View allAll Photos Tagged forms
Please SUBSCRIBE to my YouTube channel:
www.youtube.com/c/RICKONORATO?sub_confirmation=1
Or donate with PayPal:
www.paypal.com/donate/?hosted_button_id=BGX2YDLSFVKVN
Thank you!
Fig. 1. Häufigste Form des Nordlichts in Deutschland und dem südlichen Skandinavien.
Fig. 2. Nordlicht, beobachtet von Hayes zu Port Foulke in Grönland, 6. Januar 1861.
Fig. 3. Nordlicht, beobachtet von Capron zu Guildford in England, 24. Oktober 1870.
Fig. 4. Nordlicht, beobachtet von Capron auf der Hebrideninsel Skye, 11. September 1874.
Polarlicht (hierzu Tafel "Polarlicht"), eine Lichterscheinung des Himmels, welche sich in ihrer vollsten Pracht in den Polarländern zeigt, aber auch zuweilen in unsern Breiten gesehen wird, wie z. B. in den glanzvollen Erscheinungen des 7. Jan. 1831, 18. Okt. 1836, 24. u. 25. Okt. 1870, 4. Febr. 1872, 2. Okt. 1882 u. a. Je nachdem die Lichterscheinung in den Nordpolar- oder in den Südpolarländern auftritt, pflegt man sie mit dem Namen Nordlicht (Aurora borealis) oder Südlicht (Aurora australis, Australlicht) zu bezeichnen, wofür jetzt der gemeinschaftliche Name P. üblich geworden ist. Die Polarlichter treten, je nach Zeit und Ort, unter sehr verschiedenen Formen auf; am häufigsten (Fig. 1 u. 4 der Tafel) bilden sie einen leuchtenden Bogen am Horizont, dessen unterer Rand schärfer begrenzt zu sein pflegt als der mehr verschwommene obere. Unter dem Lichtbogen sieht der Himmel schwärzer aus als gewöhnlich, wie eine dunkle Wolke oder Nebelwand in der Gestalt eines kreisförmigen, vom Horizont begrenzten Segments. Der höchste Punkt des Lichtbogens liegt ziemlich nahe in der Richtung, nach welcher die Kompaßnadel hinweist, also im magnetischen Meridian. Der Polarlichtbogen ist häufig aus einzelnen Strahlen zusammengesetzt, welche von seinem untern Rand nach oben hin gerichtet und von verschiedener Länge sind und oft über den ganzen Bogen hinzuwandern scheinen. Der Polarlichtbogen steht nicht selten ziemlich hoch am Himmel, und seine Erhebung ist über dem Horizont von dem Standort des Beobachters abhängig. Manchmal zeigen sich gleichzeitig mehrere Polarlichtbogen übereinander, welche ihre Form und Stellung am Himmelsgewölbe ziemlich rasch ändern. Zuweilen ist das P. auch ohne Zusammenhang über einen größern Teil des Himmels zerstreut. Diese Art der Polarlichter und nicht minder das Licht der Polarlichtbogen zeigt häufig eine stark flackernde oder flammende Bewegung, indem verschieden gefärbte Strahlen bald hier, bald dort am Himmel aufleuchten. Zuweilen erscheinen diese Strahlen wie ein vom Wind bewegtes leuchtendes Band oder eine Lichtwelle (Fig. 2), zuweilen erfüllt sich der ganze Himmel oder wenigstens ein Teil desselben mit solchen flammenden Polarlichtstrahlen, welche in einem Punkte des Himmelsgewölbes zusammenzulaufen scheinen, der nach neuern Untersuchungen in der Richtung der magnetischen Inklinations-(Neigungs-) Nadel liegt, da, wo das obere Ende derselben hinweist. Dieser Punkt heißt die Krone des Polarlichts. Man kann daher der Hauptsache nach fünf verschiedene Formen beim P. unterscheiden, je nachdem dasselbe 1) als heller Bogen 2) in Form eines wogenden Bandes, 3) als Strahlen, 4) als Krone erscheint oder 5) als heller Schein über den Himmel verbreitet ist. Die Farbe des Polarlichts ist gewöhnlich weißlich oder gelblich; es gibt aber auch rote Polarlichter, die sehr glänzend werden können, wie z. B. das vom 24. u. 25. Okt. 1870 (Fig. 3). Weyprecht, der sich auf der österreichisch-ungarischen arktischen Expedition zwei Jahre lang (1872-74) unter dem Gürtel größter Häufigkeit der Nordlichter befand, teilt über die Farben des Polarlichts mit, daß ihre Reihenfolge die einzige gesetzmäßige Eigenschaft der Polarlichter war, von welcher niemals eine Ausnahme beobachtet wurde. Nach seiner Beschreibung ist die normale Farbe weiß mit leichter grünlicher Betonung, bei trübem Wetter schmutzig gelb. Bei größerer Intensität des Polarlichts tritt Grün und Rot auf, und zwar bildet bei der häufigsten Form, dem breiten Lichtband, das Rot den untern Saum, dem dann das viel breitere Weiß der Mitte und dann das Grün des obern Saums in ungefähr gleicher Breite wie das untere Rot folgt. Violett tritt häufig bei den nur geringe Lichtintensität besitzenden Erscheinungen auf, welche formlosen, schwach leuchtenden Nebeln gleichen. Das Spektrum des leuchtenden Bogens des Polarlichts besteht nach Angström aus einer einzigen, dem P. charakteristischen hellen Linie zwischen den Fraunhoferschen Linien D und E. Außerdem beobachtete Angström noch drei schwache Streifen nach der Fraunhoferschen Linie F zu. Bei dem prachtvollen P. vom 25. Okt. 1870 beobachtete Zöllner außer der charakteristischen Linie zwischen D und E eine rote Linie, doch erschien diese nur an solchen Stellen des Himmels, die auch dem unbewaffneten Auge stark gerötet erschienen. Im blauen Teil des Spektrums traten nur zuweilen bandartige Streifen auf. Die Linien im Spektrum des Polarlichts stimmen nicht mit dem Spektrum eines verdünnten Gases in den Geißlerschen Röhren überein, während sich nach Angström die charakteristische Polarlichtlinie im Spektrum des Zodiakallichts (s. d.) wiederfindet. Ist das P. überhaupt elektrischer Natur wie die Lichtentwickelung der verdünnten Gase in den Geißlerschen Röhren, so muß es einer so niedrigen Temperatur angehören, wie sie bei diesen nicht gut hergestellt werden kann. Über die Höhe der Polarlichter sind die Ansichten der Naturforscher sehr geteilt. Nach Plücker fängt das elektrische Licht im luftverdünnten Raum an zu verschwinden bei einem Druck von 0,3 mm und ist bei 0,1 mm Druck vollständig fort. Daraus würde folgen, daß das P. bis 9 Meilen hoch sein könnte. Nach Waltenhofen tritt das elektrische Licht noch bei 20,000maliger Verdünnung der Luft auf und könnte deshalb das P. weit über 10 Meilen oberhalb der Erde vorhanden sein. Eine direkte Messung der Höhe des Polarlichts ist in der Art ausgeführt, daß man an verschiedenen Punkten der Erdoberfläche, die womöglich auf demselben Meridian lagen, die Erhebung einzelner charakteristischer Stellen des Polarlichts, wie unteres oder oberes Ende eines bestimmten Lichtstrahls etc., über den Horizont beobachtete und aus der so gefundenen Parallaxe seine Höhe berechnete. Auf diese Weise wurde aus den Beobachtungen über das P. vom 25. Okt. 1870 von Heis in Münster und Flögel in Schleswig abgeleitet, daß die Basis der Strahlen 20-35 Meilen und die Spitzen derselben 70, wahrscheinlich bis über 100 Meilen hoch waren. Zu ähnlichen Resultaten kamen auch Galle und Reimann in Breslau. Nach andern Beobachtungen tritt das P. auch in den untern Luftschichten auf, und namentlich ist dieses in den Polargegenden der Fall, wo z. B. Lemström u. a. das P. unterhalb von Berggipfeln und Wolken sowie von Nebeln und leuchtenden Wolken ausgehend beobachtet haben und es deshalb weniger als 4000 Fuß hoch gewesen sein muß. Aber auch im hohen Norden tritt das P. in größerer Höhe auf, wie z. B. in Wester-Norrland am 19. Febr. 1876 ein prachtvolles P. mit der Corona borealis nach 11 Uhr abends oberhalb der Cirruswolken, also in sehr großer Höhe, gesehen wurde. Daß das P. einen Einfluß auf den Zustand der untern Luftschichten ausübt, geht daraus hervor, daß der Himmel beim Auftreten eines starken Polarlichts, zumal wenn die Krone sich zeigt, in ungewöhnlich schneller Wechselfolge sich bewölkt und wieder aufklärt. Das Verhalten des Polarlichts zu den großen Bewegungen der Atmosphäre, zu den Winden, den Temperatur- und Luftdruckerscheinungen ist noch nicht genauer untersucht und noch nicht genügend festgestellt.
Bei starken Polarlichtern wollen einzelne Beobachter bisweilen ein eigentümliches knisterndes Geräusch, wie das Rascheln eines Seidenstoffs, gehört haben, während von andern die Existenz eines Geräusches ausdrücklich geleugnet wird. In neuester Zeit ist darauf hingewiesen, daß die Entdeckungen von Bleuler und Lehmann in Zürich über "zwangsmäßige Lichtempfindungen durch Schall und verwandte Erscheinungen" (Leipz. 1881) zur Erklärung des von einzelnen Beobachtern gehörten Geräusches dienen können. In ähnlicher Weise, wie solche Photismen oder Farbenvorstellungen durch Schall entstehen, werden nämlich auch bei gewissen Personen zwangsmäßige Schallempfindungen, Phonismen, durch Licht hervorgerufen, und da gleichzeitig mit jedem Aufflackern des Polarlichts ein Ton gehört werden soll, so deutet diese Gleichzeitigkeit ebenso wie die Beschränkung der Empfindung auf gewisse Personen darauf hin, daß die Schallempfindungen als Phonismen aufzufassen sind. Manche Polarlichter werden nur auf verhältnismäßig kleinen Strecken beobachtet, während andre eine außerordentlich große Verbreitung haben. So war z. B. das schöne P. vom 7. Jun. 1831 im ganzen nördlichen und mittlern Europa sowie auch am Eriesee in Nordamerika sichtbar. In diesem Fall können nicht überall dieselben leuchtenden Strahlen gesehen sein, sondern am Eriesee wird man einen andern Teil des Phänomens wahrgenommen haben als in Europa. Wahrscheinlich hatte sich damals ein großer Strahlenkamm gebildet, welcher, ungefähr der Richtung eines magnetischen Parallelkreises folgend, vom Eriesee über den Atlantischen Ozean bis nach Norwegen und Schweden reichte. Eine bedeutsame Thatsache ist es, daß die Polarlichter am Nord- und Südpol sehr oft gleichzeitig erscheinen. Aus den vergleichenden Zusammenstellungen der Polarlichtserscheinungen durch Fritz und Loomis ergibt sich, daß das P. im allgemeinen zwar in den nördlichen Ländern der kalten und nördlichen gemäßigten Zone am häufigsten vorkommt, seltener in der südlichen oder wärmern gemäßigten Zone (von 45°-23½° nördl. Br.) und noch seltener in den tropischen Gegenden; aber keineswegs sind die Zonen gleich großer Häufigkeit der Nordlichter parallel dem Äquator, und noch viel weniger findet die größte Häufigkeit in der größern Nähe des geographischen Nordpols statt. Vielmehr liegen die Orte, wo man das P. am häufigsten und in seiner intensivsten Entfaltung sieht, in einer Zone von ovaler Form, welche sich von der Barrowspitze in Nordamerika über den Großen Bärensee nach der Hudsonbai hinzieht, diese unter 60° nördl. Br. schneidet und dann über Labrador, südlich vom Kap Farewell zwischen Island und den Färöern in die Nähe des Nordkaps nach dem Nördlichen Eismeer geht. Nach den weiter zu Gebote stehenden Beobachtungen soll die Linie um Nowaja Semlja und um das Kap Tscheljuskin gehen, sich im östlichen Sibirien der Küste nähern und von da zur Barrowspitze zurückkehren. Nördlich und südlich von dieser Zone nimmt die Häufigkeit und Intensität des Polarlichts ab, und zwar nach N. zu in stärkerm Grad als nach S. (s. Isochasmen). Südlich von dieser Zone sieht man das P. in der Regel im Norden (daher der Name Nordlicht); aber nördlich von ihr erscheint das P. gewöhnlich am südlichen Teil des Himmels. Innerhalb der jährlichen Periode ist das P. zur Zeit der Äquinoktien (s. d.) am häufigsten und zur Zeit der Solstitien (s. d.) am seltensten. Außerdem hat das P. eine Periode von ca. 11 Jahren, in welcher seine Häufigkeit gleichzeitig mit der Häufigkeit der Sonnenflecke zu- und abnimmt, so daß P.- und Sonnenflecken-Maxima und -Minima gleichzeitig eintreffen. Dabei drückt sich der periodische Wechsel in den Nordlichtern viel energischer aus als in den Sonnenflecken. Neben dieser einjährigen Periode zeigt sich noch eine Periode von 55½ Jahren und wahrscheinlich eine noch größere von 222 Jahren, die man in den Nordlichtsverzeichnungen verfolgen kann (vgl. H. Fritz, Verzeichnis beobachteter Polarlichter, Wien 1873, und Loomis in Sillimans "American Journal"). Die bisher vorliegenden Beobachtungen der Südlichter (1841-48 zu Hobarttown u. 1857-62 zu Melbourne) sprechen dafür, daß bei ihnen dieselbe Periodizität vorhanden ist wie bei den Nordlichtern.
Die Beziehungen, welche zwischen dem P. und dem Erdmagnetismus bestehen, zeigen sich zunächst darin, daß während eines Polarlichts die Deklinationsnadel sehr starke und unregelmäßig Schwankungen zeigt, weshalb A. v. Humboldt die Nordlichter sehr bezeichnend magnetische Gewitter genannt hat. Diese magnetischen Störungen treten an den verschiedenen Orten gleichzeitig auf, wie die Polarlichter selbst, und sind um so stärker, je intensiver und je weiter verbreitet am Himmel das P. ist; sie zeigen sich auch an Orten, wo das P. selbst nicht sichtbar ist, so daß man aus einer solchen unruhigen Bewegung der Magnetnadel mit Sicherheit auf ein in entfernten Gegenden sichtbares P. schließen kann. Am unzweifelhaftesten aber ergibt sich die Beziehung des Polarlichts zum Erdmagnetismus aus der Bildung der Polarlichtkrone an dem Punkte des Himmels, nach welchem die magnetische Inklinations- (Neigungs-) Nadel hinweist. Der gewöhnliche Polarlichtbogen rührt nach der Ansicht Nordenskjölds von einem leuchtenden Ring her, der um den magnetischen Pol in beträchtlicher Höhe über der Erde schwebt, und welcher von einem zweiten größern konzentrisch umgeben ist, von dem die großen und prächtigen Polarlichter ausgehen. Je nach der Stellung des Beobachters zu diesen leuchtenden Ringen wird das P. eine verschiedene Form annehmen. An einem Punkte der Erdoberfläche, der weit südlich liegt, wird nur der äußere Ring sichtbar sein, von dem das prachtvolle Draperienlicht mit lebhaften Strahlen ausgeht. Befindet sich der Beobachter weiter nördlich, so wird der Polarlichtbogen die gewöhnliche Erscheinung sein, bei welcher man unter dem hellen Bogen den dunkeln Himmel oder das sogen. dunkle Segment erblickt. Unter den leuchtenden Ringen werden die meisten für den Beobachter sichtbaren Strahlen die Richtung der magnetischen Kraft am Beobachtungsort haben, d. h. einander parallel sein, und werden deshalb nach den Gesetzen der Perspektive in einem Punkte des Himmelsgewölbes zusammenzulaufen scheinen und die Polarlichtkrone an dem Punkte des Himmels bilden, nach welchem die magnetische Inklinationsnadel gerichtet ist. Ein Beobachter im Norden des Polarlichtrings sieht das P. selten, und da nach innen fast gar keine Strahlen ausgesendet werden, wird es hier meist nur als lichter Nebel am Horizont beobachtet werden. Nachdem schon früher die Ansicht ausgesprochen war, daß das P. elektrischer Natur sei, ging de la Rive davon aus, daß das Meerwasser beständig mit positiver Elektrizität geladen sei, daß diese positive Elektrizität durch die aufsteigenden Dämpfe in die höhern Schichten der Atmosphäre getragen und durch den obern Passat (s. d.) den Polen zugeführt werde, so daß sie eine positiv elektrische Hülle für die Erde bildet, welche selbst mit negativer Elektrizität geladen bleibt. Da sowohl die Erde als auch die verdünnte Luft in den höhern Regionen der Atmosphäre gute Leiter sind, so werden sich die verschiedenen Elektrizitäten besonders da verdichten, wo die positive Luftschicht und die negative Erde einander am nächsten sind, d. h. in der Nähe der Pole. Ein Ausgleich der entgegengesetzten Elektrizitäten wird wegen der schlechten Leistungsfähigkeit der untern Luftschichten, durch welche sie erfolgen muß, nur allmählich in successiven, mehr oder weniger kontinuierlichen Entladungen von veränderlicher Intensität stattfinden, und während einer solchen Entladung wird die negative Elektrizität auf der Erde vom Äquator nach den Polen und die positive umgekehrt von den Polen nach dem Äquator strömen. Durch diese Ströme wird die Deklinationsnadel nach W. abgelenkt und ein Strom in den Telegraphendrähten hervorgerufen, der sich in der That auch als eine Störung kenntlich macht. 1878 hat Edlund in Stockholm die Erklärung der Polarlichter sowie die Erklärung aller elektrischen Erscheinungen im Luftkreis auf die von Faraday entdeckte sogen. unipolare Induktion und zwar in folgender (auf die Erde angewandter) Weise reduziert. Läßt man einen Magnet (Erde) mit einer gut leitenden Umhüllung (Erdkruste) rotieren, und verbindet man dabei einen dem Pol benachbarten Punkt dieser Umhüllung (also in der Polarzone) durch einen Leiter (Atmosphäre) mit einem andern Punkte der Umhüllung in der Nähe der Mitte zwischen beiden Polen (in der Äquatorialzone), so entsteht während der Rotation ein elektrischer Strom zwischen den beiden Zonen, dessen Richtung und Intensität von Richtung und Geschwindigkeit der Rotation abhängen. Da nun die Atmosphäre in ihren untern Schichten im allgemeinen ein schlechter, in ihren obern aber ein guter Leiter ist, welcher den elektrischen Kreislauf zwischen der Äquatorialzone und den beiden Polarzonen schließt, so ist nun der elektrische Stromverlauf auf der Erde folgender. In allen Zonen zwischen dem Äquator und den beiden Polarzonen findet ein Aufsteigen der positiven Elektrizität statt, welches am Äquator am stärksten ist, aber immer schwächer wird, je mehr man sich den Polen nähert, und in deren Nähe ganz aufhört. Die in die Höhe getriebenen Mengen von positiver Elektrizität sind noch einer Tangentialkraft unterworfen, welche am Äquator und an den Polen gleich Null ist und zwischen beiden ihren größten Wert erreicht. Auf der nördlichen Halbkugel ist die Tangentialkraft nach Norden, auf der südlichen Halbkugel nach Süden gerichtet, und deshalb wird die in die Höhe gestiegene positive Elektrizität in den obern Luftschichten nach den Polen zu abfließen. Die geringe Leitungsfähigkeit der Luft setzt der Ausgleichung dieser positiven Elektrizität mit der durch Influenz auf der Erdoberfläche hervorgerufenen negativen Elektrizität einen Widerstand entgegen, so daß die Ausgleichung nur dann erfolgen kann, wenn eine gewisse elektrische Spannung erreicht ist, und zwar entweder durch Entladungsschläge, d. h. Gewitter, oder durch kontinuierliche Ströme, d. h. Polarlichter. Das Erglühen der Luft durch die elektrischen Rückströmungen aus den höhern Luftschichten nach der Erdoberfläche erfolgt nach dieser Theorie (analog wie in den Geißlerschen Röhren) in der Regel nur in den höhern dünnern Luftschichten, während der Durchgang durch die untern Schichten im allgemeinen lichtlos stattzufinden scheint. 1885 hat Unterweger das P. durch die Bewegung des Sonnensystems im Weltraum zu erklären versucht, indem durch Kompressen des Weltäthers an der Stirnseite der Weltkörper und durch Verdünnung desselben an der Rückenseite Differenzen der elektrischen Spannung in den Atmosphären entstehen, welche die uns wahrnehmbaren elektrischen Erscheinungen, zu denen auch das P. gehört, hervorrufen. 1882 ist es Lemström aus Helsingfors gelungen, durch geeignete elektrische Armierung von Berggipfeln Lichtsäulen bis zu ansehnlicher Höhe über diesen Gipfeln hervorzurufen, welche sowohl ihrem äußern Anschein nach als auch in Bezug auf die charakteristischen Eigenschaften mit den Polarlichtern übereinstimmten. Diese Versuche wurden im nördlichen Finnland auf zwei Bergen von 800 und 1100 m Höhe ausgeführt und bestanden darin, daß die betreffenden Hochflächen mit einem Netz von Kupferdrähten, die mit nach oben gerichteten Spitzen versehen und gegen den Erdboden isoliert waren, überzogen wurden. Das Drahtnetz wurde durch einen gegen die Erde isolierten Draht am Fuß des Bergs mittels einer Zinkplatte mit einer tiefern, Wasser führenden Erdschicht verbunden. Sobald die Verbindung hergestellt war, wurden unaufhörlich elektrische Ströme von schwankender Intensität in der Drahtleitung beobachtet, der positive Strom war von der Atmosphäre nach der Erde zu gerichtet. Gleichzeitig erhob sich über den Spitzen des Drahtnetzes ein gelblichweißes Leuchten, welches die charakteristische Polarlichtlinie im Spektroskop zeigte, und über einer der beiden Bergspitzen wurde sogar ein Polarlichtstrahl von 120 m Länge beobachtet. Vgl. Capron, Aurorae, their characters and spectra (Lond. 1879); Fritz, Das P. (Leipz. 1881).
MUSEO FORMA DE EL SALVADOR
Ubicado en las proximidades del monumento a El Salvador del Mundo, punto clave de la trama urbana de la ciudad, el Museo FORMA abre sus puertas a espacios y actividades para la educación cultural de los salvadoreños. Su enorme compromiso está hacia el público nacional en pos de contribuir en su educación y en el cultivo de su valoración hacia el significado de las artes plásticas nacionales.
Fundado en 1983, tras la iniciativa de la prestigiosa pintora Julia Díaz primera dama en la profesión, el proyecto FORMA se planteo como el misionero para resguardar con celo y altruismo las creaciones salvadoreñas con el fin de legarlas a las futuras generaciones. Por otra parte su fundadora tenía como precepto dedicar salas o galerías (no importa su término o función arquitectónica) para la incorporación de exposiciones temporales de nuevos talentos.
Dirección: Alameda Manuel Enrique Araujo,pasaje Senda Florida sur, costado poniente de AFP/CONFIA, San Salvador, El Salvador Centroamérica.
Telefono: (503) 22984269
Email: info@museoforma.com
Web: www.museoforma.com
Horarios:
De lunes a viernes de 8:00 a.m. a 5:00 p.m.
Sábados de 8:00 a.m. a 12:00 p.m.
Paige competed in her first competition shortly after achieving her first level green belt. I was certain that she was at a disadvantage, but she still came away with two medals. After having seen her progress to third level green belt, I was sure that this competition she would clean house. It turns out that her adversaries had gained in experience as well.
This competition, Paige competed in three different activities. The first was for her form. The form had changed recently and she was slow to master the new moves. She had earned her stripe (a piece of tape at the end of her belt showing achievement within the rank) for her form just a week earlier. But when it comes to her form, Paige is meticulous. She is conscious of every nuance. And in the end, she brought her "A Game" and earned a gold medal.
For sparring, Paige was a very strong competitor. Perhaps too strong. In her traditional approach to sparring, Paige went full throttle against her challengers. This works sometimes, but she has yet to learn to wait and be patient for the right striking opportunity. One of her opponents merely stood with one of her legs extended, and Paige would walk into it every time while attacking. This is a point, and in the end Paige did not get a medal for sparring.
The third part of the competition Paige competed in was board breaking. At one time, this had been a strong area for Paige. Perhaps because she didn't know any better. "You want me to hit that board and break it? Cool." Over time however she has learned that executing the techniques incorrectly can be particularly painful. We were hoping that she'd regain her confidence in the competition setting, but in the end she couldn't break the board, and didn't earn a medal.
So only one medal for this competition - a gold medal though, in Paige's favorite part, technical form.
A much trodden Path at Sagers, Valparaiso, Ind.
Date: Circa 1908
Source Type: Postcard
Publisher, Printer, Photographer: Elmer E. Starr, Suhling & Koehn Company (#112)
Postmark: None
Collection: Steven R. Shook
Copyright 2009. Some rights reserved. The associated text may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission of Steven R. Shook.
We went out to Moore's Crossing last night with Adri's sister Miranda and WhiteHotPheonix! It was a blast meeting Gabe and Amanda for the first time they are very Fun to hang out with!
SOOC
Plastic forming products coming down the assembly line.
Image released under Creative Commons. Use on any site you wish - please attribute to IndustrialTraffic.com
Former German Luftwaffe WWII Bunkers in Skanderborg forest,
Denmark
De Tyske Luftwaffe Bunkere i Dyrehaven ved Skanderborg.
Sandrail (not dune buggy) tour thanks to SandLand Adventures, Florence, OR
At first, I thought the front tires looked rather stylized and could not possibly have a practical design, but seeing how the three ridges just cut into the sand, i was pleasantly proved wrong that the engineering of these tires is a perfect blend of form and function.
Covering some 31,000+ acres, The Oregon Dunes National Recreation Area (or NRA) is located on the Oregon Coast, stretching approximately 40 miles (60 km) north from the Coos River in North Bend, to the Siuslaw River, in Florence. The NRA is part of Siuslaw National Forest and is administered by the United States Forest Service. The dunes adjoin Honeyman State Park.
The Oregon Dunes are a unique area of windswept sand that is the result of millions of years of wind and rain erosion on the Oregon Coast. These are the largest expanse of coastal sand dunes in North America.
"Forms Derived from a Cube"
etchings and aquatints, 1982
"LeWitt arrived at each composition in this cycle of complex images by imagining lines connecting various points on a cube and then mentally slicing through the volume to create voids demarcated by those lines. Economically articulated in just four shades of gray, the resulting series of forms walks the line between optical illusion and mind-bending game."
from the Doris and Donald Fisher Collection at the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, San Francisco California (sooc)
Form and Formed runs until June 9 and features ceramic and installation work by Suk Jin Choi and work by architect Yu-Chih Hsiao. Community Arts @ Paramount Gallery located on west side of Woodward, south of 9 mile in Paramount Bank. 22635 Woodward Avenue, Ferndale, MI.
Forms of Nature #8
digital collage
by Kenneth Rougeau
The eighth image in the new "Forms of Nature" series of digital collages I'm currently constructing. Prints are available in my Etsy store (artfamilia). At present, I'm planning several individual pieces and at least one triptych for the set. More to come soon!
The forms are in place and concrete is poured at the brand-new CCS-agriKomp on-farm reference plant in Millbrook, Ontario.
More info here:
info.octaform.com/blog/bid/38924/Canadians-Bring-German-B...
Parametric design - the size of the opening transform while different parameters are input... This research can be used in Facade design...
Coniston Water is an example of a ribbon lake formed by glaciation. The lake sits in a deep U-shaped glaciated valley scoured by a glacier in the surrounding volcanic and limestone rocks during the last ice age . To the north-west of the lake rises the Old Man of Coniston, the highest fell in the Coniston Fells group.
Average depth: 24.1 m (79.1 ft)
Location: Lake District, Cumbria
Max. depth: 56.1 m (184.1 ft)
Water volume: 1.133×10⁸ m³ (4.00×10⁹ cu ft)
History
Remains of agricultural settlements from the Bronze Age have been found near the shores of Coniston Water. The Romans mined copper from the fells above the lake. A potash kiln and two iron bloomeries show that industrial activity continued in medieval times. In the 13th and 14th centuries, Coniston Water was an important source of fish for the monks of Furness Abbey who owned the lake and much of the surrounding land. Copper mining continued in the area until the 19th century.
The lake was formerly known as "Thurston Water", a name derived from the Old Norse personal name 'Thursteinn' + Old English 'waeter'. This name was used as an alternative to Coniston Water until the late 18th century.
The Victorian artist and philosopher John Ruskin owned Brantwood House on the eastern shore of the lake, and lived in it from 1872 until his death in 1900. Ruskin is buried in the churchyard in the village of Coniston, at the northern end of the lake. His secretary the antiquarian W. G. Collingwood wrote a historical novel Thorstein of the Mere about the Northmen who settled on the island in the lake. The Victorian and Edwardian artist Henry Robinson Hall settled in Coniston during the Great War and is buried in the parish church graveyard.
Arthur Ransome set his children's novel Swallows and Amazons and the sequels Swallowdale, Winter Holiday, Pigeon Post and The Picts and the Martyrs around a fictional lake derived from a combination of Coniston Water and Windermere. The fictional lake resembles Windermere, but the surrounding hills and fells resemble those of Coniston Water. Some of Coniston Water's islands and other local landmarks can be identified in the novels. In particular the books' Wild Cat Island with its secret harbour is based on Peel Island. The Amazon River is based on the River Crake. The Swallows and Amazons series involve school holiday adventures in the 1930s. Historically, Coniston was part of Lancashire (North of the Sands), until Local Government reorganisation in 1974 when Cumbria was created.
Waterspeed record
In the 20th century Coniston Water was the scene of many attempts to break the world water speed record. On 19 August 1939 Sir Malcolm Campbell set the record at 141.74 miles per hour (228.108 km/h or 123.168 kn) in Blue Bird K4. Between 1956 and 1959 Sir Malcolm's son Donald Campbell set four successive records on the lake in Bluebird K7, a hydroplane.
In 1966 Donald Campbell decided that he needed to exceed 300 miles per hour (483 km/h) in order to retain the record. On 4 January 1967, he achieved a top speed of over 320 miles per hour (515 km/h or 278 kn) in Bluebird K7 on the return leg of a record-breaking attempt. He then lost control of Bluebird, which somersaulted and crashed, sinking rapidly; Campbell was decapitated by the K7's windscreen. The attempt could not be counted as a record-breaking run because the second leg was not completed. The remains of Bluebird were recovered from the water in 2001 and the majority of Campbell's body was recovered later in the same year.
Lady in the Lake
In recent times, Coniston Water has become known for a controversial murder case. Mrs Carol Park was dubbed the "Lady in the Lake" after the Raymond Chandler novel of the same name.
Boating
The lake is ideal for kayaking and canoeing and there are a number of good sites for launching and recovery. It is paddled as the second leg of the Three Lakes Challenge. The steam yacht Gondola tours the lake in the summer months, along with two smaller motorised launches.
Boats can be hired from the lakeside near the steam yacht, with various sizes of boat for hire, from small canoes and kayaks to large personal craft. Along with Ullswater and Derwentwater, Coniston Water has a mandatory waterspeed limit of 10 miles per hour (8.7 kn; 16 km/h). This is suspended temporarily for boats attempting new world waterspeed records during Records Week, usually the first week in November.
Panel in the Form of a Sarcophagus Door
Tang dynasty (618-907), early 8th century
Probably from Shaanxi Province
Limestone
Rogers Fund, 1920 (20.89)
**
The Metropolitan Museum of Art's permanent collection contains more than two million works of art from around the world. It opened its doors on February 20, 1872, housed in a building located at 681 Fifth Avenue in New York City. Under their guidance of John Taylor Johnston and George Palmer Putnam, the Met's holdings, initially consisting of a Roman stone sarcophagus and 174 mostly European paintings, quickly outgrew the available space. In 1873, occasioned by the Met's purchase of the Cesnola Collection of Cypriot antiquities, the museum decamped from Fifth Avenue and took up residence at the Douglas Mansion on West 14th Street. However, these new accommodations were temporary; after negotiations with the city of New York, the Met acquired land on the east side of Central Park, where it built its permanent home, a red-brick Gothic Revival stone "mausoleum" designed by American architects Calvert Vaux and Jacob Wrey Mold. As of 2006, the Met measures almost a quarter mile long and occupies more than two million square feet, more than 20 times the size of the original 1880 building.
In 2007, the Metropolitan Museum of Art was ranked #17 on the AIA 150 America's Favorite Architecture list.
The Metropolitan Museum of Art was designated a landmark by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission in 1967. The interior was designated in 1977.
National Historic Register #86003556
NARMADA PARIKRAMA
The Narmada also called the Rewa, is a river in central India and the fifth longest river in the Indian subcontinent. It is the third longest river that flows entirely within India, after the Godavari and the Krishna. It is also known as "Life Line of Madhya Pradesh" for its huge contribution to the state of Madhya Pradesh in many ways. It forms the traditional boundary between North India and South India and flows westwards over a length of 1,312 km (815.2 mi) before draining through theGulf of Khambhat into the Arabian Sea, 30 km (18.6 mi) west of Bharuch city of Gujarat. It is one of only three major rivers in peninsular India that run from east to west (longest west flowing river), along with the Tapti River and the Mahi River. It is the one of the rivers in India that flows in a rift valley, flowing west between the Satpura and Vindhya ranges. The other rivers which flows through rift valley include Damodar River in Chota Nagpur Plateau and Tapti. The Tapti River and Mahi River also flow through rift valleys, but between different ranges. It flows through the states of Madhya Pradesh(1,077 km (669.2 mi)), and Maharashtra, (74 km (46.0 mi))– (35 km (21.7 mi)) then along the border between Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra (39 km (24.2 mi) and the border between Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat and in Gujarat (161 km (100.0 mi)).
The Periplus Maris Erythraei (c. 80 AD) calls it the Nammadus, and theBritish Raj called it the Nerbudda or Narbada. Narmadā is a Sanskrit word meaning "the Giver of Pleasure".
To Hindus the Narmada is one of the five holy rivers of India; the other four beingGanges, Yamuna, Godavari and Kaveri. It is believed that a dip in any of these five rivers washes one's sins away. According to a legend, the river Ganges, polluted by millions of people bathing in it, assumes the form of a black cow and comes to the Narmada to bathe and cleanse itself in its holy waters. Legends also claim that the Narmada River is older than the river Ganges.
The river was mentioned by Ptolemy in the second century AD as Namade and by the author of the Periplus. The Ramayana, the Mahabharat, and thePuranas refer to it frequently. The Rewa Khand of Vayu Purana and the Rewa Khand of Skanda Purana are entirely devoted to the story of the birth and the importance of the river, and hence Narmada is also called the Rewa.
There are many fables about the origin of the Narmada. According to one of them, once Lord Shiva, the Destroyer of the Universe, meditated so hard that he started perspiring. Shiva's sweat accumulated in a tank and started flowing in the form of a river – the Narmada. Another legend has it that two teardrops that fell from the eyes of Lord Brahma, the creator of the universe, yielded two rivers – the Narmada and the Son.
Legends also say that for Lord Shiva, the Hindu God, the river is especially sacred on account of its origin, and it is often called Shankari, i.e., daughter of Shankar (Lord Shiva). All the pebbles rolling on its bed are said to take the shape of his emblem with the saying, "Narmada Ke Kanker utte Sankar" (a popular saying in the Hindi belt of India), which means that 'pebble stones of Narmada get a personified form of Shiva'. These lingam shaped stones (cryptocrytalline quartz), calledBanalinga also called (Banashivalingas) are much sought after for daily worship by the Hindus. The Brihadeeswara Temple in Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, constructed by Rajaraja Chola, has one of the biggest Banalingas. Adi Shankara met his guru Govinda Bhagavatpada on the banks of the river Narmada.
Narmada is also said to have been in love with the Sonbhadra, another river flowing on the Chota Nagpur Plateau. According to the Puranas, the Narmada is also called the Rewa, from its leaping motion (from the root 'rev') through its rocky bed.
Important religious places and Ghats along the course of the river, starting from its origin at Narmadakhund at Amarkantakhill, are a) the Amarkantak (in Sanskrit: Neck of Shiva) or Teertharaj (the King of Pilgrimages), b) Omkareshwar, Maheshwar, and Mahadeo temples, Nemawar Siddeshwar Mandir in the middle reach of the river – all named after Shiva, c) Chausath Yogini (sixty four yoginis) temple, d) Chaubis Avatar temple, e) Bhojpur Shiva temple and Bhrigu Rishi temple in Bharuch. The Narmada River is also worshipped as mother goddess by Narmadeeya Brahmins.
The importance of the Narmada River as sacred is testified by the fact that the pilgrims perform a holy pilgrimage of aparikrama or circumambulation of the river.[17] The Narmada Parikrama, as it is called, is considered to be a meritorious act that a pilgrim can undertake. Many sadhus and pilgrims walk on foot from the Arabian Sea at Bharuch in Gujarat, along the river, to the source in Maikal Mountains (Amarkantak hills) in Madhya Pradesh and back along the opposite bank of the river. It is a 2,600-kilometre (1,600 mi) walk.[18] Important towns of interest in the valley are Jabalpur, Barwani, Hoshangabad, Harda, Narmada Nagar, Omkareshwar, Dewas (Nemavar, Kity, Pipri), Mandla and Maheshwar in Madhya Pradesh, andRajpipla and Bharuch in Gujarat. Some places of historical interest are Joga Ka Quilla, Chhatri of Baji Rao Peshwa andBhimbetka, and among the falls are the Dugdhdhara, Dhardi falls, Bheraghat, Dhuandhara, Kapiladhara and Sahastradhara. By Kailash Mansarovar Foundation Swami Bikash Giri www.sumeruparvat.com , www.naturalitem.com
NARMADA PARIKRAMA
The Narmada also called the Rewa, is a river in central India and the fifth longest river in the Indian subcontinent. It is the third longest river that flows entirely within India, after the Godavari and the Krishna. It is also known as "Life Line of Madhya Pradesh" for its huge contribution to the state of Madhya Pradesh in many ways. It forms the traditional boundary between North India and South India and flows westwards over a length of 1,312 km (815.2 mi) before draining through theGulf of Khambhat into the Arabian Sea, 30 km (18.6 mi) west of Bharuch city of Gujarat. It is one of only three major rivers in peninsular India that run from east to west (longest west flowing river), along with the Tapti River and the Mahi River. It is the one of the rivers in India that flows in a rift valley, flowing west between the Satpura and Vindhya ranges. The other rivers which flows through rift valley include Damodar River in Chota Nagpur Plateau and Tapti. The Tapti River and Mahi River also flow through rift valleys, but between different ranges. It flows through the states of Madhya Pradesh(1,077 km (669.2 mi)), and Maharashtra, (74 km (46.0 mi))– (35 km (21.7 mi)) then along the border between Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra (39 km (24.2 mi) and the border between Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat and in Gujarat (161 km (100.0 mi)).
The Periplus Maris Erythraei (c. 80 AD) calls it the Nammadus, and theBritish Raj called it the Nerbudda or Narbada. Narmadā is a Sanskrit word meaning "the Giver of Pleasure".
To Hindus the Narmada is one of the five holy rivers of India; the other four beingGanges, Yamuna, Godavari and Kaveri. It is believed that a dip in any of these five rivers washes one's sins away. According to a legend, the river Ganges, polluted by millions of people bathing in it, assumes the form of a black cow and comes to the Narmada to bathe and cleanse itself in its holy waters. Legends also claim that the Narmada River is older than the river Ganges.
The river was mentioned by Ptolemy in the second century AD as Namade and by the author of the Periplus. The Ramayana, the Mahabharat, and thePuranas refer to it frequently. The Rewa Khand of Vayu Purana and the Rewa Khand of Skanda Purana are entirely devoted to the story of the birth and the importance of the river, and hence Narmada is also called the Rewa.
There are many fables about the origin of the Narmada. According to one of them, once Lord Shiva, the Destroyer of the Universe, meditated so hard that he started perspiring. Shiva's sweat accumulated in a tank and started flowing in the form of a river – the Narmada. Another legend has it that two teardrops that fell from the eyes of Lord Brahma, the creator of the universe, yielded two rivers – the Narmada and the Son.
Legends also say that for Lord Shiva, the Hindu God, the river is especially sacred on account of its origin, and it is often called Shankari, i.e., daughter of Shankar (Lord Shiva). All the pebbles rolling on its bed are said to take the shape of his emblem with the saying, "Narmada Ke Kanker utte Sankar" (a popular saying in the Hindi belt of India), which means that 'pebble stones of Narmada get a personified form of Shiva'. These lingam shaped stones (cryptocrytalline quartz), calledBanalinga also called (Banashivalingas) are much sought after for daily worship by the Hindus. The Brihadeeswara Temple in Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, constructed by Rajaraja Chola, has one of the biggest Banalingas. Adi Shankara met his guru Govinda Bhagavatpada on the banks of the river Narmada.
Narmada is also said to have been in love with the Sonbhadra, another river flowing on the Chota Nagpur Plateau. According to the Puranas, the Narmada is also called the Rewa, from its leaping motion (from the root 'rev') through its rocky bed.
Important religious places and Ghats along the course of the river, starting from its origin at Narmadakhund at Amarkantakhill, are a) the Amarkantak (in Sanskrit: Neck of Shiva) or Teertharaj (the King of Pilgrimages), b) Omkareshwar, Maheshwar, and Mahadeo temples, Nemawar Siddeshwar Mandir in the middle reach of the river – all named after Shiva, c) Chausath Yogini (sixty four yoginis) temple, d) Chaubis Avatar temple, e) Bhojpur Shiva temple and Bhrigu Rishi temple in Bharuch. The Narmada River is also worshipped as mother goddess by Narmadeeya Brahmins.
The importance of the Narmada River as sacred is testified by the fact that the pilgrims perform a holy pilgrimage of aparikrama or circumambulation of the river.[17] The Narmada Parikrama, as it is called, is considered to be a meritorious act that a pilgrim can undertake. Many sadhus and pilgrims walk on foot from the Arabian Sea at Bharuch in Gujarat, along the river, to the source in Maikal Mountains (Amarkantak hills) in Madhya Pradesh and back along the opposite bank of the river. It is a 2,600-kilometre (1,600 mi) walk.[18] Important towns of interest in the valley are Jabalpur, Barwani, Hoshangabad, Harda, Narmada Nagar, Omkareshwar, Dewas (Nemavar, Kity, Pipri), Mandla and Maheshwar in Madhya Pradesh, andRajpipla and Bharuch in Gujarat. Some places of historical interest are Joga Ka Quilla, Chhatri of Baji Rao Peshwa andBhimbetka, and among the falls are the Dugdhdhara, Dhardi falls, Bheraghat, Dhuandhara, Kapiladhara and Sahastradhara. By Kailash Mansarovar Foundation Swami Bikash Giri www.sumeruparvat.com , www.naturalitem.com
NARMADA PARIKRAMA
The Narmada also called the Rewa, is a river in central India and the fifth longest river in the Indian subcontinent. It is the third longest river that flows entirely within India, after the Godavari and the Krishna. It is also known as "Life Line of Madhya Pradesh" for its huge contribution to the state of Madhya Pradesh in many ways. It forms the traditional boundary between North India and South India and flows westwards over a length of 1,312 km (815.2 mi) before draining through theGulf of Khambhat into the Arabian Sea, 30 km (18.6 mi) west of Bharuch city of Gujarat. It is one of only three major rivers in peninsular India that run from east to west (longest west flowing river), along with the Tapti River and the Mahi River. It is the one of the rivers in India that flows in a rift valley, flowing west between the Satpura and Vindhya ranges. The other rivers which flows through rift valley include Damodar River in Chota Nagpur Plateau and Tapti. The Tapti River and Mahi River also flow through rift valleys, but between different ranges. It flows through the states of Madhya Pradesh(1,077 km (669.2 mi)), and Maharashtra, (74 km (46.0 mi))– (35 km (21.7 mi)) then along the border between Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra (39 km (24.2 mi) and the border between Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat and in Gujarat (161 km (100.0 mi)).
The Periplus Maris Erythraei (c. 80 AD) calls it the Nammadus, and theBritish Raj called it the Nerbudda or Narbada. Narmadā is a Sanskrit word meaning "the Giver of Pleasure".
To Hindus the Narmada is one of the five holy rivers of India; the other four beingGanges, Yamuna, Godavari and Kaveri. It is believed that a dip in any of these five rivers washes one's sins away. According to a legend, the river Ganges, polluted by millions of people bathing in it, assumes the form of a black cow and comes to the Narmada to bathe and cleanse itself in its holy waters. Legends also claim that the Narmada River is older than the river Ganges.
The river was mentioned by Ptolemy in the second century AD as Namade and by the author of the Periplus. The Ramayana, the Mahabharat, and thePuranas refer to it frequently. The Rewa Khand of Vayu Purana and the Rewa Khand of Skanda Purana are entirely devoted to the story of the birth and the importance of the river, and hence Narmada is also called the Rewa.
There are many fables about the origin of the Narmada. According to one of them, once Lord Shiva, the Destroyer of the Universe, meditated so hard that he started perspiring. Shiva's sweat accumulated in a tank and started flowing in the form of a river – the Narmada. Another legend has it that two teardrops that fell from the eyes of Lord Brahma, the creator of the universe, yielded two rivers – the Narmada and the Son.
Legends also say that for Lord Shiva, the Hindu God, the river is especially sacred on account of its origin, and it is often called Shankari, i.e., daughter of Shankar (Lord Shiva). All the pebbles rolling on its bed are said to take the shape of his emblem with the saying, "Narmada Ke Kanker utte Sankar" (a popular saying in the Hindi belt of India), which means that 'pebble stones of Narmada get a personified form of Shiva'. These lingam shaped stones (cryptocrytalline quartz), calledBanalinga also called (Banashivalingas) are much sought after for daily worship by the Hindus. The Brihadeeswara Temple in Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, constructed by Rajaraja Chola, has one of the biggest Banalingas. Adi Shankara met his guru Govinda Bhagavatpada on the banks of the river Narmada.
Narmada is also said to have been in love with the Sonbhadra, another river flowing on the Chota Nagpur Plateau. According to the Puranas, the Narmada is also called the Rewa, from its leaping motion (from the root 'rev') through its rocky bed.
Important religious places and Ghats along the course of the river, starting from its origin at Narmadakhund at Amarkantakhill, are a) the Amarkantak (in Sanskrit: Neck of Shiva) or Teertharaj (the King of Pilgrimages), b) Omkareshwar, Maheshwar, and Mahadeo temples, Nemawar Siddeshwar Mandir in the middle reach of the river – all named after Shiva, c) Chausath Yogini (sixty four yoginis) temple, d) Chaubis Avatar temple, e) Bhojpur Shiva temple and Bhrigu Rishi temple in Bharuch. The Narmada River is also worshipped as mother goddess by Narmadeeya Brahmins.
The importance of the Narmada River as sacred is testified by the fact that the pilgrims perform a holy pilgrimage of aparikrama or circumambulation of the river.[17] The Narmada Parikrama, as it is called, is considered to be a meritorious act that a pilgrim can undertake. Many sadhus and pilgrims walk on foot from the Arabian Sea at Bharuch in Gujarat, along the river, to the source in Maikal Mountains (Amarkantak hills) in Madhya Pradesh and back along the opposite bank of the river. It is a 2,600-kilometre (1,600 mi) walk.[18] Important towns of interest in the valley are Jabalpur, Barwani, Hoshangabad, Harda, Narmada Nagar, Omkareshwar, Dewas (Nemavar, Kity, Pipri), Mandla and Maheshwar in Madhya Pradesh, andRajpipla and Bharuch in Gujarat. Some places of historical interest are Joga Ka Quilla, Chhatri of Baji Rao Peshwa andBhimbetka, and among the falls are the Dugdhdhara, Dhardi falls, Bheraghat, Dhuandhara, Kapiladhara and Sahastradhara. By Kailash Mansarovar Foundation Swami Bikash Giri www.sumeruparvat.com , www.naturalitem.com
NARMADA PARIKRAMA
The Narmada also called the Rewa, is a river in central India and the fifth longest river in the Indian subcontinent. It is the third longest river that flows entirely within India, after the Godavari and the Krishna. It is also known as "Life Line of Madhya Pradesh" for its huge contribution to the state of Madhya Pradesh in many ways. It forms the traditional boundary between North India and South India and flows westwards over a length of 1,312 km (815.2 mi) before draining through theGulf of Khambhat into the Arabian Sea, 30 km (18.6 mi) west of Bharuch city of Gujarat. It is one of only three major rivers in peninsular India that run from east to west (longest west flowing river), along with the Tapti River and the Mahi River. It is the one of the rivers in India that flows in a rift valley, flowing west between the Satpura and Vindhya ranges. The other rivers which flows through rift valley include Damodar River in Chota Nagpur Plateau and Tapti. The Tapti River and Mahi River also flow through rift valleys, but between different ranges. It flows through the states of Madhya Pradesh(1,077 km (669.2 mi)), and Maharashtra, (74 km (46.0 mi))– (35 km (21.7 mi)) then along the border between Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra (39 km (24.2 mi) and the border between Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat and in Gujarat (161 km (100.0 mi)).
The Periplus Maris Erythraei (c. 80 AD) calls it the Nammadus, and theBritish Raj called it the Nerbudda or Narbada. Narmadā is a Sanskrit word meaning "the Giver of Pleasure".
To Hindus the Narmada is one of the five holy rivers of India; the other four beingGanges, Yamuna, Godavari and Kaveri. It is believed that a dip in any of these five rivers washes one's sins away. According to a legend, the river Ganges, polluted by millions of people bathing in it, assumes the form of a black cow and comes to the Narmada to bathe and cleanse itself in its holy waters. Legends also claim that the Narmada River is older than the river Ganges.
The river was mentioned by Ptolemy in the second century AD as Namade and by the author of the Periplus. The Ramayana, the Mahabharat, and thePuranas refer to it frequently. The Rewa Khand of Vayu Purana and the Rewa Khand of Skanda Purana are entirely devoted to the story of the birth and the importance of the river, and hence Narmada is also called the Rewa.
There are many fables about the origin of the Narmada. According to one of them, once Lord Shiva, the Destroyer of the Universe, meditated so hard that he started perspiring. Shiva's sweat accumulated in a tank and started flowing in the form of a river – the Narmada. Another legend has it that two teardrops that fell from the eyes of Lord Brahma, the creator of the universe, yielded two rivers – the Narmada and the Son.
Legends also say that for Lord Shiva, the Hindu God, the river is especially sacred on account of its origin, and it is often called Shankari, i.e., daughter of Shankar (Lord Shiva). All the pebbles rolling on its bed are said to take the shape of his emblem with the saying, "Narmada Ke Kanker utte Sankar" (a popular saying in the Hindi belt of India), which means that 'pebble stones of Narmada get a personified form of Shiva'. These lingam shaped stones (cryptocrytalline quartz), calledBanalinga also called (Banashivalingas) are much sought after for daily worship by the Hindus. The Brihadeeswara Temple in Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, constructed by Rajaraja Chola, has one of the biggest Banalingas. Adi Shankara met his guru Govinda Bhagavatpada on the banks of the river Narmada.
Narmada is also said to have been in love with the Sonbhadra, another river flowing on the Chota Nagpur Plateau. According to the Puranas, the Narmada is also called the Rewa, from its leaping motion (from the root 'rev') through its rocky bed.
Important religious places and Ghats along the course of the river, starting from its origin at Narmadakhund at Amarkantakhill, are a) the Amarkantak (in Sanskrit: Neck of Shiva) or Teertharaj (the King of Pilgrimages), b) Omkareshwar, Maheshwar, and Mahadeo temples, Nemawar Siddeshwar Mandir in the middle reach of the river – all named after Shiva, c) Chausath Yogini (sixty four yoginis) temple, d) Chaubis Avatar temple, e) Bhojpur Shiva temple and Bhrigu Rishi temple in Bharuch. The Narmada River is also worshipped as mother goddess by Narmadeeya Brahmins.
The importance of the Narmada River as sacred is testified by the fact that the pilgrims perform a holy pilgrimage of aparikrama or circumambulation of the river.[17] The Narmada Parikrama, as it is called, is considered to be a meritorious act that a pilgrim can undertake. Many sadhus and pilgrims walk on foot from the Arabian Sea at Bharuch in Gujarat, along the river, to the source in Maikal Mountains (Amarkantak hills) in Madhya Pradesh and back along the opposite bank of the river. It is a 2,600-kilometre (1,600 mi) walk.[18] Important towns of interest in the valley are Jabalpur, Barwani, Hoshangabad, Harda, Narmada Nagar, Omkareshwar, Dewas (Nemavar, Kity, Pipri), Mandla and Maheshwar in Madhya Pradesh, andRajpipla and Bharuch in Gujarat. Some places of historical interest are Joga Ka Quilla, Chhatri of Baji Rao Peshwa andBhimbetka, and among the falls are the Dugdhdhara, Dhardi falls, Bheraghat, Dhuandhara, Kapiladhara and Sahastradhara. By Kailash Mansarovar Foundation Swami Bikash Giri www.sumeruparvat.com , www.naturalitem.com
The bench was the common seating form in the days when chairs were reserved for the most important people (hence the term “chairman”). Early types were very simple, consisting of a plank supported by solid ends connected by brackets or a stretcher.
Finding an empty bench. In a park we often go in search of an empty bench . Its desirable providing an opportunity to idle, while away some time and watch the world go by. Maybe have a picnic and rest those legs.
The interest for me isn't the urban furniture itself though they can come in all shapes and sizes and different colours and be modern or aged. No for me as a photographer it is the body language that is exhibited.
For some the bench once they sit down it becomes their personnel space , their personnel kingdom and they won't welcome others to join them on a public bench. For others a bench is the opposite a chance for company, to meet and talk with strangers about the weather , about politics and sport.
Does it vary around the world this public etiquette of sitting on public benches with strangers?
In Bury St Edmunds my home town there is a plaque on a bench in the Abbey Gardens which records the fact that we have the worlds first internet bench.
It was reported on at the time "Surfing outdoors is taking on a new meaning with the launch of the world's first internet-enabled park bench.
The cyber-seat, installed in public gardens in Suffolk, UK, allows up to four people to log on to the web at the same time."
My own project is merely to capture people on benches wherever I am and I am with a camera..
Zwei Tonlampen in Form von Gladiatorenhelmen.
Links ein Murmillo oder Thraex Helm des zweiten bis dritten Jahrhunderts.
Das Punktmuster entspricht der Fischschuppenähnlichen Verzinnung des echten Helmes:
www.flickr.com/photos/40060535@N05/galleries/721576229692...
Rechts ein Secutor Helm.
Die Verstärkung um die Augenlöcher ist aufwendig verziert.
Two lamps formed like Gladiator helmets.
The left one is a 2nd-3rd AD Murmillo or Thraex helmet.
The dotet surface resembles the tinned "fishscales" of the real helmet:
www.flickr.com/photos/40060535@N05/galleries/721576229692...
Right a Secutor helmet.
The reinforcement around the eyeholes is elaborately ornamented
Raymond Jonson's Cloud Forms and Mesas No. 1, an oil paint on canvas, was executed in 1926. When Jonson first visited New Mexico in 1922, he found that the landscape fit his increasingly abstract approach. Although modern styles like cubism were not popularly accepted at the time, Jonson pushed the envelope with painitings like this one, which simplified the lanscape into flat, geometric forms.
The Denver Art Museum, a private, non-profit museum, is known for its collection of American Indian art. Its impressive collection of more than 68,000 works includes pieces from around the world including modern and contemporary art, European and American painting and sculpture, and pre-Columbian and Spanish Colonial art. The museum was originally founded in 1893 as the Denver Artists Club. In 1918, it moved into galleries in the Denver City and County Building, and became the Denver Art Museum.
In 1971, the museum opened what is now known as the North Building, designed by Italian architect Gio Ponti and Denver-based James Sudler Associates. The seven-story structure, 210,000-square-foot building allowed the museum to display its collections under one roof for the first time. The Frederic C. Hamilton Building, designed by Studio Daniel Libeskind and Denver firm Davis Partnership Architects, opened on October 7, 2006 to accommodate the Denver Art Museum's growing collections and programs.
A 3D printed jewellery piece created with a Formlabs Form 2 SLA 3D printer. Right is the printed Castable Wax Resin part, ready to be fired, the other is a finished gold cast piece.
Free for use under Creative Commons license. If you use this image, please link to "formlabs.com/3d-printers/" in your attribution.