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SN/NC: Pandanus Sp, Pandanaceae Family
Pandanus is a genus of monocots with some 750 accepted species.They are palm-like, dioecious trees and shrubs native to the Old World tropics and subtropics. Common names include pandan (/ˈpændən/), screw palm, and screw pine. They are classified in the order Pandanales, family Pandanaceae.
Often called pandanus palms, these plants are not closely related to palm trees. The species vary in size from small shrubs less than 1 m (3.3 ft) tall, to medium-sized trees 20 m (66 ft) tall, typically with a broad canopy, heavy fruit, and moderate growth rate. The trunk is stout, wide-branching, and ringed with many leaf scars. Mature plants can have branches. Depending on the species, the trunk can be smooth, rough, or warty. The roots form a pyramidal tract to hold the trunk. They commonly have many thick stilt roots near the base, which provide support as the tree grows top-heavy with leaves, fruit, and branches.
These plants grow from sea level to 3,300 m (10,800 ft). Pandanus trees are of cultural, health, and economic importance in the Pacific, second only to the coconut on atolls.
They have a great economic importance in the South Pacific countries like Vietnam, Philippines, Pakistan, India, Sri-Lanka, New Guinea, as raw-material for handicraft, food for animals and ceiling to many houses.
Species with large and medium fruit are edible, notably the many cultivated forms of P. tectorius (P. pulposus) and P. utilis. The fruit is eaten raw or cooked. Small-fruited pandanus may be bitter and astringent. They are also called Karuka nuts (P. julianettii) are an important staple food in New Guinea. Over 45 cultivated varieties are known. Entire households will move, and in some areas will speak a pandanus language at harvest time. The taste is like coconut or walnuts.
Throughout Oceania, almost every part of the plant is used, with various species different from those used in Southeast Asian cooking. Pandanus trees provide materials for housing; clothing and textiles including the manufacture of dilly bags (carrying bags), fine mats or ‘ie toga; sails,food, medication,decorations, fishing, and religious uses.
Pandanus is een geslacht van eenzaadlobbigen met ongeveer 750 geaccepteerde soorten. Het zijn palmachtige, tweehuizige bomen en struiken die inheems zijn in de tropen en subtropen van de Oude Wereld. Veel voorkomende namen zijn pandan (/ p n /), schroefpalm en schroefpijnboom. Ze zijn ingedeeld in de volgorde Pandanales, familie Pandanaceae.Deze planten worden vaak pandanuspalmen genoemd en zijn niet nauw verwant aan palmbomen. De soorten variëren in grootte van kleine struiken van minder dan 1 m hoog tot middelgrote bomen van 20 m hoog, meestal met een brede luifel, zwaar fruit en een matige groeisnelheid. De stam is stevig, breed vertakt en geringd met veel bladlittekens. Volwassen planten kunnen takken hebben. Afhankelijk van de soort kan de stam glad, ruw of wratachtig zijn. De wortels vormen een piramidaal kanaal om de stam vast te houden. Ze hebben gewoonlijk veel dikke steltwortels bij de basis, die ondersteuning bieden als de boom topzwaar wordt met bladeren, fruit en takken.Deze planten groeien van zeeniveau tot 3.300 m (10.800 ft). Pandanusbomen zijn van cultureel, gezondheids- en economisch belang in de Stille Oceaan, na de kokosnoot op atollen.Ze hebben een groot economisch belang in landen in de Stille Zuidzee, zoals Vietnam, de Filippijnen, Pakistan, India, Sri-Lanka, Nieuw-Guinea, als grondstof voor handwerk, voedsel voor dieren en als plafond voor veel huizen.
Pandanus es un género de monocotiledóneas con unas 750 especies aceptadas. Son árboles y arbustos dioicos, parecidos a palmeras, nativos de los trópicos y subtrópicos del Viejo Mundo. Los nombres comunes incluyen pandan (/ ˈpændən /), palma de tornillo y pino de tornillo. Se clasifican en el orden Pandanales, familia Pandanaceae.A menudo llamadas palmas pandanus, estas plantas no están estrechamente relacionadas con las palmeras. Las especies varían en tamaño, desde pequeños arbustos de menos de 1 m (3,3 pies) de altura hasta árboles de tamaño mediano de 20 m (66 pies) de altura, típicamente con un dosel ancho, frutos pesados y una tasa de crecimiento moderada. El tronco es robusto, de amplias ramas y está rodeado de muchas cicatrices en las hojas. Las plantas maduras pueden tener ramas. Dependiendo de la especie, el tronco puede ser liso, rugoso o verrugoso. Las raíces forman un tracto piramidal para sostener el tronco. Por lo general, tienen muchas raíces gruesas en zancos cerca de la base, que brindan apoyo a medida que el árbol crece cargado de hojas, frutas y ramas.Estas plantas crecen desde el nivel del mar hasta los 3.300 m (10.800 pies). Los árboles de Pandanus son de importancia cultural, sanitaria y económica en el Pacífico, solo superados por el coco en los atolones.Tienen una gran importancia económica en los países del Pacífico Sur como Vietnam, Filipinas, Pakistán, India, Sri Lanka, Nueva Guinea, como materia prima para la artesanía, alimento para animales y techo para muchas casas.
Pandanus é um gênero de monocotiledôneas com cerca de 750 espécies aceitas. Elas são árvores e arbustos dióicos semelhantes a palmeiras, nativos dos trópicos e subtrópicos do Velho Mundo. Os nomes comuns incluem pandan (/ ˈpændən /), palmito e pinhão-parafuso. Eles são classificados na ordem Pandanales, família Pandanaceae.Freqüentemente chamadas de palmeiras pandanus, essas plantas não estão intimamente relacionadas às palmeiras. As espécies variam em tamanho, desde pequenos arbustos com menos de 1 m (3,3 pés) de altura até árvores de tamanho médio com 20 m (66 pés) de altura, tipicamente com copa ampla, frutos pesados e taxa de crescimento moderada. O tronco é robusto, com ramificações largas e circundado por muitas cicatrizes de folhas. As plantas maduras podem ter ramos. Dependendo da espécie, o tronco pode ser liso, áspero ou irregulares. As raízes formam um trato piramidal para segurar o tronco. Eles geralmente têm muitas raízes grossas de palafitas perto da base, que fornecem suporte conforme a árvore cresce com folhas, frutos e galhos.Essas plantas crescem do nível do mar até 3.300 m (10.800 pés). As árvores Pandanus são de importância cultural, para a saúde e econômica no Pacífico, perdendo apenas para os coqueiros nos atóis.T êm grande importância econômica nos países do Pacífico Sul como Vietnã, Filipinas, Paquistão, Índia, Sri-Lanka, Nova Guiné, como matéria-prima para artesanato, alimento para animais e teto para muitas casas.
Pandanus est un genre de monocotylédones avec quelque 750 espèces acceptées. Ce sont des arbres et arbustes dioïques ressemblant à des palmiers, originaires des régions tropicales et subtropicales de l'Ancien Monde. Les noms communs incluent pandan (/ ˈpændən /), palmier à vis et pin à vis. Ils sont classés dans l'ordre des Pandanales, de la famille des Pandanacées.Souvent appelées palmiers pandanus, ces plantes ne sont pas étroitement liées aux palmiers. Les espèces varient en taille de petits arbustes de moins de 1 m (3,3 pi) de haut, aux arbres de taille moyenne 20 m (66 pi) de haut, généralement avec un large couvert, des fruits lourds et un taux de croissance modéré. Le tronc est robuste, largement ramifié et entouré de nombreuses cicatrices foliaires. Les plantes matures peuvent avoir des branches. Selon l'espèce, le tronc peut être lisse, rugueux ou verruqueux. Les racines forment un tractus pyramidal pour maintenir le tronc. Ils ont généralement de nombreuses racines épaisses sur échasses près de la base, qui fournissent un soutien lorsque l'arbre pousse sur le dessus avec des feuilles, des fruits et des branches.Ces plantes poussent du niveau de la mer à 3300 m (10800 pi). Les pandanus ont une importance culturelle, sanitaire et économique dans le Pacifique, juste derrière la noix de coco sur les atolls.Ils ont une grande importance économique dans les pays du Pacifique Sud comme le Vietnam, les Philippines, le Pakistan, l'Inde, le Sri Lanka, la Nouvelle-Guinée, comme matière première pour l'artisanat, la nourriture pour les animaux et le plafond de nombreuses maisons.
Pandanus ist eine Gattung von Monokotylen mit etwa 750 akzeptierten Arten. Sie sind palmenartige, zweihäusige Bäume und Sträucher, die in den Tropen und Subtropen der Alten Welt heimisch sind. Gebräuchliche Namen sind Pandan (/ ˈpændən /), Schraubenpalme und Schraubenkiefer. Sie sind in der Reihenfolge Pandanales, Familie Pandanaceae klassifiziert.Diese Pflanzen werden oft als Pandanus-Palmen bezeichnet und sind nicht eng mit Palmen verwandt. Die Arten variieren in der Größe von kleinen Sträuchern mit einer Höhe von weniger als 1 m bis zu mittelgroßen Bäumen mit einer Höhe von 20 m, typischerweise mit einem breiten Baldachin, schweren Früchten und einer moderaten Wachstumsrate. Der Stamm ist kräftig, weit verzweigt und mit vielen Blattnarben besetzt. Reife Pflanzen können Zweige haben. Je nach Art kann der Stamm glatt, rau oder warzig sein. Die Wurzeln bilden einen Pyramidentrakt, um den Stamm zu halten. Sie haben gewöhnlich viele dicke Stelzwurzeln in der Nähe der Basis, die Unterstützung bieten, wenn der Baum kopflastig mit Blättern, Früchten und Zweigen wächst.Diese Pflanzen wachsen vom Meeresspiegel bis auf 3.300 m. Pandanusbäume sind im Pazifik von kultureller, gesundheitlicher und wirtschaftlicher Bedeutung, nach der Kokosnuss auf Atollen an zweiter Stelle.Sie haben eine große wirtschaftliche Bedeutung in den südpazifischen Ländern wie Vietnam, den Philippinen, Pakistan, Indien, Sri Lanka und Neuguinea als Rohstoff für Kunsthandwerk, Tierfutter und Decken für viele Häuser.
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Vanden Plas 1500 (1974-80) Engine 1485cc S4 Tr. OC Production 11842 (includes 1750cc models)
Registration Number NJW 154 P (Birmingham)
VANDEN PLAS ALBUM
www.flickr.com/photos/45676495@N05/sets/72157623863135636...
The Vanden Plas 1500 was introduced in 1974 under its own marque as the top model in the Austin Allegro range, based on the Allegro 2. Like the Allegro it was designed by Harris Mann and sold as an upmarket small family car. Unlike the Allegro most Vanden Plas 1500s were built in London, with a shift to Abingdon from late 1979 for the remaining 1750cc cars, which retained the Vanden Plas features but was now based on the updayed Allegro 3.
The Vanden Plas was much better appointed than its sidlibling Austin Allegro, and included picnic tables, alongside the walnut veneer and hide.and sharing the Allegro chassis and body shell and a prominent Vanden Plas grille. Most were powered by the 1485cc engine of the Maxi coupled with a five speed gearbox and producing 69bhp.
For its final two years the Vanden Plas was updated to Allegro 3 mechanical specifications powered by a 1748cc BMC E Series engine and rebranded Vanden Plas 1750, it also became available with an Automatic transmission
Thankyou for a massive 56,396,117 views
Shot 07.08.2016 at the 2016 Shugborough Car Show REF 121-855
Steyning Camera Club is celebrating its 50th anniversary with an exhibition this weekend. This visitor decided one of the images needed closer inspection.
2 versions includes :
* with shirt
* without
5 Colors : black, grey, green, red and blue
All size
For Rock Attitude Fashion Fair 2014
March 29th - April 11th
Dunham Massey is a civil parish in the Metropolitan Borough of Trafford, Cheshire, England.[1] The parish includes the villages of Sinderland Green, Dunham Woodhouse and Dunham Town, along with Dunham Massey Park, formerly the home of the last Earl of Stamford and owned by the National Trust since 1976. Dunham Massey was historically in the county of Cheshire, but since 1974 has been part of Trafford Metropolitan Borough; the nearest town is Altrincham. As of the 2001 census, the parish had a population of 475.[2]
Dunham Massey has a long history, as reflected in its 45 listed buildings. It was a locally important area during the medieval period, and acted as the seat for the Massey barony. The Georgian hall, with the remains of a castle in its grounds, is a popular tourist attraction. There are two Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Dunham Massey: Dunham Park, located south of Dunham Town, and Brookheys Covert.
History
The Chester to York Roman road passes between the settlements of Dunham Massey and Bowdon and today forms the boundary between the two places. The name Dunham is derived from the Anglo-Saxon dun, meaning hill. The Massey element of the name is a result of its ownership by the Massey Barons. The manor of Dunham is recorded in the Domesday Book of 1086 as having belonged to the Saxon thegn Aelfward before the Norman Conquest and to Hamo de Masci after. De Masci was an influential baron, who also had control over the manors of Baguley, Bowdon, Hale, Partington, and Timperley. The addition of "Massey" to the name Dunham reflects the manor's importance within the barony; Dunham was the seat of the Masseys. The importance of Dunham is further emphasised by the presence of two of de Massey’s castles: Dunham Castle and Watch Hill Castle on the border with Bowdon; a third, Ullerwood Castle, was near Hale. The Masseys remained barons of Dunham and its environs until the 14th century, when the line became extinct.[3][4]
The Booth family inherited most of the Massey lands in 1409, with Dunham Massey remaining at the heart of the estate; at the time, only four villages were in the Trafford area. By the Elizabeth period, Dunham Massey Castle had been demolished. Probably during the medieval period, Dunham Massey Hall became the home of the manorial lord, and a centre of power in the area. The hall was rebuilt in 1616, leaving no remains of the old medieval hall. The mill at Dunham was first documented in 1353, although the mill's present structure dates to the 1860s. It lies on the River Bollin, opposite Little Bollington. The first record of Dunham's deer park was also in 1353. The settlement of Dunham Woodhouse dates from the 15th century. During the medieval period, the primary source of employment in Dunham Massey was agriculture, mainly arable.
The Warrington and Stockport Railway was constructed through Dunham during 1853/54. Dunham Massey railway station served the area between 1854 and its closure in 1962. Dunham grew as a result, the population increasing by 57.5% between 1851 and 1881. Otherwise, the industrial revolution had little effect on Dunham Massey, and it remained a predominantly agricultural area.
Dunham Massey Hall
Dunham Massey Hall.
The present hall was initially built in 1616 by Sir George Booth, who was amongst the creations of Baronets by James I in 1611, but was later remodelled by John Norris for George, Earl of Stamford and Warrington between 1732 and 1740; it was also altered by John Hope towards the end of the 18th century and by Joseph Compton Hall between 1905 and 1908. The hall itself, the stables, and the carriage house of Dunham Massey are all Grade I listed buildings, three of six such buildings in Trafford.[5]
The site is moated and lies immediately west of the village of Dunham, with the deer park lying to the south. The hall was donated to the National Trust by the last Earl of Stamford, in 1976. The hall was used as a military hospital during the First World War. Inside is a collection of Huguenot silver, the carving The Crucifixion by 17th century wood carver Grinling Gibbons, and a white marble bust of the Emperor Hadrian; the head is antique, but the neck and shoulders are 18th century, it was probably acquired by the 5th Earl of Stamford. The collection of paintings in the hall include Allegory with Venus, Mars, Cupid and Time by Guercino; The Cascade at Terni by Louis Ducros; and portraits by William Beechey, Francis Cotes, Michael Dahl, A. R. Mengs, Sir Joshua Reynolds, George Romney, Enoch Seeman, and Zoffany. The 7th Earl of Stamford removed a selection of paintings to Enville Hall in the late 1850s, and it was not until the time of Roger Grey, 10th Earl of Stamford that some were returned after sales in 1929 and 1931.[6] The deer park at Dunham Massey is the only medieval park in Trafford to survive to the present.[4] The hall and grounds are open to the public and are a popular tourist attraction, with over 115,000 visitors in 2007.
Governance
The civil parish parish of Dunham Massey was created in 1894, under the Local Government Act 1894, and has its own parish council. Dunham Massey became part of the Metropolitan Borough of Trafford in 1974 upon the borough's creation, but was previously in Bucklow Rural District. The village is part of the Bowdon electoral ward.[9][4] The councillors for the Bowdon ward are David Merrell, Paula Pearson, and Stephanie Poole, all members of the Conservative Party.[10] Dunham Massey is also a part of the Altrincham and Sale West constituency, and belongs to the North West England constituency of the European Parliament. Since the formation of the Altrincham and Sale West constituency in 1997, it has been represented in the House of Commons by the Conservative MP, Graham Brady. At the 2005 General Election, the Conservatives won with a majority of 7,159 and 46.4% of the vote. Labour won 30.3% of the vote, Liberal Democrats won 21.7%, and the United Kingdom Independence Party won 1.7%.
Geography
Dunham Massey lies to the east of Warburton, and to the west of Bowdon, with Altrincham approximately 2 miles (3 km) to the northeast. The landscape is generally flat, with some mossland. Dunham Park occupies 192.7 acres (780,000 m2) of the area. The Roman road running from Chester to York forms the boundary between Dunham and Bowdon. The River Bollin runs to the south, with the Bridgewater Canal running through the area. The local geology is lower keuper marl, with a ridge of sand and gravel running from Dunham to Warburton.
Demography
As of the 2001 UK census, Dunham Massey had a total population of 475. For every 100 females, there were 96.3 males. The average household size was 2.36.[2] Of those aged 16–74 in Dunham Massey, 42.0% had no academic qualifications or one GCSE, similar to the figures for all of Trafford (40.8%) and in England (45.5%).[12][13] According to the census, 0.01% were unemployed and 19.24% were economically inactive.[12] 17.89% of the population were under the age of 16, and 9.89% were aged 75 and over; the mean age of the residents of Dunham Massey was 43.71. 75.79% of residents described their health as 'good'.
Site of Special Scientific Interest
Brookheys Covert
Brookheys Covert is a Site of Special Scientific Interest in the Dunham Park Estate (grid reference SJ742904). The site is a semi-natural wood consisting mainly of ash, birch, and rowan, with a wetland habitat and several marl pits, which have flooded to form ponds. The reserve spans 5.8 acres (23,000 m2) and is managed by the Dunham Massey Estates. Brookheys Covert provides a habitat for many animals, including foxes, rabbits, squirrels, and 57 species of bird.[15][16]
Dunham Park
Dunham Park covers an area of 192.7 acres (780,000 m2) and is part of the Dunham Park Estate, run by the National Trust (grid reference SJ740870). The park is mostly “pasture-woodland or park-woodland” and has been since the Middle Ages. Many of the oak trees, which make up the larger part of the woodland, date back to the 17th century. Dunham Park is the only place in the northwest of England with such a concentration of old trees, and one of only a few remaining in England, making it a site of national importance. The park supports a range of animals, including fallow deer and over 500 species of insect.
Grade II listed buildings
Dunham Massey has many grade II listed buildings; among the most striking is the 18th century sandstone obelisk at the end of the north vista from Dunham Massey Hall. Tradition has it that it marks the burial site of a race horse.[18]
There are many listed residences in Dunham Massey, most of them dating from the 18th or early 19th century, and many of them featuring Flemish bond brickwork and slate roofs. They include: Dunham Massey Lodge, on Dunham Road;[19] Willow Cottage;[20] numbers 1 and 2 Barns Lane;[21] number 1 Orchard View;[22] The Hollies, on Station Road;[23] numbers 1, 3 and 4 Woodhouse Lane;[24] Big Tree Cottages, on Woodhouse Lane.[25] Agden View, also on Woodhouse Lane, dates from 1725 and has both garden wall bond and Flemish bond brickwork.[26] Big Tree House, on Charcoal Road, dates from the mid-18th century and features English bond brickwork.[27] Yew Tree Cottage and Lime Tree Cottage are also on Charcoal Lane; both houses date to the 17th century and exhibit garden wall bond brickwork with slate roofs.[28] Ivy House, on Woodhouse Lane, was built in the early 18th century.[29] Kitchen Garden cottage was built in 1702.[30] Rose Cottage and Farm Cottage are late 18th or early 19th century.[31] The Meadows, on School Lane, was built in the 17th century and features garden wall bond brickwork and a thatched roof.[32]
The farm buildings of Home Farm, including its dovecote, were built in the early 19th century, and feature Flemish bond brickwork.[33][34] Sinderland House, also dating from the early 19th century, is another of Dunham Massey's listed farmhouses.[35] Manor Farmhouse, on Station Road, was built by George Booth, 2nd Earl of Warrington; the building dates from the mid-18th century and features both Flemish and garden wall bond brickwork.[36] The farmhouse on Station Road was built in 1752.[37] The barn on Woodhouse Lane dates from the early 18th century and features garden wall bond brickwork, a slate roof, and upper cruck frames.[38] Dog Farmhouse, also on Woodhouse Lane, was built in the early 19th century; however it may have been an adaptation of an earlier, possibly 18th century, farmhouse.[39]
Dunham School was built in 1759, with additions in 1860 and the 20th century. Above the door is an engraved panel reading “This School was Erected in 1759 For the Benefit of the Township of Dunham Massey. According to the Will of Thomas Walton Gent”. The school now serves as the parish hall.[40] The nearby Dunham School Bridge, over the Bridgewater Canal, was built in 1776 by John Gilbert,[41] who also built the aqueduct for the Bridgewater Canal over the River Bollin, which was opened in 1776.[42] The other listed bridge, Brick Kiln Lane Bridge, was also built in the 18th century.[43] Bollington watermill was constructed in the 1860s, and has an undershot waterwheel.[44]
There are a number of listed structures in the grounds of Dunham Massey Hall, including the 1720 wellhouse that supplied water to the hall until the 1860s,[45] and the early 18th century ornamental sundial in front of the hall, depicting a black slave clad in leaves, carrying the sundial above his head.[46] The stable buildings,[47] the slaughterhouse,[48] the deer house,[49] the orangery,[50] and an ashlar shelter to the west of the hall,[51] all date from the 17th or 18th century. Barn Cottages date from at least 1751. The cottages were originally a single barn, which was converted in the 19th century.[52] Other grade II listed structures in the grounds of the hall include: the lakeside wall (18th century);[53] two small piers south of the garden forecourt (18th century);[54] a pier north west of the garden forecourt (18th century);[55] the gateway opposite the kitchen (1750);[56] the piers at the south of forecourt garden topped with lions (18th century);[57][58] and an obelisk erected by George Booth, 2nd Earl of Warrington, in 1714 in memory of his mother.[59] Near the hall there is a Grade II* listed sawmill, probably built in 1616.[
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Ipê Amarelo, Tabebuia [chrysotricha or ochracea].
Ipê-amarelo em Brasília (UnB), Brasil.
This tree is in Brasília, Capital of Brazil.
Text, in english, from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
"Trumpet tree" redirects here. This term is occasionally used for the Shield-leaved Pumpwood (Cecropia peltata).
Tabebuia
Flowering Araguaney or ipê-amarelo (Tabebuia chrysantha) in central Brazil
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Eudicots
(unranked): Asterids
Order: Lamiales
Family: Bignoniaceae
Tribe: Tecomeae
Genus: Tabebuia
Gomez
Species
Nearly 100.
Tabebuia is a neotropical genus of about 100 species in the tribe Tecomeae of the family Bignoniaceae. The species range from northern Mexico and the Antilles south to northern Argentina and central Venezuela, including the Caribbean islands of Hispaniola (Dominican Republic and Haiti) and Cuba. Well-known common names include Ipê, Poui, trumpet trees and pau d'arco.
They are large shrubs and trees growing to 5 to 50 m (16 to 160 ft.) tall depending on the species; many species are dry-season deciduous but some are evergreen. The leaves are opposite pairs, complex or palmately compound with 3–7 leaflets.
Tabebuia is a notable flowering tree. The flowers are 3 to 11 cm (1 to 4 in.) wide and are produced in dense clusters. They present a cupular calyx campanulate to tubular, truncate, bilabiate or 5-lobed. Corolla colors vary between species ranging from white, light pink, yellow, lavender, magenta, or red. The outside texture of the flower tube is either glabrous or pubescentThe fruit is a dehiscent pod, 10 to 50 cm (4 to 20 in.) long, containing numerous—in some species winged—seeds. These pods often remain on the tree through dry season until the beginning of the rainy.
Species in this genus are important as timber trees. The wood is used for furniture, decking, and other outdoor uses. It is increasingly popular as a decking material due to its insect resistance and durability. By 2007, FSC-certified ipê wood had become readily available on the market, although certificates are occasionally forged.
Tabebuia is widely used as ornamental tree in the tropics in landscaping gardens, public squares, and boulevards due to its impressive and colorful flowering. Many flowers appear on still leafless stems at the end of the dry season, making the floral display more conspicuous. They are useful as honey plants for bees, and are popular with certain hummingbirds. Naturalist Madhaviah Krishnan on the other hand once famously took offense at ipé grown in India, where it is not native.
Lapacho teaThe bark of several species has medical properties. The bark is dried, shredded, and then boiled making a bitter or sour-tasting brownish-colored tea. Tea from the inner bark of Pink Ipê (T. impetiginosa) is known as Lapacho or Taheebo. Its main active principles are lapachol, quercetin, and other flavonoids. It is also available in pill form. The herbal remedy is typically used during flu and cold season and for easing smoker's cough. It apparently works as expectorant, by promoting the lungs to cough up and free deeply embedded mucus and contaminants. However, lapachol is rather toxic and therefore a more topical use e.g. as antibiotic or pesticide may be advisable. Other species with significant folk medical use are T. alba and Yellow Lapacho (T. serratifolia)
Tabebuia heteropoda, T. incana, and other species are occasionally used as an additive to the entheogenic drink Ayahuasca.
Mycosphaerella tabebuiae, a plant pathogenic sac fungus, was first discovered on an ipê tree.
Tabebuia alba
Tabebuia anafensis
Tabebuia arimaoensis
Tabebuia aurea – Caribbean Trumpet Tree
Tabebuia bilbergii
Tabebuia bibracteolata
Tabebuia cassinoides
Tabebuia chrysantha – Araguaney, Yellow Ipê, tajibo (Bolivia), ipê-amarelo (Brazil), cañaguate (N Colombia)
Tabebuia chrysotricha – Golden Trumpet Tree
Tabebuia donnell-smithii Rose – Gold Tree, "Prima Vera", Cortez blanco (El Salvador), San Juan (Honduras), palo blanco (Guatemala),duranga (Mexico)
A native of Mexico and Central Americas, considered one of the most colorful of all Central American trees. The leaves are deciduous. Masses of golden-yellow flowers cover the crown after the leaves are shed.
Tabebuia dubia
Tabebuia ecuadorensis
Tabebuia elongata
Tabebuia furfuracea
Tabebuia geminiflora Rizz. & Mattos
Tabebuia guayacan (Seem.) Hemsl.
Tabebuia haemantha
Tabebuia heptaphylla (Vell.) Toledo – tajy
Tabebuia heterophylla – roble prieto
Tabebuia heteropoda
Tabebuia hypoleuca
Tabebuia impetiginosa – Pink Ipê, Pink Lapacho, ipê-cavatã, ipê-comum, ipê-reto, ipê-rosa, ipê-roxo-damata, pau d'arco-roxo, peúva, piúva (Brazil), lapacho negro (Spanish); not "brazilwood"
Tabebuia incana
Tabebuia jackiana
Tabebuia lapacho – lapacho amarillo
Tabebuia orinocensis A.H. Gentry[verification needed]
Tabebuia ochracea
Tabebuia oligolepis
Tabebuia pallida – Cuban Pink Trumpet Tree
Tabebuia platyantha
Tabebuia polymorpha
Tabebuia rosea (Bertol.) DC.[verification needed] (= T. pentaphylla (L.) Hemsley) – Pink Poui, Pink Tecoma, apama, apamate, matilisguate
A popular street tree in tropical cities because of its multi-annular masses of light pink to purple flowers and modest size. The roots are not especially destructive for roads and sidewalks. It is the national tree of El Salvador and the state tree of Cojedes, Venezuela
Tabebuia roseo-alba – White Ipê, ipê-branco (Brazil), lapacho blanco
Tabebuia serratifolia – Yellow Lapacho, Yellow Poui, ipê-roxo (Brazil)
Tabebuia shaferi
Tabebuia striata
Tabebuia subtilis Sprague & Sandwith
Tabebuia umbellata
Tabebuia vellosoi Toledo
Ipê-do-cerrado
Texto, em português, da Wikipédia, a enciclopédia livre.
Ipê-do-cerrado
Classificação científica
Reino: Plantae
Divisão: Magnoliophyta
Classe: Magnoliopsida
Subclasse: Asteridae
Ordem: Lamiales
Família: Bignoniaceae
Género: Tabebuia
Espécie: T. ochracea
Nome binomial
Tabebuia ochracea
(Cham.) Standl. 1832
Sinónimos
Bignonia tomentosa Pav. ex DC.
Handroanthus ochraceus (Cham.) Mattos
Tabebuia chrysantha (Jacq.) G. Nicholson
Tabebuia hypodictyon A. DC.) Standl.
Tabebuia neochrysantha A.H. Gentry
Tabebuia ochracea subsp. heteropoda (A. DC.) A.H. Gentry
Tabebuia ochracea subsp. neochrysantha (A.H. Gentry) A.H. Gentry
Tecoma campinae Kraenzl.
ecoma grandiceps Kraenzl.
Tecoma hassleri Sprague
Tecoma hemmendorffiana Kraenzl.
Tecoma heteropoda A. DC.
Tecoma hypodictyon A. DC.
Tecoma ochracea Cham.
Ipê-do-cerrado é um dos nomes populares da Tabebuia ochracea (Cham.) Standl. 1832, nativa do cerrado brasileiro, no estados de Amazonas, Pará, Maranhão, Piauí, Ceará, Pernambuco, Bahia, Espírito Santo, Goiás, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo e Paraná.
Está na lista de espécies ameaçadas do estado de São Paulo, onde é encontrda também no domínio da Mata Atlântica[1].
Ocorre também na Argentina, Paraguai, Bolívia, Equador, Peru, Venezuela, Guiana, El Salvador, Guatemala e Panamá[2].
Há uma espécie homônima descrita por A.H. Gentry em 1992.
Outros nomes populares: ipê-amarelo, ipê-cascudo, ipê-do-campo, ipê-pardo, pau-d'arco-do-campo, piúva, tarumã.
Características
Altura de 6 a 14 m. Tronco tortuso com até 50 cm de diâmetro. Folhas pilosas em ambas as faces, mais na inferior, que é mais clara.
Planta decídua, heliófita, xerófita, nativa do cerrado em solos bem drenados.
Floresce de julho a setembro. Os frutos amadurecem de setembro a outubro.
FloresProduz grande quantidade de sementes leves, aladas com pequenas reservas, e que perdem a viabilidade em menos de 90 dias após coleta. A sua conservação vem sendo estudada em termos de determinação da condição ideal de armazenamento, e tem demonstrado a importância de se conhecer o comportamento da espécie quando armazenada com diferentes teores de umidade inicial, e a umidade de equilíbrio crítica para a espécie (KANO; MÁRQUEZ & KAGEYAMA, 1978). As levíssimas sementes aladas da espécie não necessitam de quebra de dormência. Podem apenas ser expostas ao sol por cerca de 6 horas e semeadas diretamente nos saquinhos. A germinação ocorre após 30 dias e de 80%. As sementes são ortodoxas e há aproximadamente 72 000 sementes em cada quilo.
O desenvolvimento da planta é rápido.
Como outros ipês, a madeira é usada em tacos, assoalhos, e em dormentes e postes. Presta-se também para peças torneadas e instrumento musicais.
Tabebuia alba (Ipê-Amarelo)
Texto, em português, produzido pela Acadêmica Giovana Beatriz Theodoro Marto
Supervisão e orientação do Prof. Luiz Ernesto George Barrichelo e do Eng. Paulo Henrique Müller
Atualizado em 10/07/2006
O ipê amarelo é a árvore brasileira mais conhecida, a mais cultivada e, sem dúvida nenhuma, a mais bela. É na verdade um complexo de nove ou dez espécies com características mais ou menos semelhantes, com flores brancas, amarelas ou roxas. Não há região do país onde não exista pelo menos uma espécie dele, porém a existência do ipê em habitat natural nos dias atuais é rara entre a maioria das espécies (LORENZI,2000).
A espécie Tabebuia alba, nativa do Brasil, é uma das espécies do gênero Tabebuia que possui “Ipê Amarelo” como nome popular. O nome alba provém de albus (branco em latim) e é devido ao tomento branco dos ramos e folhas novas.
As árvores desta espécie proporcionam um belo espetáculo com sua bela floração na arborização de ruas em algumas cidades brasileiras. São lindas árvores que embelezam e promovem um colorido no final do inverno. Existe uma crença popular de que quando o ipê-amarelo floresce não vão ocorrer mais geadas. Infelizmente, a espécie é considerada vulnerável quanto à ameaça de extinção.
A Tabebuia alba, natural do semi-árido alagoano está adaptada a todas as regiões fisiográficas, levando o governo, por meio do Decreto nº 6239, a transformar a espécie como a árvore símbolo do estado, estando, pois sob a sua tutela, não mais podendo ser suprimida de seus habitats naturais.
Taxonomia
Família: Bignoniaceae
Espécie: Tabebuia Alba (Chamiso) Sandwith
Sinonímia botânica: Handroanthus albus (Chamiso) Mattos; Tecoma alba Chamisso
Outros nomes vulgares: ipê-amarelo, ipê, aipê, ipê-branco, ipê-mamono, ipê-mandioca, ipê-ouro, ipê-pardo, ipê-vacariano, ipê-tabaco, ipê-do-cerrado, ipê-dourado, ipê-da-serra, ipezeiro, pau-d’arco-amarelo, taipoca.
Aspectos Ecológicos
O ipê-amarelo é uma espécie heliófita (Planta adaptada ao crescimento em ambiente aberto ou exposto à luz direta) e decídua (que perde as folhas em determinada época do ano). Pertence ao grupo das espécies secundárias iniciais (DURIGAN & NOGUEIRA, 1990).
Abrange a Floresta Pluvial da Mata Atlântica e da Floresta Latifoliada Semidecídua, ocorrendo principalmente no interior da Floresta Primária Densa. É característica de sub-bosques dos pinhais, onde há regeneração regular.
Informações Botânicas
Morfologia
As árvores de Tabebuia alba possuem cerca de 30 metros de altura. O tronco é reto ou levemente tortuoso, com fuste de 5 a 8 m de altura. A casca externa é grisáceo-grossa, possuindo fissuras longitudinais esparas e profundas. A coloração desta é cinza-rosa intenso, com camadas fibrosas, muito resistentes e finas, porém bem distintas.
Com ramos grossos, tortuosos e compridos, o ipê-amarelo possui copa alongada e alargada na base. As raízes de sustentação e absorção são vigorosas e profundas.
As folhas, deciduais, são opostas, digitadas e compostas. A face superior destas folhas é verde-escura, e, a face inferior, acinzentada, sendo ambas as faces tomentosas. Os pecíolos das folhas medem de 2,5 a 10 cm de comprimento. Os folíolos, geralmente, apresentam-se em número de 5 a 7, possuindo de 7 a 18 cm de comprimento por 2 a 6 cm de largura. Quando jovem estes folíolos são densamente pilosos em ambas as faces. O ápice destes é pontiagudo, com base arredondada e margem serreada.
As flores, grandes e lanceoladas, são de coloração amarelo-ouro. Possuem em média 8X15 cm.
Quanto aos frutos, estes possuem forma de cápsula bivalvar e são secos e deiscentes. Do tipo síliqua, lembram uma vagem. Medem de 15 a 30 cm de comprimento por 1,5 a 2,5 cm de largura. As valvas são finamente tomentosas com pêlos ramificados. Possuem grande quantidade de sementes.
As sementes são membranáceas brilhantes e esbranquiçadas, de coloração marrom. Possuem de 2 a 3 cm de comprimento por 7 a 9 mm de largura e são aladas.
Reprodução
A espécie é caducifólia e a queda das folhas coincide com o período de floração. A floração inicia-se no final de agosto, podendo ocorrer alguma variação devido a fenômenos climáticos. Como a espécie floresce no final do inverno é influenciada pela intensidade do mesmo. Quanto mais frio e seco for o inverno, maior será a intensidade da florada do ipê amarelo.
As flores por sua exuberância, atraem abelhas e pássaros, principalmente beija-flores que são importantes agentes polinizadores. Segundo CARVALHO (2003), a espécie possui como vetor de polinização a abelha mamangava (Bombus morio).
As sementes são dispersas pelo vento.
A planta é hermafrodita, e frutifica nos meses de setembro, outubro, novembro, dezembro, janeiro e fevereiro, dependendo da sua localização. Em cultivo, a espécie inicia o processo reprodutivo após o terceiro ano.
Ocorrência Natural
Ocorre naturalmente na Floresta Estaciobal Semidecicual, Floresta de Araucária e no Cerrado.
Segundo o IBGE, a Tabebuia alba (Cham.) Sandw. é uma árvore do Cerrado, Cerradão e Mata Seca. Apresentando-se nos campos secos (savana gramíneo-lenhosa), próximo às escarpas.
Clima
Segundo a classificação de Köppen, o ipê-amarelo abrange locais de clima tropical (Aw), subtropical úmido (Cfa), sutropical de altitude (Cwa e Cwb) e temperado.
A T.alba pode tolerar até 81 geadas em um ano. Ocorre em locais onde a temperatura média anual varia de 14,4ºC como mínimo e 22,4ºC como máximo.
Solo
A espécie prefere solos úmidos, com drenagem lenta e geralmente não muito ondulados (LONGHI, 1995).
Aparece em terras de boa à média fertilidade, em solos profundos ou rasos, nas matas e raramente cerradões (NOGUEIRA, 1977).
Pragas e Doenças
De acordo com CARVALHO (2003), possui como praga a espécie de coleópteros Cydianerus bohemani da família Curculionoideae e um outro coleóptero da família Chrysomellidae. Apesar da constatação de elevados índices populacionais do primeiro, os danos ocasionados até o momento são leves. Nas praças e ruas de Curitiba - PR, 31% das árvores foram atacadas pela Cochonilha Ceroplastes grandis.
ZIDKO (2002), ao estudar no município de Piracicaba a associação de coleópteros em espécies arbóreas, verificou a presença de insetos adultos da espécie Sitophilus linearis da família de coleópteros, Curculionidae, em estruturas reprodutivas. Os insetos adultos da espécie emergiram das vagens do ipê, danificando as sementes desta espécie nativa.
ANDRADE (1928) assinalou diversas espécies de Cerambycidae atacando essências florestais vivas, como ingazeiro, cinamomo, cangerana, cedro, caixeta, jacarandá, araribá, jatobá, entre outras como o ipê amarelo.
A Madeira
A Tabebuia alba produz madeira de grande durabilidade e resistência ao apodrecimento (LONGHI,1995).
MANIERI (1970) caracteriza o cerne desta espécie como de cor pardo-havana-claro, pardo-havan-escuro, ou pardo-acastanhado, com reflexos esverdeados. A superfície da madeira é irregularmente lustrosa, lisa ao tato, possuindo textura media e grã-direita.
Com densidade entre 0,90 e 1,15 grama por centímetro cúbico, a madeira é muito dura (LORENZI, 1992), apresentando grande dificuldade ao serrar.
A madeira possui cheiro e gosto distintos. Segundo LORENZI (1992), o cheiro característico é devido à presença da substância lapachol, ou ipeína.
Usos da Madeira
Sendo pesada, com cerne escuro, adquire grande valor comercial na marcenaria e carpintaria. Também é utilizada para fabricação de dormentes, moirões, pontes, postes, eixos de roda, varais de carroça, moendas de cana, etc.
Produtos Não-Madeireiros
A entrecasca do ipê-amarelo possui propriedades terapêuticas como adstringente, usada no tratamento de garganta e estomatites. É também usada como diurético.
O ipê-amarelo possui flores melíferas e que maduras podem ser utilizadas na alimentação humana.
Outros Usos
É comumente utilizada em paisagismo de parques e jardins pela beleza e porte. Além disso, é muito utilizada na arborização urbana.
Segundo MOREIRA & SOUZA (1987), o ipê-amarelo costuma povoar as beiras dos rios sendo, portanto, indicado para recomposição de matas ciliares. MARTINS (1986), também cita a espécie para recomposição de matas ciliares da Floresta Estacional Semidecidual, abrangendo alguns municípios das regiões Norte, Noroeste e parte do Oeste do Estado do Paraná.
Aspectos Silviculturais
Possui a tendência a crescer reto e sem bifurcações quando plantado em reflorestamento misto, pois é espécie monopodial. A desrrama se faz muito bem e a cicatrização é boa. Sendo assim, dificilmente encopa quando nova, a não ser que seja plantado em parques e jardins.
Ao ser utilizada em arborização urbana, o ipê amarelo requer podas de condução com freqüência mediana.
Espécie heliófila apresenta a pleno sol ramificação cimosa, registrando-se assim dicotomia para gema apical. Deve ser preconizada, para seu melhor aproveitamento madeireiro, podas de formação usuais (INQUE et al., 1983).
Produção de Mudas
A propagação deve realizada através de enxertia.
Os frutos devem ser coletados antes da dispersão, para evitar a perda de sementes. Após a coleta as sementes são postas em ambiente ventilado e a extração é feita manualmente. As sementes do ipê amarelo são ortodoxas, mantendo a viabilidade natural por até 3 meses em sala e por até 9 meses em vidro fechado, em câmara fria.
A condução das mudas deve ser feita a pleno sol. A muda atinge cerca de 30 cm em 9 meses, apresentando tolerância ao sol 3 semanas após a germinação.
Sementes
Os ipês, espécies do gênero Tabebuia, produzem uma grande quantidade de sementes leves, aladas com pequenas reservas, e que perdem a viabilidade em poucos dias após a sua coleta. A sua conservação vem sendo estudada em termos de determinação da condição ideal de armazenamento, e tem demonstrado a importância de se conhecer o comportamento da espécie quando armazenada com diferentes teores de umidade inicial, e a umidade de equilíbrio crítica para a espécie (KANO; MÁRQUEZ & KAGEYAMA, 1978).
As levíssimas sementes aladas da espécie não necessitam de quebra de dormência. Podem apenas ser expostas ao sol por cerca de 6 horas e semeadas diretamente nos saquinhos. A quebra natural leva cerca de 3 meses e a quebra na câmara leva 9 meses. A germinação ocorre após 30 dias e de 80%.
As sementes são ortodoxas e há aproximadamente 87000 sementes em cada quilo.
Preço da Madeira no Mercado
O preço médio do metro cúbico de pranchas de ipê no Estado do Pará cotado em Julho e Agosto de 2005 foi de R$1.200,00 o preço mínimo, R$ 1509,35 o médio e R$ 2.000,00 o preço máximo (CEPEA,2005).
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The collection includes 900 paintings; approximately 100 sculptures; nearly 2,000 works on paper; more than 1,000 published and unique prints; and 4,000 photographs. The collection also features wallpaper and books by Warhol, covering the entire range of his work from all periods, and includes student work from the 1940s, 1950s drawings, commercial illustrations and sketchbooks; 1960s Pop paintings of consumer products (Campbell's Soup Cans), celebrities (Liz, Jackie, Marilyn, Elvis), Disasters and Electric Chairs; portrait paintings (Mao), Andy Warhol Museum is one of the four Carnegie Museums of Pittsburgh, and a collaborative project between the Carnegie Institute,
Absolutely adorable set from THS. It includes this whole set of trees and bushes. THS has the most vibrant foliage! The squirrel can be turned on and off to make it run around. This would be a perfect addition to your home or an awesome photo backdrop. For more info on The Home Store, refer to their Flickr. Inworld store. maps.secondlife.com/secondlife/Creative%20Muses/130/190/2001
Chevrolet Corvette (C1) 1956
Hackberry is an unincorporated community in Mohave County, Arizona, United States. Hackberry is located on Arizona State Route 66 (former U.S. Route 66) 23 miles (37 km) northeast of Kingman. Hackberry has a post office which serves 68 residential mailboxes with ZIP code 86411.
A former mining town, Hackberry takes its name from the Hackberry Mine which was named for a hackberry tree in a nearby spring.
Prospector Jim Music helped develop the Hackberry Silver Mine in 1875. Mining of various metals developed the town, sending it from boom to bust based on fluctuating commodity prices.
The Indianapolis Monroes Iron Clad Age of June 12, 1886 includes a brief article titled "They Changed the Minds of Several" referring to an educated miner from the area.
J.J. Watts writes from Hackberry, Arizona: "The books you sent me last year have changed the minds of several to whom I loaned them. It is a pity that liberal books and papers cannot be more generally circulated and read. If they could be we should soon have more outspoken, honest men that would dare to speak their true sentiments."
Based on an article taken from the July 24, 1909 edition of the Mohave County Miner out of Kingman, Arizona, JJ Watts was an old prospector. Here is that article.
"Some time ago the report was current in Kingman that Indians had killed an old prospector, in the Wallapai mountains, first burying the body and later burning up everything of an incriminating nature. The man was supposed to be J. J. Watts, who mined and prospected in the Music mountain range many years. William Grant, the Hackberry merchant, this week received a letter from B.F. Watts, of Marshall, Oklahoma, conveying the information that J.J. Watts died at Lander, Wyoming, last winter. The man who was killed by the Indians is believed to be a stranger that came to Kingman and was lured to the mountains by the Indians by a story of a lost mine that they had found in that section. The man was killed by Willietopsy and his sons, so it is reported by the other Indians.
By 1919, infighting between the mine's owners had become litigation and the ore was beginning to be depleted. The mine closed; Hackberry briefly almost became a ghost town.
Various service stations in town served U.S. Route 66 travellers after the highway came to town in 1926; all were shut down after Interstate 40 in Arizona bypassed the town. Interstate 40's 69-mile path between Kingman and Seligman diverges widely from the old 82-mile Highway 66 segment between these points, leaving Hackberry stranded sixteen miles from the new highway. Hackberry Road would not even be given an off-ramp. John Grigg operated a Union 76 service station on Route 66 in Hackberry from the 1920s until his death in 1967. The Northside Grocery (established 1934) and its Conoco station were among the last to close, in 1978.
Hackberry almost became a ghost town again, but members of the Grigg family have lived there since the 1890s and continue to live there. Six generations of the Grigg family are buried in the Hackberry cemetery.
In 1992, itinerant artist Bob Waldmire re-opened the Hackberry General Store as a Route 66 tourism information post and souvenir shop on the former Northside Grocery site.
Waldmire sold the store to John and Kerry Pritchard in 1998 due to local disputes regarding the environmental and aesthetic impact of quarries, which by that time were establishing themselves in the area to remove local stone for use in landscaping.
The store remains in operation with a collection of vintage cars from the heyday of U.S. Route 66 in Arizona; in 2008, its owners donated land for a new fire hall to be built for the community.
(Wikipedia)
The Chevrolet Corvette (C1) is the first generation of the Corvette sports car produced by Chevrolet. It was introduced late in the 1953 model year and produced through 1962. This generation is commonly referred to as the "solid-axle" generation, as the independent rear suspension did not appear until the 1963 Sting Ray.
The Corvette was rushed into production for its debut model year to capitalize on the enthusiastic public reaction to the concept vehicle, but expectations for the new model were largely unfulfilled. Reviews were mixed and sales fell far short of expectations through the car's early years. The program was nearly canceled, but Chevrolet decided to make necessary improvements.
The most expensive Corvette (C1) to sell in history was sold by Barrett-Jackson in the United States in March 2021 for $825,000 (~$915,195 in 2023) (£591,470).
History
Origins
Harley Earl, as head of GM's Styling Section, was an avid fan of sports cars. He recognized that GIs returning after serving overseas in the years following World War II were bringing home MGs, Jaguars, and Alfa Romeos. In 1951, Nash Motors began selling an expensive two-seat sports car, the Nash-Healey, that was made in partnership with the Italian designer Pininfarina and British auto engineer Donald Healey, but there were few moderate-priced models. Earl convinced GM that they needed to build an all-American two-seat sports car, and with his Special Projects crew began working on the new car in late 1951. The last time Chevrolet offered a 2-door, 2-passenger convertible/roadster body style was in 1938 with the Chevrolet Master.
Prototype EX-122
The secretive effort was code-named "Project Opel" (after GM's German division Opel). The result was the hand-built, EX-122 pre-production Corvette prototype, which was first shown to the public at the 1953 General Motors Motorama at the Waldorf-Astoria in New York City on January 17, 1953. When production began six months later, at an MSRP of US$3,513 ($40,006 in 2023 dollars ), it had evolved into a considerably costlier car than the basic $2,000 roadster Harley Earl originally had in mind. The EX-122 car is now located at the Kerbeck Corvette museum in Atlantic City and is believed to be the oldest Corvette in existence.
Design and engineering
To keep costs down, GM executive Robert F. McLean mandated off-the-shelf mechanical components. The new car used the chassis and suspension design from the 1949 through 1954 Chevrolet passenger vehicles. The drivetrain and passenger compartment were moved rearward to achieve a 53/47 front-to-rear weight distribution. It had a 102 in (2,591 mm) wheelbase. The engine was a 235 cu in (3.85 L) inline six engine that was similar to the 235 engine that powered all other Chevrolet car models, but with a higher-compression ratio, three Carter side-draft carburetors, mechanical lifters, and a higher-lift camshaft. Output was 150 hp (112 kW). Because there was currently no manual transmission available to Chevrolet rated to handle 150 HP, a two-speed Powerglide automatic was used. The 0–60 mph (0–97 km/h) time was 11.5 seconds.
Three body variants were created. The roadster was built as the Corvette, the Corvair fastback variant never went into production, and the two-door Nomad station wagon was eventually built as the Chevrolet Nomad.
During the last half of 1953, 300 Corvettes were to a large degree hand-built on a makeshift assembly line that was installed in an old truck plant in Flint, Michigan, while a factory was being prepped for a full-scale 1954 production run. The outer body was made of then-revolutionary glass fiber reinforced plastic material. Although steel shortages or quotas are sometimes mentioned as a factor in the decision to use fiberglass, no evidence exists to support this. In calendar years 1952 and 1953, Chevrolet produced nearly 2 million steel-bodied full-size passenger cars, and the intended production volume of 10,000 Corvettes for 1954 was only a small fraction of that.
The body engineer for the Corvette was Ellis James Premo. He presented a paper to the Society of Automotive Engineers in 1954 regarding the development of the body.
Several excerpts highlight some of the key points in the body material choice:
The body on the show model was made of reinforced plastic purely as an expedient to get the job done quickly.
Although we were going ahead with the building of an experimental plastic body in order to get a car rolling for chassis development work – at the time of the Waldorf Show, we were actually concentrating body-design-wise on a steel body utilizing Kirksite tooling for the projected production of 10,000 units during the 1954 model year. It was some time later that we decided to produce this quantity in reinforced plastic.
About this time, some doubt was expressed that we should build the 1954 model of steel. People seemed to be captivated by the idea of the fiberglass plastic body. Furthermore, information being given to us by the reinforced plastic industry seemed to indicate the practicality of fabricating plastic body parts for automobiles on a large scale.
A 55-degree raked windshield was made of safety glass, while the license plate holder was set back in the trunk, covered with a plastic window. Underneath the new body material were standard components from Chevrolet's regular car line, including the "Blue Flame" inline six-cylinder engine, two-speed Powerglide automatic transmission, and drum brakes. The engine's output was increased to 150 hp (112 kW) via a Carter triple-carburetor system exclusive to the Corvette, but performance of the car was decidedly "lackluster". Compared to the British and Italian sports cars of the day, the Corvette lacked a manual transmission and required more effort to bring to a stop, but like their British competition, such as Morgan, was not fitted with roll-up windows;[19] this would have to wait until some time in the 1956 model year. A Paxton centrifugal supercharger became available in 1954 as a dealer-installed option, greatly improving the Corvette's straight-line performance, but sales continued to decline.
The Chevrolet division was GM's entry-level marque. Managers at GM were seriously considering shelving the project, leaving the Corvette to be little more than a footnote in automotive history, and would have done so if not for three important events. The first was the 1955 introduction of Chevrolet's first V8 engine since 1919. Late in the model year, the new 195 hp (145 kW) 265 small-block became available with a Powerglide automatic transmission, until the middle of the production year when a manual 3-speed became available, coupled to a 3.55:1 axle ratio, the only one offered. The engine was fitted with a single 2218S or 2351S WCFB four-barrel (four-choke) Carter carburetor. The combination turned the "rather anemic Corvette into a credible if not outstanding performer". The second was the influence of a Russian émigré in GM's engineering department, Zora Arkus-Duntov. The third factor in the Corvette's survival was Ford's introduction of the 1955 two-seat Thunderbird, which was billed as a "personal luxury car", not a sports car. Even so, the Ford-Chevrolet rivalry in those days demanded GM not appear to back down from the challenge. The original concept for the Corvette emblem incorporated an American flag into the design, but was changed well before production, since associating the flag with a product was frowned upon.
1953–1955
1953
The 1953 model year was not only the Corvette's first production year, but at 300 produced it was also the lowest-volume Corvette. The cars were essentially hand-built and techniques evolved during the production cycle so that each 1953 Corvette is slightly different. All 1953 models had red interiors, Polo white exteriors, and painted blue engines (a reference to the three colors represented on the Flag of the United States, where the Corvette was assembled) as well as black canvas soft tops. Order guides showed heaters and AM radios as optional, but all 1953 models were equipped with both. Over two hundred 1953 Corvettes are known to exist today. They had independent front suspension, but featured a rigid axle supported by longitudinal leaf springs at the rear. The cost of the first production model Corvettes in 1953 was US$3,490 ($38,795 in 2023 dollars).
The quality of the fiberglass body as well as its fit and finish were lacking. Other problems, such as water leaks and doors that could open while the car was driven, were reported with the most severe errors corrected in subsequent units produced, but some shortcomings continued beyond the Corvette's inaugural year. By December 1953, Chevrolet had a newly equipped factory in St. Louis ready to build 10,000 Corvettes annually. However, negative customer reactions to 1953 and early 1954 models caused sales to fall short of expectations.
1954
In 1954, a total of 3,640 of this model were built and nearly a third were unsold at year's end. New colors were available, but the six-cylinder engine and Powerglide automatic, the only engine and transmission available, were not what sports car enthusiasts expected. It is known that 1954 models were painted Pennant Blue, Sportsman Red, and Black, in addition to Polo White. All had red interiors, except for those finished in Pennant Blue which had a beige interior and beige canvas soft top. Order guides listed several options, but all options were "mandatory" and all 1954 Corvettes were equipped the same.
In the October 1954 issue of Popular Mechanics, there was an extensive survey of Corvette owners in America. The surprising finding was their opinions in comparison to foreign sports cars. It was found that 36% of those taking the survey had owned a foreign sports car, and of that, half of them rated the Corvette as better than their previous foreign sports car. Nineteen percent rated the Corvette as equal to their foreign sports car and 22% rated the Corvette as inferior. While many were well pleased with the Corvette, they did not consider it a true sports car. The principal complaint of the surveyed owners was the tendency of the body to leak extensively during rainstorms.
1955
Chevrolet debuted its 265 cu in (4.3 L) small-block, 195 hp (145 kW) V8 in 1955 and the engine was available for the Corvette. Early production 1955 V8 Corvettes continued with the mandatory-option Powerglide automatic transmission (as did the few 6-cylinder models built). A new three-speed manual transmission became available later in the year for V8 models, but was not popular with about 75 equipped with it. Exterior color choices were expanded to at least five, combined with at least four interior colors. Soft-tops came in white, dark green, or beige and different materials. A total of 700 1955 Corvettes were built, making it second only to 1953 in scarcity. The "V" in the Corvette emblem was enlarged and gold colored, signifying the V8 engine and 12-volt electrical systems, while 6-cylinder models retained the 6-volt systems used in 1953–54.
Although not a part of the original Corvette project, Zora Arkus-Duntov was responsible for the addition of the V8 engine and three-speed manual transmission. Duntov improved the car's marketing and image and helped the car compete with the new V8—engined Ford Thunderbird, Studebaker Speedster and the larger Chrysler C-300, and turned the Corvette from its lackluster performance into a credible performer. In 1956 he became the director of high-performance vehicle design and development for Chevrolet helping him earn the nickname "Father of the Corvette."
Although the C1 Corvette chassis and suspension design were derived from Chevrolet's full-size cars, the same basic design was continued through the 1962 model even after the full-size cars were completely redesigned for the 1955 model year. This was due to the combined factors of the relatively high reengineering and retooling costs for this low-volume production vehicle, the continued potential for cancellation of the car, and the increased size and weight of the all-new suspension design for the full-size cars, which made it unsuitable for use in the lighter weight Corvette.
1956–1957
1956
The 1956 Corvette featured a new body, with real glass roll-up windows and a more substantial convertible top. The straight-6 engine was discontinued, leaving only the 265 cu in (4.3 L) V8. Power ranged from 210 to 240 hp (157 to 179 kW). The standard transmission remained the 3-speed manual with an optional 2-speed Powerglide automatic. Other options included power assisted convertible top, a removable hardtop, power windows, and a "then-leading edge" signal-seeking partially transistorized Delco car radio. A high-performance camshaft was also available (as RPO 449) with the 240 hp (179 kW) engine. Sales volume was 3,467, a low number by any contemporary standard and less than 1954's 3,640, making it the third lowest in Corvette history.
1957
Visually the 1957 model was unchanged. The V8 was increased to 283 cu in (4.6 L), fuel-injection became a very expensive option, and a 4-speed manual transmission became available after April 9, 1957. GM's Rochester subsidiary used a constant flow system, producing a listed 290 hp (216 kW) at 6200 rpm and 290 lb⋅ft (393 N⋅m) of torque at 4400 rpm. Debate continues to swirl whether this was underrated by Chevrolet (to allow for lower insurance premiums, or give the car an advantage in certain forms of racing) rather than overrated, as was common practice at the time (to juice sales). Either way, it was advertised as producing "One HP per cubic inch", allowing it to claim it was one of the first mass-produced engines to do so.
Pushed toward high-performance and racing, principally by its designer, Zora Arkus-Duntov, who had raced in Europe, 1957 Corvettes could be ordered ready-to-race with special performance options, such as an engine fresh air/tach package, heavy-duty racing suspension, and 15 by 5.5 in (380 by 140 mm) wheels.
Also in 1957, Chevrolet developed a new racing variation of the Corvette with the aim to compete in the 24 Hours of Le Mans race. Originally known as Project XP-64, it would eventually become known as the Corvette SS. It featured a tuned version of the new 283 CID V8 and a specialized tubular space frame chassis. However, after a rear bushing failure retired the car during a 1957 Sebring race, the AMA announced a ban on motor racing in April 1957 for member companies like GM, leading to the cancellation of further developments of the Corvette SS platform.
Sales volume was 6,339, a jump of almost 83%. Fuel-injected models were in short supply and 1,040 were sold.
1958–1960
1958
In an era of chrome and four headlamps, the Corvette adapted to the look of the day. The 1958 model year and the four that followed all had the exposed four-headlamp treatment and prominent grilles, but a faux-louvered hood and chrome trunk spears were unique to this model year. The interior and instruments were updated, including placing a tachometer directly in front of the driver. For the 1958 model, an 8000 rpm tachometer was used with the 240 and 290 hp (179 and 216 kW) engines, rather than the 6000 rpm units used in the lower horsepower engines. Optional engine choices included two with twin carburetors (including a 270 hp (201 kW) version with Carter 2613S and 2614S WCFB four-barrels) and two with fuel injection. The power output for the highest-rated fuel-injected engine was 290 hp (216 kW). Displacement remained 283 cu in (4.6 L). For the first time, seat belts were factory-installed rather than dealer-installed as on previous models. Options that were not popular included RPO 684 heavy-duty brakes and suspension (144), RPO 579 250 hp (186 kW) engine (554), and RPO 276 15×5.5-inch steel road wheels (404).
1959
For the 1959 model, engines and horsepower ratings did not change. The interiors were revised slightly with different instrument graphics and the addition of a storage bin to the passenger side. A positive reverse lockout shifter with "T" handle was standard with 4-speed manual transmission. This was the only year a turquoise convertible top color could be ordered, and all 24-gallon fuel tank models through 1962 could not be ordered with convertible tops due to inadequate space for the folding top mechanism.[26] Rare options: RPO 684 heavy-duty brakes and suspension (142), RPO 686 metallic brakes (333), RPO 276 15"×5.5" wheels (214), RPO 426 power windows (547), RPO 473 power convertible top (661).
1960
The last features to appear in 1960 models included taillamps molded into the rear fenders and heavy grill teeth. New features include aluminum radiators, but only with 270 and 290 hp (201 and 216 kW) engines. Also for the first time, all fuel-injection engines required manual transmissions. The 1960s Cascade Green was metallic, unique to the year, and the most infrequent color at 140 made. Options that were not often ordered included RPO 579 250 hp (186 kW) engine (100), RPO 687 heavy-duty brakes and suspension (119), RPO 276 15×5.5-inch steel road wheels (246), RPO 473 power convertible top (512), and RPO 426 power windows (544).
1961–1962
1961
Twin taillights appeared on the 1961, a treatment that continues to this day. Engine displacement remained at 283 cubic inches, but power output increased for the two fuel-injected engines to 275 and 315 hp (205 and 235 kW). Output ratings for the dual-four barrel engines did not change (245 and 270 hp (183 and 201 kW)), but this was the last year of their availability. This was the last year for contrasting paint colors in cove areas, and the last two-tone Corvette of any type until 1978. Also debuting in 1961 was a new boat-tail that was carried through to the C2. Infrequently ordered options included RPO 353 275 hp (205 kW) engine (118), RPO 687 heavy-duty brakes and steering (233), RPO 276 15×5.5-inch steel road wheels (357), and RPO 473 power convertible top (442).
1962
With a new larger engine the 1962 model year Corvette was the quickest to date. Displacement of the small-block V8 increased from 283 cu in (4.6 L) to 327 cu in (5,360 cc), which was rated at 250 hp (186 kW) in its base single 4-barrel carburetor version. Hydraulic valve lifters were used in the standard and optional 300 hp (224 kW) engines, solid lifters in the optional carbureted 340 hp (254 kW) and fuel-injected 360 hp (268 kW) versions. Dual 4-barrel carburetor engines were no longer available.
1962 saw the last solid-rear-axle suspension, that had been used from the beginning. Rocker panel trim was seen for the first time, and exposed headlights for the last, until 2005. This was the last Corvette model to offer an optional power convertible top mechanism. Rare options: RPO 488 24-gallon fuel tank (65), RPO 687 heavy-duty brakes and steering (246), RPO 473 power convertible top (350), RPO 276 15"×5.5" wheels (561).
Scaglietti Corvette
In 1959, a Texan oil well drilling contractor named Gary Laughlin wondered if it would be possible to create a vehicle with Italian design characteristics using the chassis and engine components from an American car like the Corvette. To oversee this creation, he enlisted the help of car constructer Jim Hall and race car driver Carroll Shelby, whom he was good friends with, to assist with the engineering of the project and, after their efforts, each man was to receive their own Corvette custom made to their liking. Thus, the trio managed to get three rolling Corvette chassis off of the production line and arranged to have them shipped to Modena, Italy. There, with the help of Road & Track correspondent Pete Coltrin, they managed to get in touch with Italian coachbuilder Sergio Scaglietti, famous for his design work on Ferrari road cars at the time. Scaglietti agreed to create and fit a new lightweight aluminium body to each car in secret, as Enzo Ferrari reportedly threatened to cancel Scaglietti's partnership with him after learning of the project. The resulting Scaglietti Corvette ended up weighing roughly 400 lbs less than any other Corvette at the time.
Each of the three cars assembled were unique for each owner:
Car #1, originally for Laughlin, was finished in red. It used a slightly different body than cars #2 and #3 to accommodate an existing Corvette front grille. It originally came with a 283 cu in V8 with 315 hp and a four-barrel carburetor, mated to a 2-speed automatic transmission.
Car #2, originally for Hall, was finished in blue. This version had a body more closely resembling the Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta LWB. It came with the same carbureted V8 and automatic transmission as Car #1.
Car #3, originally for Shelby, was finished in red. This model was somewhat unique as though it used a similarly designed body to Car #2, it was the only model fitted with fuel-injection and a Borg-Warner 4-speed manual transmission. Unlike the other two members of the project, Shelby never took delivery of his car, citing that it was too expensive for his purposes for it.
However, the Scaglietti Corvette was not without its issues. Though conceived in 1959, the final projects wouldn't be completed and shipped back to the US until 1961, by which time it became clear that the aluminum bodies, though much lighter, had caused dramatic effects to the Corvette's chassis, resulting in dangerous front end lift at high speeds. Coupled with legal pressure from General Motors and Enzo Ferrari to put an end to production, and the Scaglietti Corvette project would be forever cemented as only a concept. However, many ideas from the car would prove inspirational, leading Jim Hall to found his Chevrolet-powered Chaparral racing team and Carroll Shelby to revisit the idea of a European-American sports car with the AC Cobra.
(Wikipedia)
Die Chevrolet Corvette C1 ist die erste Generation der Corvette. Der Wagen wurde von 1953 bis 1962 gebaut und in dieser Zeit mehrfach optisch wie auch technisch überarbeitet. Seit ihrem Erscheinen wurden viele Merkmale bis zur 7. Generation, der Corvette C7 weitgehend beibehalten. Dazu gehören unter anderem der 1955 eingeführte „Small-Block“-V8-Motor, die Glasfaserkunststoff-Karosserie und die vier typischen runden Heckleuchten, die 1961 eingeführt wurden.
Geschichte
Die erste Corvette wurde auf der „Motorama“ im New Yorker Hotel Waldorf Astoria im Januar 1953 der Öffentlichkeit vorgestellt. Das Publikum reagierte positiv und ein halbes Jahr danach begann die Serienproduktion.
Als zweites Serienauto nach dem in kleiner Stückzahl gebauten Woodill Wildfire hatte die Corvette C1 eine Karosserie aus glasfaserverstärktem Kunststoff. Außer der Gewichtsersparnis sprachen die größere Gestaltungsfreiheit der Designer und die schneller zu fertigenden Produktionswerkzeuge für dieses Material – anders wäre der zügige Serienstart nicht zu realisieren gewesen. An der ersten Corvette wurde sichtbar, was man aus den Originalteilen anderer Chevrolet-Modelle alles machen konnte. So wollte man den Preis niedrig halten, da man das Auto nicht von Grund auf neu konstruieren musste. Ursprünglich wurden drei Karosserievarianten als Prototypen gebaut: Der Roadster wurde die Corvette, der Fastback ging nicht in Serie und aus dem Sportsback (Kombi) wurde der Chevrolet Nomad.
Bereits sechs Monate nach der ersten Präsentation lief am 30. Juni 1953 die Serienfertigung in Flint im US-Bundesstaat Michigan an. 1954 wurde die Produktion nach St. Louis (Missouri) verlegt. Die erste Corvette wurde ab 1953 in begrenzter Stückzahl gebaut, anfangs waren es nur etwa 300 Exemplare pro Jahr. Einige davon wurden von Projekt-Ingenieuren, General-Motors-Managern und einigen ausgewählten Schauspielern und anderen Prominenten übernommen.
Der Grund für die geringe Stückzahl von nur rund 300 Stück war unter anderem die problematische Fertigung der Kunststoffkarosserie. Der 110 kW (150 bhp) starke Sportwagen war nicht schneller und dennoch teurer als die prestigeträchtigeren Modelle von Jaguar und Cadillac. Auch der etwas später erschienene Kaiser Darrin war auf den Markt nicht erfolgreich. So konnte Chevrolet im ersten Jahr nicht einmal die Hälfte der Produktion verkaufen. Es fehlte ein hubraumstarker V8-Motor mit genügend Leistung.
Noch dramatischer wurde die Lage im folgenden Jahr 1954. Statt der geplanten 10.000 Einheiten rollten nur 3.640 Corvette vom Band, von denen 1.100 Einheiten keinen Käufer fanden. Das Aus für die Corvette drohte 1955: Knapp 700 Corvette verließen die neuen Produktionsanlagen in St. Louis und dies vielleicht auch nur noch, um Flagge zu zeigen, als Ford seinen zweisitzigen Sportwagen, den Thunderbird, erfolgreich auf den Markt brachte. Innerhalb von zehn Tagen konnte Ford 3.500 Einheiten absetzen, überwiegend mit dem 156 kW (212 bhp) starken V8-Motor.
Die Rettung für die Corvette brachte Chevrolets ab 1955 verfügbarer neuer „Small-Block“-Motor mit acht Zylindern. Der neue verantwortliche Ingenieur Zora Arkus-Duntov, auch Rennfahrer, passte die Corvette an diesen Motor an, nachdem er die GM-Verantwortlichen von seinem Konzept überzeugt hatte, und legte damit die Basis für einen erfolgreichen Neustart. Er sorgte für den Einbau von Scheibenbremsen, Einspritzung und konstruierte eine schärfere Nockenwelle, um die Motorleistung zu steigern. Die Premierenfeier der überarbeiteten Corvette wurde 1956 wieder im New Yorker Hotel Waldorf Astoria ausgerichtet. Im Jahr 1958 stiegen die Corvette-Verkaufszahlen auf über 9.000 Einheiten – genug, um erstmals schwarze Zahlen zu erwirtschaften.
Um zu beweisen, dass die Corvette auch auf der Rennstrecke ein konkurrenzfähiges Auto war, nahm Briggs Cunningham 1960 mit mehreren Modellen beim 24-Stunden-Rennen von Le Mans teil. Das beste Ergebnis war ein achter Platz.
Die Corvette C1 ist immer noch sehr beliebt.
Produktionszeit war von Juni 1953 bis August 1962. Dabei wurden insgesamt 69.015 Exemplare produziert. Da die C1 noch nicht als Coupé lieferbar war, wurden ausschließlich Roadster (offene Zweisitzer mit einfachem Verdeck) gefertigt. Danach wurde die Produktion eingestellt und 1963 wurde die Corvette C2 vorgestellt.
Karosserie
Die Corvette C1 hatte eine Karosserie aus glasfaserverstärktem Kunstharz, die bis heute bei der Corvette beibehalten wird. Dadurch sparte man Gewicht und die Herstellung ist heute relativ einfach. Allerdings war die Produktion der Kunststoffkarosserie zunächst aufwändig und langwierig. Motor, Getriebe und Fahrwerk stammten von anderen Chevrolet-Modellen.
Heckflossen-Erfinder Harley Earl hatte dem offenen Zweisitzer mit der Kunststoff-Karosserie seine Form gegeben – wie ein Raubtier zeigte diese Corvette die Chromzähne ihres Kühlergrills. Die geschwungenen Kotflügel spannten sich über die Radhäuser. Die Scheinwerfer lagen unter einem Steinschlagschutzgitter, am Heck gab es angedeutete Flossen. Die Panorama-Frontscheibe war an den Seiten herumgezogen. Der symmetrisch aufgebaute lackierte Armaturenträger hatte zwei halbkreisförmige Aussparungen, deren fahrerseitige einen Einsatz mit sechs Anzeigeinstrumenten enthielt. Bis zu diesem Zeitpunkt hatte die Corvette keine äußeren Türgriffe oder Seitenscheiben. Im Jahr 1954 waren ca. 80 % der verkauften Fahrzeuge „Polo Weiß“ lackiert, rund 16 % „Pennant Blau“ und die restlichen 4 % des Modelljahres „Sportsman Rot“ und „Schwarz“.
Die erste grundlegende äußere Überarbeitung der Corvette fand 1956 statt. Die Heckflossen verschwanden völlig, dafür hielten seitliche Einbuchtungen hinter den Vorderrädern und die erste Zweifarb-Lackierung in der Modellgeschichte Einzug. Äußere Türgriffe und Seitenscheiben mit Fensterkurbel waren eine weitere Neuerung dieses Jahrgangs. Das Hardtop wurde ab Werk mitgeliefert. Die bisher in die Karosserie integrierten Frontscheinwerfer lagen nun frei und standen etwas hervor, während die bei der ersten Corvette noch herausragenden Rücklichter nun in die hinteren Kotflügel integriert wurden. Es standen zusätzliche Lackierungen und Innenfarben zur Auswahl. Mit dem überarbeiteten Fahrwerk konnte die Corvette noch mehr Leistung auf die Straße bringen. Die Verkaufszahlen stiegen 1956 auf 3467 Fahrzeuge.
1958 wurde die Corvette ein weiteres Mal überarbeitet und mit Doppelscheinwerfern ausgerüstet, außerdem um 9,2 in (234 mm) verlängert und verbreitert. Aufhängung und Chassis waren im Grunde die gleichen geblieben, ebenso die einfache Starrachse. Die 1959er-Version sah im Wesentlichen genauso aus wie ihr Vorgänger, allerdings verzichtete man in diesem Jahr auf die Chromzierleisten am Heck und die großen Lüftungsschlitze auf der Motorhaube. Das Auto bot gute Fahrleistungen und war im Vergleich mit manchen Konkurrenten gut ausgestattet und konnte so 9168 mal verkauft werden. Für das Modelljahr 1959 änderte sich nicht viel. Es entfiel etwas Chromzierat und die Sitze sowie die Türpappen wurden überarbeitet. Eine neue Hinterachsfederung mit Stabilisator erhielt die Corvette 1960.
Die Verkaufszahlen stiegen weiter an. So wurden 9.670 Fahrzeuge im Jahr 1959 verkauft, 1960 fanden sich 10.261 Käufer und 1961 dann etwas mehr, nämlich 10.939. Im letzten Jahr 1962 der ersten Generation verkaufte sich die Corvette mit 14.531 am besten in den neun Produktionsjahren.
1961 wurde die C1 ein letztes Mal außen überarbeitet. Dabei wurde die Front von den Vorgängermodellen übernommen. Das Heck wurde hingegen geändert und war nun ein Bootsheck, das sowohl bei der Baureihe der C2 beibehalten wurde, als auch noch in den folgenden Modellen C3, C4 und C5 erkennbar ist. Die seit 1955 bestellbaren seitlichen akzentuierten Flächen entfielen im Jahr 1962, die Corvette gab es nur noch einfarbig.
Die vier runden Rückleuchten führte der damals neue GM-Chefdesigner Bill Mitchell ebenfalls 1961 ein. Diesem typischen Stilelement blieb GM bis heute treu, obwohl die Leuchten ab Generation C7 zwar noch paarweise angeordnet, jedoch nicht mehr rund sind.
Motor/Fahrleistungen
Der Motor war anfangs ein nur leicht veränderter „Blue Flame“-Sechszylinder-Reihenmotor aus einem Lastwagen mit einem Hubraum von 3,8 Litern (235 in3) mit einer Kompression von 8 : 1. Höhere Verdichtung und drei Carter-Einfach-Vergaser vom Type YH steigerten die Leistung auf erst 110 imp. kW (150 bhp) und ab 1954, durch eine geänderte Nockenwelle, auf 114 imp. kW (155 bhp) bei 4200 min–1 und stellten ein maximales Drehmoment von 302 Nm bei 4500 min–1 zur Verfügung.[2] Die Corvette C1 beschleunigte damit je nach Quelle in 8 bis 11 Sekunden von 0–100 km/h. Die Höchstgeschwindigkeit wurde mit 172 bis 180 km/h angegeben. Diese Fahrleistungen entsprachen jedoch sogar für damalige Verhältnisse nicht denen eines Sportwagens.
Darum verordneten Ed Cole und Zora Arkus-Duntov der Corvette C1 eine Kraftkur: Statt des bisherigen Sechszylinders entschieden sie sich für einen „Small-Block“-V8 mit zunächst 4,3 Litern (265 in3) Hubraum und 143 kW (195 bhp) bei 5000 min–1. Der erste Chevrolet-„Small-Block“-V8-Motor und somit erste Corvette-V8-Motor kam 1955 auf den Markt. Dass ein Fahrzeug damit motorisiert war, wurde mit einem großen „V“ im Namen „CheVrolet“ an den Seiten der vorderen Kotflügel gezeigt. Mit dieser Veränderung entwickelte sich die Corvette zu einem echten Sportwagen mit sehr guten Fahrleistungen. Die Beschleunigung von 0 auf ca. 100 km/h absolvierte die Corvette mit dem V8-Motor in 8,7 Sekunden. Duntov beschleunigte die Corvette in Daytona auf eine Höchstgeschwindigkeit von 150 mph (241 km/h), was zur damaligen Zeit einen respektablen Wert darstellte. 1956 wurde ebenfalls der Motor überarbeitet. Er leistete nun in der Serienstufe 210 bhp bei 5200 min–1 mit einer Verdichtung von 9,25 : 1 und war mit einem Carter Doppel-Register-Vergaser bestückt. Als Extra konnte eine Version mit 225 bhp oder 240 bhp bestellt werden. Diese beiden Motoren waren mit einer anderen Nockenwelle und zwei Doppel-Register-Vergasern ausgerüstet. Die 225 bhp-Variante beschleunigte von 0 auf rund 100 km/h in 7,3 Sekunden.
Im Jahre 1957 kam erneut ein neuer Motor in die C1. Das auf 4,6 Liter (283 in3) vergrößerte V8-Triebwerk leistete mit der neuen Einspritzung bereits 208 kW (283 bhp) und wurde 1040 mal (etwa 11 %) verkauft. Mit exakt einem PS pro cubic inch (Kubikzoll) Hubraum (umgerechnet 16,4 cm3) war damit ein sehr hoher Wert erreicht. Von 0 auf 100 km/h beschleunigte der Zweisitzer mit der leistungsstärksten Maschine in 5,7 Sekunden; er erreichte eine Höchstgeschwindigkeit von 132 mph (212 km/h). Noch schneller war die Corvette des letzten Jahrgangs dieser ersten Modellgeneration.
Die Motorenpalette reichte dann schließlich 1958 von einem V8 mit 169 kW (230 bhp) bis zum stärksten Motor mit 213 kW (290 bhp) und Einspritzung. Ersterer beschleunigte in 9,2 Sekunden auf rund 100 km/h, letzterer benötigte für den Sprint nur 6,9 Sekunden. Am beliebtesten war aber die Grundversion mit 4,6-Liter-Motor, deren Fahrleistungen als ausreichend empfunden wurden. Ab 1960 wurden beim V8-Motor Zylinderköpfe aus Aluminium verwendet.
Die letzte 1962er-Version der Corvette C1 war mit dem 5,3-Liter-V8 (327 in3) ausgestattet. Dieser war der stärkste je lieferbare Motor für die C1. Er leistete, ebenfalls mit Einspritzung ausgestattet, 360 brutto SAE-PS und beschleunigte die Corvette auf bis zu 241 km/h. Leistungsvarianten waren ebenfalls eine 300 bhp- sowie 340 bhp-Variante.
Getriebe
Anfangs hatte das Auto die Zweigang-Powerglide-Automatik, es stand auch ein Handschaltgetriebe zur Wahl. Die Verkaufszahlen stiegen jedoch erst, als der damals neue Corvette-Chefingenieur Zora Arkus-Duntov die V8-Version mit einem Dreigang-Schaltgetriebe kombinierte.
1957 konnten Autokäufer erstmals bei der Corvette auf Wunsch ein Handschaltgetriebe mit einer Kraftstoffeinspritzung kombinieren. Das neue Automatikgetriebe besaß nun vier statt drei Stufen. Im Modelljahr 1960 wurden mehr als die Hälfte der Fahrzeuge mit dem manuellen 4-Gang-Getriebe ausgeliefert, im Jahr 1961 waren es sogar 64 %. Ab 1962 hatte das Automatikgetriebe der Corvette ein Aluminiumgehäuse.
Hybrid als Hommage
Eine Zusammenarbeit der American Made Corporation und Beijing Locomotive Co., Ltd. bietet seit 2020 unter der chinesischen Marke Songsan Motors ein, von der C1 des Baujahres 1958, inspiriertes Fahrzeug unter dem Namen SS Dolphin an. Der als PlugIn-Hybrid konstruierte Wagen beschleunigt in 4,9 Sekunden auf 100 km/h und kostet ¥ 590.000 (ca. 74.000 Euro, Stand September 2020). Der Antrieb besteht aus einem turboaufgeladenen 1,5-Liter-Ottomotor sowie einem Elektromotor, welcher von einem 16 kWh-leistenden Akku versorgt wird. Damit hat der SS Dolphin eine 90 bis 100 km rein elektrische Reichweite. Die Systemleistung beträgt 230 kW bei 535 Nm und wirkt auf ein manuelles Sechsgang-Schaltgetriebe mit Vorderradantrieb. Das Fahrzeug hat eine Länge von 4800 mm, eine Breite von 1850 mm und eine Höhe von 1390 mm.
(Wikipedia)
Been working through Christmas so feeling great to now spend time with family (that of course includes my lovely Breagha) and be out with the camera. Wouldn't want any else
In Her Own Image, the latest offering from the Female Self-Portrait Artists' Support Group includes the work of 87 members of the currently 1500+ strong group.
In Her Own Image is the second collaboration by members of the FSPASG.
At 316 pages, In Her Own Image is certainly a weighty tome of beautiful imagery and a wonderful addition to your collection with more artists to meet and enjoy the work of.
Three of my self-portraits are featured in the book, along with this one! I am very proud to have my work published in this collection and to be a part of this group with so many tremendously talented women.
If you would like to purchase a copy it is available here:
www.blurb.com/bookstore/invited/551886/447e2f3c4b0523925f...
all proceeds will be going to Madre, an international womens human rights organization.
Blog #006
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The national waterways museum is in Cheshire UK at the northern end of the Shropshire union canal where it meets the Manchester ship canal.
It focuses on Britain's navigable inland waterways including its rivers and canals and include canal boats history and tradition of life on the UKs inland waterways.
The Canal & River trust holds guardianship of 2,000 miles of Canals and rivers together with reservoir's and a wide range of heritage buildings and structures
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Marketplace Schwandorf
Ensemble marketplace. The ensemble includes the elongated triangular marketplace, the urban center of Schwandorf.
The settlement, emerged southeast above a ford of the Naab River and 1006 for the first time mentioned as a villa, received in 1299 by the Bavarian Duke a municipal constitution, but gained full city rights not before 1466. The marketplace expands transversely towards the direction of the old thoroughfare Regensburg-Amberg, flowing in the southern corner and re-emerging in the middle of the northwestern flank. In this area of the square, which has the greatest width, rose detached until 1803 the old town hall.
Opposite, to the northeast, the square room narrows like a funnel toward the late Gothic tower at the south side of the parish church, which stood free until 1868 and dominates the entire square image. The development partly still stems from the late Middle Ages, though the former private residences are strongly renewed. Dominating is the house type of gabled houses whose plaster facades were often crowned by stepped gables.
E-3-76-161-1
Marktplatz Schwandorf
Ensemble Marktplatz. Das Ensemble umfasst den langgezogenen dreieckigen Marktplatz, den städtebaulichen Mittelpunkt Schwandorfs.
Die Siedlung, südöstlich über einer Furt des Naab-Flusses entstanden und 1006 erstmals als villa genannt, erhielt 1299 vom bayerischen Herzog eine städtische Verfassung, erlangte aber erst 1466 volles Stadtrecht. Der Marktplatz weitet sich quer zur Richtung der alten Durchgangsstraße Regensburg-Amberg aus, die in der Südecke einmündet und in der Mitte der nordwestlichen Flanke wieder austritt. In diesem Bereich des Platzes, der die größte Weite aufweist, erhob sich freistehend bis 1803 das alte Rathaus.
Gegenüber, nach Nordosten, verengt sich der Platzraum trichterartig in Richtung auf den spätgotischen Turm an der Südseite der Stadtpfarrkirche, der bis 1868 frei stand und das gesamte Platzbild beherrscht. Die Bebauung entstammt teilweise noch dem ausgehenden Mittelalter, wenn auch die ehemaligen bürgerlichen Wohnbauten stark erneuert sind. Vorherrschend ist der Haustyp der Giebelhäuser, deren Putzfassaden häufig von Treppengiebeln bekrönt waren.
E-3-76-161-1
de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_der_Baudenkm%C3%A4ler_in_Schw...
Ipê Amarelo, Tabebuia [chrysotricha or ochracea].
Ipê-amarelo em Brasília (UnB), Brasil.
This tree is in Brasília, Capital of Brazil.
Text, in english, from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
"Trumpet tree" redirects here. This term is occasionally used for the Shield-leaved Pumpwood (Cecropia peltata).
Tabebuia
Flowering Araguaney or ipê-amarelo (Tabebuia chrysantha) in central Brazil
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Eudicots
(unranked): Asterids
Order: Lamiales
Family: Bignoniaceae
Tribe: Tecomeae
Genus: Tabebuia
Gomez
Species
Nearly 100.
Tabebuia is a neotropical genus of about 100 species in the tribe Tecomeae of the family Bignoniaceae. The species range from northern Mexico and the Antilles south to northern Argentina and central Venezuela, including the Caribbean islands of Hispaniola (Dominican Republic and Haiti) and Cuba. Well-known common names include Ipê, Poui, trumpet trees and pau d'arco.
They are large shrubs and trees growing to 5 to 50 m (16 to 160 ft.) tall depending on the species; many species are dry-season deciduous but some are evergreen. The leaves are opposite pairs, complex or palmately compound with 3–7 leaflets.
Tabebuia is a notable flowering tree. The flowers are 3 to 11 cm (1 to 4 in.) wide and are produced in dense clusters. They present a cupular calyx campanulate to tubular, truncate, bilabiate or 5-lobed. Corolla colors vary between species ranging from white, light pink, yellow, lavender, magenta, or red. The outside texture of the flower tube is either glabrous or pubescentThe fruit is a dehiscent pod, 10 to 50 cm (4 to 20 in.) long, containing numerous—in some species winged—seeds. These pods often remain on the tree through dry season until the beginning of the rainy.
Species in this genus are important as timber trees. The wood is used for furniture, decking, and other outdoor uses. It is increasingly popular as a decking material due to its insect resistance and durability. By 2007, FSC-certified ipê wood had become readily available on the market, although certificates are occasionally forged.
Tabebuia is widely used as ornamental tree in the tropics in landscaping gardens, public squares, and boulevards due to its impressive and colorful flowering. Many flowers appear on still leafless stems at the end of the dry season, making the floral display more conspicuous. They are useful as honey plants for bees, and are popular with certain hummingbirds. Naturalist Madhaviah Krishnan on the other hand once famously took offense at ipé grown in India, where it is not native.
Lapacho teaThe bark of several species has medical properties. The bark is dried, shredded, and then boiled making a bitter or sour-tasting brownish-colored tea. Tea from the inner bark of Pink Ipê (T. impetiginosa) is known as Lapacho or Taheebo. Its main active principles are lapachol, quercetin, and other flavonoids. It is also available in pill form. The herbal remedy is typically used during flu and cold season and for easing smoker's cough. It apparently works as expectorant, by promoting the lungs to cough up and free deeply embedded mucus and contaminants. However, lapachol is rather toxic and therefore a more topical use e.g. as antibiotic or pesticide may be advisable. Other species with significant folk medical use are T. alba and Yellow Lapacho (T. serratifolia)
Tabebuia heteropoda, T. incana, and other species are occasionally used as an additive to the entheogenic drink Ayahuasca.
Mycosphaerella tabebuiae, a plant pathogenic sac fungus, was first discovered on an ipê tree.
Tabebuia alba
Tabebuia anafensis
Tabebuia arimaoensis
Tabebuia aurea – Caribbean Trumpet Tree
Tabebuia bilbergii
Tabebuia bibracteolata
Tabebuia cassinoides
Tabebuia chrysantha – Araguaney, Yellow Ipê, tajibo (Bolivia), ipê-amarelo (Brazil), cañaguate (N Colombia)
Tabebuia chrysotricha – Golden Trumpet Tree
Tabebuia donnell-smithii Rose – Gold Tree, "Prima Vera", Cortez blanco (El Salvador), San Juan (Honduras), palo blanco (Guatemala),duranga (Mexico)
A native of Mexico and Central Americas, considered one of the most colorful of all Central American trees. The leaves are deciduous. Masses of golden-yellow flowers cover the crown after the leaves are shed.
Tabebuia dubia
Tabebuia ecuadorensis
Tabebuia elongata
Tabebuia furfuracea
Tabebuia geminiflora Rizz. & Mattos
Tabebuia guayacan (Seem.) Hemsl.
Tabebuia haemantha
Tabebuia heptaphylla (Vell.) Toledo – tajy
Tabebuia heterophylla – roble prieto
Tabebuia heteropoda
Tabebuia hypoleuca
Tabebuia impetiginosa – Pink Ipê, Pink Lapacho, ipê-cavatã, ipê-comum, ipê-reto, ipê-rosa, ipê-roxo-damata, pau d'arco-roxo, peúva, piúva (Brazil), lapacho negro (Spanish); not "brazilwood"
Tabebuia incana
Tabebuia jackiana
Tabebuia lapacho – lapacho amarillo
Tabebuia orinocensis A.H. Gentry[verification needed]
Tabebuia ochracea
Tabebuia oligolepis
Tabebuia pallida – Cuban Pink Trumpet Tree
Tabebuia platyantha
Tabebuia polymorpha
Tabebuia rosea (Bertol.) DC.[verification needed] (= T. pentaphylla (L.) Hemsley) – Pink Poui, Pink Tecoma, apama, apamate, matilisguate
A popular street tree in tropical cities because of its multi-annular masses of light pink to purple flowers and modest size. The roots are not especially destructive for roads and sidewalks. It is the national tree of El Salvador and the state tree of Cojedes, Venezuela
Tabebuia roseo-alba – White Ipê, ipê-branco (Brazil), lapacho blanco
Tabebuia serratifolia – Yellow Lapacho, Yellow Poui, ipê-roxo (Brazil)
Tabebuia shaferi
Tabebuia striata
Tabebuia subtilis Sprague & Sandwith
Tabebuia umbellata
Tabebuia vellosoi Toledo
Ipê-do-cerrado
Texto, em português, da Wikipédia, a enciclopédia livre.
Ipê-do-cerrado
Classificação científica
Reino: Plantae
Divisão: Magnoliophyta
Classe: Magnoliopsida
Subclasse: Asteridae
Ordem: Lamiales
Família: Bignoniaceae
Género: Tabebuia
Espécie: T. ochracea
Nome binomial
Tabebuia ochracea
(Cham.) Standl. 1832
Sinónimos
Bignonia tomentosa Pav. ex DC.
Handroanthus ochraceus (Cham.) Mattos
Tabebuia chrysantha (Jacq.) G. Nicholson
Tabebuia hypodictyon A. DC.) Standl.
Tabebuia neochrysantha A.H. Gentry
Tabebuia ochracea subsp. heteropoda (A. DC.) A.H. Gentry
Tabebuia ochracea subsp. neochrysantha (A.H. Gentry) A.H. Gentry
Tecoma campinae Kraenzl.
ecoma grandiceps Kraenzl.
Tecoma hassleri Sprague
Tecoma hemmendorffiana Kraenzl.
Tecoma heteropoda A. DC.
Tecoma hypodictyon A. DC.
Tecoma ochracea Cham.
Ipê-do-cerrado é um dos nomes populares da Tabebuia ochracea (Cham.) Standl. 1832, nativa do cerrado brasileiro, no estados de Amazonas, Pará, Maranhão, Piauí, Ceará, Pernambuco, Bahia, Espírito Santo, Goiás, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo e Paraná.
Está na lista de espécies ameaçadas do estado de São Paulo, onde é encontrda também no domínio da Mata Atlântica[1].
Ocorre também na Argentina, Paraguai, Bolívia, Equador, Peru, Venezuela, Guiana, El Salvador, Guatemala e Panamá[2].
Há uma espécie homônima descrita por A.H. Gentry em 1992.
Outros nomes populares: ipê-amarelo, ipê-cascudo, ipê-do-campo, ipê-pardo, pau-d'arco-do-campo, piúva, tarumã.
Características
Altura de 6 a 14 m. Tronco tortuso com até 50 cm de diâmetro. Folhas pilosas em ambas as faces, mais na inferior, que é mais clara.
Planta decídua, heliófita, xerófita, nativa do cerrado em solos bem drenados.
Floresce de julho a setembro. Os frutos amadurecem de setembro a outubro.
FloresProduz grande quantidade de sementes leves, aladas com pequenas reservas, e que perdem a viabilidade em menos de 90 dias após coleta. A sua conservação vem sendo estudada em termos de determinação da condição ideal de armazenamento, e tem demonstrado a importância de se conhecer o comportamento da espécie quando armazenada com diferentes teores de umidade inicial, e a umidade de equilíbrio crítica para a espécie (KANO; MÁRQUEZ & KAGEYAMA, 1978). As levíssimas sementes aladas da espécie não necessitam de quebra de dormência. Podem apenas ser expostas ao sol por cerca de 6 horas e semeadas diretamente nos saquinhos. A germinação ocorre após 30 dias e de 80%. As sementes são ortodoxas e há aproximadamente 72 000 sementes em cada quilo.
O desenvolvimento da planta é rápido.
Como outros ipês, a madeira é usada em tacos, assoalhos, e em dormentes e postes. Presta-se também para peças torneadas e instrumento musicais.
Tabebuia alba (Ipê-Amarelo)
Texto, em português, produzido pela Acadêmica Giovana Beatriz Theodoro Marto
Supervisão e orientação do Prof. Luiz Ernesto George Barrichelo e do Eng. Paulo Henrique Müller
Atualizado em 10/07/2006
O ipê amarelo é a árvore brasileira mais conhecida, a mais cultivada e, sem dúvida nenhuma, a mais bela. É na verdade um complexo de nove ou dez espécies com características mais ou menos semelhantes, com flores brancas, amarelas ou roxas. Não há região do país onde não exista pelo menos uma espécie dele, porém a existência do ipê em habitat natural nos dias atuais é rara entre a maioria das espécies (LORENZI,2000).
A espécie Tabebuia alba, nativa do Brasil, é uma das espécies do gênero Tabebuia que possui “Ipê Amarelo” como nome popular. O nome alba provém de albus (branco em latim) e é devido ao tomento branco dos ramos e folhas novas.
As árvores desta espécie proporcionam um belo espetáculo com sua bela floração na arborização de ruas em algumas cidades brasileiras. São lindas árvores que embelezam e promovem um colorido no final do inverno. Existe uma crença popular de que quando o ipê-amarelo floresce não vão ocorrer mais geadas. Infelizmente, a espécie é considerada vulnerável quanto à ameaça de extinção.
A Tabebuia alba, natural do semi-árido alagoano está adaptada a todas as regiões fisiográficas, levando o governo, por meio do Decreto nº 6239, a transformar a espécie como a árvore símbolo do estado, estando, pois sob a sua tutela, não mais podendo ser suprimida de seus habitats naturais.
Taxonomia
Família: Bignoniaceae
Espécie: Tabebuia Alba (Chamiso) Sandwith
Sinonímia botânica: Handroanthus albus (Chamiso) Mattos; Tecoma alba Chamisso
Outros nomes vulgares: ipê-amarelo, ipê, aipê, ipê-branco, ipê-mamono, ipê-mandioca, ipê-ouro, ipê-pardo, ipê-vacariano, ipê-tabaco, ipê-do-cerrado, ipê-dourado, ipê-da-serra, ipezeiro, pau-d’arco-amarelo, taipoca.
Aspectos Ecológicos
O ipê-amarelo é uma espécie heliófita (Planta adaptada ao crescimento em ambiente aberto ou exposto à luz direta) e decídua (que perde as folhas em determinada época do ano). Pertence ao grupo das espécies secundárias iniciais (DURIGAN & NOGUEIRA, 1990).
Abrange a Floresta Pluvial da Mata Atlântica e da Floresta Latifoliada Semidecídua, ocorrendo principalmente no interior da Floresta Primária Densa. É característica de sub-bosques dos pinhais, onde há regeneração regular.
Informações Botânicas
Morfologia
As árvores de Tabebuia alba possuem cerca de 30 metros de altura. O tronco é reto ou levemente tortuoso, com fuste de 5 a 8 m de altura. A casca externa é grisáceo-grossa, possuindo fissuras longitudinais esparas e profundas. A coloração desta é cinza-rosa intenso, com camadas fibrosas, muito resistentes e finas, porém bem distintas.
Com ramos grossos, tortuosos e compridos, o ipê-amarelo possui copa alongada e alargada na base. As raízes de sustentação e absorção são vigorosas e profundas.
As folhas, deciduais, são opostas, digitadas e compostas. A face superior destas folhas é verde-escura, e, a face inferior, acinzentada, sendo ambas as faces tomentosas. Os pecíolos das folhas medem de 2,5 a 10 cm de comprimento. Os folíolos, geralmente, apresentam-se em número de 5 a 7, possuindo de 7 a 18 cm de comprimento por 2 a 6 cm de largura. Quando jovem estes folíolos são densamente pilosos em ambas as faces. O ápice destes é pontiagudo, com base arredondada e margem serreada.
As flores, grandes e lanceoladas, são de coloração amarelo-ouro. Possuem em média 8X15 cm.
Quanto aos frutos, estes possuem forma de cápsula bivalvar e são secos e deiscentes. Do tipo síliqua, lembram uma vagem. Medem de 15 a 30 cm de comprimento por 1,5 a 2,5 cm de largura. As valvas são finamente tomentosas com pêlos ramificados. Possuem grande quantidade de sementes.
As sementes são membranáceas brilhantes e esbranquiçadas, de coloração marrom. Possuem de 2 a 3 cm de comprimento por 7 a 9 mm de largura e são aladas.
Reprodução
A espécie é caducifólia e a queda das folhas coincide com o período de floração. A floração inicia-se no final de agosto, podendo ocorrer alguma variação devido a fenômenos climáticos. Como a espécie floresce no final do inverno é influenciada pela intensidade do mesmo. Quanto mais frio e seco for o inverno, maior será a intensidade da florada do ipê amarelo.
As flores por sua exuberância, atraem abelhas e pássaros, principalmente beija-flores que são importantes agentes polinizadores. Segundo CARVALHO (2003), a espécie possui como vetor de polinização a abelha mamangava (Bombus morio).
As sementes são dispersas pelo vento.
A planta é hermafrodita, e frutifica nos meses de setembro, outubro, novembro, dezembro, janeiro e fevereiro, dependendo da sua localização. Em cultivo, a espécie inicia o processo reprodutivo após o terceiro ano.
Ocorrência Natural
Ocorre naturalmente na Floresta Estaciobal Semidecicual, Floresta de Araucária e no Cerrado.
Segundo o IBGE, a Tabebuia alba (Cham.) Sandw. é uma árvore do Cerrado, Cerradão e Mata Seca. Apresentando-se nos campos secos (savana gramíneo-lenhosa), próximo às escarpas.
Clima
Segundo a classificação de Köppen, o ipê-amarelo abrange locais de clima tropical (Aw), subtropical úmido (Cfa), sutropical de altitude (Cwa e Cwb) e temperado.
A T.alba pode tolerar até 81 geadas em um ano. Ocorre em locais onde a temperatura média anual varia de 14,4ºC como mínimo e 22,4ºC como máximo.
Solo
A espécie prefere solos úmidos, com drenagem lenta e geralmente não muito ondulados (LONGHI, 1995).
Aparece em terras de boa à média fertilidade, em solos profundos ou rasos, nas matas e raramente cerradões (NOGUEIRA, 1977).
Pragas e Doenças
De acordo com CARVALHO (2003), possui como praga a espécie de coleópteros Cydianerus bohemani da família Curculionoideae e um outro coleóptero da família Chrysomellidae. Apesar da constatação de elevados índices populacionais do primeiro, os danos ocasionados até o momento são leves. Nas praças e ruas de Curitiba - PR, 31% das árvores foram atacadas pela Cochonilha Ceroplastes grandis.
ZIDKO (2002), ao estudar no município de Piracicaba a associação de coleópteros em espécies arbóreas, verificou a presença de insetos adultos da espécie Sitophilus linearis da família de coleópteros, Curculionidae, em estruturas reprodutivas. Os insetos adultos da espécie emergiram das vagens do ipê, danificando as sementes desta espécie nativa.
ANDRADE (1928) assinalou diversas espécies de Cerambycidae atacando essências florestais vivas, como ingazeiro, cinamomo, cangerana, cedro, caixeta, jacarandá, araribá, jatobá, entre outras como o ipê amarelo.
A Madeira
A Tabebuia alba produz madeira de grande durabilidade e resistência ao apodrecimento (LONGHI,1995).
MANIERI (1970) caracteriza o cerne desta espécie como de cor pardo-havana-claro, pardo-havan-escuro, ou pardo-acastanhado, com reflexos esverdeados. A superfície da madeira é irregularmente lustrosa, lisa ao tato, possuindo textura media e grã-direita.
Com densidade entre 0,90 e 1,15 grama por centímetro cúbico, a madeira é muito dura (LORENZI, 1992), apresentando grande dificuldade ao serrar.
A madeira possui cheiro e gosto distintos. Segundo LORENZI (1992), o cheiro característico é devido à presença da substância lapachol, ou ipeína.
Usos da Madeira
Sendo pesada, com cerne escuro, adquire grande valor comercial na marcenaria e carpintaria. Também é utilizada para fabricação de dormentes, moirões, pontes, postes, eixos de roda, varais de carroça, moendas de cana, etc.
Produtos Não-Madeireiros
A entrecasca do ipê-amarelo possui propriedades terapêuticas como adstringente, usada no tratamento de garganta e estomatites. É também usada como diurético.
O ipê-amarelo possui flores melíferas e que maduras podem ser utilizadas na alimentação humana.
Outros Usos
É comumente utilizada em paisagismo de parques e jardins pela beleza e porte. Além disso, é muito utilizada na arborização urbana.
Segundo MOREIRA & SOUZA (1987), o ipê-amarelo costuma povoar as beiras dos rios sendo, portanto, indicado para recomposição de matas ciliares. MARTINS (1986), também cita a espécie para recomposição de matas ciliares da Floresta Estacional Semidecidual, abrangendo alguns municípios das regiões Norte, Noroeste e parte do Oeste do Estado do Paraná.
Aspectos Silviculturais
Possui a tendência a crescer reto e sem bifurcações quando plantado em reflorestamento misto, pois é espécie monopodial. A desrrama se faz muito bem e a cicatrização é boa. Sendo assim, dificilmente encopa quando nova, a não ser que seja plantado em parques e jardins.
Ao ser utilizada em arborização urbana, o ipê amarelo requer podas de condução com freqüência mediana.
Espécie heliófila apresenta a pleno sol ramificação cimosa, registrando-se assim dicotomia para gema apical. Deve ser preconizada, para seu melhor aproveitamento madeireiro, podas de formação usuais (INQUE et al., 1983).
Produção de Mudas
A propagação deve realizada através de enxertia.
Os frutos devem ser coletados antes da dispersão, para evitar a perda de sementes. Após a coleta as sementes são postas em ambiente ventilado e a extração é feita manualmente. As sementes do ipê amarelo são ortodoxas, mantendo a viabilidade natural por até 3 meses em sala e por até 9 meses em vidro fechado, em câmara fria.
A condução das mudas deve ser feita a pleno sol. A muda atinge cerca de 30 cm em 9 meses, apresentando tolerância ao sol 3 semanas após a germinação.
Sementes
Os ipês, espécies do gênero Tabebuia, produzem uma grande quantidade de sementes leves, aladas com pequenas reservas, e que perdem a viabilidade em poucos dias após a sua coleta. A sua conservação vem sendo estudada em termos de determinação da condição ideal de armazenamento, e tem demonstrado a importância de se conhecer o comportamento da espécie quando armazenada com diferentes teores de umidade inicial, e a umidade de equilíbrio crítica para a espécie (KANO; MÁRQUEZ & KAGEYAMA, 1978).
As levíssimas sementes aladas da espécie não necessitam de quebra de dormência. Podem apenas ser expostas ao sol por cerca de 6 horas e semeadas diretamente nos saquinhos. A quebra natural leva cerca de 3 meses e a quebra na câmara leva 9 meses. A germinação ocorre após 30 dias e de 80%.
As sementes são ortodoxas e há aproximadamente 87000 sementes em cada quilo.
Preço da Madeira no Mercado
O preço médio do metro cúbico de pranchas de ipê no Estado do Pará cotado em Julho e Agosto de 2005 foi de R$1.200,00 o preço mínimo, R$ 1509,35 o médio e R$ 2.000,00 o preço máximo (CEPEA,2005).
German postcard by Kolibri-Verlag, Minden/Westf., no. 2515. Photo: Universal International. Claudia Cardinale in The Hell with Heroes (Joseph Sargent, 1968).
Italian actress Claudia Cardinale (1938) is one of Europe's iconic and most versatile film stars. The combination of her beauty, dark, flashing eyes, explosive sexuality and genuine acting talent virtually guaranteed her stardom. Her most notable films include 8½ (Federico Fellini, 1963), Il Gattopardo/The Leopard (Luchino Visconti, 1963) and Once Upon a Time in the West (Sergio Leone, 1968).
Claude Joséphine Rose Cardinale was born in La Goulette in Tunisia in 1938 (some sources claim 1939). Her mother, Yolande Greco, was born in Tunisia to Italian (Sicilian) emigrants from Trapani, Italy. Her father was an Italian (Sicilian) railway worker, born in Gela, Italy. Her native languages were Tunisian Arabic and French. She received a French education and she had to learn Italian once she pursued her acting career. She had her break in films after she was voted the most beautiful Italian girl in Tunisia in 1957. The contest of the Italian embassy had as a prize a trip to the Venice Film Festival. She made her film debut in the French-Tunisian coproduction Goha (Jacques Baratier, 1958) starring Omar Sharif. After attending the Centro Sperimentale di Cinematografia in Rome for two months, she signed a 7-year contract with the Vides studios. The contract forbade her to cut her hair, to marry or to gain weight. Later that year she had a role in the heist comedy I soliti ignoti/Big Deal On Madonna Street (Mario Monicelli, 1958) with Vittorio Gassman and Renato Salvatori. The film was an international success, and her film career was off and running. At this point, the press, noting her initials, announced that CC was the natural successor to BB (Brigitte Bardot), and began beating the drum on her behalf. Dozens of alluring photographs of Claudia Cardinale were displayed in newspapers and magazines throughout the world. According to IMDb, she has appeared on more than 900 magazine covers in over 25 countries. The contrast between these pictures and those of Marilyn Monroe or Jayne Mansfield is striking. Cardinale never appeared in a nude or fully topless scene. Her pictures promoted an image of a shy family girl who just happened to have a beautiful face and a sexy body. A photograph of Cardinale was featured in the original gate fold artwork to Bob Dylan's album Blonde on Blonde (1966), but because it was used without Cardinale's permission, the photo was removed from the cover art in later pressings.
Claudia Cardinale's early career was largely managed producer Franco Cristaldi. Because of her film contract, she told everyone that her son Patrizio was her baby brother. He was born out of wedlock when she was 17; the father was a mysterious Frenchman. She did not reveal to the child that he was her son until he was 19 years old. In 1966, she married Cristaldi, who adopted Patrizio. In only three years she made a stream of great films. First she made three successful comedies, Un Maledetto imbroglio/The Facts of Murder (Pietro Germi, 1959), Il Bell'Antonio/Bell'Antonio (Mauro Bolognini, 1960) featuring Marcello Mastroianni, and Audace colpo dei soliti ignoti/Fiasco in Milan (Nanni Loy, 1960). Cardinale had a supporting part in the epic drama Rocco e i suoi fratelli/Rocco and His Brothers (Luchino Visconti, 1960) in which she played the sister-in-law of Alain Delon and Renato Salvatori. And then followed leading parts in La Ragazza con la valigia/Girl with a Suitcase (Valerio Zurlini, 1961), La Viaccia/The Lovemakers (Mauro Bolognini, 1961) with Jean-Paul Belmondo, and Senilità/Careless (Mauro Bolognini, 1961). Claudia Cardinale had a deep, sultry voice and spoke Italian with a heavy French accent, so her voice was dubbed in her early films. In Federico Fellini's 8½ (1963), she was finally allowed to dub her own dialogue. In the film, she plays a dream woman - a character named Claudia, who is the object of the fantasies of the director in the film, played by Marcello Mastroianni. With Fellini's surrealistic masterpiece she received her widest exposure to date with this film. That same year, she also appeared in another masterpiece of the Italian cinema, the epic Il Gattopardo/The Leopard (Luchino Visconti, 1963) with Burt Lancaster and Alain Delon. The combined success of these two classic films made her rise to the front ranks of the Italian cinema. And it also piqued Hollywood's interest.
In 1963 Claudia Cardinale played the princess who owned the Pink Panther diamond in The Pink Panther (Blake Edwards, 1963) which was filmed in Italy. It was the first in the series of detective comedies starring Peter Sellers as bumbling French Inspector Jacques Clouseau (the mishap-prone snoop was actually a supporting player in his debut). The film was an enormous success and brought CC to English speaking audiences. In 1964 she co-starred with John Wayne and Rita Hayworth in her first American production, Circus World (Henry Hathaway, 1964). It was another box-office hit. The following year she appeared with Rock Hudson in Blindfold (Philip Dunne, 1966), an offbeat mixture of espionage and slapstick comedy. The Professionals (Richard Brooks, 1966) is her favourite among her Hollywood films. In this Western she is a gutsy Mexican woman married against her will to a rich American. The film received Academy Award nominations for Best Direction (Richard Brooks), Best Screenplay (Brooks again), and Best Cinematography (Conrad L. Hall). Cardinale continued dividing her time between Hollywood and Europe for the remainder of the decade. Throughout the 1960s, Claudia Cardinale also appeared in some of the best European films. In France she appeared in the Swashbuckler Cartouche (Philippe de Broca, 1962) featuring Jean-Paul Belmondo. Back in Italy, she played in I Giorno della civetta/The Day of the Owl (Damiano Damiani, 1968) with Franco Nero, and Nell'anno del Signore/The Conspirators (Luigi Magni, 1969) with Nino Manfredi. Mesmerizing is her performance in Sandra/Vaghe stelle dell'Orsa... (Luchino Visconti, 1965) as a Holocaust survivor with an incestuous relationship with her brother (Jean Sorel). Another highlight in her career is C'era una volta il West/Once Upon a Time in the West (Sergio Leone, 1968), the ultimate Spaghetti Western. Lucia Bozzola writes in her review at AllMovie: "In Sergio Leone's epic Western, shot partly in Monument Valley, a revenge story becomes an epic contemplation of the Western past. (...) As in his 'Dollars' trilogy, Leone transforms the standard Western plot through the visual impact of widescreen landscapes and the figures therein. At its full length, Once Upon a Time in the West is Leone's operatic masterwork, worthy of its legend-making title."
In the following decades, Claudia Cardinale remained mainly active in the European cinema. She played a small part for Visconti in Gruppo di famiglia in un interno/Conversation Piece (Luchino Visconti, 1974) starring Burt Lancaster and Silvana Mangano. She worked with other major Italian directors at Goodbye e amen (Damiano Damiani, 1977), the TV mini-series Jesus of Nazareth (Franco Zeffirelli, 1977) as the adulteress, and La Pelle/The Skin (Liliana Cavani, 1981) starring Marcello Mastroianni and based on the bitter novel by Curzio Malaparte concerning the Allied liberation of Naples. An international arthouse hit was Fitzcarraldo (Werner Herzog, 1982), the story of an obsessed impresario (Klaus Kinski) whose foremost desire in life is to bring both Enrico Caruso and an opera house to the deepest jungles of South America. In his diary of the making of Fitzcarraldo, Werner Herzog writes: "Claudia Cardinale is great help because she is such a good sport, a real trouper, and has a special radiance before the camera. In her presence, [Klaus Kinski] usually acts like a gentleman." Other interesting films include the Luigi Pirandello adaptation Enrico IV/Henry IV (Marco Bellocchio, 1984) with Marcello Mastroianni, the epic La révolution française/The French Revolution (Robert Enrico, Richard T. Heffron, 1989), the nostalgic drama Mayrig/Mother (Henri Verneuil, 1991), and the romantic thriller And now... Ladies and Gentlemen (Claude Lelouch, 2002) starring Jeremy Irons. On Television she gave another well-received performance in the TV drama La storia/History (Luigi Comencini, 1986), in which she plays a widow raising a son during World War II.
Claudia Cardinale is a liberal with strong political convictions. She is involved in many humanitarian causes, and pro-women and pro-gay issues, and she has frequently stated her pride in her Tunisian and Arab roots - as evidenced by her appearance as herself in the Tunisian film Un été à La Goulette/A Summer at La Goulette (Férid Boughedir, 1996). She has managed to combine her acting work with a role of goodwill ambassador for UNICEF, and advocate for the work of Luchino Visconti with whom she made four films. She wrote an autobiography, Moi Claudia, Toi Claudia (Me Claudia, You Claudia). In 2005, she also published a French-language book, Mes Etoiles (My Stars), about her personal and professional relationships with many of her directors and co-stars through her nearly 50 years in show-business. In 2002, she won an honorary Golden Bear award of the Berlin Film Festival, and previously in 1993 she was awarded an honorary Golden Lion at the Venice Film Festival. Cardinale works steadily on and in recent years she has also worked in the theatre. In the cinema she appeared recently in the French-Tunisian gay drama Le fil/The String (Mehdi Ben Attia, 2009), the Algerian drama Un balcon sur la mer/A View of Love (Nicole Garcia, 2010) in which she played the mother of Jean Dujardin, and the costume drama Effie Gray (Richard Laxton, 2014) with Dakota Fanning. Claudia Cardinale currently lives in Paris. She has made over 135 films in the past 60 years, and still does two or three a year.
Sources: Lucia Bozzola (AllMovie), Steve Rose (The Guardian), IMDb, and Wikipedia.
And, please check out our blog European Film Star Postcards.
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Description: A superb historical archive documenting a critical moment in Middle Eastern diplomacy. This set includes a June 26, 1965, UN 20th Anniversary FDC (San Francisco) hand-signed in black fountain pen by Secretary-General U Thant and US Ambassador Arthur Goldberg.
The Official UN Photo:
Accompanied by an unsigned, handstamped Official UN Press Photograph dated November 21, 1966. The photo documents the Security Council’s 1325th meeting regarding a Jordanian complaint of Israeli aggression following the Samu Incident. The typed information on the back notes the Council heard from Jordan, Uruguay, and Israel, while Ambassador Goldberg (US) spoke under the right of reply. This meeting led directly to Resolution 228, censuring the military action.
Details:
FDC Postmark: 26 June 1965 – San Francisco, CA.
Photo Source: Official UN Photo (Handstamped verso).
Signatories: U Thant & Arthur Goldberg (FDC only).
Historical Significance: The Samu Incident:
The meeting was convened at the urgent request of Jordan following the Samu Incident (Operation Shredder) on November 13, 1966. This was the largest Israeli military operation since the 1956 Suez Crisis, involving a cross-border assault on the West Bank village of Samu.
The Meeting: As noted on the back of the UN photo, the Council heard statements from Jordan, Uruguay, and Israel.
The US Role: Represented by Arthur Goldberg, the US exercised its "right of reply" and was instrumental in the subsequent Resolution 228, which was adopted just days later on November 25 to censure Israel for the military action.
The Outcome: This period is considered a primary contributing factor to the outbreak of the Six-Day War in 1967.
The Architects of 1960s Diplomacy: U Thant and Arthur Goldberg:
This archive brings together two of the most influential peacemakers of the Cold War era. U Thant (1909–1974), the third Secretary-General of the United Nations, was a soft-spoken but firm diplomat from Burma who famously mediated the Cuban Missile Crisis and worked tirelessly to find a negotiated end to the Vietnam War. Serving alongside him during the critical mid-1960s was Arthur Goldberg (1908–1990), a rare American statesman who resigned a lifetime appointment as a U.S. Supreme Court Justice to serve as the U.S. Ambassador to the UN at the height of global tension. Their partnership was essential in navigating the "crises of 1966," ranging from the leadership stability of the UN Secretariat to the volatile border conflicts between Jordan and Israel. Together, they represented the pinnacle of international cooperation during one of the 20th century's most dangerous decades.
LINK to video - U Thant - the third Secretary-General of the United Nations - www.youtube.com/watch?v=H2nwvLUSPaU
LINK to video - DiFilm - Speech Arthur Goldberg in United Nations 1967 - www.youtube.com/watch?v=9k49Rd7x_p0
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en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llandudno
Llandudno (/θlænˈdɪdnoʊ/ or /lænˈdɪdnoʊ/; Welsh pronunciation: [ɬanˈdɪdnɔ])[1] is a seaside resort, town and community in Conwy County Borough, Wales, located on the Creuddyn peninsula. In the 2011 UK census, the community, which includes Penrhyn Bay and Penrhynside, had a population of 20,710.[2] The town's name is derived from its patron saint, Saint Tudno.
Llandudno, "Queen of the Welsh Resorts", a title first applied as early as 1864,[3] is now the largest seaside resort in Wales, and lies on a flat isthmus of sand between the Welsh mainland and the Great Orme. Historically a part of Caernarfonshire, Llandudno was formerly in the district of Aberconwy within Gwynedd.
History
The town of Llandudno developed from Stone Age, Bronze Age and Iron Age settlements over many hundreds of years on the slopes of the limestone headland, known to seafarers as the Great Orme and to landsmen as the Creuddyn Peninsula. The origins in recorded history are with the Manor of Gogarth conveyed by King Edward I to Annan, Bishop of Bangor in 1284. The manor comprised three townships, Y Gogarth in the south-west, Y Cyngreawdr in the north (with the parish church of St Tudno) and Yn Wyddfid in the south-east.
Great Orme[edit]
Mostly owned by Mostyn Estates. Home to several large herds of wild Kashmiri goats originally descended from several goats given by Queen Victoria to Lord Mostyn. The summit of the Great Orme stands at 679 feet (209 M). The Summit Hotel which is now a tourist attraction was once the home of world middleweight champion boxer Randolph Turpin.
A haven for flora and fauna with some rare species such as peregrine falcons and a species of wild cotoneaster (cambricus) which can only be found on the Great Orme. The sheer limestone cliffs of the Great Orme provide ideal nesting conditions for a wide variety of sea birds, including cormorants, shags, guillemots, razorbills, puffins, kittiwakes, fulmars and numerous gulls.
This great limestone headland has many attractions including the Great Orme Tramway and a cable car system that takes tourists effortlessly to the summit.
Development
By 1847 the town had grown to a thousand people, served by the new church of St George, built in 1840. The great majority of the men worked in the copper mines with others employed in fishing and subsistence agriculture.
In 1848, Owen Williams, an architect and surveyor from Liverpool, presented Lord Mostyn with plans to develop the marsh lands behind Llandudno Bay as a holiday resort. These were enthusiastically pursued by Lord Mostyn. The influence of the Mostyn Estate and its agents over the years was to become paramount in the development of Llandudno and especially after the appointment of George Felton as surveyor and architect in 1857. During the years 1857 to 1877 much of central Llandudno was developed under Felton's supervision. George Felton also undertook architectural design work including the design and execution of Holy Trinity Church in Mostyn Street.
Transport
The town is just off the North Wales Coast railway line which was opened as the Chester and Holyhead Railway in 1848, became part of the London and North Western Railway in 1859, and part of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway in 1923. Llandudno was specifically built as a mid-Victorian era holiday destination and is served by a branch railway line opened in 1858 from Llandudno Junction with stations at Deganwy and Llandudno.
Present
Modern Llandudno takes its name from the ancient parish of Saint Tudno but also encompasses several neighbouring townships and districts including Craig-y-Don, Llanrhos and Penrhyn Bay. Also nearby is the small town and marina of Deganwy and these last four are in the traditional parish of Llanrhos. The ancient geographical boundaries of the Llandudno area are complex. Although they are on the eastern side of the River Conwy (the natural boundary between north-west and north-east Wales), the ancient parishes of Llandudno, Llanrhos and Llangystennin (which includes Llandudno Junction) were in the medieval commote of Creuddyn in the Kingdom of Gwynedd, and afterwards part of Caernarfonshire. Today, Deganwy and Llandudno Junction are part of the town community of Conwy even though they are across the river and only linked to Conwy by a causeway and bridge.
Attractions
Llandudno Bay and the North Shore
This wide sweep of sand, shingle and rock extends two miles in a graceful curve between the headlands of the Great Orme and the Little Orme.
For most of the length of Llandudno's North Shore there is a wide curving Victorian promenade, open to pedestrians and cyclists, and separated from the roadway by a strip of garden. The road, collectively known as The Parade, has a different name for each block and it is on these parades and crescents that many of Llandudno's hotels are built.
Near the centre of the bay is the Venue Cymru. The Llandudno Sailing Club and a roundabout mark the end of this section of The Parade and beyond are more hotels and guest houses but they are in the township of Craig-y-Don.
At Nant-y-Gamar Road, the Parade becomes Colwyn Road with the fields of Bodafon Hall Farm on the landward side but with the promenade continuing until it ends in a large paddling pool for children and finally at Craigside on the lower slopes of the Little Orme.
Llandudno Pier
The award-winning pier is on the North Shore. Built in 1878, at 2,295 feet (700 m) the pier is the longest in Wales and is a Grade II listed building.
Looking back towards the town from the end of the pier, on a clear day one can see the mountains of Snowdonia rising over the town. A curious major extension of the pier in 1884 was in a landwards direction along the side of what was the Baths Hotel (now where the Grand Hotel stands) to provide a new entrance with the Llandudno Pier Pavilion Theatre at the North Parade end of the promenade, thus increasing the pier's length to 2,295 feet (700 m). Attractions on the pier include a bar, a cafe, amusement arcades, children's fairground rides and an assortment of shops & kiosks.
In the summer, Professor Codman's Punch and Judy show (established in 1860) can be found on the promenade near the entrance to the pier.
Happy Valley
The Happy Valley, a former quarry, was the gift of Lord Mostyn to the town in celebration of the Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria in 1887. The area was landscaped and developed as gardens, two miniature golf courses, a putting green, a popular open air theatre and extensive lawns. The ceremonies connected with the Welsh National Eisteddfod were held there in 1896 and again in 1963. In June 1969, the Great Orme Cabin Lift, a modern alternative to the tramway, was opened with its base station adjacent to the open air theatre. The distance to the summit is just over one mile (1.6 km) and the four-seater cabins travel at six m.p.h. on a continuous steel cable over two miles (3 km) long. It is the longest single stage cabin lift in Britain and the longest span between pylons is over 1,000 feet (300 m). The popularity of the 'Happy Valley Entertainers' open air theatre having declined, the theatre closed in 1985 and likewise the two miniature golf courses closed and were converted in 1987 to create a 280 metres (920 ft) artificial ski slope and toboggan run. The gardens were extensively restored as part of the resort's millennium celebrations and remain a major attraction.
Marine Drive
The first route round the perimeter of the Great Orme was a footpath constructed in 1858 by Reginald Cust, a trustee of the Mostyn Estate. In 1872 the Great Ormes Head Marine Drive Co. Ltd. was formed to turn the path into a carriage road. Following bankruptcy, a second company completed the road in 1878. The contractors for the scheme were Messrs Hughes, Morris, Davies, a consortium led by Richard Hughes of Madoc Street, Llandudno.[4] The road was bought by Llandudno Urban District Council in 1897.[5] The 4 miles (6.4 km) one way drive starts at the foot of the Happy Valley. After about 1.5 miles (2.4 km) a side road leads to St. Tudno's Church, the Great Orme Bronze Age Copper Mine and the summit of the Great Orme. Continuing on the Marine Drive one passes the Great Orme Lighthouse (now a small hotel) and, shortly afterwards on the right, the Rest and Be Thankful Cafe and information centre. Below the Marine Drive at its western end is the site of the wartime Coast Artillery School (1940-1945) now a scheduled ancient monument
West Shore
The West Shore is the quiet beach on the estuary of the River Conwy. It was here at Pen Morfa that Alice Liddell (of Alice in Wonderland fame) spent the long summer holidays of her childhood from 1862 to 1871. There are a few hotels and quiet residential streets. The West Shore is linked to the North Shore by Gloddaeth Avenue and Gloddaeth Street, a wide dual carriageway.
Mostyn Street
Running behind the promenade is Mostyn Street leading to Mostyn Broadway and then Mostyn Avenue. These are the main shopping streets of Llandudno and Craig-y-Don. Mostyn Street accommodates the high street shops, the major high street banks and building societies, two churches, amusement arcades and the town's public library. The last is the starting point for the Town Trail,[6] a carefully planned walk that facilitates viewing Llandudno in a historical perspective.
Victorian Extravaganza
Every year in May bank holiday weekend, Llandudno has a three-day Victorian Carnival[7] and Mostyn Street becomes a funfair. Madoc Street and Gloddaeth Street and the Promenade become part of the route each day of a mid-day carnival parade. The Bodafon Farm fields become the location of a Festival of Transport[8] for the weekend.
Venue Cymru
The North Wales Theatre, Arena and Conference Centre, built in 1994, extended in 2006 and renamed "Venue Cymru" is located near the centre of the promenade on Penrhyn Crescent. It is noted for its productions of opera, orchestral concerts, ballet, musical theatre, drama, circus, ice shows and pantomimes.
landudno Lifeboat
Llandudno is unique within the United Kingdom in that its lifeboat station is located inland, allowing it to launch with equal facility from either the West Shore or the North Shore as needed. Llandudno's active volunteer crews are called out more than ever with the rapidly increasing numbers of small pleasure craft sailing in coastal waters. The Llandudno Lifeboat is normally on display on the promenade every Sunday and bank holiday Monday from May until October. 2014 A planning application submitted for a new Lifeboat station, with a larger boat, to be built close to the paddling pool on North Shore.
Places of worship
The ancient parish church dedicated to Saint Tudno stands in a hollow near the northern point of the Great Orme and two miles (3 km) from the present town. It was established as an oratory by Tudno, a 6th-century monk, but the present church dates from the 12th century and it is still used on summer Sunday mornings. It was the Anglican parish church of Llandudno until that status was transferred first to St George’s (now closed) and later to Holy Trinity Church in Mostyn Street.
The principal Christian Churches of Llandudno are members of Cytûn (churches together) and include the Church in Wales (Holy Trinity and also Saint Paul's at Craig-y-Don), the Roman Catholic Church of Our Lady Star of the Sea, Saint John’s Methodist Church, Gloddaeth United Church (Presbyterian), Assemblies of God (Pentecostal), Llandudno Baptist Church, St. David's Methodist Church at Craig-y-Don, the Coptic Orthodox Church of Saint Mary and Saint Abasikhiron, and Eglwys Unedig Gymraeg Llandudno (the United Welsh Church of Llandudno).
A member of the local Methodist community is the Revd Roger Roberts, now Lord Roberts of Llandudno, Liberal Democrat Spokesman for International Development in the House of Lords.
Llandudno is home to a Jewish centre in Church Walks, which serves the local Jewish population - one of few in North Wales. The town also boasts a Coptic church (The Coptic Orthodox Church of St Mary and St Abasikhiron on Trinity Avenue) as well as a Buddhist centre, Kalpa Bhadra, on Mostyn Avenue in Craig-y-Don.
Area features
Bodysgallen Hall is a manor house nearby to the south near the village of Llanrhos. This listed historical building derives primarily from the 17th century, and has several later additions. Bodysgallen was constructed as a tower house in the Middle Ages to serve as defensive support for nearby Conwy Castle.
Links with Wormhout and Mametz
Llandudno is twinned with the Flemish town of Wormhout 10 miles (16 km) from Dunkirk. It was there that many members of the Llandudno-based 69th Territorial Regiment were ambushed and taken prisoner. Later, at nearby Esquelbecq on 28 May 1940, the prisoners were shot.[9]
The 1st (North Wales) Brigade was Headquartered in Llandudno in December 1914 and included a battalion of the (Royal Welch Fusiliers), which had been raised and trained in Llandudno. During the 1914–18 war this Brigade, a major part of the 38th Welsh Division, took part in the Battle of the Somme and the Brigade was ordered to take Mametz Wood. Two days of fighting brought about the total destruction of Mametz village by shelling. After the war, the people of Llandudno (including returning survivors from the 38th Welsh Division) contributed generously to the fund for the reconstruction of the village of Mametz.
Cultural connections
Llandudno hosted the Welsh National Eisteddfod in 1864, 1896 and 1963, and from 26–31 May 2008 welcomed the Urdd National Eisteddfod to Gloddaeth Isaf Farm, Penrhyn Bay. The town also hosted the Liverpool Olympic Festival in 1865 and 1866.
Matthew Arnold gives a vivid and lengthy description of 1860s Llandudno – and of the ancient tales of Taliesin and Maelgwn Gwynedd that are associated with the local landscape — in the first sections of the preface[11] to On the Study of Celtic Literature (1867).
Elisabeth of Wied, the Queen consort of Romania and also known as writer Carmen Sylva, stayed in Llandudno for five weeks in 1890. On taking her leave, she described Wales as "a beautiful haven of peace".[12] Translated into Welsh as "hardd, hafan, hedd" it became the town's official motto.
Other famous people with links to Llandudno include the Victorian statesman John Bright and multi-capped Welsh international footballers Neville Southall, Neil Eardley and Joey Jones. Australian ex-Prime Minister Billy Hughes attended school in Llandudno. Gordon Borrie QC (Baron Borrie), Director General of the Office of Fair Trading from 1976 to 1992, was educated at the town's John Bright Grammar School when he lived there as a wartime evacuee.
The international art gallery, Oriel Mostyn is situated in Vaughan Street next to the post office. It was built in 1902 to house the art collection of Lady Augusta Mostyn. It was requisitioned in 1914 for use as an army drill hall and later became a warehouse before being returned to use as an art gallery in 1979. Following a major revamp the gallery was renamed simply 'Mostyn' in 2010.
In January 1984 Brookside character Petra Taylor (Alexandra Pigg) committed suicide in Llandudno.
Pediment of Carleton House Terrace includes the Prince Regent of Wales feathers & motto "Ich Diet" (I Serve) and is encircled by the Order of the Garter, Old Normand French phrase "Honi Soit Qui Mal Y Pense" ("shame on anyone who thinks evil of it").
Learn more: Wikipedia - en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honi_soit_qui_mal_y_pense
Carlton House Terrace's principal architectural feature is a pair of terraces of white stucco-faced houses on the south side of the street overlooking St. James's Park ... built ... between 1827 and 1832 to overall designs by John Nash ...
Learn more: Wikipedia - en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlton_House_Terrace
💕 MeHoney 💕
💕 Zaira
The set is presented in 13 colors.
* The Fat Pack for the skirt includes the skirt and a HUD with buttons to change:
- 13 colors of the skirt base;
- 13 colors of buttons.
The regular set only includes a skirt of a specific color and a HUD with buttons to change:
- 13 colors of buttons.
The skirt has an unbuttoning function, you just need to touch the front of the skirt.
* The Fat Pack for the top includes the top and HUD with buttons to change:
- 13 colors of the base of the top;
- 13 stripe colors;
- 13 colors of the buttons.
The regular set includes only the top of a specific color and the HUD with buttons to change:
- 13 stripe colors;
- 13 colors of the buttons.
Size :
• Maitreya X
• Legacy
• Legacy Perky
• Legacy Pinup Bombshell
• E. Reborn
• Waifu
• NHUMANA
• KUPRA
::: KINKY EVENT :::
maps.secondlife.com/secondlife/KinkyEvent/70/124/32
Mainstore: maps.secondlife.com/secondlife/Floating%20Paradise/161/68/22
Irlanda - Lago Pollacapall - Abadia Kylemore
ENGLISH:
Kylemore Abbey is a Benedictine monastery founded in 1920 on the grounds of Kylemore Castle, in Connemara, County Galway, Ireland. The abbey was founded for Benedictine Nuns who fled Belgium in World War I.
Kylemore Castle was built as a private home for the family of Mitchell Henry, a wealthy doctor from London whose family was involved in textile manufacturing in Manchester, England. He moved to Ireland when he and his wife Margaret purchased the land around the Abbey. He became a politician, becoming an MP for County Galway from 1871 to 1885. The castle was designed by James Franklin Fuller, aided by Ussher Roberts. The construction of the castle began in 1867, and took the total of one hundred men and four years to complete. The castle covered approximately 40,000 square feet (3,700 m2) and had over seventy rooms with a principal wall that was two to three feet thick. The facade measures 142 feet (43 m) in width and is made of granite brought from Dalkey by sea to Letterfrack and from limestone brought from Ballinasloe. There were 33 bedrooms, 4 bathrooms, 4 sitting rooms, a ballroom, billiard room, library, study, school room, smoking room, gun room and various offices and domestic staff residences for the butler, cook, housekeeper and other servants. Other buildings include a Gothic cathedral and family mausoleum containing the bodies of Margaret Henry, Mitchell Henry and a great grand-nephew.
The Abbey remained in Henry's estate after he returned to England. The castle was sold to the Duke and Duchess of Manchester in 1909, who resided there for several years before being forced to sell the house and grounds because of gambling debts. In 1920, the Irish Benedictine Nuns purchased the Abbey castle and lands after they were forced to flee Ypres, Belgium during World War I. The nuns, who had been based in Ypres for several hundred years, had been bombed out of their Abbey during World War I. The nuns continued to offer education to Catholic girls, opening an international boarding school and establishing a day school for girls from the locality. The school acted as the main educator for most girls from Renvyle, Letterfrack and further afield for almost a century but it was forced to close in June 2010.
The Estate includes large walled Victorian Gardens. Since the 1970s these have been open for public tours and 'nature' walks. The Benedictine community has restored the Abbey's gardens and Cathedral with donations and local artisans in order to be a self-sustaining estate.
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ESPAÑOL:
La Abadía de Kylemore (en inglés Kylemore Abbey y en irlandés Mainistir na Coille Móire) es un convento de monjas benedictinas fundado en 1920 sobre la base del castillo de Kylemore, en Connemara, condado de Galway, república de Irlanda. El nombre de Kylemore es originario de las palabras irlandesas Coill Mór, gran madera.
La Abadía de Kylemore (originalmente, Castillo de Kylemore o Kylemore Castle), fue construida entre 1863 y 1868 como hogar privado para la familia de Mitchell Henry, político y empresario de Mánchester, Inglaterra, que fue también parlamentario por el condado de Galway entre 1871 y 1885. Después de la muerte de su esposa Margaret en 1875, Mitchell no permaneció mucho tiempo en el castillo. Ambos están enterrados en un pequeño mausoleo cerca de la iglesia en la abadía.
Tras cambiar de manos en dos ocasiones más, el castillo se transformó finalmente en abadía cuando las monjas benedictinas huyeron de Ypres, Bélgica durante la Primera Guerra Mundial.
La abadía albergaba un internado internacional de mujeres que fue cerrado en el 2010. Son visitables los jardines, unas pocas salas de la abadía, la iglesia neogótica y el mausoleo familiar, además de las áreas destinadas a los turistas, como el restaurante o la tienda de recuerdos.
Twilight
Credits:
Outfit: Twilight from Web Dew, includes corset, skirt, sleeves and collar. The strength of the materials is controlled with a hud. It's on sale until tomorrow (Dec 2), so hurry! (50% refund) maps.secondlife.com/secondlife/Lyra/188/232/22
Maitreya Mesh Body - LaraX
Skin - Filth Immaculate
HEAD / lel evox / SUGAR
[monso] Hoshino Hair
{Acios} Gaia Halo ~Clare the Lune dark
Clover - MegaLashes
Tville - Horizon eyes
Makeup from Heaux - part of Sapphire skin set
1990 - Glam Goth Deco Nail Set
Location: Caledon Stormhold maps.secondlife.com/secondlife/Caledon%20Stormhold/204/11...
Pose from SLC AO Aether
“InStyleSL Trends” Monthly Contest Project
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Sponsored by
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Deadline for apply : October 30th, 2016
THEME FOR APPLY :
• October Trend 2016 : Macabre Night
es.pinterest.com/INSTYLESLTRENDS/instylesl-trend-macabre-...
This invitation is for Bloggers, Models and Stylists.
The Contest "InStyleSL Trends" this search for most fashionable talent: Inspirational, Trendy, Original, and Creative peoples. Through this get the latest fashion tips and outfit ideas!!
InStyleSL Trends invites you to be part each month fun and exploration with Trending Fashion Contest! Follows the guidelines below:
About Contest
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Every month we expose a Theme trend and you make a Styling to participate in InStyleSL SL Trends.
We will choose the best photos and Styling and a jury will choose the best representation of InStyleSL Trends of SL.
On November 2016, 6 winners will be invited to show your trends in a private Runway for see their creations and a juried select a one winner InStyleSL Trends of SL. (no Runway Show) dont need have any experience in modeling.
Avatar must be 6 months or more in sl for participate.
For Ladies and Gentleman's
All are permitted Avatar: Fashionistas, Models, Stylists and Bloggers.
How to join
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• Submit it to our Flickr group: www.flickr.com/groups/instylesltrends/
include it your style card about your outfit, size Picture : at least 2500 for good quality.
• Results Winners each month every 30th, 2016
Prizes each Month
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• Winner of each month will be prize 2.000L
Gran Finale Prizes
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• Final Prize
• The prize will get the winner of the contest "InStyleSL Trends" will consist of:
- Prize Final 8.000L
- Title for the winner : InStyle SL 2016
- Invitation to ICONIQ Agency into the Role ICONIQ Stylist
- Kultivate Magazine Interview
- Invitation to join the Edge Stylists Group
- Invitation to make a special Trend Section in the prestigious Versus Magazine
-Special Gifts from our Sponsors Designers :
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Contact or Question only by Notecard Inworld
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Whenever possible, Stormtrooper Bruce tries to make the best of the weekends. That includes having the guys over when they’re off duty, and supplying them with movie marathons, nonstop dinner, desserts and snacks, and of course, cooler after cooler of cold ones! Unfortunately, not all weekends are created equal.
STB: OK, guys, before you sit down, we have a slight problem with tonight’s events, which I need to explain. If you decide to leave, I’ll completely understand. No harm, no foul. We’ll just reconvene next week, and those of us, who still have them, can cross our fingers that next week the problem will be corrected.
TK-432: Dude! Is that any way to greet us? We’re your best buds, your Bro’s. How dare you suggest we may not have all our fingers. We’re the best in our units. We’re the few who actually know how to use our weapons properly!
TK-1110: Um, really? I think that was his failed attempt at humor, to lighten up the mood before he spills the beans about this supposed “slight problem” that’ll be a dealbreaker for tonight’s Movie Night.
TK-432: Oh, my bad. So, what is it? Vader is stopping by? Or the P, or his nephew? Or all of the above? What?
STB: Um, well… it seems the ship delivering supplies to the Mess Hall ran into a meteor shower, and the compartment containing the brewskies, among other things was compromised, and all its contents blew out into space. So, the only beverages left, stored in a different section of the ship, that I was able to order for tonight were water, milk, and these sodas. So, you see what I opted for.
TK-432: Is that the “slight problem” you thought would make us bail on Movie Night?
Tk-1110: Dude! As they say, no problema! No problem. Actually, it’s kind of a refreshing change of pace. Who knows, we might even remember some of tonight for a change.
STB: Now you’re the one making jokes. But, are you two serious? You’re actually OK with this unexpected menu change? You guys! You’re the bestest amigos ever!
TK-432: Meteor Schmeteor, it’s all good! Your supply chain hick-up was out of your control. These things happen. Let’s get this Movie Night started!
________________________________________
Viewing Large is always fun. Just click on the image.
▲Neon Flavor Backdrop | Includes everything shown.
Sofa comes in two colors, black or pink and has 06 static couples poses. Televisions are animated.
Resize | Copy | No Transfer
▲Poses can also be bought individually.
Modify | Copy | No Transfer
Available Sept 7th at AnyBODY
April has come, bringing with it another season & that includes my Overgrowth Series. This along with two other habitats depict green living, in which spaces throughout an existing home adapt & let in the beauty of nature.
This beginning bedroom nook brings in several fun playful toys and decorations to fill in the space and showcase what it might be like for someone to adapt this concept into their own quarters.
The habitats you will see in this series are based off the digital works of Mia Boas which are lovely studies for balanced nooks. I recommend you check out her work to get inspired yourself. 😊
Follow along with two other pieces that asks the question of how living can not only be fun, but also including nature at ones own living space. 🌳
The museum includes many buildings from the ordinary middle class Japanese experience to the homes of wealthy and powerful individuals, which have all been moved to Koganei Park from their original sites, recreated and preserved for exhibit. The museum enables visitors to enter and explore a wide variety of buildings of different styles, periods, and purposes, from upper-class homes to pre-war shops, public baths, and Western-style buildings of the Meiji period, which would normally be inaccessible to tourists or other visitors, or which cannot be found in Tokyo.
Ghibli animator Hayao Miyazaki often visited this open air museum during the creation of his film “Spirited Away” for inspiration. He also designed the mascot of the museum : Edomaru, a little green caterpillar with very big eyes.
British Columbia, Canada
Tofino is a small district on Vancouver Island, off Canada's west coast. It sprawls on a peninsula within Clayoquot Sound, characterized by wild natural scenery including lakes, inlets and ancient rainforest.
Sandy beaches with year-round surfing facilities include Cox Bay, Chesterman Beach and popular Long Beach, part of the Pacific Rim National Park Reserve. The relaxed town of Tofino sits on the peninsula's tip.
Tofino is a district of about 1,876 residents on the west coast of Vancouver Island, in British Columbia, Canada, located at the western terminus of Highway 4, on the tip of the Esowista Peninsula, at the southern edge of Clayoquot Sound.
A popular tourist destination in the summer, Tofino's population swells to many times its winter size. It attracts surfers, nature lovers, bird watchers, campers, whale watchers, fishermen, or anyone just looking to be close to nature. In the winter it is not as bustling, although many people visit Tofino and the west coast to watch storms on the water.
Close to Tofino is Long Beach, a scenic and popular year-round destination, at the Pacific Rim National Park Reserve. Maquinna Marine Provincial Park, with its natural hot springs, is located about 45 kilometres (28 mi) north of Tofino, a popular day-trip destination for tourists only reachable by boat or float plane.
.
Venda do Alcaide (P) 29-09-1997
CP 1457
SUB. 17216 Praias-Sado - Barreiro
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West-German collectors card by Bravo.
Beautiful German-born actress Nastassja Kinski (1961) has appeared in more than 60 films. Her starring roles include her Golden Globe Award-winning portrayal of the title character in Tess (1979) and parts in Wim Wenders' films Falsche Bewegung/The Wrong Move (1975), Paris, Texas (1984) and In weiter Ferne, so nah!/Faraway, So Close! (1993).
Nastassja Kinski (pronounced as "nas-TAS-ya") was born as Nastassja Aglaia Nakszyński in Berlin in 1961 (some sources say 1964. She is the daughter of the German actor Klaus Kinski from his marriage to actress Ruth Brigitte Tocki. She is a half-sister to actress Pola Kinski and actor Nikolai Kinski. Her parents divorced in 1968 and Kinski rarely saw her father after the age of 10. She and her mother struggled financially and eventually lived in a commune in Munich. Her career began in Germany as a model. The actress Lisa Kreuzer placed her in the role of the dumb Mignon in Wim Wenders' film Falsche Bewegung/The Wrong Move (1975) starring Rüdiger Vogler and Hanna Schygulla. In Great-Britain she featured in the horror film To the Devil a Daughter (Peter Sykes, 1976), starring Christopher Lee and produced by Hammer Film. That year she had her first major role in an episode of the popular German TV crime show Tatort. This episode, Reifezeugnis/For Your Love Only (1977), had a feature film length and was directed by Wolfgang Petersen at the beginning of his career. Years later, after Kinski had become an international star, the TV film was released theatrically in the U.S. In 1976, Kinski was photographed for French Vogue by director Roman Polanski, and the two started a romantic relationship. She was 15 years old at the time and he was 43. In the cinema Kinski also had a May-December romance in Così come sei/Stay As You Are (Alberto Lattuada, 1978) with Marcello Mastroianni. Polanski urged Kinski to study acting with Lee Strasberg in the United States and Great Britain and cast her in the lead part of his film, Tess (1979), based on the classic novel by Thomas Hardy. The film won three Oscars and Kinski won the Golden Globe for best newcomer. However, Derek Armstrong writes at AllMovie: “The quiet, contemplative nature of the film is echoed, although not so skilfully, in the lead performance of Nastassja Kinski. Seemingly cast more for her soulful eyes (and Polanski's budding relationship with her) than her acting, Kinski gives a tentative, one-note performance that is nearly inaudible. Still, it served to deliver her a variety of other projects and bring her limited stardom.”
Director Francis Ford Coppola brought Nastassja Kinski to the U.S.A. to act for his new Zoetrope Studios. In 1981, photographer Richard Avedon photographed Kinski. Hal Erickson at AllMovie: “Kinski became the dream of male college undergraduates everywhere by posing for a Richard Avedon poster wearing nothing but a large, live python which spiralled around her body. “The first Zoetrope production, One From the Heart (Francis Ford Coppola, 1982), starring Frederic Forrest, Teri Garr and Kinski, failed at the box office and was a major loss for Coppola's new studio. In 1982, she also appeared in the erotic horror film Cat People (Paul Schrader, 1982), which also was not successful commercially. Kinski then split her time between Europe and the United States. In France she filmed La lune dans le caniveau/Moon in the Gutter (Jean-Jacques Beineix, 1983) with Gérard Dépardieu. In Germany, she played Clara Wieck in the biography Frühlingssinfonie/Spring Symphony (Peter Schamoni, 1983) opposite Herbert Grönemeyer as composer Robert Schumann. In Italy she co-starred with Rutger Hauer in In una notte di chiaro di luna/ Up to date (Lina Wertmüller, 1989). And in the U.S. she co-starred with Rudolph Nureyev in Exposed (James Toback, 1983), with Rob Lowe and Jodie Foster in The Hotel New Hampshire (Tony Richardson, 1984), with John Savage in Maria's Lovers (Andrey Konchalovskiy, 1984) and with Al Pacino in Revolution (Al Pacino, 1985). Her most acclaimed film was Paris, Texas (Wim Wenders, 1984) in which she played the estranged wife of Harry Dean Stanton. Mark Deming at AllMovie: “Paris, Texas may be the finest of Wim Wenders' "road movies," a deliberately paced but deeply moving story of a man at the end of his emotional rope who is given an unexpected chance to heal both his scars and those he has inflicted on others. Harry Dean Stanton gives perhaps his finest performance - few actors could pull off a scene like the long monologue he shares with Kinski near the film's conclusion” The film won a César and also three awards in Cannes, and was nominated, however, the film was not widely released in the United States. In the mid-1980s, Kinski met Egyptian filmmaker Ibrahim Moussa. They married in 1984 and they have two children together, son Aljosha (1984) and daughter Sonja Kinski (1986).
Nastassja Kinski's luck in Hollywood turned in the 1990s when she appeared opposite Charlie Sheen in the action-comedy Terminal Velocity (Deran Serafian, 1994). After her marriage with Moussa had been dissolved, Kinski lived with musician Quincy Jones till 1995. In 1993, their daughter, Kenya Julia Miambi Sarah Jones, was born. In the cinema, Kinski would tackle serious subject matter in the AIDS drama One Night Stand (Mike Figgis, 1997) with Wesley Snipes, The Lost Son (Chris Menges, 1999), a crime drama revolving around a network of paedophiles, and the Serbian war drama Savior (Predrag Antonijevic, 1998) with Dennis Quaid. Her other film appearances include In weiter Ferne, so nah!/Faraway, So Close (Wim Wenders, 1993) with Bruno Ganz, the comedy of manners Your Friends & Neighbors (Neil LaBute, 1998) with Aaron Eckhardt, and The Claim (Michael Winterbottom, 2000), loosely based on Thomas Hardy's novel Mayor of Casterbridge. The story, filmed in sub-zero Calgary, Canada, tells about a man (Peter Mullan) who sells his wife (Kinski) and daughter (Sarah Polley) for a gold-mining claim. Jason Clark at AllMovie: “Winterbottom subtly draws viewers into this haunting tale of family regained and the power of greed by letting them take in the details through small gestures.” In the following years, Kinski played mainly in B-films and TV movies. Interesting were the French-Canadian Mini-Series Les liaisons dangereuses/Dangerous Liaisons (Josée Dayan, 2003) with Catherine Deneuve and Rupert Everett, and the dark mystery Inland Empire (David Lynch, 2006) with Laura Dern and Jeremy Irons. She co-starred with Julian Sands in the short film Il turno di notte lo fanno le stele/The Nightshift Belongs to the Stars (2012), directed by Edoardo Ponti, son of producer Carlo Ponti and Sophia Loren. After a long interval, she was seen on TV in the French crime series Police de Caractères/Typeface (2022). Her daughter with producer Ibrahim Moussa, Sonja Kinski (1986), is a model and actress, and daughter by Quincy Jones, Kenya Kinski-Jones (1993) is also a model.
Sources: Hal Erickson (AllMovie), Derek Armstrong (AllMovie), Jason Clark (AllMovie), Mark Deming (AllMovie), Wikipedia and IMDb.
And, please check out our blog European Film Star Postcards.
From my set entitled “Virginia Beach”
www.flickr.com/photos/21861018@N00/sets/72157605213848560/
In my collection entitled “Virginia Beach, Williamsburg, Jamestown, Yorktown”
www.flickr.com/photos/21861018@N00/collections/7215760622...
From my photostream:
www.flickr.com/photos/21861018@N00/
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Beach,_Virginia
Click link to check footnotes
Virginia Beach is an independent city located in the South Hampton Roads area in the Commonwealth of Virginia, on the shores of the Chesapeake Bay and the Atlantic Ocean. It is the most populous city in Virginia and the 41st largest city in the United States, with an estimated population of 435,619 in 2006.[3]
Virginia Beach is the easternmost of the Seven Cities of Hampton Roads that make up the core of the Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC MSA. This area, known as "America's First Region", also includes the independent cities of Chesapeake, Hampton, Newport News, Norfolk, Portsmouth, and Suffolk, as well as other smaller cities, counties and towns of Hampton Roads.
Virginia Beach is best known as a resort, with miles of beaches and hundreds of hotels, motels, and restaurants along its oceanfront. Every year it is host to the East Coast Surfing Championship as well as the North American Sand Soccer Championship that attracts teams from around the world. It is also home to several state parks, several long protected beach areas, three military bases, a number of large corporations, two universities, and historic sites. Near the point where the Chesapeake Bay and the Atlantic Ocean meet, Cape Henry was the site of the first landing of the English colonists bound for Jamestown on April 26, 1607.
The city is listed in the Guinness Book of Records as having the longest pleasure beach in the world. It is located at the southern end of the Chesapeake Bay Bridge-Tunnel, the longest bridge-tunnel complex in the world.[4]
Chesepians were the first inhabitants of the area now known as South Hampton Roads in Virginia of which anything is known.[5] The Algonquian word "Chesepioc" means "Great Shellfish Bay", a reference to the Chesapeake Bay. They occupied an area which is now the independent cities of Norfolk, Portsmouth, Chesapeake and Virginia Beach.[6]
In 1607, after a voyage of 144 days, three ships headed by Captain Christopher Newport carrying 105 men and boys made their first landfall in the New World where the Atlantic Ocean meets the southern mouth of the Chesapeake Bay in the northeastern part of the city. They named it Cape Henry, after Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales, the eldest son of King James I of England. However, these English colonists of the Virginia Company of London left the area, as they were under orders to seek a site further inland which would be more sheltered from ships of competing European countries. They created their first permanent settlement at Jamestown.[7]
Adam Thoroughgood (1604-1640) of King's Lynn, Norfolk, England is one of the earliest Englishmen to settle in the area which became Virginia Beach. At the age of 18, he became an indentured servant to pay for passage to the Virginia Colony. He earned his freedom and became a leading citizen of the area. In 1629, he was elected to the House of Burgesses for Elizabeth Cittie [sic], one of four "citties" (or incorporations) which were subdivided areas established in 1619. [8]
In 1634, the Colony was divided into the original eight shires of Virginia, soon renamed as counties. Thoroughgood is credited with using the name of his home in England when helping name New Norfolk County in 1637. The following year, New Norfolk County was split into Upper Norfolk County (soon renamed Nansemond County) and Lower Norfolk County. Thoroughgood's choice of residence after 1634 was along the Lynnhaven River, also named for his home in England. Lower Norfolk County was quite large, and stretched all the way from the Atlantic Ocean west past the Elizabeth River, encompassing the entire area now within the modern cities of Portsmouth, Norfolk, Chesapeake, and Virginia Beach.[8]
In 1691, Lower Norfolk County was divided to form Norfolk County and Princess Anne County. Princess Anne, the easternmost county in South Hampton Roads, extended northward from the North Carolina border to Cape Henry at the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay, and included all of the area fronting the Atlantic Ocean. Princess Anne County was to last from 1691 to 1963, over 250 years.[9]
The small resort area of Virginia Beach grew in Princess Anne County beginning in the late 19th century, particularly after the 1888 arrival of rail service and electricity and the opening of the original Princess Anne Hotel at the oceanfront near the tiny community of Seatack. In 1891, guests at the new hotel watched the wreck and rescue efforts of the United States Life-Saving Service for the Norwegian bark Dictator. The ship's figurehead, which washed up on the beach several days later, was erected as a modest monument to the victims and rescuers along the oceanfront for more than 50 years, and later became the inspiration for the current matching Norwegian Lady Monuments in Virginia Beach, and Moss, Norway.[10]
Although the resort was initially dependent upon railroad and electric trolley service, the completion of Virginia Beach Boulevard in 1922, which extended from Norfolk to the oceanfront, opened the way for automobiles, buses, trucks, and passenger rail service, the latter of which was eventually discontinued. The growing resort of Virginia Beach became an incorporated town in 1906. In 1927 The Cavalier Hotel opened and became an extremely popular vacation spot for both the wealthy and celebrities of the time. Over the next 45 years, Virginia Beach continued to grow in popularity as a seasonal vacation spot, and casinos gave way to amusement parks and family-oriented attractions. Virginia Beach became politically independent of Princess Anne County as an independent city in 1952, although the numerous ties between Virginia Beach and Princess Anne remained. In 1963, after approval by referendum of the voters of the City of Virginia Beach and Princess Anne County, and with the approval of the Virginia General Assembly, the two political subdivisions were consolidated as a new, much larger independent city, retaining the better-known name of the Virginia Beach resort.[11]
Real estate, defense, and tourism are major sectors of the Virginia Beach economy, but the city has begun to run out of clear land available for new construction above the Green Line, an urban growth boundary dividing the urban northern and rural southern sections of the city.[12]
As such, while Virginia Beach does not have a redevelopment authority, local public and private groups have maintained a vested interest in real-estate redevelopment, resulting in a number of joint public-private projects such as commercial parks. Examples of this are the Virginia Beach Convention Center, the Oceanfront Hilton Hotel, and the Virginia Beach Town Center. Using tax increment financing through creation of special tax districts and street and infrastructure construction, the City was able to assist in financing the projects making them a reality. The Town Center opened in 2003 and still has construction taking place, while the Convention Center opened in 2005.[13] [14]
In addition, some unique structures like the Alan B. Sheppard Dome ("The Dome"), a geodesic dome and convention center designed by Buckminster Fuller and dedicated to the career of astronaut Alan Shepard that was built in the 1960s were destroyed by the city.[15]
Infill and development of residential neighborhoods has placed a number of operating constraints on Naval Air Station Oceana, a major fighter jet base for the U.S. Navy. While the airbase currently enjoys wide support from Virginia Beach at large, the Pentagon Base Realignment and Closure commission has proposed closure of Oceana within the next decade.[16]
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasailing
Parasailing, also known as parascending, is a recreational activity where a person is towed behind a vehicle (usually a boat) while attached to a specially designed parachute, known as a parasail. The boat then drives off, carrying the parascender into the air. If the boat is powerful enough, two or three people can parasail behind it at the same time. The parascender has little or no control over the parachute.
There are six parts of a parasail. The harness attaches the pilot to the parasail, which is connected to the boat, or other speeding vehicle, by the tow rope. The activity is primarily an amusement ride, not to be confused with the sport of paragliding. There are parasailing locations all over the world.
Land based parasailing has also been formed into competition sport in Northern Europe and especially in Finland. In land based parasailing, the parasail is towed behind a car or a snowmobile. In accuracy competitions the tow-vehicle controls the speed and height, and the parascender controls the lateral movement of the parasail. The competitions consist of two parts: dropping or throwing a streamer to a target, and accuracy landing. The sport was developed at the end of the 1990s in growing rapidly. The first international competitions were held in 2004.
Post Processing:
PhotoShop Elements 5: posterization, sumi-e, slanted strokes.
Pseudoconyza is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Asteraceae. It includes a singles species, Pseudoconyza viscosa. (Source: Wikipedia)
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