diese sogenannten Knopfdruckaktionen sind für viele Besucher ein Highlight. Zum Beispiel startet ein Bergwerkszug, Windräder drehen sich, im Volksparkstadion fällt das nächste Tor, ein Space Shuttle startet, ein Hubschrauber hebt ab oder Pinocchios Nase beginnt zu wachsen. Ein Taster ermöglicht es dem Besucher sogar, die simulierte Produktion einer kleinen Tafel Schokolade in einer Fabrik zu beobachten und das reale Produkt selbst zu probieren.
Bei bestimmten Führungen ist auch ein Blick hinter die Kulissen möglich, wo sich auch detaillierte Figuren befinden, die vom normalen Publikumsbereich aus nicht eingesehen werden können.
Knuffingen Airport
Nach sechsjähriger Planungs- und Bauzeit ist am 4. Mai 2011 als besonderer Anlagen-Abschnitt der Modellflughafen „Knuffingen Airport“ für die Besucher offiziell in Betrieb genommen worden. Seine Gebäude ähneln dem Hamburger Flughafen. Wie im fiktiven Hauptort Knuffingen gibt es auch hier eine Simulation einer Feuerwehr mit großem Fuhrpark, unter anderem vier Flugfeldlöschfahrzeugen. Auf der 14 Meter langen Startbahn können Flugzeugmodelle auf einem unsichtbaren Schlitten maßstäblich realistisch beschleunigt werden und mittels zweier Führungsstangen auch scheinbar vom Boden abheben und in einer (Wolken-)Wand verschwinden. Durch die Führungsstangen ist je nach Startphase eine horizontale Neigung der Flugzeuge der Wirklichkeit angenähert möglich.
Anzutreffen sind hier die verschiedensten gängigen Verkehrsflugzeuge einschließlich Boeing 747 und Airbus A380, in den Lackierungen vieler Fluggesellschaften auf der ganzen Welt. Sogar Modelle der noch relativ neuen Flugzeuge Airbus A350 und Boeing 787 „Dreamliner“ starten und landen in Knuffingen. Außerdem gibt es eine Concorde in British-Airways-Lackierung, ein Space Shuttle, eine Biene und das aus Star Wars bekannte Raumschiff „Millennium Falcon“.
Die Bewegung der Flugzeuge am Boden ist mit Hilfe einer an das Car-System angelehnten Technik realisiert. Die Fahrzeuge im Flughafen erzählen eigene kleine Geschichten mit aufeinander abgestimmten auftanken, be- und entladen vor und nach der Landung beginnend von den Flugzeugparkpositionen.
Im Unterschied zu den anderen Landschaften ist die Eisenbahn am Flughafen kaum sichtbar. Nur unterirdisch gibt es einen Airport-Bahnhof, an dessen Bahnsteigen nicht nur S-Bahnen, sondern auch Fernverkehrszüge halten.
Nach Angaben der Betreiber stecken in den 150 Quadratmetern neben 150.000 Arbeitsstunden auch rund 3,5 Millionen Euro an Kosten. Die Fläche ist nicht nur mit vielen rollenden Flugzeugmodellen, sondern auch mit hunderten Autos, Fluggastbrücken, Parkhaus, Flughafenhotel, U-Bahn und Einzelfiguren ausgestattet.
Maßstabstreue
Einige der Wirklichkeit ganz oder teilweise nachempfundene Bauwerke entsprechen nicht dem der Anlage zugrunde liegenden Generalmaßstab der verwendeten Nenngröße H0 von 1:87, sondern sind teils deutlich verkleinert dargestellt. So misst die Start- und Landebahn des Verkehrsflughafens in der Länge etwa 14 Meter statt der maßstäblich angezeigten 30 bis 45 Meter sowie in der Breite deutlich weniger als die verhältnismäßigen 50 bis 70 cm. Die Nachbildungen des Heinrich-Hertz-Turms und der Michaeliskirche sind jeweils deutlich niedriger als die geforderten Höhen von 3,20 Meter beziehungsweise 1,50 m. Der Fußballplatz in der Hamburger Arena ist mit einer dem Maßstab 1:150 entsprechenden Länge von 70 cm ebenfalls kürzer als die der Spurweite entsprechenden 1,20 Meter und auch entsprechend schmaler. Die Anstiegswinkel der Deiche sind gegenüber der Wirklichkeit deutlich überspitzt, um eine geringere Breite zu erfordern. Das Schloss Neuschwanstein ist im Maßstab 1:120 gebaut. In dem neuen „Abschnitt Hafencity und Elbphilharmonie“ wurde ebenfalls ein anderer Maßstab verwendet. Die Gebäude sind alle auf einem Grundriss von 1:120, deshalb mussten sie gestaucht und einige Stockwerke sogar ganz weggelassen werden, damit die Figuren (welche auch dort im Maßstab 1:87 sind) in die Gebäude passen. Die Elbphilharmonie selbst wird im Maßstab 1:130 nochmals etwas kleiner. Wenn man sich Gebäude von unten nach oben ansieht, wirken sie viel größer als von oben herab betrachtet. Auch der „Zuckerhut“-Berg in Rio de Janeiro ist deutlich gestaucht.
Besucherzahlen
Am 5. Dezember 2012 kam der zehnmillionste Besucher in das Miniatur Wunderland, am 2. Dezember 2016 der fünfzehnmillionste.[33] Im Jahr 2019 verzeichnete das Miniatur Wunderland rund 1,4 Millionen Besucher, 35 % davon kamen aus dem Ausland. Nachdem die Ausstellung im Zuge der Coronavirus-Pandemie den größten Teil des Jahres 2020 für Besucher geschlossen oder nur mit geringer Auslastung geöffnet war, reduzierte sich die Gesamtzahl der Besucher im Jahr 2020 um rund 1 Million.
Auszeichnungen
2010 erhielten die Unternehmensgründer Frederik und Gerrit Braun sowie Stephan Hertz für ihr soziales Engagement das Verdienstkreuz am Bande des Verdienstordens der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. 2012 wurde das Miniatur Wunderland für den europäischen Museumspreis Luigi Michelleti Award in der Kategorie „bestes Technik- und Industriemuseum Europas“ nominiert, der in Augsburg verliehen wurde.
Weltrekorde
Im November 2013 zogen 200 Modellloks der Spurweite H0 eine Elektrolok der DB-Baureihe 101 (84 t) über 10 m weit.
Mit 15.715 m (Stand: August 2019) ist das Miniaturwunderland die größte Modelleisenbahnanlage weltweit. Zugleich ist „Knuffingen Airport“ der größte Modellflughafen weltweit.
Im April 2021 wurde im Miniaturwunderland das längste Medley klassischer Musik von einer Modellbahn gespielt. Dafür fuhr eine Rangierlok mit mehreren Schlagstangen an mit Wasser gefüllten Gläsern vorbei.
Präsenz in den Medien
Der 106-minütige Spiegel-TV-Dokumentarfilm Miniatur Wunderland – Hinter den Kulissen der größten digitalen Modelleisenbahn der Welt aus dem Jahr 2004 gibt Einblicke in die Planungen, den Aufbau und den Alltag des Miniatur Wunderlandes.
Mehrfach wurden die Hamburger nach Fertigstellung der verschiedenen Ausbaustufen von einem Reporterteam der Eisenbahn-Romantik vom SWR besucht. Auch ihnen wurde ein Blick hinter die Kulissen gewährt. Zahlreiche Fernsehsender, Zeitschriften und Zeitungen berichteten bereits über das Miniatur Wunderland.
Im Mai 2009 drehte der Rapper Samy Deluxe den Videoclip zu seinem gesellschaftskritischen Lied Stumm im Miniatur Wunderland. Innerhalb von nur einer Nacht wurden ungefähr 100 Sequenzen aufgenommen, in denen eine Miniaturfigur durch die Anlage „läuft“ (Stop-Motion).
Am 5. Dezember 2009 fand die Außenwette der Fernsehsendung Wetten, dass..? im Miniatur Wunderland statt.
Die Handlung mehrerer Folgen der Hamburger Krimiserie Großstadtrevier spielte im Miniatur Wunderland.
Unter lebhaftem Medieninteresse wurde 2013 nach einjähriger Bauzeit ein Modell der Elbphilharmonie noch vor der Fertigstellung des Originalbauwerks eröffnet. Das markante Wellen-Dach über dem Großen Konzertsaal kann per Knopfdruck entlang der Längsachse aufgeklappt werden, woraufhin ein bewegliches Miniatur-Orchester zu sehen ist.
Im Mai 2014 wurde in Kooperation mit dem Rapper Das Bo ein Musikvideo anlässlich der Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft 2014 gedreht.
Im Jahr 2015 wurde gemeinsam mit der Sängerin Helene Fischer eine Aktion für Ein Herz für Kinder gestartet, bei der über 450.000 Euro (Stand 01/2016) gesammelt wurden. Die Aktion wurde unter anderem in der Ein Herz für Kinder Gala präsentiert.
Im Januar 2016 brachte das Miniatur Wunderland gemeinsam mit Google MiniView heraus – eine Miniaturversion von Google Street View. Die Aktion fand weltweit Anklang.
Ende April 2018 besuchte der Unterhaltungskünstler und Comiczeichner Otto Waalkes die neue „Knopfdruck“-Anlage seines Bühnenauftritts mit beweglichen Figuren, originalem Otto-Video auf einem Miniatur-Großbildschirm und hüpfenden Ottifanten im Publikum.
Seit 2020 gibt es außerdem eine Sendung bei DMAX über das Miniatur Wunderland namens „Die Modellbauer – Das Miniatur Wunderland“. Im Jahr 2021 lief die Sendung „Deutschlands beste Miniaturbauer“ auf Kabel 1, in der fünf Modellbauerteams gegeneinander antraten und neben 10000 Euro auch einen Platz in einer Sonderausstellung des Miniatur Wunderlands gewinnen konnten.
Einmal im Jahr gibt es die „Ich kann es mir nicht leisten“-Aktion. Wer während dieser Tage an der Kasse sagt, dass er sich den Eintritt nicht leisten kann, kann die Anlage ohne Nachfrage kostenlos besichtigen. Während dieser Aktion kann es zu längeren Wartezeiten kommen. Die Aktion wird nach Angaben der Gründer nicht finanziell spürbar von Trittbrettfahrern ausgenutzt, da die Gastronomieumsätze im selben Zeitraum unverändert sind.
Auf Youtube veröffentlichen die Brüder regelmäßig – derzeit sonntags – etwa viertelstündige Updates und Hintergrundinformationen.
(Wikipedia)