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Allium giganteum, common name giant onion, is an Asian species of onion, native to central and southwestern Asia but cultivated in many countries as a flowering garden plant. It is the tallest species of Allium in common cultivation, growing to 1.5 metres (4.9 ft).
In early to midsummer, small globes of intense purple umbels appear, followed by attractive fruiting umbels. A popular cultivar, 'Globemaster', is shorter (80 centimetres (31 in)) but produces much larger, deep violet, umbels (15–20 centimetres (5.9–7.9 in)). Both varieties have been granted the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.
In nature, the species is found in Iran, Afghanistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan.. In cultivation in the US, it performs well.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The osprey, also called sea hawk, river hawk, and fish hawk, is a diurnal, fish-eating bird of prey with a cosmopolitan range. It is a large raptor reaching more than 60 cm in length and 180 cm across the wings. It is brown on the upperparts and predominantly greyish on the head and underparts. Wikipedia
Conservation status: Least Concern (Population increasing) Encyclopedia of Life
zoom in to appreciate
Thanks to everyone that views and comments on my images - very much appreciated.I
© ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. On all my images, Use without permission is illegal.
For Macro Mondays' "Book" theme. About 1" (25mm) of the book is shown on each side of the lower spine.
Mute Swan (Cygnus olor) is a species of swan and a member of the waterfowl family Anatidae. It is native to much of Eurosiberia, and (as a rare winter visitor) the far north of Africa. It is an introduced species in North America – home to the largest populations outside of its native range – with additional smaller introductions in Australasia and southern Africa. The name 'mute' derives from it being less vocal than other swan species. Measuring 125 to 170 cm (49 to 67 in) in length, this large swan is wholly white in plumage with an orange beak bordered with black. It is recognisable by its pronounced knob atop the beak, which is larger in males.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mute_swan
THE LOOK level 1 RED awards = 8
THE LOOK level 2 YELLOW awards = 8
THE LOOK level 3 ORANGE awards = 10
THE LOOK level 4 PURPLE awards = 6
THE LOOK level 5 GREEN awards = 9
THE LOOK level 6 BLUE awards = 10
THE LOOK level 7 WHITE awards = 8
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Marken
Location of the municipality of Waterland in North Holland and the Netherlands.
Coordinates: 52°27′30″N 5°6′24″ECoordinates: 52°27′30″N 5°6′24″E
Marken (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈmɑrkə(n)]; Marken's dialect: Mereke) is a village with a population of 1,810 in the municipality of Waterland in the province of North Holland in the Netherlands. Marken forms a peninsula in the Markermeer and was formerly an island in the Zuiderzee. The characteristic wooden houses of Marken are a tourist attraction.
Marken was an island in the Zuiderzee
For some time during the later 19th and early 20th centuries, Marken and its inhabitants were the focus of considerable attention by folklorists, ethnographers and physical anthropologists, who regarded the small fishing town as a relic of the traditional native culture that was destined to disappear as the modernization of the Netherlands gained pace.[5] Among them was Johann Friedrich Blumenbach who examined a skull from the island of humans which he called Batavus genuinus; and was the Belgian painter Xavier Mellery who stayed in Marken at the request of Decoster. Mellery was asked to perform illustrative work and delivered several intimist works.
The projects of Cornelis Lely was to incorporated the island into the markerwaard. The dike, built in 1941 in the north, is the first phase of that project which was stopped by the war.
In 1983, the Marker Museum about the history of the island was opened.
20160624 4737Sunset at Marken
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Marken
Location of the municipality of Waterland in North Holland and the Netherlands.
Coordinates: 52°27′30″N 5°6′24″ECoordinates: 52°27′30″N 5°6′24″E
Marken (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈmɑrkə(n)]; Marken's dialect: Mereke) is a village with a population of 1,810 in the municipality of Waterland in the province of North Holland in the Netherlands. Marken forms a peninsula in the Markermeer and was formerly an island in the Zuiderzee. The characteristic wooden houses of Marken are a tourist attraction.
Marken was an island in the Zuiderzee
For some time during the later 19th and early 20th centuries, Marken and its inhabitants were the focus of considerable attention by folklorists, ethnographers and physical anthropologists, who regarded the small fishing town as a relic of the traditional native culture that was destined to disappear as the modernization of the Netherlands gained pace.[5] Among them was Johann Friedrich Blumenbach who examined a skull from the island of humans which he called Batavus genuinus; and was the Belgian painter Xavier Mellery who stayed in Marken at the request of Decoster. Mellery was asked to perform illustrative work and delivered several intimist works.
The projects of Cornelis Lely was to incorporated the island into the markerwaard. The dike, built in 1941 in the north, is the first phase of that project which was stopped by the war.
In 1983, the Marker Museum about the history of the island was opened.
201702030697_1-6
Koppelpoort
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Koppelpoort, Amersfoort
The Koppelpoort is a medieval gate in the Dutch town Amersfoort. Completed around 1425, the gate combines land- and water-gates, and is part of the second city wall of Amersfoort, which was constructed between 1380 and 1450.[1]
History
The gate was built between 1380 and 1425 as part of the second city wall. The whole wall was completed around 1450. The gate was attacked in 1427 during the siege of the city. This attack was repelled.
The gate was opened and closed every day by the appointed raddraaiers, "wheel-turners". A minimum of twelve wheel-turners were collected morning and evening by several guards. It was an extremely dangerous task; if they did not begin walking simultaneously, then one could fall, dragging the rest along with often fatal results. Before the gate could come down, it had to be raised, to pull out the iron pins that held it in place. Only then could it come down. While the gate was going down, walking in the wheel grew ever easier and faster, and many people stumbled and broke their limbs. The koppelpoort was also never breached.
Koppelpoort
The Koppelpoort was given its current appearance during the restoration by Pierre Cuypers in 1885 and 1886. Among other things, Cuypers removed a step between the two gates and replaced it with a slope.
From 1969 to 1993 a puppet theater was situated in the gate.
The latest restoration was completed in 1996. It was carried out very cautiously, and with respect for the old building materials. For this the town of Amersfoort received the Europa Nostra Award.
Koppelpoort
De Koppelpoort is een stadspoort in Amersfoort. Het is een combinatie van een land- en waterpoort. De naam is waarschijnlijk afgeleid van het Oost-middelnederlands woord coppel wat gemeenschappelijke weide betekent. Het gebied buiten de Koppelpoort was een gemeenschappelijk gebied. De naam duidt dus niet op het feit dat de poort twee functies heeft.
De poort bevindt zich aan de noordwestkant van de binnenstad, waar het grachtenstelsel - gevoed door de Heiligenbergerbeek vanaf de zuidelijke waterpoort Monnikendam - de binnenstad verlaat en zich samenvoegt met de Flierbeeksingel - het oostelijk restant van buitenste grachtengordel wat is ontstaan uit de Barneveldse Beek (vroeger Flierbeek); het tegenwoordig gedempte westelijk deel - kortweg Beek in het gebied Bekenstein - liep vroeger langs wat nu de Stadsring heet en is ontstaan uit de Heiligenbergerbeek. Na het passeren van het (voormalige) havengebied De Koppel, voegt zich hierbij het later gegraven Valleikanaal - op zijn beurt gevoed door de Barneveldse Beek - en gaat het geheel van waterwegen over in de rivier de Eem. De naam Koppelpoort slaat op het gebied buiten de poort wat de Koppel werd en wordt genoemd. Het gebied deed dienst als gemeenschappelijke weidegrond o.a. voor de boerderijen die na de aanleg van de tweede stadsmuur binnen de muren waren komen te liggen.
Het bouwwerk
De Koppelpoort kon worden gesloten door middel van een dubbele tredmolen. Deze functioneert nog steeds.
Boven de waterpoort bevindt zich een mezekouw, een houten uitbouw vanwaaruit gloeiende pek naar beneden gegooid kon worden.
Tussen 1645 en 1778 stond er voor de Koppelpoort nog een voorpoort. Deze was mogelijk ontworpen door de Amersfoortse architect Jacob van Campen.
Geschiedenis
Tredmolen met hijsas aan de binnenkant van de Koppelpoort
De poort werd tussen 1380 en 1425 gebouwd als onderdeel van de tweede stadsmuur.[1] De gehele muur was rond 1450 voltooid. De poort werd in 1427 aangevallen tijdens het beleg van de stad. Deze aanval werd afgeslagen.
De poort werd elke dag open en dicht gedaan door raddraaiers. De raddraaiers (minimaal 12 personen) werden 's ochtends en 's avonds opgehaald, door meerdere bewakers. Het was een erg gevaarlijke klus: Als ze niet tegelijk begonnen met lopen dan zou er een kunnen vallen, en de rest meesleuren, met vaak fatale afloop. Voordat het schot naar beneden kon moest het eerst omhoog, om de ijzeren pinnen die erin zaten eruit te halen. Dan pas kon het naar beneden. Terwijl het schot naar beneden gaat, gaat het lopen in het rad steeds makkelijker en sneller, veel mensen struikelden en braken zo ledematen.
De Koppelpoort is in de stadswandeling van Gilde Amersfoort opgenomen. Gasten kunnen zelf in de tredmolen het schot in beweging brengen.
De Koppelpoort kreeg haar huidige aanzien tijdens de restauratie door Pierre Cuypers in 1885 en 1886. Cuypers verwijderde onder meer een verdieping tussen de beide poorten en verving deze door kantelen.
Van 1969 tot 1993 was in de poort een poppentheater gevestigd.
In 1996 werd de laatste restauratie voltooid. Deze is zeer terughoudend en met respect voor de oude bouwmaterialen en de begroeiing uitgevoerd. Hiervoor kreeg de gemeente Amersfoort de Europa Nostra Award
(wikipedia)
20160806 5700-Pano-2
The American robin is a migratory songbird of the true thrush genus and Turdidae, the wider thrush family. It is named after the European robin because of its reddish-orange breast, though the two species are not closely related, with the European robin belonging to the Old World flycatcher family. Wikipedia
Lifespan: 2 years (In the wild)
Scientific name: Turdus migratorius
Mass: 2.7 oz Encyclopedia of Life
Length: 9.1 – 11 in. Encyclopedia of Life
Family: Turdidae
Incubation period: 12 to 14 days journeynorth.org
Columbia Encyclopedia - PeopleChihuly, Dale Patrick (chĭhū'lē) 1941–, American glass artist, b. Tacoma, Wash.; grad. Univ. of Washington, Seattle (B.A., 1965), Rhode Island School of Design (RISD; M.F.A., 1967), Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison (M.S., 1967). Probably the foremost figure in the contemporary art-glass movement, Chihuly experimented with the medium while an undergraduate and studied the glassblower's art at a Venetian glass studio (1968). He founded (1969) the glass department at RISD, taught there for 11 years, and in 1971 established the influential Pilchuck Glass School near Seattle. Extremely prolific, Chihuly (working with a crew of technicians) creates glass sculptures in a rainbow of colors, sometimes opaque, translucent, or iridescent; and in an astonishing variety of semiabstract shapes, including baskets, sea and flower forms, globes, stumps, cylinders, and hanging garlands. His works range from miniatures to large architectural installations, such as the celebrated pieces in Chihuly over Venice (1996) and the works on the Bridge of Glass (2002) at the Museum of Glass: International Center for Contemporary Art in Tacoma, Wash.
Bibliography
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia:
Mount Susitna is a 4,140 feet (1,260 m) mountain in the U.S. state of Alaska. It is located on the west bank of the lower Susitna River, about 33 miles (53 km) northwest of Anchorage, Alaska.[1] The mountain is a prominent landmark in the Anchorage, Alaska area and can be seen across the Knik Arm of the Cook Inlet from most of the city, especially at higher elevations.
Mount Susitna is often called The Sleeping Lady for its resemblance to a recumbent woman. The name is sometimes said to derive from a Dena’ina legend, in which a woman named Susitna belonging to a race of giants vows to sleep until world peace is achieved, but no such legend actually exists. The mountain's Dena'ina name is Dghelishla, meaning "Little Mountain"; in English it was simply named for the Susitna River which means Sandy River.[1] "Dgelishla" is also transliterated as "Dinglishna" in Alaska, such as in the name of the Dinglishna Hills, Alaska subdivision of Matanuska-Susitna Valley.
Old encyclopedia ( 1917) with an old ribbon bookmark.
A little under 4cm.
I really struggled with this theme, I took a LOT of photo's !
Happy Macro Monday.
Thank you for your views, faves and or comments, they are greatly appreciated !!!
Don't use this image on websites, blogs or other media without my explicit permission !!!
© all rights reserved Lily aenee
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Bristol MMB 43 SS Great Britain.jpg
SS Great Britain in dry dock at Bristol in 2005.
History
Name:SS Great Britain
Owner:Great Western Steamship Company
Builder:William Patterson
Cost:
Projected: £70,000
Actual: £117,000
Laid down:July 1839
Launched:19 July 1843
Completed:1845
Maiden voyage:26 July 1845
In service:1845–1886
Homeport:Bristol, England
General characteristics
Type:Passenger steamship
Displacement:3,674 tons load draught
Length:322 ft (98 m)
Beam:50 ft 6 in (15.39 m)
Draught:16 ft (4.9 m)[1]
Installed power:2 × twin 88-inch (220 cm) cylinder, 6 ft (1.8 m) stroke, 500 hp (370 kW), 18 rpm inclined direct-acting steam engines
Propulsion:Single screw propeller
Sail plan:
Original: Five schooner-rigged and one square-rigged mast
After 1853: Three square-rigged masts
Speed:10 to 11 knots (19 to 20 km/h; 12 to 13 mph)
Capacity:
360 passengers, later increased to 730
1,200 tons of cargo
Complement:130 officers and crew (as completed)
SS Great Britain is a museum ship and former passenger steamship, which was advanced for her time. She was the longest passenger ship in the world from 1845 to 1854. She was designed by Isambard Kingdom Brunel for the Great Western Steamship Company's transatlantic service between Bristol and New York. While other ships had been built of iron or equipped with a screw propeller, Great Britain was the first to combine these features in a large ocean-going ship. She was the first iron steamer to cross the Atlantic, which she did in 1845, in the time of 14 days.
The ship is 322 ft (98 m) in length and has a 3,400-ton displacement. She was powered by two inclined 2 cylinder engines of the direct-acting type, with twin 88 in (220 cm) bore, 6-foot (1.8 m) stroke cylinders. She was also provided with secondary sail power. The four decks provided accommodation for a crew of 120, plus 360 passengers who were provided with cabins and dining and promenade saloons.
When launched in 1843, Great Britain was by far the largest vessel afloat. However, her protracted construction and high cost had left her owners in a difficult financial position, and they were forced out of business in 1846 having spent all their funds re-floating the ship after she was run aground at Dundrum Bay after a navigational error. In 1852 she was sold for salvage and repaired. Great Britain carried thousands of immigrants to Australia from 1852 until converted to sail in 1881. Three years later, she was retired to the Falkland Islands where she was used as a warehouse, quarantine ship and coal hulk until scuttled in 1937.[2]
In 1970, following a cash donation by Sir Jack Hayward that paid for the vessel to be towed back to the UK, Great Britain was returned to the Bristol dry dock where she was built. Now listed as part of the National Historic Fleet, she is an award-winning visitor attraction and museum ship in Bristol Harbour, with between 150,000 and 200,000 visitors annually.
these two are just a sneak preview of the upcoming set: Jerusalem Follies.
This was shot on my brother Sagi's Porch, somewhere in Jerusalem.
The sooty gull is a predator and scavenger. It feeds on discarded fish and fish offal, other small fish that it catches itself, prawns, newly hatched turtles and the eggs and chicks of other sea birds.
Breeding takes place during the summer. It usually nests in small colonies on inshore coral islands, particularly outer islands protected by reefs with rock, sand and sparse vegetation. Nests are sometimes solitary, particularly in Africa, or may be scattered among the nests of other colonial sea birds. The nest may consist of a bare scrape in the coral in an exposed position or may be protected by a coral overhang or sheltered beneath a low-growing mangrove or a seepweed bush.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
We would like to introduce Ågnot Pebbles, in short 'Aggie',
a particular specimen of newly discovered troll species.
These and more recently discovered species are already documented in the prospective 'Woodlings Faeries Encyclopedia' by Charles' Creature Cabinet.
© 2015 Charles Grimberg-Stephan CCC - All rights Reserved (artwork/images)
Thermopolis, Wyoming, has the world's largest hot spring - larger than anything in Yellowstone, a couple of hours away. It deposits travertine in the terraces at left as it flows from its source across the bench above the river.
As the Wind River exits Wind River Canyon it changes its name to the Bighorn River.
Chief Washakie (ca. 1804-1900) of the Eastern Shoshone worked to keep the sacred spring for his people. The United States eventually forced him to cede it, though the Shoshone retain rights to bathe in the hot springs without charge.
www.wyohistory.org/encyclopedia/when-tribes-sold-hot-springs
Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park is located in East Java, Indonesia, to the east of Malang and to the southeast of Surabaya, the capital of East Java. It is the only conservation area in Indonesia that has a sand sea, the Tengger Sand Sea (Indonesian: Laut Pasir Tengger), across which is the caldera of an ancient volcano (Tengger) from which four new volcanic cones have emerged. This unique feature covers a total area of 5,250 hectares at an altitude of about 2,100 m. The massif also contains the highest mountain in Java, Mount Semeru (3,676 m), four lakes and 50 rivers.
The Tengger Sand Sea has been protected since 1919. The Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park was declared a national park in 1982.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
"Discover The Complete And Up-To-Date Encyclopedia That Shows How To Use The Healing Power Of Plants With Scientific, Accurate And Reliable Accuracy"
Introducing:
The Encyclopedia Of Medicinal Plants With a List of Medicinal Plants That Heal
Over 470 plants botanically described and classified by diseases.
From: James Luke
Tuesday, 11:24 a.m.
Dear Friend,
Inside of this encyclopedia is a large number of natural treatments described in a simple, clear language, correctly illustrated, placing the healing virtues of medicinal plants and their practical application methods within the reach of everyone. Experienced advice for the therapeutic preparation of fomentations, infusions, ointments, baths... Many charts describing the most frequent disorders and the plants endowed with the active agents that can heal them.
In each chapter the most important plants for the treatment of the diseases of a certain organ or system appear. When a single plant has several applications, as often happens, it is included in the chapter corresponding to its main application.
"Look at what people are saying about these Encyclopedia's"
I wanted to personally thank you for sharing those incredible encyclopedia books "THE FOODS WITH THEIR HEALING POWER and MEDICINAL PLANTS". They are an awesome source of reference especially when I talk about lifestyle change and health to my listeners. Praise 97.5FM is the #3 rated station in Atlanta so image how many thousands of listeners are blessed by the information they get from these books.
They and you are truly a God sent.
-Mellissa, Atlanta
...There is detailed information on the use and preparation for each plant.
In this encyclopedia you will find...
Plants for the eyes
The ___, raw or in juices is very good for the sight and for the skin in infusions and poultices.
Plants for the nervous system
___: The flowers and the leaves of this plant taken in infusions help to control and heal stress, insomnia, depressions, alcoholism, and drug addiction.
___: This plant also calms the nerves, beautifies the skin and protects the heart, using its flowers in infusions, or adding an infusion of it to bath water is very effective for insomnia or nervousness. Steam baths of its flowers also soften and beautify the skin.
Plants for the throat
___: Its flowers and its leaves in infusions, mouth rinse, mouth gargles and compresses are medicine for tonsillitis, pharyngitis and laryngitis.
___: Anti-inflammatory and astringent, the decoction of ___ or crushed ___, may be applied in any of the following ways:
Mouth rinses and gargles for ailments of the mouth and the throat.
Eye washes or blocked up noses
Vaginal irrigations
Sitz baths, for ailments of the anus or rectum
Arm baths, for chilblains
Plants for the heart
___: In infusions and under medical supervision, all the parts of this plant have properties to strengthen the heart, increase the strength of the cardiac contractions and to fight angina pectoris.
___: The infusion of its flowers and also its fruit are very effective for the treatment of palpitations, hypertension and other nervous cardio circulatory ailments.
Plants for the arteries
____: The decoction of the leaves of this plant is a powerful vasodilator of the arteries to the brain, to fight senile ailments, ageing and memory loss. ____ that is extracted from this prodigious plant is one of the most frequently used drugs today in the treatment of failure of the blood supply to the brain, migraines, hemorrhages, etc.
____: In mexico, and many other parts of the world, infusions of ____ and their young stems are used for bronchial colds and respiratory ailments. The oil from its seeds is rich in unsaturated fatty acids, as well as in vitamin E, A, and B. Therefore, it is particularly indicated for reducing the cholesterol levels in the blood, as well as for diabetes, kidneys and skin diseases.
Plants for the veins
___: A decoction of ____ nuts or wood is indicated to fight varicose veins, hemorrhoids and the disorders of menopause, using it in decoctions. In sitz baths it also alleviates urination disorders, pertaining to the prostate syndrome, cystitis or urinary incontinence. Likewise, it can be highly advisable for cases of hemorrhoids.
____: The oil of this plant is recommended for oily skin and for cases of acne. A decoction of the bark of the young branches and the leaves is used as a medicine in the case of heavy legs, varicose veins, phlebitis, in tisanes, compresses, hip baths and friction massages.
Plants for the respiratory system
____: The decoction of the leaves and the flowers has extraordinary properties, using it in infusions or essences to calm coughs, respiratory and digestive ailments. In baths, rinses, gargles, compresses and friction massages, it heals mouth and anal ailments, rheumatism and headaches, depression, asthenia and exhaustion.
____: Infusions of the dried leaves and flowers, used in tisanes give results in the cases of voice loss, acute bronchitis, bronco-pneumonia, asthma, and emphysema. ____ is also very helpful when stopping smoking, since it cleans the bronchial tubes of secretions, encouraging their elimination.
Plants for the digestive system
____: The infusions and essences of this plant are very appropriate for digestive ailments, colic's, flatulence, etc. Compresses, washes and friction massages are highly indicated for rheumatism, healing of wounds and eye washes.
____: Infusions of its leaves and flowered tops have properties to calm pain, they are invigorating and aphrodisiacs. It is recommended in cases of dyspepsia, intestinal wind, digestive spasms and colic, gastric atonia, hepatitis and physical exhaustion.
Plants for the stomach
____: The juice from this plants leaves heals peptic ulcers. Poultices of the leaves heal skin ulcers. It also improves acne.
____: The whole plant in infusions, mouth rinses and cleansing's help digestion increasing the gastric juices, it fights bad breath, it expulses intestinal parasites and calms menstrual pains.
Plants for the intestine
____: The leaves and seeds are a laxative par excellence, efficient and safe, it stimulates the motility of the large intestine and decreases the permeability of the intestine mucus.
____: The leaves and fruit, in infusions, irrigations, gargles, sitz baths and compresses reduce inflammation of the skin and the mucus. It heals digestive disorders, diarrhea, colitis and other ailments of the female genital system.
Plants for the anus and the rectum
____: All the parts of this vine hold healing properties: The leaves in infusions are medicine for vein circulatory ailments, hemorrhoids, chilblains, varicose veins, and diarrhea. The sap of the vine shoots heals skin irritations and irritated eyes. The ____ cure is very suitable for cleaning the blood. The oil from ____ seeds is highly applicable for excess of cholesterol.
____: It improves hemorrhoids taking a sitz bath with the decoction of the leaves and young buds, which also decreases the desire to smoke when chewed slowly. Also in poultices it is very useful to heal wounds, ulcers and boils.
Plants for the male sexual organ
____: The seeds reduce inflammation of the bladder and the prostate and expel intestinal parasites. The pulp of baked or boiled ____ is ideal for those suffering from digestive problems and kidney ailments.
____: This plant is normally presented in pharmaceutical preparations, it invigorates without exciting and without creating dependence increasing the energy production in the cells, therefore it increases sexual capacity and spermatozoid production, invigorating the organism in general.
Plants for the metabolism
____: infusions of the leaves are very useful in slimming diets due to its diuretic, depurative and anti cholesterol action.
____: It fights obesity and cellulite. Its algae have the property of removing the appetite and it is a gentle laxative.
Plants for the locomotive system
____: Poultices of fresh leaves alleviate rheumatic pain and inflammatory of the joints.
____: In infusions, essences, baths, frictions massages, fomentations and compresses it has invigorating properties for exhaustion, kidney colic, and rheumatism.
Plants for the skin
____: From the pulp of its leaves, the gel or juice is obtained which, when applied locally, in compresses, lotions, creams or pharmaceutical preparations, exercises beneficial effects on: wounds, burns, eczema, psoriasis, acne, fungi and herpes. It beautifies the skin and improves the appearance of scars.
____: The leaves and flowers in infusions or oil are an excellent remedy for burns, it moderates the inflammatory reaction, it has a local anesthetic effect, digestive, balancer of the nervous system and antidepressant.
Plants for infectious diseases
____: All the parts of this plant are natural antibiotics against respiratory and urinary infections. It encourages the functions of the skin. It acts against baldness.
____: It is a plant that has multiple anti-infectious properties with healing powers for the nervous system, digestive, respiratory and genital-urinary systems.
More Testimonials
Thank you for the encyclopedia books "The Foods With Their Healing Power and Medicinal Plants". I am Learning lots of information from them. This will be of great benefit to me when referring to the healing powers of foods. I will use this information in my chiropractic office when teaching about healthy eating to my patients. It is good to know that there are books that can provide this type of vital information to those who are willing to benefit from the information. Again thanks for these incredible books.
-Dr. Malcolm Hill
The Encyclopedia "Foods And Their Healing Power," Whose author is Dr. Jorge Pamplona Roger is a complete work, well structured, didactic and easy to understand for any kind of reader and of great value both for professionals and students in this field.
-Maria D Lopez-Martinez
It is my pleasure to recommend a set of books that I used and believe to be quite informational: Foods And Their Healing Power and Medicinal Plants. As a Fellow, in the Medical Fellowship Program at Wildwood Lifestyle Center and Hospital, I have found these books to be quite helpful. They provide accurate nutritional information for a wide array of foods found throughout the world and they include a list of medicinal plants with their properties and mechanisms of action. In addition, they are written without the usual heavy jargon, which makes them appealing to healthcare professionals, non-health care persons and children. The quality is superb and the material is presented in a colorful way. I have recommended them, on numerous occasions, to guests and patients at the Wildwood Lifestyle Center and Hospital. This set of books will complement the home and any other learning enviroments.
-Dr. Ervin Davis
I am writing this letter to offer my gratitude regarding the Encyclopedia of Medicinal Plants. In your description of the books you explained how beautiful they were and their content. All that I can say is that your words were not enough! The books have already proven to be an incredible asset to my own education and the promotion of God's health message to others.
The color and clarity of photographs is nothing less than phenomenal and the information given on each of the foods and medicinal plants far surpasses anything that I have been able to find thus far in book form or on the Internet. Not only will this prove very valuable in a health ministry but also in my profession as a medical doctor in education of my patients.
Please feel free to use me as a reference if anyone medical or non-medical needs further insight on these very valuable tools. Thanks again and God bless you!
-Bobby E. Scales, MD
hear hear for yourself the valuable information inside of this encyclopedia
htp://www.heisawesome.org
The value of this encyclopedia lies in its rational and truly practical focus point for healing and preventing the diseases of your family, without the disadvantages that most medicines have.
The pharmaceutical laboratories are aiming their research efforts towards the vegetable world, in such a way that more and more often you can find medicines prepared using medicinal plants by the chemists.
The creator has given foods a healing and preventative power, particularly when we use a balanced diet in combination with other natural elements, such as the sun, water, clean air, medicinal plants and a good mental disposition.
Take action now.
Please visit www.heisawesome.org
Tel. 786-307-4077
... just because I'm Kurdish ...
Iraqi Kurdistan
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Capital
(and largest city) Erbil
36°11′N 44°00′E / 36.183, 44
Official languages Kurdish[1]
Government Parliamentary democracy
- President Massoud Barzani
- Prime Minister Nechervan Idris Barzani
- Deputy Prime Minister Omer Fattah Hussain
Formation of Autonomous Region
- Autonomy accord agreement signed March 11, 1970
- Autonomy accord collapsed March, 1974
- Gained de facto independence October, 1991
- The TAL recognized the autonomy of the KRG as full sovereignty. January 30, 2005
Area
- Total 80,000 km2 (117th)
30,888 sq mi
Population
- 2008 estimate 7,000,000 (108th)
- Density 40/km2 (166th)
15/sq mi
GDP (PPP) 2007 estimate
- Total 27 billion (not ranked)
- Per capita $5,500 (not ranked)
HDI (As of 2006) n/a (n/a) (not ranked)
Currency Iraqi Dinar is the offical currency, American Dollar widely accepted in all business transactions (IQD)
Time zone (UTC+3)
- Summer (DST) (UTC+4)
Internet TLD Various
Calling code 964
Iraqi Kurdistan Region (Kurdish: هه رێمى كوردستان عێراق, Herêmi Kurdistan Iraq, Arabic:إقليم كردستان العراق , Iqlĩm Kurdistãn al-‘Irāq , also Southern Kurdistan and in Kurdish: باشووری کوردستان ) is an autonomous,[2] federally recognized political, ethnic and economic region of Iraq. It borders Iran to the east, Turkey to the north, and Syria to the west and the rest of Iraq to the South. Its capital is the city of Erbil, known in Kurdish as Hewlêr.
Etymology
The name Kurdistan literally means Land of the Kurds. The term Kurd in turn is derived from the Latin word Cordueni, i.e. the of the ancient Kingdom of Corduene, which became a Roman province in 66 BC.
In the Iraqi Constitution, it is referred to as Kurdistan Region.[3]. The regional government refers to it as Kurdistan-Iraq (or simply Kurdistan region) but avoids using Iraqi Kurdistan.[4] The full name of the local government is "Kurdistan Regional Government" (abbrev: KRG.)
Kurds also refer to the region as Kurdistana Başûr (South Kurdistan) or Başûrî Kurdistan (Southern Kurdistan or South of Kurdistan) referring to its geographical location within the whole of the greater Kurdistan region.
During the Baath Party administration in the '70s and '80s, the region was called "Kurdish Autonomous Region".
[edit] History
[edit] Ottoman Period
Main articles: Ottoman Empire, Mamluk rule in Iraq, Mesopotamian campaign, and Partitioning of the Ottoman Empire
The area today known as Iraqi Kurdistan was formerly ruled by three principalities of Baban, Badinan and Soran. In 1831, the direct Ottoman rule was imposed and lasted until World War I, during which the Ottomans sided with Germany and the Central Powers.
[edit] British Mandate
During World War I the British and French divided Western Asia in the Sykes-Picot Agreement. The Treaty of Sèvres, which was ratified in the Treaty of Lausanne, led to the advent of modern Western Asia and Republic of Turkey. The League of Nations granted France mandates over Syria and Lebanon and granted the United Kingdom mandates over Iraq and Palestine (which then consisted of two autonomous regions: Palestine and Transjordan). Parts of the Ottoman Empire on the Arabian Peninsula became parts of what are today Saudi Arabia and Yemen.
[edit] Kurdish revolts
On December 1, 1918, during a meeting in Sulaymaniyah with Colonel Arnold Wilson, the Acting Civil Commissioner for Mesopotamia, Kurdish leaders called for British support for a united and independent Kurdistan under British protection. Between 1919 and 1922, Shaikh Mahmud Barzanji, an influential Kurdish leader based in Sulaymaniyah, formed a Kurdish government and led two revolts against the British rule. It took the British authorities two years to put down his uprisings. The first revolt began on May 22, 1919 with the arrest of British officials in Sulaymaniyah and it quickly spread to Mosul and Erbil. The British employed aerial bombardments, artillery, ground combat, and on one occasion, chemical gas, in an attempt to quell the uprising.[5] Then the British exiled Mahmoud to India. In July 1920, 62 tribal leaders of the region, called for the independence of Kurdistan under a British mandate. The objection of the British to Kurdish self-rule sprang from the fear that success of an independent Kurdish area would tempt the two Arab areas of Baghdad and Basra to follow suit, hence endangering the direct British control over all Mesopotamia. In 1922, Britain restored Shaikh Mahmoud to power, hoping that he would organize the Kurds to act as a buffer against the Turks, who had territorial claims over Mosul and Kirkuk. Shaikh Mahmoud declared a Kurdish Kingdom with himself as King, though later he agreed to limited autonomy within the new state of Iraq. In 1930, following the announcement of the admission of Iraq to the League of Nations, Shaikh Mahmoud started a third uprising which was suppressed with British air and ground forces.[6][7]
By 1927, the Barzani clan had become vocal supporters of Kurdish rights in Iraq. In 1929, the Barzani demanded the formation of a Kurdish province in northern Iraq. Emboldened by these demands, in 1931 Kurdish notables petitioned the League of Nations to set up an independent Kurdish government. Under pressure from the Iraqi government and the British, the most influential leader of the clan, Mustafa Barzani was forced into exile in Iran in 1945. Later he moved to the Soviet Union after the collapse of the Republic of Mahabad in 1946.[8]
[edit] Barzani Revolts 1960-1975 and their Aftermath
After the military coup by Abdul Karim Qasim in 1958, Barzani was able to return from exile and set up his own political party, Kurdistan Democratic Party, which was granted legal status in 1960. Soon afterwards, Qasim incited the Baradost and Zebari tribes against Barzani. In June 1961, Barzani led his first revolt against the Iraqi government with the aim of securing Kurdish autonomy. Due to the disarray in the Iraqi Army after the 1958 coup, Qasim's government was not able to subdue the insurrection. This stalemate irritated powerful factions within the military and is said to be one of the main reasons behind the Baathist coup against Qasim in February 1963. Abdul Salam Arif declared a ceasefire in February 1964 which provoked a split among Kurdish urban radicals on one hand and traditional forces led by Barzani on the other. Barzani agreed to the ceasefire and fired the radicals from the party. Despite this, the government in Baghdad tried once more to defeat Barzani's movement by force. This campaign failed in 1966, when Barzani forces defeated the Iraqi Army near Rawanduz. After this, Arif announced a 12-point peace program in June 1966, which was not implemented due to the overthrow of Arif in a 1968 coup by the Baath Party. The Baath government started a campaign to end the Kurdish insurrection, which stalled in 1969. This can be partly attributed to the internal power struggle in Baghdad and also tensions with Iran. Moreover, the Soviets pressured the Iraqis to come to terms with Barzani. A peace plan was announced in March 1970 and provided for broader Kurdish autonomy. The plan also gave Kurds representation in government bodies, to be implemented in four years.[9] Despite this, the Iraqi government embarked on an Arabization program in the oil rich regions of Kirkuk and Khanaqin in the same period.[10] In the following years, Baghdad government overcame its internal divisions and concluded a treaty of friendship with the Soviet Union in April 1972 and ended its isolation within the Arab world. On the other hand, Kurds remained dependent on the Iranian military support and could do little to strengthen their forces.
[edit] The Algiers Agreement
In 1974, Iraqi government began a new offensive against the Kurds and pushed them close to the border with Iran. Iraq informed Tehran that it was willing to satisfy other Iranian demands in return for an end to its aid to the Kurds. With mediation by Algerian President Houari Boumédiènne, Iran and Iraq reached a comprehensive settlement in March 1975 known as the Algiers Pact. The agreement left the Kurds helpless and Tehran cut supplies to the Kurdish movement. Barzani fled to Iran with many of his supporters. Others surrendered en masse and the rebellion ended after a few days. As a result Iraqi government extended its control over the northern region after 15 years and in order to secure its influence, started an Arabization program by moving Arabs to the oil fields in Kurdistan, particularly the ones around Kirkuk.[11] The repressive measures carried out by the government against the Kurds after the Algiers agreement led to renewed clashes between the Iraqi Army and Kurdish guerrillas in 1977. In 1978 and 1979, 600 Kurdish villages were burned down and around 200,000 Kurds were deported to the other parts of the country.[12]
[edit] Iran–Iraq War and Anfal Campaign
During the Iran–Iraq War, the Iraqi government again implemented anti-Kurdish policies and a de facto civil war broke out. Iraq was widely-condemned by the international community, but was never seriously punished for oppressive measures, including the use of chemical weapons against the Kurds, which resulted in thousands of deaths. (See Halabja poison gas attack.)
The Al-Anfal Campaign constituted a systematic genocide of the Kurdish people in Iraq. From March 29, 1987 until April 23, 1989, Iraqi army under the command of Ali Hassan al-Majid carried out a genocidal campaign against the Kurds, characterized by the following human rights violations: The widespread use of chemical weapons, the wholesale destruction of some 2,000 villages, and slaughter of around 50,000 rural Kurds, by the most conservative estimates. The large Kurdish town of Qala Dizeh (population 70,000) was completely destroyed by the Iraqi army. The campaign also included Arabization of Kirkuk, a program to drive Kurds out of the oil-rich city and replace them with Arab settlers from central and southern Iraq.[13] Kurdish sources report the number of dead to be greater than 182,000.[14]
[edit] After the Persian Gulf War
The Kurdistan Region was originally established in 1970 as the Kurdish Autonomous Region following the agreement of an Autonomy Accord between the government of Iraq and leaders of the Iraqi Kurdish community. A Legislative Assembly was established in the city of Erbil with theoretical authority over the Kurdish-populated governorates of Erbil, Dahuk and As Sulaymaniyah. In practice, however, the assembly created in 1970 was under the control of Iraqi President Saddam Hussein until the 1991 uprising against his rule following the end of the Persian Gulf War. Concern for safety of Kurdish refugees was reflected in the United Nations Security Council Resolution 688 which gave birth to a safe haven, in which U.S. and British air power protected a Kurdish zone inside Iraq.[15] (see Operation Provide Comfort). While the no-fly zone covered Dahuk and Erbil, it left out Sulaymaniyah and Kirkuk. Then following several bloody clashes between Iraqi forces and Kurdish troops, an uneasy and shaky balance of power was reached, and the Iraqi government withdrew its military and other personnel from the region in October 1991. At the same time, Iraq imposed an economic blockade over the region, reducing its oil and food supplies.[16] The region thus gained de facto independence, being ruled by the two principal Kurdish parties – the Kurdish Democratic Party and the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan – outside the control of Baghdad. The region has its own flag and national anthem.
Elections held in June 1992 produced an inconclusive outcome, with the assembly divided almost equally between the two main parties and their allies. During this period, the Kurds were subjected to a double embargo: one imposed by the United Nations on Iraq and one imposed by Saddam Hussein on their region. The severe economic hardships caused by the embargoes, fueled tensions between the two dominant political parties: Kurdistan Democratic Party of Iraq (KDP) and Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK) over control of trade routes and resources.[17] This led to internecine and intra-Kurdish conflict and warfare between 1994 and 1996. After 1996, 13% of the Iraqi oil sales were allocated for Iraqi Kurdistan and this led to a relative prosperity in the region.[18] Direct United States mediation led the two parties to a formal ceasefire in Washington Agreement in September 1998. It is also argued that the Oil for Food Program from 1997 onward had an important effect on cessation of hostilities.[19] Kurdish parties joined forces against the Iraqi government in the Operation Iraqi Freedom in Spring 2003. The Kurdish military forces known as peshmerga played a key role in the overthrow of the former Iraqi government.[20]
KDP and PUK have united to form an alliance with several smaller parties, and the Kurdish alliance has 53 deputies in the new Baghdad parliament, while the Kurdish Islamic Union has 5. PUK-leader Jalal Talabani has been elected President of the new Iraqi administration, while KDP leader Massoud Barzani is President of the Kurdistan Regional Government.
[edit] Politics
Main article: Kurdistan Regional Government
President George W. Bush talks to reporters as he welcomes Massoud Barzani, the President of the Kurdistan Regional Government of Iraq, to the Oval Office at the White House, Tuesday, Oct 25, 2005.Since 1992, the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) has been based in Erbil. The KRG has a parliament, elected by popular vote, called the Iraqi Kurdistan National Assembly, and a cabinet composed of the KDP, the PUK and their allies (Iraqi Communist Party, the Socialist Party of Kurdistan etc.). Nechervan Idris Barzani has been prime minister of the KRG since 1999.
After the 2003 Invasion of Iraq Kurdish politicians were represented in the Iraqi governing council. On January 30, 2005 three elections were held in the region: 1) for Transitional National Assembly of Iraq 2) for Iraqi Kurdistan National Assembly and 3) for provincial councils.[21] The Law of Administration for the State of Iraq for the Transitional Period recognized the autonomy of the Kurdistan Regional Government during the interim between "full sovereignty" and the adoption of a permanent constitution.
The Kurdistan Regional Government currently has constitutionally recognised authority over the provinces of Erbil, Dahuk, and As Sulaymaniyah, as well as de facto authority over half of Kirkuk (at-Ta'mim) province and parts of Diyala, Salah ad-Din and Ninawa provinces.
[edit] Economy
The Kurdistan region's economy is dominated by the oil industry, agriculture and tourism[22]. Due to relative peace in the region it has a more developed economy in comparison to other parts of Iraq.
Prior to the removal of Saddam Hussein, the Kurdistan Regional Government received approximately 13% of the revenues from Iraq's Oil-for-Food Program. By the time of the US invasion of Iraq in 2003, the program had disbursed $8.35 billion to the KRG. Iraqi Kurdistan's food security allowed for substantially more of the funds to be spent on development projects than in the rest of Iraq. By the program's end in 2003 $4 billion of the KRG's oil-for-food funds remained unspent.
Following the removal of Saddam Hussein's administration and the subsequent violence, the three provinces fully under the Kurdistan Regional Government's control were the only three in Iraq to be ranked "secure" by the US military. The relative security and stability of the region has allowed the KRG to sign a number of investment contracts with foreign companies. In 2006 the first new oil well since the invasion of Iraq was drilled in the Kurdistan region by the Norwegian energy company DNO. Initial indications are that the oil field contains at least 100 million barrels (16,000,000 m3) of oil and will be pumping 5,000 bpd by early 2007. The KRG has signed exploration agreements with two other oil companies, Canada's Western Oil Sands and the UK's Sterling Energy.
The stability of the Kurdistan region has allowed it to achieve a higher level of development than other regions in Iraq. In 2004 the per capita income was 25% higher than in the rest of Iraq. Two international airports at Erbil (see Erbil International Airport and Sulaymaniyah (see Sulaimaniyah International Airport) both operate flights to Middle Eastern and European destinations. The government continues to receive a portion of the revenue from Iraq's oil exports, and the government will soon implement a unified foreign investment law. The KRG also has plans to build a media city in Erbil and free trade zones near the borders of Turkey and Iran.
The region still gets a cut from Iraqi-Turkish trade, plus subsidies from the United States[citation needed] and Israel[citation needed].
Since 2003, the stronger economy of Kurdistan has attracted around 20,000 workers from other parts of Iraq.[23] According to Iraqi president Jalal Talabani, since 2003 the number of millionaires in the Kurdish city of Silêmani has increased from 12 to 2000, reflecting the financial and economic growth of the region.[24]
[edit] Geography
A popular waterfall near Erbil.The Iraqi Kurdistan is largely mountainous, with the highest point being a 3,611 m (11,847 ft) point known locally as Cheekah Dar (black tent). There are many rivers flowing and running through mountains of the region making it distinguished by its fertile lands, plentiful water, picturesque nature.
The mountainous nature of Kurdistan, the difference of temperatures in its various parts, and its wealth of waters, make Kurdistan a land of agriculture and tourism. In addition to various minerals, oil in particular, which for a long time was being extracted via pipeline only in Kurdistan through Iraq.
The largest lake in the region is Lake Dukan.
The term "Northern Iraq" is a bit of a geographical ambiguity in usage. "North" typically refers to the Kurdistan Region. "Center" and "South" or "Center-South" when individually referring to the other areas of Iraq or the rest of the country that is not the Kurdistan Region. Most media sources continually refer to "North" and "Northern Iraq" as anywhere north of Baghdad.
[edit] Governorates
Iraqi Kurdistan is divided among seven governorates of which currently three are under the control of the Kurdistan Regional Government. These governorates are called in Kurdish parêzge. Particularly in Iraqi government documents, the term governorate is preferred:
Autonomous Region KurdistanThe governorates wholly under the Kurdistan Regional Government are:
1. As Sulaymaniyah (Slêmanî)
2. Erbil (Hewlêr)
3. Dahuk (Duhok)
Main article: Kirkuk status referendum, 2008
The governorates claimed totally or in part by the Kurdistan Regional Government are:
4. Kirkuk (Kerkûk) - (all)
5. Diyala - Kifri Khanaqin and Baladrooz districts
6. Ninawa - Akra, Shekhan, Al-Shikhan, Al-Hamdaniya, Tel Kaif, Tall Afar and Sinjar districts
7. Salah ad Din - Tooz district
8. Wasit - Badrah district
A referendum was scheduled to be held on 15 November 2007 to determine whether these governorates, or parts of them, will be included in the Kurdish Regional Government. The referendum is intended to cover all districts of Kirkuk Governorate, the Khanaquin and Kifri districts of Diyala Governorate, the Touz-Khur-Mati district of Salah ad Din Governorate, and the Akra and Shekan districts of Ninewa Governorate. This referendum has been postponed, first to 31 December 2007, and subsequently for up to a further six months. Kurds insist that the referendum be held as soon as possible.
[edit] Demographics
Ethnic and religious distribution of Iraq.The population is about 5-6 million. 95% of these are Kurdish Muslims who are Sunnis. There are also significant numbers of Yazidis, Kakeyís, Jews and Christians. Kurds comprise the ethnic majority in the region (about 95%) while the Turkmen, Assyrians, Armenians and Arabs who reside particularly in the western part of the area make up the rest.
[edit] Culture
Main article: Kurdish culture
A Kurdish woman makes breadKurdish culture is a group of distinctive cultural traits practiced by Kurdish people. The Kurdish culture is a legacy from the various ancient peoples who shaped modern Kurds and their society, but primarily of two layers of indigenous (Hurrian), and of the ancient Iranic (Medes).
Among their neighbours, the Kurdish culture is closest to Iranian culture . For example they celebrate Newroz as the new year day, which is celebrated on March 21. It is the first day of the month of Xakelêwe in Kurdish calendar and the first day of spring.[25]
[edit] Music
Main article: Kurdish music
Traditionally, there are three types of Kurdish classical performers - storytellers (çîrokbêj), minstrels (stranbêj) and bards (dengbêj). There was no specific music related to the Kurdish princely courts, and instead, music performed in night gatherings (şevbihêrk) is considered classical. Several musical forms are found in this genre. Many songs are epic in nature, such as the popular lawiks which are heroic ballads recounting the tales of Kurdish heroes of the past like Saladin. Heyrans are love ballads usually expressing the melancholy of separation and unfulfilled love. Lawje is a form of religious music and Payizoks are songs performed specifically in autumn. Love songs, dance music, wedding and other celebratory songs (dîlok/narînk), erotic poetry and work songs are also popular.
[edit] Military
Main article: Peshmerga
Peshmerga is the term used by Kurds to refer to armed Kurdish fighters, they have been labelled by some as freedom fighters. Literally meaning "those who face death" (pêş front + merg death e is) the peshmerga forces of Kurdistan have been around since the advent of the Kurdish independence movement in the early 1920s, following the collapse of the Ottoman and Qajar empires which had jointly ruled over the area known today as Kurdistan.
Peshmerga forces also played a significant role with coalition troops in the war against the Ba'ath government in Northern Iraq.
Rhine-Main-Danube Canal
Rhine-Main-Danube Canal (German, Rhein-Main-Donau-Kanal), artificial waterway with stretches of canalized river, Germany. The canal section joining the Main and Danube rivers stretches 171 km (106 mi) from Bamberg via Nuremberg to Kelheim, and the whole system from the Main at its confluence with the Rhine to the Danube at Passau near the Austrian border is 677 km (420 mi) long. This forms part of a waterway traversing Europe, connecting the North Sea with the Black Sea and passing through the Netherlands, Germany, Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Romania, Bulgaria, and Ukraine.
From where the Main joins the central canal, to around Nuremberg, the countryside is largely hop fields and pasture, the canal reaching a high point of 406 m (1,332 ft) above sea level. Around Kelheim, the low, wooded hills become more densely forested and more dramatic as the canal reaches the Danube.
A cross-Europe canal like this has been a recurring dream of European politicians; as early as 793, Charlemagne made an aborted attempt to drain land for that purpose. In 1846, Ludwig I of Bavaria—using the labour of Italian Gastarbeiteren—laid the foundations by joining the Main and the Danube. Plans for a Rhine-Neckar-Danube canal were halted by World War I, and Ludwig's Canal was abandoned in 1950. Damage to Nuremberg meant that work only started on the Main above Bamberg in 1959, and did not reach Nuremberg until 1972. Completion dates for the canal were repeatedly revised until its opening on September 25, 1992.
Construction of the canal—costing an estimated total of DM six billion—is partly to be paid for by electricity generation at hydroelectric stations along its course. Eastern European business has been much greater than expected, though fears of damagingly cheap trading have been soothed by tariffs and restrictions that roughly equalize the flow of traffic east and west.
The completed waterway transports goods much more cheaply than by road, and some canal-side land has been bought by big oil companies. It is also popular with pleasure boats. Serious doubts though have been raised by the Bund Naturschutz, a German ecological movement—unique species of wildlife along the canal's course may be threatened and sections of canalized river choked by loss of tidal current. After a campaign working since 1965 and a petition in the 1980s, planners—backed by the pro-canal premier Helmut Kohl and defence minister Strauss—responded by high spending on ecological research and by providing, for example, alcoves cut into the canal's banks, meant to act as miniature ecosystems.
Taken from:
uk.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_781529615/rhine-main-danu...
The Krimml Waterfalls (German: Krimmler Wasserfälle), with a total height of 380 metres (1,247 feet), are the highest waterfall in Austria.[1] The falls are on the Krimmler Ache river and are located near the village of Krimml in the High Tauern National Park in Salzburg state.
Die Krimmler Wasserfälle sind mit einer gesamten Fallhöhe von 385 m die höchsten Wasserfälle Österreichs. Sie befinden sich am Rand des Ortes Krimml (Salzburger Land) im Nationalpark Hohe Tauern. Gebildet werden sie durch die Krimmler Ache, die am Ende des hoch gelegenen Krimmler Achentals in drei Fallstufen hinunterstürzt. Das Wasser fließt dann in die Salzach, den Pinzgau entlang weiter Richtung Salzburg und gelangt zur Mündung in den Inn.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Portree (/pɔːrˈtriː/; Scottish Gaelic: Port Rìgh, pronounced [pʰɔrˠʃt̪ˈɾiː]) is the largest town on, and capital of, the Isle of Skye in the Inner Hebrides of Scotland. It is the location for the only secondary school on the island, Portree High School. Public transport services are limited to buses. Portree has a harbour, fringed by cliffs, with a pier designed by Thomas Telford.
Attractions in the town include the Aros centre which celebrates the island's Gaelic heritage. Further arts provision is made through arts organisation ATLAS Arts, a Creative Scotland regularly-funded organisation.[5] The town also serves as a centre for tourists exploring the island.
Around 939 people (37.72% of the population) can speak Scottish Gaelic.
The A855 road leads north out of the town, passing through villages such as Achachork, Staffin and passes the rocky landscape of the Storr before reaching the landslip of the Quiraing.
Singapore Zoo - Hamadryas Baboon
The Hamadryas Baboon (Papio hamadryas) is a baboon from the Old World monkey family. It is the northernmost of all the baboons; its range extends from the Red Sea in Egypt to Eritrea, Ethiopia and Somalia. Baboons are also native to and live in Southwestern Arabia, especially in Yemen. The mountains of Yemen and the horn of Africa make it a great place for the baboons live, where predators are not as common as in central Africa. The Hamadryas Baboon was a sacred animal to the ancient Egyptians as the attendant of Thoth, and so, is also called the Sacred Baboon.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
SINGAPORE ZOO
I finally found these pink pepper berries, so lovely to decorate with !
Don't use this image on websites, blogs or other media without my explicit permission !!!
© all rights reserved Lily aenee
The Encyclopedias are from 1946 and 1949...
Taken for the AAW Challenge: Forgotten
Placed the old books which are very delicate on a black surface, natural light and edited the exposure..Used my small sony camera..
Books - The Flickr Lounge
14/365 pictures in 2018
© All Rights Reserved. Please do not use or reproduce this image on Websites/Blog or any other media without my explicit permission.
Klick here for a large view!
Die Saarschleife, Durchbruchstal der Saar durch den Taunusquarzit, gehört zu den bekanntesten Sehenswürdigkeiten des Saarlandes. Die schönste Ansicht bietet der Aussichtspunkt Cloef im Mettlacher Ortsteil Orscholz, 180 m hoch über dem Fluss. Auch unmittelbar vom Saarufer aus bieten sich imposante Ausblicke. Steil zerklüftete Felswände wechseln mit Schutthalden und kleinen Schluchten ab.
Die Saarschleife beginnt kurz hinter Merzig beim Stadtteil Besseringen und endet in Mettlach. Die Luftlinie zwischen Besseringen und Mettlach beträgt nur etwa zwei Kilometer. Die Saar macht einen romantischen "Umweg", der nahezu zehn Kilometer beträgt.
Auf dem bewaldeten Bergrücken innerhalb der Saarschleife befinden sich die Kirche St. Gangolf mit Teilen der ehemaligen Klosteranlage und die Burgruine Montclair. Einziger Ort in der Saarschleife ist das Dorf Dreisbach, wohin man mit einer Fähre übersetzen kann.
Die Saarschleife gilt als das Wahrzeichen des Saarlandes. Ins Rampenlicht rückte sie immer wieder, wenn Staatsoberhäupter sich dort einfanden: Friedrich Wilhelm IV., König von Preußen besuchte den Aussichtspunkt Cloef mit Blick auf die Saarschleife am 29. September 1856. Adolf Hitler besichtigte sie am 16. Mai 1939. Der Bundeskanzler Konrad Adenauer traf sich dort am 25. Juni 1965 mit saarländischen Politikern. Oskar Lafontaine und Gerhard Schröder wurden am 4. August 1997 an der Cloef mediengerecht mit der Saarschleife ins Bild gesetzt. Der französische Präsident Jacques Chirac und der polnische Präsident Lech Kaczynski trafen sich an der Saarschleife zum Dreiergipfel mit Bundeskanzlerin Angela Merkel am 5. Dezember 2006.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Photo inspired by Emily Wilde's Encyclopaedia of Faeries.
Two photos were combined. I created the fairy using a vintage doll and adding paper wings and susending with invisible wire.
To view more of my images, taken The Vyne, please click "here" !
From deep in the achieves, reprocessed using Photoshop CC 2022.
Please, no group or other invites, or images, thank you!
The Vyne is a 16th-century country house outside Sherborne St John, Basingstoke, Hampshire, England. It was built for Lord Sandys, King Henry VIII's Lord Chamberlain. The house retains its Tudor chapel, with stained glass. The classical portico on the north front was added in 1654 by Inigo Jones's pupil John Webb. In the mid-eighteenth century The Vyne belonged to Horace Walpole's close friend John Chaloner Chute, who designed the Palladian staircase, whose magnificent apparent scale belies its actual small size. The Vyne was bequeathed by its final Chute owner, Sir Charles Chute, to the National Trust in 1958. Each year a number of concerts, plays and family events are run. The grounds contain large woodland and a wetlands nesting site which is populated by swans and Common Redshanks. There are a number of woodland, wetland and parkland walking trails. Dogs are welcome into the grounds (on leads), in Morgaston Woods and the Organic Parklands (under direct control). The Vyne holds an inscribed Roman ring as well as a lead tablet that speaks of a curse on the one who stole it. J.R.R. Tolkien was asked to comment on it as an expert on Anglo-Saxon history, including its connection to a mine fabled to have been dug by dwarves, and a few days after began writing Lord of the Rings.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
More information can be obtained from the National Trust
The Encyclopedia Britannica is a relic from the past as everything is online now, and the online searches are more up-to-date and much faster.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
It is the tallest structure in Paris and one of the most recognized structures in the world.[1] Named after its designer, engineer Gustave Eiffel, 6,719,200 people visited the tower in 2006[2] and more than 200,000,000 since its construction.[3] This makes the tower the most visited paid monument in the world per year.[4] Including the 24 m (79 ft) antenna, the structure is 324 m (1,063 ft) high (since 2000), which is equivalent to about 81 levels in a conventional building.
At the time of its construction in 1887, the tower replaced the Washington Monument as the world's tallest structure, a title it retained until 1930, when New York City's Chrysler Building (319 m — 1,047 ft tall) was completed.[5] The tower is now the fifth-tallest structure in France. The Eiffel Tower is the tallest structure in Paris, with the second-tallest being the Tour Montparnasse (210 m — 689 ft), although that will soon be surpassed by Tour AXA (225.11 m — 738.36 ft).
Taken after a rain storm in Paris in June 2005
Photo is on the shortlist of ->
the Exhibition@"Gone Fishing" (XGF0706 Closed) group
Exhibition@"Gone Fishing" (XGF0706 Closed)
Avec son atmosphère chaleureuse, unique et rassurante, il s'agit d'un bijou agrémenté d'environ 12 000 ouvrages anciens. Ces œuvres sont minutieusement alignées dans les rayonnages de la bibliothèque de Serrant. Parmi eux, l’ "Encyclopédie", les "Descriptions de l’Égypte", ou les gravures de Piranèse.
With its warm, unique and reassuring atmosphere, it is a jewel embellished with approximately 12,000 old books. These works are carefully aligned in the shelves of the Serrant Library. Among them, the "Encyclopedia", the "Descriptions of Egypt", or the engravings of Piranesi.
Scan of a cover of the 1956 Grollier Encyclopedia. I used gradient layers to bring out the textural detail.
For your texturing and layering pleasure! Feel free to use in your own work, just don't resell or redistribute this original work as your own!
The Encyclopedia Britannica is a relic from the past as everything is online now, and the online searches are more up-to-date and much faster.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Bristol MMB 43 SS Great Britain.jpg
SS Great Britain in dry dock at Bristol in 2005.
History
Name:SS Great Britain
Owner:Great Western Steamship Company
Builder:William Patterson
Cost:
Projected: £70,000
Actual: £117,000
Laid down:July 1839
Launched:19 July 1843
Completed:1845
Maiden voyage:26 July 1845
In service:1845–1886
Homeport:Bristol, England
General characteristics
Type:Passenger steamship
Displacement:3,674 tons load draught
Length:322 ft (98 m)
Beam:50 ft 6 in (15.39 m)
Draught:16 ft (4.9 m)[1]
Installed power:2 × twin 88-inch (220 cm) cylinder, 6 ft (1.8 m) stroke, 500 hp (370 kW), 18 rpm inclined direct-acting steam engines
Propulsion:Single screw propeller
Sail plan:
Original: Five schooner-rigged and one square-rigged mast
After 1853: Three square-rigged masts
Speed:10 to 11 knots (19 to 20 km/h; 12 to 13 mph)
Capacity:
360 passengers, later increased to 730
1,200 tons of cargo
Complement:130 officers and crew (as completed)
SS Great Britain is a museum ship and former passenger steamship, which was advanced for her time. She was the longest passenger ship in the world from 1845 to 1854. She was designed by Isambard Kingdom Brunel for the Great Western Steamship Company's transatlantic service between Bristol and New York. While other ships had been built of iron or equipped with a screw propeller, Great Britain was the first to combine these features in a large ocean-going ship. She was the first iron steamer to cross the Atlantic, which she did in 1845, in the time of 14 days.
The ship is 322 ft (98 m) in length and has a 3,400-ton displacement. She was powered by two inclined 2 cylinder engines of the direct-acting type, with twin 88 in (220 cm) bore, 6-foot (1.8 m) stroke cylinders. She was also provided with secondary sail power. The four decks provided accommodation for a crew of 120, plus 360 passengers who were provided with cabins and dining and promenade saloons.
When launched in 1843, Great Britain was by far the largest vessel afloat. However, her protracted construction and high cost had left her owners in a difficult financial position, and they were forced out of business in 1846 having spent all their funds re-floating the ship after she was run aground at Dundrum Bay after a navigational error. In 1852 she was sold for salvage and repaired. Great Britain carried thousands of immigrants to Australia from 1852 until converted to sail in 1881. Three years later, she was retired to the Falkland Islands where she was used as a warehouse, quarantine ship and coal hulk until scuttled in 1937.[2]
In 1970, following a cash donation by Sir Jack Hayward that paid for the vessel to be towed back to the UK, Great Britain was returned to the Bristol dry dock where she was built. Now listed as part of the National Historic Fleet, she is an award-winning visitor attraction and museum ship in Bristol Harbour, with between 150,000 and 200,000 visitors annually.
Die Saarschleife, Durchbruchstal der Saar durch den Taunusquarzit, gehört zu den bekanntesten Sehenswürdigkeiten des Saarlandes. Die schönste Ansicht bietet der Aussichtspunkt Cloef im Mettlacher Ortsteil Orscholz, 180 m hoch über dem Fluss. Auch unmittelbar vom Saarufer aus bieten sich imposante Ausblicke. Steil zerklüftete Felswände wechseln mit Schutthalden und kleinen Schluchten ab.
Die Saarschleife beginnt kurz hinter Merzig beim Stadtteil Besseringen und endet in Mettlach. Die Luftlinie zwischen Besseringen und Mettlach beträgt nur etwa zwei Kilometer. Die Saar macht einen romantischen "Umweg", der nahezu zehn Kilometer beträgt.
Auf dem bewaldeten Bergrücken innerhalb der Saarschleife befinden sich die Kirche St. Gangolf mit Teilen der ehemaligen Klosteranlage und die Burgruine Montclair. Einziger Ort in der Saarschleife ist das Dorf Dreisbach, wohin man mit einer Fähre übersetzen kann.
Die Saarschleife gilt als das Wahrzeichen des Saarlandes. Ins Rampenlicht rückte sie immer wieder, wenn Staatsoberhäupter sich dort einfanden: Friedrich Wilhelm IV., König von Preußen besuchte den Aussichtspunkt Cloef mit Blick auf die Saarschleife am 29. September 1856. Adolf Hitler besichtigte sie am 16. Mai 1939. Der Bundeskanzler Konrad Adenauer traf sich dort am 25. Juni 1965 mit saarländischen Politikern. Oskar Lafontaine und Gerhard Schröder wurden am 4. August 1997 an der Cloef mediengerecht mit der Saarschleife ins Bild gesetzt. Der französische Präsident Jacques Chirac und der polnische Präsident Lech Kaczynski trafen sich an der Saarschleife zum Dreiergipfel mit Bundeskanzlerin Angela Merkel am 5. Dezember 2006.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
.
Artist Don Li-Leger and three volunteers built this house out of thousands of used, discarded and otherwise unwanted reference books – most of them donated to, and collected by, the Rotary club in South Surrey.
The art installation will stand for the month of October in the forested public space outside Newton rec centre.
His formal description of “Encyclopedia House” calls for “an unusual art project” to make use of a plethora of no-longer-used encyclopedia sets, textbooks and other reference books that exist in the age of digital information.
the art project will address topics such as housing and fundamental needs, neighbourhood development, changing sources of knowledge, and recycling.
The books are affixed to each other with screws, making the structure sturdy enough to satisfy city officials.
The house will be a focal point for several events this month, including Sources’ homelessness march on Oct. 16, the International Day for the Eradication of Poverty on Oct. 17 and some reading groups with local children.
The Oscar Niemeyer Museum (Portuguese: Museu Oscar Niemeyer) is located in the city of Curitiba, in the state of Paraná, in Brazil. It was inaugurated in 2002 with the name Novo Museu or New Museum. With the conclusion of remodeling and the construction of a new annex, it was reinaugurated on July 8, 2003, with the current denomination to honor its famous architect who completed this project at 95 years of age. It is also known as Museu do Olho or Museum of the Eye, due to the design of the building.
The museum focuses on the visual arts, architecture and design. For its magnificence, beauty and for the importance of the collection, it represents a cultural institution of international significance. The complex of two buildings, installed in an area of 35 thousand square meters (of which 19 thousand are dedicated to exhibition space), it is a true example of architecture allied with art. The first building was designed by Oscar Niemeyer in 1967, faithful to the style of the time, and conceived as an educational institute. It was remodeled and adapted to function as a museum, for which Niemeyer designed the annex, reminiscent of an eye, imprinting it with a new characteristic identity.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Following, a text, in english, from Wikipedia the free encyclopedia:
Great Egret
For the similar Australasian species, see Eastern Great Egret.
The Great Egret (Ardea alba), also known as the Great White Egret or Common Egret or (now not in use) Great White Heron,[1][2] is a large, widely-distributed egret. Distributed across most of the tropical and warmer temperate regions of the world, in southern Europe it is rather localized. In North America it is more widely distributed, and it is ubiquitous across the Sun Belt of the United States and in the rainforests of South America. It is sometimes confused with the Great White Heron in Florida, which is a white morph of the closely related Great Blue Heron (A. herodias). Note, however, that the name Great White Heron has occasionally been used to refer to the Great Egret.
Description:
The Great Egret is a large bird with all-white plumage that can reach one meter in height, weigh up to 950 grams (2.1 lb) and a wingspan of 165 to 215 cm. It is thus only slightly smaller than the Great Blue or Grey Heron (A. cinerea). Apart from size, the Great Egret can be distinguished from other white egrets by its yellow bill and black legs and feet, though the bill may become darker and the lower legs lighter in the breeding season. In breeding plumage, delicate ornamental feathers are borne on the back. Males and females are identical in appearance; juveniles look like non-breeding adults. It is a common species, usually easily seen. It has a slow flight, with its neck retracted. This is characteristic of herons and bitterns, and distinguishes them from storks, cranes, ibises, and spoonbills, which extend their necks in flight.
The Great Egret is not normally a vocal bird; at breeding colonies, however, it often gives a loud croaking cuk cuk cuk.
Systematics and taxonomy:
Like all egrets, it is a member of the heron family, Ardeidae. Traditionally classified with the storks in the Ciconiiformes, the Ardeidae are closer relatives of pelicans and belong in the Pelecaniformes instead. The Great Egret—unlike the typical egrets—does not belong to the genus Egretta but together with the great herons is today placed in Ardea. In the past, however, it was sometimes placed in Egretta or separated in a monotypic genus Casmerodius.
Subspecies
There were four subspecies in various parts of the world, which differ but little. Differences are bare part coloration in the breeding season and size; the largest A. a. modesta from Asia and Australasia is now considered a full species, the Eastern Great Egret (Ardea modesta). The remaining three subspecies are:
Ardea alba alba (Europe)
Ardea alba egretta (Americas)
Ardea alba melanorhynchos (Africa)
Ecology and status:
The Great Egret is partially migratory, with northern hemisphere birds moving south from areas with colder winters. It breeds in colonies in trees close to large lakes with reed beds or other extensive wetlands. It builds a bulky stick nest.
The Great Egret is generally a very successful species with a large and expanding range. In North America, large numbers of Great Egrets were killed around the end of the 19th century so that their plumes could be used to decorate hats. Numbers have since recovered as a result of conservation measures. Its range has expanded as far north as southern Canada. However, in some parts of the southern United States, its numbers have declined due to habitat loss. Nevertheless, it adapts well to human habitation and can be readily seen near wetlands and bodies of water in urban and suburban areas. In 1953 the Great Egret in flight was chosen as the symbol of the National Audubon Society, which was formed in part to prevent the killing of birds for their feathers.[3][4]
The Great Egret is one of the species to which the Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA) applies.
Diet:
The Great Egret feeds in shallow water or drier habitats, feeding mainly on fish, frogs, small mammals, and occasionally small birds and reptiles, spearing them with its long, sharp bill most of the time by standing still and allowing the prey to come within its striking distance of its bill which it uses as a spear. It will often wait motionless for prey, or slowly stalk its victim.
Though it might appear that they feed on the parasites of African buffaloes, they actually feed on leafhoppers, grasshoppers and other insects which are stirred open as buffaloes move about in water.
In culture:
The Great Egret is depicted on the reverse side of a 5-Brazilian reais banknote.
"White Egrets" is the title of Saint Lucian Poet Derek Walcott's fourteenth collection of poems.
A seguir, texto em português da Wikipédia, a enciclopédia livre:
Garça-branca-grande
A garça-branca-grande (Casmerodius albus, sin. Ardea alba), também conhecida apenas como garça-branca, é uma ave da ordem Ciconiiformes. É uma garça de vasta distribuição e pode ser encontrada em todo o Brasil.
Dieta:
Se alimenta de presas aquáticas, depois de aproximar-se sorrateiramente com o corpo abaixado e o pescoço recolhido e bicar seu alimento, esticando seu longo pescoço.
Taxonomia:
Subespécies
C. a. modesta - Ásia e Australasia
C. a. alba - Europa
C. a. egretta - América do Norte
C. a. melanorhynchos - África
Ipê Amarelo, Tabebuia [chrysotricha or ochracea].
Ipê-amarelo em Brasília, Brasil.
This tree is in Brasília, Capital of Brazil.
Text, in english, from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
"Trumpet tree" redirects here. This term is occasionally used for the Shield-leaved Pumpwood (Cecropia peltata).
Tabebuia
Flowering Araguaney or ipê-amarelo (Tabebuia chrysantha) in central Brazil
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Eudicots
(unranked): Asterids
Order: Lamiales
Family: Bignoniaceae
Tribe: Tecomeae
Genus: Tabebuia
Gomez
Species
Nearly 100.
Tabebuia is a neotropical genus of about 100 species in the tribe Tecomeae of the family Bignoniaceae. The species range from northern Mexico and the Antilles south to northern Argentina and central Venezuela, including the Caribbean islands of Hispaniola (Dominican Republic and Haiti) and Cuba. Well-known common names include Ipê, Poui, trumpet trees and pau d'arco.
They are large shrubs and trees growing to 5 to 50 m (16 to 160 ft.) tall depending on the species; many species are dry-season deciduous but some are evergreen. The leaves are opposite pairs, complex or palmately compound with 3–7 leaflets.
Tabebuia is a notable flowering tree. The flowers are 3 to 11 cm (1 to 4 in.) wide and are produced in dense clusters. They present a cupular calyx campanulate to tubular, truncate, bilabiate or 5-lobed. Corolla colors vary between species ranging from white, light pink, yellow, lavender, magenta, or red. The outside texture of the flower tube is either glabrous or pubescentThe fruit is a dehiscent pod, 10 to 50 cm (4 to 20 in.) long, containing numerous—in some species winged—seeds. These pods often remain on the tree through dry season until the beginning of the rainy.
Species in this genus are important as timber trees. The wood is used for furniture, decking, and other outdoor uses. It is increasingly popular as a decking material due to its insect resistance and durability. By 2007, FSC-certified ipê wood had become readily available on the market, although certificates are occasionally forged.
Tabebuia is widely used as ornamental tree in the tropics in landscaping gardens, public squares, and boulevards due to its impressive and colorful flowering. Many flowers appear on still leafless stems at the end of the dry season, making the floral display more conspicuous. They are useful as honey plants for bees, and are popular with certain hummingbirds. Naturalist Madhaviah Krishnan on the other hand once famously took offense at ipé grown in India, where it is not native.
Lapacho teaThe bark of several species has medical properties. The bark is dried, shredded, and then boiled making a bitter or sour-tasting brownish-colored tea. Tea from the inner bark of Pink Ipê (T. impetiginosa) is known as Lapacho or Taheebo. Its main active principles are lapachol, quercetin, and other flavonoids. It is also available in pill form. The herbal remedy is typically used during flu and cold season and for easing smoker's cough. It apparently works as expectorant, by promoting the lungs to cough up and free deeply embedded mucus and contaminants. However, lapachol is rather toxic and therefore a more topical use e.g. as antibiotic or pesticide may be advisable. Other species with significant folk medical use are T. alba and Yellow Lapacho (T. serratifolia)
Tabebuia heteropoda, T. incana, and other species are occasionally used as an additive to the entheogenic drink Ayahuasca.
Mycosphaerella tabebuiae, a plant pathogenic sac fungus, was first discovered on an ipê tree.
Tabebuia alba
Tabebuia anafensis
Tabebuia arimaoensis
Tabebuia aurea – Caribbean Trumpet Tree
Tabebuia bilbergii
Tabebuia bibracteolata
Tabebuia cassinoides
Tabebuia chrysantha – Araguaney, Yellow Ipê, tajibo (Bolivia), ipê-amarelo (Brazil), cañaguate (N Colombia)
Tabebuia chrysotricha – Golden Trumpet Tree
Tabebuia donnell-smithii Rose – Gold Tree, "Prima Vera", Cortez blanco (El Salvador), San Juan (Honduras), palo blanco (Guatemala),duranga (Mexico)
A native of Mexico and Central Americas, considered one of the most colorful of all Central American trees. The leaves are deciduous. Masses of golden-yellow flowers cover the crown after the leaves are shed.
Tabebuia dubia
Tabebuia ecuadorensis
Tabebuia elongata
Tabebuia furfuracea
Tabebuia geminiflora Rizz. & Mattos
Tabebuia guayacan (Seem.) Hemsl.
Tabebuia haemantha
Tabebuia heptaphylla (Vell.) Toledo – tajy
Tabebuia heterophylla – roble prieto
Tabebuia heteropoda
Tabebuia hypoleuca
Tabebuia impetiginosa – Pink Ipê, Pink Lapacho, ipê-cavatã, ipê-comum, ipê-reto, ipê-rosa, ipê-roxo-damata, pau d'arco-roxo, peúva, piúva (Brazil), lapacho negro (Spanish); not "brazilwood"
Tabebuia incana
Tabebuia jackiana
Tabebuia lapacho – lapacho amarillo
Tabebuia orinocensis A.H. Gentry[verification needed]
Tabebuia ochracea
Tabebuia oligolepis
Tabebuia pallida – Cuban Pink Trumpet Tree
Tabebuia platyantha
Tabebuia polymorpha
Tabebuia rosea (Bertol.) DC.[verification needed] (= T. pentaphylla (L.) Hemsley) – Pink Poui, Pink Tecoma, apama, apamate, matilisguate
A popular street tree in tropical cities because of its multi-annular masses of light pink to purple flowers and modest size. The roots are not especially destructive for roads and sidewalks. It is the national tree of El Salvador and the state tree of Cojedes, Venezuela
Tabebuia roseo-alba – White Ipê, ipê-branco (Brazil), lapacho blanco
Tabebuia serratifolia – Yellow Lapacho, Yellow Poui, ipê-roxo (Brazil)
Tabebuia shaferi
Tabebuia striata
Tabebuia subtilis Sprague & Sandwith
Tabebuia umbellata
Tabebuia vellosoi Toledo
Ipê-do-cerrado
Texto, em português, da Wikipédia, a enciclopédia livre.
Ipê-do-cerrado
Classificação científica
Reino: Plantae
Divisão: Magnoliophyta
Classe: Magnoliopsida
Subclasse: Asteridae
Ordem: Lamiales
Família: Bignoniaceae
Género: Tabebuia
Espécie: T. ochracea
Nome binomial
Tabebuia ochracea
(Cham.) Standl. 1832
Sinónimos
Bignonia tomentosa Pav. ex DC.
Handroanthus ochraceus (Cham.) Mattos
Tabebuia chrysantha (Jacq.) G. Nicholson
Tabebuia hypodictyon A. DC.) Standl.
Tabebuia neochrysantha A.H. Gentry
Tabebuia ochracea subsp. heteropoda (A. DC.) A.H. Gentry
Tabebuia ochracea subsp. neochrysantha (A.H. Gentry) A.H. Gentry
Tecoma campinae Kraenzl.
ecoma grandiceps Kraenzl.
Tecoma hassleri Sprague
Tecoma hemmendorffiana Kraenzl.
Tecoma heteropoda A. DC.
Tecoma hypodictyon A. DC.
Tecoma ochracea Cham.
Ipê-do-cerrado é um dos nomes populares da Tabebuia ochracea (Cham.) Standl. 1832, nativa do cerrado brasileiro, no estados de Amazonas, Pará, Maranhão, Piauí, Ceará, Pernambuco, Bahia, Espírito Santo, Goiás, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo e Paraná.
Está na lista de espécies ameaçadas do estado de São Paulo, onde é encontrda também no domínio da Mata Atlântica[1].
Ocorre também na Argentina, Paraguai, Bolívia, Equador, Peru, Venezuela, Guiana, El Salvador, Guatemala e Panamá[2].
Há uma espécie homônima descrita por A.H. Gentry em 1992.
Outros nomes populares: ipê-amarelo, ipê-cascudo, ipê-do-campo, ipê-pardo, pau-d'arco-do-campo, piúva, tarumã.
Características
Altura de 6 a 14 m. Tronco tortuso com até 50 cm de diâmetro. Folhas pilosas em ambas as faces, mais na inferior, que é mais clara.
Planta decídua, heliófita, xerófita, nativa do cerrado em solos bem drenados.
Floresce de julho a setembro. Os frutos amadurecem de setembro a outubro.
FloresProduz grande quantidade de sementes leves, aladas com pequenas reservas, e que perdem a viabilidade em menos de 90 dias após coleta. A sua conservação vem sendo estudada em termos de determinação da condição ideal de armazenamento, e tem demonstrado a importância de se conhecer o comportamento da espécie quando armazenada com diferentes teores de umidade inicial, e a umidade de equilíbrio crítica para a espécie (KANO; MÁRQUEZ & KAGEYAMA, 1978). As levíssimas sementes aladas da espécie não necessitam de quebra de dormência. Podem apenas ser expostas ao sol por cerca de 6 horas e semeadas diretamente nos saquinhos. A germinação ocorre após 30 dias e de 80%. As sementes são ortodoxas e há aproximadamente 72 000 sementes em cada quilo.
O desenvolvimento da planta é rápido.
Como outros ipês, a madeira é usada em tacos, assoalhos, e em dormentes e postes. Presta-se também para peças torneadas e instrumento musicais.
Tabebuia alba (Ipê-Amarelo)
Texto, em português, produzido pela Acadêmica Giovana Beatriz Theodoro Marto
Supervisão e orientação do Prof. Luiz Ernesto George Barrichelo e do Eng. Paulo Henrique Müller
Atualizado em 10/07/2006
O ipê amarelo é a árvore brasileira mais conhecida, a mais cultivada e, sem dúvida nenhuma, a mais bela. É na verdade um complexo de nove ou dez espécies com características mais ou menos semelhantes, com flores brancas, amarelas ou roxas. Não há região do país onde não exista pelo menos uma espécie dele, porém a existência do ipê em habitat natural nos dias atuais é rara entre a maioria das espécies (LORENZI,2000).
A espécie Tabebuia alba, nativa do Brasil, é uma das espécies do gênero Tabebuia que possui “Ipê Amarelo” como nome popular. O nome alba provém de albus (branco em latim) e é devido ao tomento branco dos ramos e folhas novas.
As árvores desta espécie proporcionam um belo espetáculo com sua bela floração na arborização de ruas em algumas cidades brasileiras. São lindas árvores que embelezam e promovem um colorido no final do inverno. Existe uma crença popular de que quando o ipê-amarelo floresce não vão ocorrer mais geadas. Infelizmente, a espécie é considerada vulnerável quanto à ameaça de extinção.
A Tabebuia alba, natural do semi-árido alagoano está adaptada a todas as regiões fisiográficas, levando o governo, por meio do Decreto nº 6239, a transformar a espécie como a árvore símbolo do estado, estando, pois sob a sua tutela, não mais podendo ser suprimida de seus habitats naturais.
Taxonomia
Família: Bignoniaceae
Espécie: Tabebuia Alba (Chamiso) Sandwith
Sinonímia botânica: Handroanthus albus (Chamiso) Mattos; Tecoma alba Chamisso
Outros nomes vulgares: ipê-amarelo, ipê, aipê, ipê-branco, ipê-mamono, ipê-mandioca, ipê-ouro, ipê-pardo, ipê-vacariano, ipê-tabaco, ipê-do-cerrado, ipê-dourado, ipê-da-serra, ipezeiro, pau-d’arco-amarelo, taipoca.
Aspectos Ecológicos
O ipê-amarelo é uma espécie heliófita (Planta adaptada ao crescimento em ambiente aberto ou exposto à luz direta) e decídua (que perde as folhas em determinada época do ano). Pertence ao grupo das espécies secundárias iniciais (DURIGAN & NOGUEIRA, 1990).
Abrange a Floresta Pluvial da Mata Atlântica e da Floresta Latifoliada Semidecídua, ocorrendo principalmente no interior da Floresta Primária Densa. É característica de sub-bosques dos pinhais, onde há regeneração regular.
Informações Botânicas
Morfologia
As árvores de Tabebuia alba possuem cerca de 30 metros de altura. O tronco é reto ou levemente tortuoso, com fuste de 5 a 8 m de altura. A casca externa é grisáceo-grossa, possuindo fissuras longitudinais esparas e profundas. A coloração desta é cinza-rosa intenso, com camadas fibrosas, muito resistentes e finas, porém bem distintas.
Com ramos grossos, tortuosos e compridos, o ipê-amarelo possui copa alongada e alargada na base. As raízes de sustentação e absorção são vigorosas e profundas.
As folhas, deciduais, são opostas, digitadas e compostas. A face superior destas folhas é verde-escura, e, a face inferior, acinzentada, sendo ambas as faces tomentosas. Os pecíolos das folhas medem de 2,5 a 10 cm de comprimento. Os folíolos, geralmente, apresentam-se em número de 5 a 7, possuindo de 7 a 18 cm de comprimento por 2 a 6 cm de largura. Quando jovem estes folíolos são densamente pilosos em ambas as faces. O ápice destes é pontiagudo, com base arredondada e margem serreada.
As flores, grandes e lanceoladas, são de coloração amarelo-ouro. Possuem em média 8X15 cm.
Quanto aos frutos, estes possuem forma de cápsula bivalvar e são secos e deiscentes. Do tipo síliqua, lembram uma vagem. Medem de 15 a 30 cm de comprimento por 1,5 a 2,5 cm de largura. As valvas são finamente tomentosas com pêlos ramificados. Possuem grande quantidade de sementes.
As sementes são membranáceas brilhantes e esbranquiçadas, de coloração marrom. Possuem de 2 a 3 cm de comprimento por 7 a 9 mm de largura e são aladas.
Reprodução
A espécie é caducifólia e a queda das folhas coincide com o período de floração. A floração inicia-se no final de agosto, podendo ocorrer alguma variação devido a fenômenos climáticos. Como a espécie floresce no final do inverno é influenciada pela intensidade do mesmo. Quanto mais frio e seco for o inverno, maior será a intensidade da florada do ipê amarelo.
As flores por sua exuberância, atraem abelhas e pássaros, principalmente beija-flores que são importantes agentes polinizadores. Segundo CARVALHO (2003), a espécie possui como vetor de polinização a abelha mamangava (Bombus morio).
As sementes são dispersas pelo vento.
A planta é hermafrodita, e frutifica nos meses de setembro, outubro, novembro, dezembro, janeiro e fevereiro, dependendo da sua localização. Em cultivo, a espécie inicia o processo reprodutivo após o terceiro ano.
Ocorrência Natural
Ocorre naturalmente na Floresta Estaciobal Semidecicual, Floresta de Araucária e no Cerrado.
Segundo o IBGE, a Tabebuia alba (Cham.) Sandw. é uma árvore do Cerrado, Cerradão e Mata Seca. Apresentando-se nos campos secos (savana gramíneo-lenhosa), próximo às escarpas.
Clima
Segundo a classificação de Köppen, o ipê-amarelo abrange locais de clima tropical (Aw), subtropical úmido (Cfa), sutropical de altitude (Cwa e Cwb) e temperado.
A T.alba pode tolerar até 81 geadas em um ano. Ocorre em locais onde a temperatura média anual varia de 14,4ºC como mínimo e 22,4ºC como máximo.
Solo
A espécie prefere solos úmidos, com drenagem lenta e geralmente não muito ondulados (LONGHI, 1995).
Aparece em terras de boa à média fertilidade, em solos profundos ou rasos, nas matas e raramente cerradões (NOGUEIRA, 1977).
Pragas e Doenças
De acordo com CARVALHO (2003), possui como praga a espécie de coleópteros Cydianerus bohemani da família Curculionoideae e um outro coleóptero da família Chrysomellidae. Apesar da constatação de elevados índices populacionais do primeiro, os danos ocasionados até o momento são leves. Nas praças e ruas de Curitiba - PR, 31% das árvores foram atacadas pela Cochonilha Ceroplastes grandis.
ZIDKO (2002), ao estudar no município de Piracicaba a associação de coleópteros em espécies arbóreas, verificou a presença de insetos adultos da espécie Sitophilus linearis da família de coleópteros, Curculionidae, em estruturas reprodutivas. Os insetos adultos da espécie emergiram das vagens do ipê, danificando as sementes desta espécie nativa.
ANDRADE (1928) assinalou diversas espécies de Cerambycidae atacando essências florestais vivas, como ingazeiro, cinamomo, cangerana, cedro, caixeta, jacarandá, araribá, jatobá, entre outras como o ipê amarelo.
A Madeira
A Tabebuia alba produz madeira de grande durabilidade e resistência ao apodrecimento (LONGHI,1995).
MANIERI (1970) caracteriza o cerne desta espécie como de cor pardo-havana-claro, pardo-havan-escuro, ou pardo-acastanhado, com reflexos esverdeados. A superfície da madeira é irregularmente lustrosa, lisa ao tato, possuindo textura media e grã-direita.
Com densidade entre 0,90 e 1,15 grama por centímetro cúbico, a madeira é muito dura (LORENZI, 1992), apresentando grande dificuldade ao serrar.
A madeira possui cheiro e gosto distintos. Segundo LORENZI (1992), o cheiro característico é devido à presença da substância lapachol, ou ipeína.
Usos da Madeira
Sendo pesada, com cerne escuro, adquire grande valor comercial na marcenaria e carpintaria. Também é utilizada para fabricação de dormentes, moirões, pontes, postes, eixos de roda, varais de carroça, moendas de cana, etc.
Produtos Não-Madeireiros
A entrecasca do ipê-amarelo possui propriedades terapêuticas como adstringente, usada no tratamento de garganta e estomatites. É também usada como diurético.
O ipê-amarelo possui flores melíferas e que maduras podem ser utilizadas na alimentação humana.
Outros Usos
É comumente utilizada em paisagismo de parques e jardins pela beleza e porte. Além disso, é muito utilizada na arborização urbana.
Segundo MOREIRA & SOUZA (1987), o ipê-amarelo costuma povoar as beiras dos rios sendo, portanto, indicado para recomposição de matas ciliares. MARTINS (1986), também cita a espécie para recomposição de matas ciliares da Floresta Estacional Semidecidual, abrangendo alguns municípios das regiões Norte, Noroeste e parte do Oeste do Estado do Paraná.
Aspectos Silviculturais
Possui a tendência a crescer reto e sem bifurcações quando plantado em reflorestamento misto, pois é espécie monopodial. A desrrama se faz muito bem e a cicatrização é boa. Sendo assim, dificilmente encopa quando nova, a não ser que seja plantado em parques e jardins.
Ao ser utilizada em arborização urbana, o ipê amarelo requer podas de condução com freqüência mediana.
Espécie heliófila apresenta a pleno sol ramificação cimosa, registrando-se assim dicotomia para gema apical. Deve ser preconizada, para seu melhor aproveitamento madeireiro, podas de formação usuais (INQUE et al., 1983).
Produção de Mudas
A propagação deve realizada através de enxertia.
Os frutos devem ser coletados antes da dispersão, para evitar a perda de sementes. Após a coleta as sementes são postas em ambiente ventilado e a extração é feita manualmente. As sementes do ipê amarelo são ortodoxas, mantendo a viabilidade natural por até 3 meses em sala e por até 9 meses em vidro fechado, em câmara fria.
A condução das mudas deve ser feita a pleno sol. A muda atinge cerca de 30 cm em 9 meses, apresentando tolerância ao sol 3 semanas após a germinação.
Sementes
Os ipês, espécies do gênero Tabebuia, produzem uma grande quantidade de sementes leves, aladas com pequenas reservas, e que perdem a viabilidade em poucos dias após a sua coleta. A sua conservação vem sendo estudada em termos de determinação da condição ideal de armazenamento, e tem demonstrado a importância de se conhecer o comportamento da espécie quando armazenada com diferentes teores de umidade inicial, e a umidade de equilíbrio crítica para a espécie (KANO; MÁRQUEZ & KAGEYAMA, 1978).
As levíssimas sementes aladas da espécie não necessitam de quebra de dormência. Podem apenas ser expostas ao sol por cerca de 6 horas e semeadas diretamente nos saquinhos. A quebra natural leva cerca de 3 meses e a quebra na câmara leva 9 meses. A germinação ocorre após 30 dias e de 80%.
As sementes são ortodoxas e há aproximadamente 87000 sementes em cada quilo.
Preço da Madeira no Mercado
O preço médio do metro cúbico de pranchas de ipê no Estado do Pará cotado em Julho e Agosto de 2005 foi de R$1.200,00 o preço mínimo, R$ 1509,35 o médio e R$ 2.000,00 o preço máximo (CEPEA,2005).