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Ok so it all started when I was born - literally. My parents were young when they had me, just 19 years old. My grandparents got guardianship of my brother and I when I was about three years old. My family has a history of mental illness on both sides, so I was "doomed" naturally. Schizophrenia, bipolar, manic depression, all disorders someone in my family was diagnosed with. My maternal grandmother is manic depressive, and things were very difficult growing up because it wasn't addressed. She didn't believe in therapy and thought that nothing was wrong. Therapy was only for "messed up" people, and she had an extreme stigma about it. There are so many instances of verbal and emotional abuse towards my grandfather, my brother, my mother, and myself. But if you spoke up, it was even worse, you wouldn't dare speak up against it. It was always better to endure it and hope the next day would be better. She was, and still can be, very unpredictable. You'd think everything was dandy, until it wasn't. Things could switch in a moment into a screaming, "you-don't-care-about-me-how-come-no-one-cares-for-me" mess. I never wanted someone to ever go through that, or to feel like they couldn't speak up. I was often the one to speak up, so my grandmother and I would fight often. Hence, the anxiety, people-pleasing, wanting to always keep the peace mindset that I have as an adult. She's always needed help for her mental health, but you can't make someone do something they don't want. If they won't address what's hurting, things can't progress.
My grandfather, my grandmother, my brother, and I tried going to group therapy once. It didn't go well, and was entirely unproductive in creating any change. The time was spent with my grandmother asking why she was always the bad guy and how no one ever talked about how they hurt her, and essentially made for a bad time for awhile at home. I did go to counseling in school for awhile, but it was in a group setting so it wasn't as exclusive as going to one-on-one therapy. As a teenager, I did got to therapy for a little bit, but I stopped going because my therapists kept leaving for other practices. And I felt like I was "fine". Plus, what good does it do when you live somewhere that's always stressful and you feel like you can't really talk about your feelings anyways? I didn't want that for my life, ever. I knew that I wanted to be different. I was always sad as a kid that I didn't live with my parents. I never had an answer when people asked me why I didn't live with them, honestly I still am not sure completely why I didn't and I'll be 29 this year .
My mother ended up having a drug addiction problem when I was in sixth grade. My mother is also bipolar, although I don't know exactly when this was discovered. My grandmother hated my dad, for whatever reason. So I just had no pull in my desire to want to live with a parent. My mother had always been around, and she lived with us and my grandparents at times. I saw my dad on the weekends and holidays. In the beginning of her addiction, my grandparents got emergency custody of my brother Jacob. So now they were raising three kids. When my mother made the decision to get clean from heroin, I was about 11 (I think, not sure of my exact age). I loved her so much, and I'll always remember driving down the road with her one day as she was crying and saying "I love you, you know I do, right?" I was the one sitting with her in the bathroom while she went through withdrawal. It was hard to see my mother so sick. I stayed by her side and slept in the same room as her at night because I was so happy she was back home. I also went to NA and AA meetings with her. I liked the cookies and snacks they'd have. I really had no business being around so much adult information at my age, but as I see it I was the support in my mother's recovery, because everyone else was just mad at her. Naturally, it makes sense that as an adult my mother uses me as support often. She's better now and has been clean for over 10 years.
Eventually, I did get the chance to live with my father and my step-mom the summer before seventh grade. For whatever reason, my grandmother had a moment and agreed to let me live with them. I was ecstatic! I remember hopping onto the computer and instant messaging my step-mom on AIM. I lived with them from the beginning of seventh grade to halfway through my freshman year of high school. Living there was such a change from what I was used to; more routine and structure, more "normalcy". I moved back in with my grandparents halfway through my freshman year of high school. Around that time is when my father was really starting to struggle with his mental health (that I know of). There was one night I remember he got so angry that my step-mom and I went in the basement with our dog. He'd torn off the keyboard holder from the computer desk, ripped the sliding door off the track, and threw the board into the pool. He wasn't going to hurt us and I think we knew that, but he was just SO aggressively upset. I remember he left and that night I woke up to the sound of him crying in the bathroom pleading to God. He got diagnosed bipolar around that time. I didn't leave because he was struggling, but because I felt like me being there was too stressful and I missed being with my grandparents. Things were still the same when I moved back in, it's like I never left. I think part of me is always going to feel guilty for leaving my brothers there, even though getting out made such a change in me.
I met a junior boy, C is what we will call him, when I moved back. He was my second boyfriend. I'd only dated one person when I lived in Leominster, and it wasn't for long. I didn't really know much about dating, or sex, or how any of it worked really. I feel like I just figured out a lot of it on my own, leading to many poor decisions. Part of the issue is that my grandmother believed that any talk of sex, birth control, or even asking to be on birth control would automatically lead to pregnancy. And most of what I saw growing up was not-so-healthy relationships. C broke up with me shortly after I made the decision to have sex with him, through a note, passing me in the hallway to lunch. One of my first poor decisions, and it got worse because my grandmother found out about it and threatened to bring him to court for statutory rape. For whatever reason I thought that having sex with someone meant love. I don't know where I came up with that, but it was what I thought mattered. And I also couldn't stand to be alone, I somehow put all my worth in being with someone else.
A few boyfriends later, I met P at a little music release basement party for a mutual friend. We were a hit instantly, and I completely ignored all of my friends when they told me the next morning to not get involved with him. Another poor decision. We became boyfriend and girlfriend. I was with him for 3 years almost. We smoked a lot of pot, he skipped a lot of college, he would call out of work to stay with me. My grandmother would call me out sick from school so I could spend a week with him at his dorm in Boston. He practically lived at my grandparent's house with me at one point. It was very toxic. We were very clingy to one another and I had no freedom. I couldn't even really hang out with my friends if he wasn't there too. He didn't like when I colored my hair without asking. One time, I dyed it black without asking and he screamed at me for a good hour through the phone. My friend that was with me had to answer the phone at one point and tell him to stop calling. All my worth and who I was was determined by him. I wanted to stretch my ears but didn't because he got upset and told me that I only wanted to do that so I could fuck his friends. He was extremely emotionally and verbally abusive, narcissistic if you will. And he needed help with mental health, yet another non-believer of therapy in my life, and meds would just make you a zombie so forget that.
When I got to college, P had failed out of New England Institute of Art and ended up at The Mount with me. This was problematic. We had a lot of the same classes and friends. I ended up getting very close to another guy, A, who showed interest in me being who I wanted. I remember being told by A that I was being treated like property. I wasn't happy with P anymore, but I didn't know how to leave. I ended up cheating, which is absolutely against my morals. P found out because A was angry I wouldn't leave P and told him everything. It was a nasty breakup and there was a lot of fighting. We had all the same friends and so there was some division and tension. I failed out of college because I skipped classes so I wouldn't have to see him. But even after the breakup, P found a way to always be involved in my business.
While I was dating P, I stopped talking to my father for about a year. My father was trying to look out for me in a particular circumstance and went to P's house on his lunch one day to talk with him. I was a dumb teenager so I chose my boyfriend over my father. During that year my father tried to commit suicide. I only found out because of someone anonymous on the internet. My father did not succeed and is much better these days.
After P, I had a lot of small relationships. I was trying to find myself and who I wanted to be. I stretched my ears. I went to a lot of shows, and I did get to live with my mother by the way, when I turned 18. Things were hard and she didn't exactly like who I was. A lot of criticism for my boyfriends, who I dated, who my friends were. Because I was already an adult, her trying to parent me didn't exactly mesh. I smoked a pack of cigarettes a day. I was very stressed all the time. I lost my best friend after P, but I also was so caught up in myself I didn't see how awful of a friend I was. She even ended up dating P for a few years, and that was very hard for me. I never took accountability. I was an anxious mess, that couldn't just be by herself. A lot of my relationships felt like I was a "light" for the other person who was looking to fill a void or get over someone else. And even knowing that so many times, I'd just stay sometimes because I was "needed".
Eventually, I would meet my now husband Joe a year (roughly) after P. Joe and I were best friends first. We knew each other first, and hung out as friends first. He would drive from Dracut to Athol almost every day, that's like 2 hours just to get to me, then 2 hours home. We would sit in my room and watch Friend Zone on MTV (how fitting, right?) One day we found ourselves just casually holding hands. This was new for me. I didn't see it coming. Our relationship crept up and blossomed instead of my usual just jumping into a relationship. Joe was the only one to ever stand up to P and tell him he didn't have a place in my life anymore. The only person where I never doubted if I was just filling a void from someone else. Joe cared about my interests and what I enjoyed, and has continued to throughout our 9 year relationship. He showed me what being valued as myself was like. This is love. And I am grateful, because he gives me space to figure out who I am and change if I feel like it.
The lesson from this is that I finally learned that I was enough as me. I didn't have to try to be anyone's ex, I didn't have to try to be anyone but myself. I learned that I had value as a person, and that I could be who I wanted, because I WANTED to be that person. I could be a light in someone's life, without putting out my own light. I learned that my body was not the only thing someone should want in a relationship, and that sex does not mean love. And most importantly, I learned that I didn't need to fill a void in someone, or try to have someone to fill a void in myself. Things don't work that way. You cannot fix a person, you can only be there for them. As far as mental health goes, my intention was always to break the cycle and take care of myself. I knew it from very early in my life. I mentioned that I stopped going to therapy for awhile. Two years ago I did start going to counseling again. After having our second child, I realized that I was really struggling and things were getting hard, I felt like I was falling apart inside. I couldn't cope strictly by myself. Last year I was diagnosed as bipolar 2. My counselor knew a bit sooner than when he told me, but I respect his reasoning. When he diagnosed me, he said that he did not tell me right away when he knew, because he knew that I would have been devastated, since he knew I did not want to be like my family. But I am not like my family. I love my family, and they are not bad people, they just needed help. I am the change in the cycle. I wanted better and I am creating better. I want my children to know stability and that mental health is as important as physical health. I am still working at being better every day, I will always have to, that's okay. I am open, I am accepting of myself, I know healing isn't linear. In healing, I have learned forgiveness.
Inside she´s a wreck.
When you see her she looks perfectly fine.
Deep down her mind is a mess.
When she´s with you, she looks happy.
When she´s alone she´s fragile.
This girl is full of dreams,
she wants to escape her town.
Meet new people, travel the world, and go on fun road trips.
At midnight,
and perhaps one day,
she´ll be truly happy.
And when you ask her: ´Are you okay?´
For once she´ll say: ´I'm fine.´
And it wouldn´t be a lie.
Sweet Creek
WOW! the lighting sure was difficult to shoot in, I always hate it when the sun comes out when shooting water falls. It makes the brights to bright & the shadows to dark, thanks to shooting this in raw, I was still able to save it... funny funny... LOL.
The trail becomes progressively more rocky, making footing difficult in places. Rocks and gravel on the trail can make the trail slippery and difficult. Sturdy hiking shoes or boots with good tread are strongly recommended for this trail.
Fossil Springs Trail descends approximately 1400' over 4 miles to the springs for which Fossil Springs Wilderness was named. The trail starts off wide and smooth, but becomes progressively rockier as it winds its way down into the canyon. At approximately 4 miles in, a short, marked side trail leads off to the first springs source, where many hikers refill their water bottles. There are a few campsites near the creek (camp at least 100' from the creek) for about a quarter mile. The last half mile of the trail skirts along a steep-walled, narrow section of the canyon, offering no camping or access to the creek. The trail reaches the old Fossil Creek Dam at 4.75 miles, where the trail ends and meets Flume Trail.
Camping is prohibited at and below the Fossil Creek Dam for several miles down the canyon. The trail is in the Fossil Creek Wilderness. Bikes and mechanized vehicles are prohibited. There is no creek access for the first four miles of this trail. The trail is very exposed and extremely hot in the warmer months. Hikers should carry at least four quarts of water. The trail is very rocky. Hiking shoes or boots are strongly recommended.
Fossil Creek is one of two Wild and Scenic rivers in Arizona. A series of springs gush 20,000 gallons a minute year-round at the bottom of a 1,600 foot deep canyon, creating a lush riparian oasis rich with life. Over the years these calcium laden waters have laid down huge deposits of a type of limestone called travertine, creating deep pools for miles along the creek. The Wilderness and surrounding area are on the Tonto and Coconino National Forests, and are managed by the Coconino National Forest.
During the spring-summer season, camping is prohibited and a reserved parking permit is required to park at the trailhead. See Fossil Springs Trail and Fossil Creek on the USFS Coconino National Forest website for maps, regulations, permit reservations, and other details.
Photo by Deborah Lee Soltesz. Source: USFS Coconino National Forest.
Ok so it all started when I was born - literally. My parents were young when they had me, just 19 years old. My grandparents got guardianship of my brother and I when I was about three years old. My family has a history of mental illness on both sides, so I was "doomed" naturally. Schizophrenia, bipolar, manic depression, all disorders someone in my family was diagnosed with. My maternal grandmother is manic depressive, and things were very difficult growing up because it wasn't addressed. She didn't believe in therapy and thought that nothing was wrong. Therapy was only for "messed up" people, and she had an extreme stigma about it. There are so many instances of verbal and emotional abuse towards my grandfather, my brother, my mother, and myself. But if you spoke up, it was even worse, you wouldn't dare speak up against it. It was always better to endure it and hope the next day would be better. She was, and still can be, very unpredictable. You'd think everything was dandy, until it wasn't. Things could switch in a moment into a screaming, "you-don't-care-about-me-how-come-no-one-cares-for-me" mess. I never wanted someone to ever go through that, or to feel like they couldn't speak up. I was often the one to speak up, so my grandmother and I would fight often. Hence, the anxiety, people-pleasing, wanting to always keep the peace mindset that I have as an adult. She's always needed help for her mental health, but you can't make someone do something they don't want. If they won't address what's hurting, things can't progress.
My grandfather, my grandmother, my brother, and I tried going to group therapy once. It didn't go well, and was entirely unproductive in creating any change. The time was spent with my grandmother asking why she was always the bad guy and how no one ever talked about how they hurt her, and essentially made for a bad time for awhile at home. I did go to counseling in school for awhile, but it was in a group setting so it wasn't as exclusive as going to one-on-one therapy. As a teenager, I did got to therapy for a little bit, but I stopped going because my therapists kept leaving for other practices. And I felt like I was "fine". Plus, what good does it do when you live somewhere that's always stressful and you feel like you can't really talk about your feelings anyways? I didn't want that for my life, ever. I knew that I wanted to be different. I was always sad as a kid that I didn't live with my parents. I never had an answer when people asked me why I didn't live with them, honestly I still am not sure completely why I didn't and I'll be 29 this year .
My mother ended up having a drug addiction problem when I was in sixth grade. My mother is also bipolar, although I don't know exactly when this was discovered. My grandmother hated my dad, for whatever reason. So I just had no pull in my desire to want to live with a parent. My mother had always been around, and she lived with us and my grandparents at times. I saw my dad on the weekends and holidays. In the beginning of her addiction, my grandparents got emergency custody of my brother Jacob. So now they were raising three kids. When my mother made the decision to get clean from heroin, I was about 11 (I think, not sure of my exact age). I loved her so much, and I'll always remember driving down the road with her one day as she was crying and saying "I love you, you know I do, right?" I was the one sitting with her in the bathroom while she went through withdrawal. It was hard to see my mother so sick. I stayed by her side and slept in the same room as her at night because I was so happy she was back home. I also went to NA and AA meetings with her. I liked the cookies and snacks they'd have. I really had no business being around so much adult information at my age, but as I see it I was the support in my mother's recovery, because everyone else was just mad at her. Naturally, it makes sense that as an adult my mother uses me as support often. She's better now and has been clean for over 10 years.
Eventually, I did get the chance to live with my father and my step-mom the summer before seventh grade. For whatever reason, my grandmother had a moment and agreed to let me live with them. I was ecstatic! I remember hopping onto the computer and instant messaging my step-mom on AIM. I lived with them from the beginning of seventh grade to halfway through my freshman year of high school. Living there was such a change from what I was used to; more routine and structure, more "normalcy". I moved back in with my grandparents halfway through my freshman year of high school. Around that time is when my father was really starting to struggle with his mental health (that I know of). There was one night I remember he got so angry that my step-mom and I went in the basement with our dog. He'd torn off the keyboard holder from the computer desk, ripped the sliding door off the track, and threw the board into the pool. He wasn't going to hurt us and I think we knew that, but he was just SO aggressively upset. I remember he left and that night I woke up to the sound of him crying in the bathroom pleading to God. He got diagnosed bipolar around that time. I didn't leave because he was struggling, but because I felt like me being there was too stressful and I missed being with my grandparents. Things were still the same when I moved back in, it's like I never left. I think part of me is always going to feel guilty for leaving my brothers there, even though getting out made such a change in me.
I met a junior boy, C is what we will call him, when I moved back. He was my second boyfriend. I'd only dated one person when I lived in Leominster, and it wasn't for long. I didn't really know much about dating, or sex, or how any of it worked really. I feel like I just figured out a lot of it on my own, leading to many poor decisions. Part of the issue is that my grandmother believed that any talk of sex, birth control, or even asking to be on birth control would automatically lead to pregnancy. And most of what I saw growing up was not-so-healthy relationships. C broke up with me shortly after I made the decision to have sex with him, through a note, passing me in the hallway to lunch. One of my first poor decisions, and it got worse because my grandmother found out about it and threatened to bring him to court for statutory rape. For whatever reason I thought that having sex with someone meant love. I don't know where I came up with that, but it was what I thought mattered. And I also couldn't stand to be alone, I somehow put all my worth in being with someone else.
A few boyfriends later, I met P at a little music release basement party for a mutual friend. We were a hit instantly, and I completely ignored all of my friends when they told me the next morning to not get involved with him. Another poor decision. We became boyfriend and girlfriend. I was with him for 3 years almost. We smoked a lot of pot, he skipped a lot of college, he would call out of work to stay with me. My grandmother would call me out sick from school so I could spend a week with him at his dorm in Boston. He practically lived at my grandparent's house with me at one point. It was very toxic. We were very clingy to one another and I had no freedom. I couldn't even really hang out with my friends if he wasn't there too. He didn't like when I colored my hair without asking. One time, I dyed it black without asking and he screamed at me for a good hour through the phone. My friend that was with me had to answer the phone at one point and tell him to stop calling. All my worth and who I was was determined by him. I wanted to stretch my ears but didn't because he got upset and told me that I only wanted to do that so I could fuck his friends. He was extremely emotionally and verbally abusive, narcissistic if you will. And he needed help with mental health, yet another non-believer of therapy in my life, and meds would just make you a zombie so forget that.
When I got to college, P had failed out of New England Institute of Art and ended up at The Mount with me. This was problematic. We had a lot of the same classes and friends. I ended up getting very close to another guy, A, who showed interest in me being who I wanted. I remember being told by A that I was being treated like property. I wasn't happy with P anymore, but I didn't know how to leave. I ended up cheating, which is absolutely against my morals. P found out because A was angry I wouldn't leave P and told him everything. It was a nasty breakup and there was a lot of fighting. We had all the same friends and so there was some division and tension. I failed out of college because I skipped classes so I wouldn't have to see him. But even after the breakup, P found a way to always be involved in my business.
While I was dating P, I stopped talking to my father for about a year. My father was trying to look out for me in a particular circumstance and went to P's house on his lunch one day to talk with him. I was a dumb teenager so I chose my boyfriend over my father. During that year my father tried to commit suicide. I only found out because of someone anonymous on the internet. My father did not succeed and is much better these days.
After P, I had a lot of small relationships. I was trying to find myself and who I wanted to be. I stretched my ears. I went to a lot of shows, and I did get to live with my mother by the way, when I turned 18. Things were hard and she didn't exactly like who I was. A lot of criticism for my boyfriends, who I dated, who my friends were. Because I was already an adult, her trying to parent me didn't exactly mesh. I smoked a pack of cigarettes a day. I was very stressed all the time. I lost my best friend after P, but I also was so caught up in myself I didn't see how awful of a friend I was. She even ended up dating P for a few years, and that was very hard for me. I never took accountability. I was an anxious mess, that couldn't just be by herself. A lot of my relationships felt like I was a "light" for the other person who was looking to fill a void or get over someone else. And even knowing that so many times, I'd just stay sometimes because I was "needed".
Eventually, I would meet my now husband Joe a year (roughly) after P. Joe and I were best friends first. We knew each other first, and hung out as friends first. He would drive from Dracut to Athol almost every day, that's like 2 hours just to get to me, then 2 hours home. We would sit in my room and watch Friend Zone on MTV (how fitting, right?) One day we found ourselves just casually holding hands. This was new for me. I didn't see it coming. Our relationship crept up and blossomed instead of my usual just jumping into a relationship. Joe was the only one to ever stand up to P and tell him he didn't have a place in my life anymore. The only person where I never doubted if I was just filling a void from someone else. Joe cared about my interests and what I enjoyed, and has continued to throughout our 9 year relationship. He showed me what being valued as myself was like. This is love. And I am grateful, because he gives me space to figure out who I am and change if I feel like it.
The lesson from this is that I finally learned that I was enough as me. I didn't have to try to be anyone's ex, I didn't have to try to be anyone but myself. I learned that I had value as a person, and that I could be who I wanted, because I WANTED to be that person. I could be a light in someone's life, without putting out my own light. I learned that my body was not the only thing someone should want in a relationship, and that sex does not mean love. And most importantly, I learned that I didn't need to fill a void in someone, or try to have someone to fill a void in myself. Things don't work that way. You cannot fix a person, you can only be there for them. As far as mental health goes, my intention was always to break the cycle and take care of myself. I knew it from very early in my life. I mentioned that I stopped going to therapy for awhile. Two years ago I did start going to counseling again. After having our second child, I realized that I was really struggling and things were getting hard, I felt like I was falling apart inside. I couldn't cope strictly by myself. Last year I was diagnosed as bipolar 2. My counselor knew a bit sooner than when he told me, but I respect his reasoning. When he diagnosed me, he said that he did not tell me right away when he knew, because he knew that I would have been devastated, since he knew I did not want to be like my family. But I am not like my family. I love my family, and they are not bad people, they just needed help. I am the change in the cycle. I wanted better and I am creating better. I want my children to know stability and that mental health is as important as physical health. I am still working at being better every day, I will always have to, that's okay. I am open, I am accepting of myself, I know healing isn't linear. In healing, I have learned forgiveness.
Substantial metapodium (1), dorsal rim of the foot (2), eye areas (3) and head-crests (4) are all translucent whitish, flecked with opaque white. There are random light spots and a few flecks of green on the dark areas.
Full SPECIES DESCRIPTION BELOW
Sets of OTHER SPECIES: www.flickr.com/photos/56388191@N08/collections/
Limapontia capitata (O. F. Müller, 1774)
Revised July 2021.
Current taxonomy; World Register of Marine Species www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=140229
Synonyms: Fasciola capitata O. F. Müller, 1774; Pontolimax capitatus (O. F. Müller, 1774); Limapontia nigra G. Johnston, 1835.
GLOSSARY below.
Description
Usually up to 4 mm long, rarely 8 mm (Thompson, 1976). The smooth body has no tubercles, gills or appendages. It is dark brown (fig. 1 flic.kr/p/2m1yssd ) or black (fig. 2 flic.kr/p/2m1C9ti ) except for the dorsal rim of the foot, metapodium, eye areas and head crests which are all translucent whitish, flecked with opaque white. There are often random light spots on the dark areas and, sometimes, small greenish patches and flecks. Usually, there is a large pale patch, often approximating to a heart shape, (fig. 3 flic.kr/p/2m1DbBw ) on the dorsum. Part of the patch is often translucent allowing sight of the heart beating within the translucent pericardium (Jensen, 1977).
The anus is a short distance behind and to the right of the midpoint of the body, but it is often difficult to see when it is not defecating.
The head has a truncated anterior edge and usually extends beyond the foot (fig. 4 flic.kr/p/2m1G6Nd ). There are no digitiform rhinophores but, above and in front of each eye, adults have a strong (fig. 5 flic.kr/p/2m1C9sG ) or weak (fig. 3 flic.kr/p/2m1DbBw ) head crest which is absent from some juveniles.
The foot has a translucent whitish sole spotted with white pigment. The yellow ovotestes of adults and/or green contents of the digestive gland may be visible through the sole (fig. 4 flic.kr/p/2m1G6Nd ). The anterior of the foot is often slightly expanded but there are no propodial tentacles.
The substantial pale metapodium is c. 19-25% of the body length.
Key identification features
Limapontia capitata
1) Curved head crest above and in front of each eye (figs. 3 flic.kr/p/2m1DbBw & 5 flic.kr/p/2m1C9sG ), no ridge below eye. At some angles of view, crests can be mistaken for digitiform rhinophores (fig. 6 flic.kr/p/2m1C9s1 ).
2) Substantial pale metapodium is c. 19-25% of body length.
3) Usually a large pale mark on the dorsum (fig. 3 flic.kr/p/2m1DbBw ).
4) Eye areas and head-crests whitish (fig. 2 flic.kr/p/2m1C9ti )
5) Anus a short distance behind midpoint of body.
6) Sublittoral and all levels of the shore in pools and moist positions. Usually on Cladophora attached to hard substrate. Optimum salinity 30‰, can survive 5‰ to over 40‰, but sustainable population improbable below 10‰, the lower limit for spawning.
Similar species
Limapontia depressa Alder & Hancock, 1862 (fig. 7 flic.kr/p/2m1HAoU )
1) No digitiform rhinophores but most have a raised rim around the pale eye patches which Alder & Hancock (1862) in their original species description refer to as ‘lateral crests’, and which Hancock clearly illustrated (item 4 on fig. 7). Most subsequent authors omit or deny the existence of the rim/crests on L. depressa (Barrett & Yonge, 1958; Gascoigne, 1975; Thompson, 1976; Hayward & Ryland, 1998; Kluijver et al.). Consequently, the rim is often mistaken for head crests of L. capitata. The rim varies in how much it is erected, being low when a specimen is not in good condition, and it may be difficult to discern in dorsal view of very dark specimens.
2) Pale metapodium (‘tail’) absent or negligible when viewed dorsally.
3) No large, pale, pigment mark on dorsum (occasionally a faded area).
4) Pale eye patches.
5) Dorsal anus close to posterior.
6) On tidal saltings in Britain in brackish or full marine salinity. Individuals adapt slowly and with difficulty to salinity change, but local populations are found adjusted to a wide range of salinities, to below 3‰ on the tidal River Dee, Wales. It lives sublittorally in the inner Baltic Sea, where the mean sea surface salinity is below 7‰ (Bendtsen et al.); a specimen near Helsinki, misidentified (when accessed in June 2021) as L. capitata, is at www.youtube.com/watch?v=6TBqOdGHmmI .
Limapontia senestra (Quatrefages, 1844) (fig. 8 flic.kr/p/2m1C9pL )
1) Pair of digitiform rhinophores on head only when full grown. Earlier growth stages with rhinophores not fully developed can resemble head crests of L. capitata; rear in captivity when in doubt; rearing details in Smith (2014).
2) Pale metapodium is 13-18.5% of body length , smaller than on L. capitata but more noticeable than on L. depressa.
3) Often a small pale dorsal spot and lateral spots form a quincunx or similar; missing on translucent specimens with visible pale viscera which can be mistaken for the dorsal mark of L. capitata.
4) Eye patches and tentacles whitish.
5) Anus a short distance behind midpoint of body.
6) Full salinity, lagoons perhaps with salinity c. 20‰, and rock pools up to MHW on exposed coasts.
Habits and ecology
L. capitata tolerates a wide range of salinities; in the Kieler Bucht, Germany, 5‰ to 40‰ at 14°C, but spawning only occurs at over 10‰ (Seelemann, 1968 in Jensen 1977). The optimum salinity in the Kattegat, Denmark, for growth and spawning is 30‰ at 15°C, though spawn is abundant at over 15‰.
Coma occurs from heat at 38-40°C and from cold at about 1°C (Jensen, 1977). Formation of ice on a shore is usually accompanied by local temporary extinction of littoral L. capitata (Jensen, 1976).
It lives sublittorally and at all levels of the shore in pools and moist situations on its food algae, primarily Cladophora rupestris (figs. 9 flic.kr/p/2m1G6Jq & 10 flic.kr/p/2m1ysh3 ) but also Chaetomorpha linum, Bryopsis plumosa (fig. 11 flic.kr/p/2m1ys8L ) and other Cladophora spp. (Jensen, 1975). These algal species are coenocytic with few or no internal cell walls subdividing the cytoplasm, which is consequently easily extracted by suction. Enteromorpha (currently genus Ulva) is sometimes mentioned as a food alga (Miller, 1962) but this is unlikely as all species in the order Ulvales, having uninucleate cells (Wichard et al. 2015), are not coenocytic, so unsuitable for suctorial feeding. Jensen (1975) observed a L. capitata grasping filaments of Enteromorpha in a feeding position, but it was unable to extract any cytoplasm. Cladophora. spp., Chaetomorpha linum and Bryopsis plumosa were equally favoured in experiments (Jensen, 1975), though in the wild most are found on Cladophora spp. as the other algae are less common. Individual L. capitata could change food in experiments, but were conservative, tending to remain on the first species encountered until all consumed. Cladophora glomerata, a freshwater species which grows well in the very low salinity of the inner Baltic (GBIF map) and forms large algal blooms in the Gulf of Finland (Berezina et al., 2007) was studied by A.-M. Jansson (1966, 1967 and 1970, in Jensen, 1975) on the island of Asko, south of Stockholm, but she found no L. capitata on it. However, L. depressa does feed on it and has been widely misidentified in the inner Baltic as L. capitata (misidentified L. depressa on probable C. glomerata at www.youtube.com/watch?v=6TBqOdGHmmI )
In L. capitata, the single row of radular teeth, adapted to only slitting and cutting (fig. 12 flic.kr/p/2m1C98J ), confines it to suctorial feeding. The leading tooth is used to puncture algal cell walls whereas the newer, unused teeth function as a spear shaft. Recently worn out older teeth are retained in an ascus sac (Thompson, 1976). Further restrictions on which algal species can be utilized may be due to the chemical structure of the algal polysaccharides and to the algal filament diameters (Jensen, 1975).
The related L. depressa feeds by holding an algal filament vertically in the groove at the front of its head while it punctures it and sucks out the cytoplasm, leaving a colourless filament. There is an apparent upper limit on the diameter of filaments that can fit into the groove, as it was observed in captivity to exhaust all available narrow filaments but to leave the thicker ones unaffected (IFS pers. obs.). The groove in front of the mouth of L. capitata (fig. 13 flic.kr/p/2m1ys1b ) is similar to that of L. depressa . The filaments of a coenocytic species of Trailiella were too thin for adult L. capitata to grip in their groove firmly enough for feeding (Jensen, 1975).
In 1973, at Hellebaek, Denmark, the intertidal population density of L. capitata peaked at 2370-2960 per litre of Cladophora in June, August and October just after settlement of newly metamorphosed juveniles less than 1.25 mm long from what seems to be three breeding events. The recorded population was zero in January to April, when water and air temperatures were below 10°C, and gradually increased in May, presumably originating from larval settlement from deeper water. The large population of L. capitata in summer was estimated to consume 1-10% of the total standing crop of Cladophora at Hellebaek (Jensen, 1975).
Copulation is by penetration by the stylet on the hypodermic penis into the body of the partner which lacks an aperture to receive it. The spawn mass, containing up to 800 ova, is deposited between June and November by two or more generations in Britain (Miller, 1962 in Thompson, 1976). The planktonic, veliger, larval stage lasts about a week at 16-17°C (Thompson, 1976). In Isefjord, Denmark, large numbers of planktonic veligers were recorded in April, August and December (Rasmussen, 1973), corresponding with hatching from the three spawning periods observed by Jensen (1975).
Distribution and status
L. capitata occurs from the Arctic to the Mediterranean and Black Sea. It extends into the Baltic to Rügen, Germany and the Øresund, Sweden further east than which the mean sea surface salinity (msss) is below 10‰ (Bendtsen et al, 2007). It may be over recorded because of incompletely developed rhinophores on juvenile L. senestra being mistaken for the crests of L. capitata. For details of misidentification and misrecording of Limapontia spp. in the inner Baltic, see the appendix below.
Common and widespread around Britain and Ireland. UK distribution map, NBN species.nbnatlas.org/species/NHMSYS0021056302 .
Appendix: Distribution of L. capitata in the Baltic Sea.
The first description of L. capitata, by Müller in 1774, was in the Baltic, ‘in Mari Balthico’. It is still present, sometimes abundantly (Jensen, 1975), in the outer Baltic to about 30° E. at Rügen, Germany (Schultze, 1849) and Øresund, Sweden. Working in the Kieler Bucht, Seelemann (1968 in Jensen 1977), found that the lower salinity limit for spawning is 10‰. The mean sea surface salinity (msss) of the inner Baltic east of Rügen-Øresund is below 10‰ (Bendtsen, 2007) and would be expected to prevent the establishment of sustainable populations of L. capitata. A study on the shores of Asko Island, south of Stockholm, (Jansson, 1966, 1967 and 1970, in Jensen, 1975), which conforms to expectations, found no L. capitata on Cladophora glomerata, a freshwater alga which grows well in the very low salinity of the inner Baltic and forms large algal blooms in the Gulf of Finland (Berezina et al., 2007).
Contrary to expectations, there are several reports of it east of Rügen-Øresund at,
1) Bornholm in 1863, current msss circa 7.5‰ (Meyer & Möbius, 1865–1872).
2) North of Stockholm at 61.1N, 17.2E, msss circa 5‰, in 1980 by Swedish Ocean Archive database (GBIF map, L. capitata).
3) Estonia, over 170 records, msss circa 5-6‰, 2008-2017 by Estonian Naturalists’ Society (GBIF map, L. capitata).
4) Finland, 450 records, msss circa 5-6‰, mainly 1990-2020, by Finnish Biodiversity Information Facility.
The Bornholm record has several reasons for reserve, apart from the low salinity. While the illustrations from Kieler Bucht (fig. 14 flic.kr/p/2m54gkU ) show that Meyer and Möbius (1865–1872) recognised correctly the features of L. capitata, the Bornholm specimens were found in 1863 when it is unlikely that M&M were familiar with Limapontia depressa, first described by Alder and Hancock only in the previous year and without published image. The specimens were collected for M&M by a fisherman who said that he found them abundantly under littoral stones. This is not the usual habitat of L. capitata, which lives on filamentous algae, mainly Cladophora spp.; one wonders how reliable the reported location is. It is desirable that this record be checked with fieldwork and photography.
The other localities have salinities well below the level suitable for spawning of L. capitata so its presence needs substantiation with detailed images. The only Baltic images labelled L. capitata found by IFS on the web are a video and two photographs from Finnish waters by K. Könönen at www.youtube.com/watch?v=6TBqOdGHmmI and laji.fi/en/taxon/MX.212476/images , which are all misidentified L. depressa lacking the substantial pale metapodium, large pale dorsal mark and distinct head crests of L. capitata. In 2012, on a blog by an artist for the Marine Research Centre at Stockholm University, there was a detailed painting labelled ’L. capitata’ from north of Stockholm, which was a perfect match for Hancock’s image of P. depressa (fig. 7 flic.kr/p/2m1HAoU ). See the ‘Key identification features’ and ‘Similar species’ sections of the main account above for detail of the historical confusion of the two spp.
Pruvot-Fol (1954) aggregated P. depressa with L. capitata as L. nigra as she could find no distinctive features to characterize them. In her description she used poor copies of 110 year old images of Limapontia spp. from Quatrefages (1844) and followed his omission of L. depressa which was not described by Alder and Hancock until 18 years after he wrote. Gascoigne (1975) and Thompson (1976) showed clear, anatomical differences which counter Pruvot-Fol’s opinion.
At the same time (June 2021) as showing multiple records of presumed L. capitata in Estonian and Finnish waters, the GBIF map for L. depressa and the Finnish Biodiversity Information Facility website have a complete absence in the same waters of records for L. depressa which has populations that can breed at the salinities found there, while L. capitata cannot. A video and two photographs from Finland and a painting from north of Stockholm, all mislabelled ‘L. capitata’, show that L. depressa does live in the inner Baltic. Over 30 records (1998-2012) on the GBIF map of L. depressa by the Swedish Ocean Archive database (SHARK) show that L. depressa lives on the coast of the inner Baltic in the Swedish counties of Kalmar and Blekinge.
Jonne Kotta of the Estonian Marine Institute, University of Tartu, agrees that all the Estonian records of L. capitata shown on GBIF are misidentified L. depressa and should be renamed on the database (J. Kotta, 2021, pers. comm., 14 June).
It is desirable that more photographs are obtained of Limapontia in the inner Baltic to substantiate or alter the evidence, reasoning and opinions presented above. This account will be amended if new evidence requires it.
Acknowledgements
I am most grateful to Kathe Jensen, Jonne Kotta and Vollrath Wiese for their help and advice with this account, but any errors or omissions are my (IFS) responsibility. I thank David Fenwick www.aphotomarine.com/index.html and Malcolm Storey www.bioimages.org.uk/ for use of their images.
References and links
Alder, J. and Hancock, A. 1862. Descriptions of a new genus and some new species of naked mollusc. Ann. mag. nat. hist. vol. 10, Third series, number LVIII: 261-265. [Original description of L. depressa on p. 264].
www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/22162433#page/282/mode/1up
Barrett, J. and Yonge, C.M. 1958 Collins pocket guide to the sea shore. London, Collins.
Bendtsen, J., Söderkvist, J., Dahl, K., Hansen, J.L.S. and Reker, J. 2007. Model simulations of blue corridors in the Baltic Sea. BALANCE Interim Report No. 9.. Copenhagen. balance-eu.org/xpdf/balance-interim-report-no-9.pdf
Berezina, N. A., Tsiplenkina, I. G., Pankova, E. S. and Gubelit J. I. 2007. Dynamics of invertebrate communities in stony littoral of the Neva Estuary (Baltic Sea) under macroalgal blooms and bioinvasions. Transitional Waters Bulletin 1: 65-76. www.researchgate.net/publication/215447660_Dynamics_of_in...
Eliot, C.N.E. 1910. A monograph of the British nudibranchiate mollusca. London, Ray Society. Supplementary Volume. p. 141 [as L. nigra] archive.org/details/british_nudibranchiate_mollusca_pt8_l... (p. 151 of PDF).
Finnish Biodiversity Information Facility, Limapontia capitata overview page. laji.fi/en/taxon/MX.212476 images laji.fi/en/taxon/MX.212476/images [misidentified L. depressa]. Accessed 17 July 2021.
Gascoigne, T. 1975. A field guide to the British Limapontidae and Alderia modesta. J. Conch. Lond. 28: 359 – 364.
GBIF Distribution map of Limapontia capitata (O.F. Müller) Accessed 25 June, 2021. www.gbif.org/species/2298915
GBIF. Distribution map of Limapontia depressa Accessed 23 July, 2021. www.gbif.org/species/2298918
GBIF Distribution map of Cladophora glomerata (L.) Kütz. Accessed 14 June, 2021. www.gbif.org/species/5272770
Hayward, P.J. & Ryland, J.S. 1996. Handbook of the marine fauna of North-west Europe. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
Jeffreys, J. G. 1869. British conchology. vol. 5 (1869). London, van Voorst. [As L. nigra] archive.org/details/britishconcholog05jeffr/page/28/mode/1up
Jensen, K. R. 1975. Food preference and food consumption in relation to growth of Limapontia capitata (Opisthobranchia, Sacoglossa). Ophelia 14(1-2): 1-14. abstract
www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00785236.1975.10421967
Jensen, K. R. 1976. The importance of Limapontia capitata (Mueller) (Opisthobranchia, Sacoglossa) as a primary consumer in the Cladophora-belt. 10th Europ. Symp. mar. Biol. 2: 339-350.
Jensen, K. R. 1977. Optimal salinity and temperature intervals of Limapontia capitata (Opisthobranchia, Sacoglossa) determined by growth and heart rate measurements. Ophelia, 16 (2): 175 – 185.
Kluijver, M.J. de, Ingalsuo S.S. & Bruyne, R.H. de. Mollusca of the North Sea, Limapontia depressa. Marine Species Identification Portal. (accessed 20 June 2021) species-identification.org/species.php?species_group=moll...
Meyer, H. A. & Möbius, K. 1865 - 1872. Fauna der Kieler Bucht. Band 1: Die Hinterkiemer oder Opisthobranchia. Leipzig, W. Engelmann. [As Pontolimax capitatus]
www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/47329#page/57/mode/1up [images]
www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/47329#page/55/mode/1up [text]
Miller, M.C. 1962. Annual cycles of some Manx nudibranchs, with a discussion of the problem of the migration. J. Anim. Ecol. 31(3): 545-569 www.jstor.org/stable/2053?seq=1
Müller, O. F. 1774. Vermium terrestrium et fluviatilium, seu animalium infusoriorum, helminthicorum, et testaceorum, non marinorum, succincta historia. Vol. 1, Pars Altera: p. 70. [1774]. Havniæ (Copenhagen) & Lipsiæ (Leipzig), Heineck & Faber. [original description as Fasciola capitata] www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/50344#page/236/mode/1up
Pruvot-Fol, A. 1954. Faune de France. Mollusques opisthobranches. Paris, P. Lechevalier. faunedefrance.org/bibliotheque/docs/A.PRUVOT-FOL(FdeFr58)Mollusques.pdf
Quatrefages J.L.A. de. 1844. Sur les Gastéropodes Phlébentérés (Phlebenterata Nob.), ordre nouveau de la classe des Gastéropodes, proposé d'après l'examen anatomique et physiologique des genres Zéphyrine (Zephyrina Nob.), Actéon (Acteon Oken), Actéonie (Acteoniæ Nob.), Amphorine (Amphorina Nob.), Pavois (Pelta Nob.), Chalide (Chalidis Nob.). Annales des Sciences Naturelles. ser. 3, 1: 129-183, pls 3-6. biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13407269
Rasmussen, E. 1973. Systematics and ecology of the Isefjord marine fauna (Denmark). Ophelia, 11, 1-495.
Schultze, M.S. 1849. Ueber die Entwickelung des Tergipes lacinulatus. Archiv für Naturgeschicht. 15: 270. www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/48696#page/670/mode/1up
Seelemann, U. 1968. Zur Überwindung der biologischen Grenze Meer-Land durch Mollusken. II. Untersuchungen an Limaponita capitata, Limapontia depressa und Assiminea grayana. Oekologia. 1: 356-368 www.jstor.org/stable/4214499
Smith, I.F. 2014. Rearing and breeding the sacoglossan sea slug, Limapontia senestra (Quatrefages, 1844). Mollusc World 34: 16-18. Conchological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. www.researchgate.net/publication/352982521_Limapontia_sen...
Thompson, T.E. 1976. Biology of opisthobranch molluscs 1. London, Ray Society.
Wichard, T., Charrier, B., Mineur, F., Bothwell, J. H., De Clerck, O. and Coates, J. C. 2015. The green seaweed Ulva: a model system to study morphogenesis. Frontiers in plant science. www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2015.00072/full
Current taxonomy; World Register of Marine Species www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=140229
GLOSSARY
coenocytic = (of algae) with parts made up of multinucleate, large masses of cytoplasm enclosed by the wall of each large cell.
cytoplasm = gelatinous liquid that fills the inside of a cell; ‘cell sap’.
digitiform = shaped like a finger.
dorsum = upper outer surface of an organism.
metapodium = hind part of the foot.
MHW = mean high water level.
multinucleate = (of cells) having more than one nucleus per cell, i.e., multiple nuclei share one common cytoplasm.
ovotestes = (plural) hermaphrodite organs serving as both ovary and testes.
pericardium = sac containing the heart.
plankton = animals and plants that drift in pelagic zone (main body of water).
polysaccharides = (in algae) molecular structural components of cell walls.
propodial = (adj.) at the front of the foot.
radula = usually a chitinous ribbon with rows of teeth to rasp food, but on Sacoglossa a line of single, fused teeth used like a scalpel to pierce algal cells.
quincunx = pattern of five as on dominoes or dice.
radular = of the radula.
rhinophore = chemo-receptor tentacle; nudibranch and most sacoglossan sea slugs have a pair on top of the head.
salting = salt tolerant vascular vegetation at MHW to EHWS; preferred synonym for “saltmarsh” as much of a salting is not marshy.
siphonaceous = (of algae) entire thallus (‘plant’) is coenocytic with no internal cell walls subdividing the cytoplasm.
stylet = hard, sharp, slender piercing structure.
suctorial = (adj.) sucking
uninucleate = (of cells) having one nucleus per cell.
veliger = shelled larva of marine gastropod or bivalve mollusc which moves by action cilia on a velum (bilobed flap).
We have had a very difficult year that has tested us as a family, broken our hearts with our daughter being diagnosed with cancer yet despite the odds gives birth to a beautiful baby girl to give us our first grandchild.
I think 2025 is going to be another testing year as her cancer treatment continues and stem cell treatment as well.
So my photo journey will continue next year, sorry I have not been able to comment very much at all but not always been easy. Happy New Year to you all.
Kilmadock Parish War Memorial, Doune
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NN 72491 01525
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Lettering very difficult to read, badly eroded and patches of moss(?)
There is another plaque at the side by the steps but missed it.
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TO THE GLORY OF
GOD
AND IN MEMORY OF
THE MEN OF THE
PARISH OF KILMADOCK
WHO GAVE THEIR LIVES
FOR KING AND COUNTRY
IN THE GREAT WAR
1914 - 1919
SEE YE TO IT THAT THESE
SHALL NOT HAVE DIED IN VAIN
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Dundee Courier - Thursday 05 June 1919
Image © D.C.Thomson & Co. Ltd. Image created courtesy of THE BRITISH LIBRARY BOARD.
Doune's War Memorial is to be the statue of a Highland soldier erected in front of the Public Hall gifted to the burgh by Sir A. Kay Muir, Bart., Blair Drummond.
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Dundee Courier - Saturday 27 November 1920
Image © D.C.Thomson & Co. Ltd. Image created courtesy of THE BRITISH LIBRARY BOARD.
The Earl of Moray has signified his intention of subscribing £600 to the Doune War Memorial Fund.
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Dundee Courier - Monday 31 July 1922
Image © D.C.Thomson & Co. Ltd. Image created courtesy of THE BRITISH LIBRARY BOARD.
SECRET DOUNE WAR MEMORIAL UNVEILED Versailles Peacemakers Criticised General Sir lan Hamilton, D.5.0., unveiled Saturday the war memorial erected at Doune to the memory of the 63 men of the district who lost their lives in the war.
The memorial is obelisk in character, and its graceful proportions are enhanced by its effect against the wooded background. Its outlook is towards the village, and it is complementary to the new hall opened last week, both schemes having a similar origin and purpose.
A large concourse of people attended the ceremony, the Comrades of the Great War and the Territorials being under Captain Lindsay Pullar, and members of the Voluntary Aid Detachment under Miss Stanley Rogerson. The school children joined in the procession from the Moray Park, and were marshalled behind the memorial by the headmaster, Mr P. C. Merrie. Relatives of deceased were given a place of honour, and it was observed that some the women folk and children wore the medals and decorations of their loved ones.
On the broad base and steps of the monument were gathered the Provost and members of the Town Council and Parish Council, with their wives, and prominent people of the district, including:— Lady Muir, Deanston House; Sir A. Kay Muir, Bart, of Blair Druinmond; Mrs Harry Moncreiffe, London; Mrs M'Grigor, Beechwood, Stirling; Mr and Mrs Hogg, Row House; Mrs Bruce, Bridge of Teith Cottage: Mrs Stirling. Old Newton; Mrs G. S. Mackay, Mrs Stark Christie, Mrs Ash worth, Mrs Thomson, Miss Murray Menzies; Mr and Mrs John Stroyan and Miss Stroyan, Lanrick Castle; Miss Campbell Swinton, Glenardoch; Mrs Baillie Hamilton and party; Sir William and Lady Thomson, Dunblane; Rev. J. Chalmers Peat, Rev. James Scott, Rev. James Menzies, Rev. H. B. De Montmorency, Rev. Canon Docherty: Rev. Jas. Mitchell. Norrieston; and Mrs Scrimgeour; Mr D. Y. Cameron, Kippen, and Mrs Cameron; Mr Eric Bell. Stirling, architect of the memorial, and Mrs Bell; Dr and Mrs Burn Murdoch, Gartincaber; Mr F. L. Burder, East Deanston; ex-Provost Main, Doune; Mr Robert Thomson, Broich; Mr James Paterson, Burnbank; Mr John M'Ewen, Deanston: Mr Wm. M'Carroll, Deanston: Mr William Thomson, banker, Doune: Mr John Thomson, druggist; &c.
Burn Murdoch, who presided, called upon Sir Ian Hamilton, who is a son-in-law of .Lady Muir, to unveil the memorial.
.....
Some people say that we ought to remember our deed by building something useful, something that will be improvement to the place Other people are not satisfied unless they have some beautiful and artistic object to remind them of their lost ones. Deanston and Doune have done both, and I am very glad and very proud to have been here to-day. I have now the honour of unveiling this memorial.
As the Union Jack fell from the memorial the " Last Post " was sounded, and the pipers played lament. Rev. J. Chalmers Peat offered the dedicatory prayer. An opportunity was given at this stage to the relatives and others of placing wreaths and flowers on the memorial. It was an affecting scene, and the tributes were many and of great beauty. One which was given the place of honour was from the Doune, Deanston. and Kincardine Red Cross V.A.D. Detachment, and consisted of white everlastings on a base of laurels, with a large red cross of Flanders poppies in the centre. The Provost and Town Council, and the ex-service men, also sent wreaths, and one from Sir lan and Lady Hamilton had the following:—
"The saviours come not home to-night,
Themselves they could not save."
Roll of Honour:
S.W.O. Stuart Hay Murray, Pte. James Rorie. Major Lindsay Bruce Stark Christie. Pte. Matthew Connelly, Pte. James Dick, Charles Mills, Sergt. James Bell Jackson, Corpl. John Blacklock. Corpl. Peter Campbell, L.-Corpl. Patrick Fallon. L.-Corpl. Peter Innes. L.-CorpL Duncan M'Coll, L.-Corpl. John M'Gregor, L.-Corpl. George Reilly, Ptes. James Blacklock. William Boyd, Andrew Campbell, David Campbell. Alexander Dingwell, James Galbraith. John Graham, John Hislop, Robert Holmes. James George Marshall. James Marshall, Archibald Miller William Miller, John Moffat. Malcolm M'Donald, Daniel M'Naughton, Robert M'Naughton. David M'Vey, James Salmond, James Stewart, Sergt. Michael Manning, Ptes. William M'Leod, Robert Osborne, John Piggot, Lieut. William Maxwell Robertson, Corpl. Robt. Winter, Pte. John Dickie, Lieut. George Cochrane, Ptes. James Allan. Alexander Duncan, William Watt Shields. Captain Arthur Buchanan Baillie Hamilton, Ptes. Thomas Rorie,, Morten Winter, Robert Blennie, John Robertson, Corpl. John Mackay, Ptes. David Black, Alexander Cameron, Walter Martin. Donald M'Callum, L.-Corpl Stephen Hastie, Ptes. John Davie and Roderick M'Kenzie, Captain Colin Thomas Burn Murdoch, Ptes. John Paterson Cameron, William Dow Maclaren, and Charles Murray.
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Doune, Callander Road, War Memorial
War Memorial (Period Unassigned)
Site Name Doune, Callander Road, War Memorial
Classification War Memorial (Period Unassigned)
Canmore ID 339038
Site Number NN70SW 214
NGR NN 72481 01533
Datum OSGB36 - NGR
Permalink canmore.org.uk/site/339038
Donmouth Local Nature Reserve is a beach site in the historic Old Aberdeen part of the City where the River Don meets the sea.
A great place to see seals and a range of interesting birds. The beach area has changed over time as the river has changed its course. There are lots of interesting plants in the dunes and beach area. Bird hide is an excellent shelter from which to watch the wildlife. The paths run across King Street to the Brig 'o Balgownie., the original bridge in to the City from the North, then down the other side of the river to the sea.
The site was designated a Local Nature Reserve in 1992
Paths are good although wheelchair access to the beach would be difficult as the boardwalk can get covered with sand.
There is plenty of free car parking on the Beach Esplanade and at the car park in Donmouth Road. There are cycle racks on Beach Esplanade
Bridge Of Don has five spans of dressed granite, and rounded cutwaters that carry up to road level to form pedestrian refuges. The spans are 75 feet (23 m), with a rise of 25 feet (7.6 m).
It was widened in 1958-59, from 24 feet (7.3 m), to 66 feet (20 m) by the construction of a new concrete bridge adjacent to the old one.
It now carries four lanes of the A956 road, and is the last bridge on the River Don before it meets the sea. The bridge is just downstream from a substantial island in the river. Around the area of the bridge is the Donmouth Local Nature Reserve, designated as a LNR in 1992.
Near to the bridge are a number of World War II era coastal defences, including a pill box.
Mudflats
Mudflats are formed when fine particles carried downstream by the river are deposited as it slows down before entering the sea, and to a lesser extent by fine particles washed in by the tide. The sand spit at the mouth of the Don provides shelter from the wind and waves allowing this material to build up. The mud flats are a very rich and fertile environment. Despite their rather barren appearance they support a surprisingly diverse invertebrate fauna which includes; worms, molluscs and crustacea. These invertebrates are vitally important to wildfowl and wading birds within the estuary.
Salt marsh
Along the upper shore of the south bank saltmarsh has developed. This habitat would once have been much more extensive prior to the tipping of domestic and other refuse in the area and the formation in 1727 of an artificial embankment to prevent flooding of the river into the Links. This habitat is now reduced to a narrow strip of vegetation along the river margins upstream from the Powis Burn.
The species composition of the salt marsh varies according to the salinity of the water i.e. the proximity to the sea. Close to the Powis Burn this habitat is dominated by reed sweet-grass (Glyceria maxima) with reed canary-grass (Phalaris arundinacea), sea club-rush (Scirpus maritimus), spike-rush (Eleocharis palustris), hemlock water-dropwort (Oenanthe crocata) and common scurvygrass (Chochlearia officinalis).
Further inland reed sweet-grass continues to dominate but hemlock water-dropwort is more abundant with meadowsweet (Filipendula ulmaria) and valarian (Valariana officinalis),
Sand dunes
Sand dunes are found in the more exposed parts of the estuary at the river mouth. Again, this habitat was once much more extensive in this locality with dune grasslands stretching from Aberdeen Beach inland as far as King Street, southwards from the estuary of the Dee, northwards to the Sands of Forvie and beyond. Many of the dunes formed part of Seaton Tip, and following tipping the area was grassed over. Other areas have been formally landscaped to form golf courses or planted with native trees in 2010 to create a new woodland area.
Some remnants of the natural dune flora can be seen in the 'roughs' on the Kings Links golf course and near the mouth of the river.
Above the high water mark, fore dunes with thick clumps of the pioneer grass species including sea lyme grass (Elymus arenarius) and marram grass (Ammophila arenaria) occur. Few other species are able to cope with the shifting sand. The largest area of these young dunes is to the north and west of the headland. Further inland where the dunes are sheltered from the actions of the wind and waves, and soils are more developed, more stable dunes are present supporting a more diverse grassland habitat.
Strand line plants which are able to tolerate occasional coverage by sea water include sea rocket (Cakile maritima), frosted orache (Atriplex laciniata), sea sandwort (Honkenya peploides) and knotgrass (Polygonum aviculare). Bur-reed (Sparganium sp.) has been recorded; presumably washed down by the river.
Marram grass (Ammophila arenaria) and sea lyme grass (Elymus arenarius) dominate the fore dunes. The latter species is not native to this area but appeared in 1802. It is thought to have been unintentionally introduced into the area by fishing boats. For a number of years it remained uncommon but from 1870 onwards it spread rapidly along the coastline (Marren, 1982).
In the more stable dunes red fescue (Festuca rubra), sand sedge (Carex arenaria), yellow rattle (Rhinanthus minor), wild pansy (Viola tricolour), harebell (Campanula rotundifolia), bird's-foot-trefoil (Lotus corniculatus) and lesser meadow-rue (Thalictrum minus) are abundant. Small amounts of kidney vetch (Anthyllis vulneraria), valerian (Valeriana officinalis) and spring vetch (Vicia lathyroides) are present.
Scattered willows (Salix sp.) and sycamore (Acer pseudoplantanus) have seeded into this area. Gorse (Ulex europaeus) scrub has colonised the dunes in some areas and appears to be spreading.
Scrub
This habitat is almost entirely artificial with only the gorse scrub on the inner dunes being a semi-natural habitat. Alder and willow were planted along the south bank of the river in about 1970 and these shrubs are now generally well established. Further shrub planting on the south bank was carried out in 1990.
Willow (Salix sp.) and alder (Alnus glutinosa) were planted in the 1970's along the south bank of the River Don eastwards of the Bridge of Don. The trees to the west of this strip are doing considerably better than those to the east. More recent planting was carried out in 1990 with hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna), blackthorn (Prunus spinosa) elder (Sambucus nigra), goat willow (Salix caprea) and alder.
Underneath the scrub neutral grassland is present with cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata), false oat-grass (Arrhenatherum elatius), cow parsley (Anthriscus sylvestris), sweet cicely (Myrrhis odorata), hedge woundwort (Stachys sylvatica) and hedge bindweed (Calystegia sepium).
Grassland
Much of the grassland within the reserve is formed on imported soil and is intensively managed. This includes grassland on the north and south sides of the Esplanade. Daffodils are present in the grassland on the north side of the road. On the north bank to the east of the Bridge of Don is rank grassland on a steep south-facing slope. This is unmanaged and contains some patches of scrub.
Rough grassland is present on the headland. This area has been modified by tipping, with rubble to the east and with grass cuttings to the west. The grassland contains a mixture of neutral grassland, dune grassland, ruderal, and introduced garden species. This area attracts flocks of seed eating birds in late summer and autumn.
Improved grassland is present on the headland and along the south bank of the estuary downstream from the bridge of Don. Much of this vegetation has developed on imported soil and contains a high proportion of ruderal species and garden escapes. On the headland, broadleaved dock (Rumex obtusifolius), nettle (Urtica dioica), coltsfoot (Tussilago farfara), spear thistle (Cirsium vulgare), cow parsley (Anthriscus sylvestris), hemlock (Conium maculatum) and hogweed (Heracleum sphondylium) are abundant. Sweet cicely (Chaerophyllum bulbosum) is widespread and in late summer fills the air with the scent of aniseed.
To the south of the Esplanade the grassland is managed with an annual cut.. The grassland does flood to form pools. Early in the year cuckoo flower (Cardamine pratensis) is common, meadow foxtail (Alopecuris pratensis)is known to occur around the margins of these pools.
Woodland
Semi-mature woodland is present on the steep sided south bank of the river upstream from the Bridge of Don. Most of this woodland has been planted in the mid 1930's though some older oak and elm trees are present. These may be relicts of former woodland cover. The woodland in the reserve is part of a strip of woodland along the River Don corridor which continues upstream from the Brig 'o' Balgownie.
Woodland is present on the south bank upstream from the Bridge of Don.
Much of the woodland consists of even aged stands with willow (Salix sp.), sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus), ash (Fraxinus excelsior), beech (Fagus sylvatica) and alder (AInus glutinosa). At the top of the slope mature oak (Quercus sp.) and elm (Ulmus glabra) are present. The ground flora contains tufted hair-grass (Deschampsia caespitosa), red campion (Silene dioica), ramsons (Allium ursinum) and lady fern (Athyrium felix-femina) .In a few areas dense shading is caused by the trees and in these areas the ground flora is poor.
On the north bank scattered trees are present, mainly willow and sycamore with some scrub.
Difficult to imagine an Arriva bus here today! This Merc was new to Transcity of Sidcup. April 2000.
A busker event at Seaport Village in San Diego was a man who balances rocks. This image was captured from two hundred feet away, using a 400mm lens. At some point I will add images of this man at work, which were difficult to get with the number of people crowded around him. Today, this image seems appropriate to upload for the significance of finding a balance in life. Times are "fraught" but a balance is coming back into focus for our family. Not a great balance, but far better than it has been for a while.
© 2012 PKG Photography, all rights reserved
The Kashmir Railway is perhaps the most difficult new railway line project undertaken on the Indian subcontinent by government of India. The terrain passes through the young Himalayas, which are full of geological surprises and numerous problems. The alignment for the line presents one of the greatest railway engineering challenges ever faced, with the only contest coming from the Qingzang Railway in Tibet, China which was completed in 2006 and crosses permanently frozen ground and climbs to more than 5,000 metres (16,000 ft) above sea level. While the temperatures of the Kashmir Railway area are not as severe as Tibet, it does still experience extreme winters with heavy snowfalls. However, what makes the route even more complex is the requirement to pass through the Himalayan foothills and the mighty Pir Panjal range, with most peaks exceeding 15,000 feet (4,600 m) in height.
The route includes many bridges, viaducts and tunnels – the railway is expected to cross a total of over 750 bridges and pass through over 100 kilometres (62 mi) of tunnels, the longest of which is about 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) in length.[1] The greatest engineering challenges involve the crossing of the Chenab river, which involves building a 1,315-metre-long (4,314 ft) bridge 359 metres (1,178 ft) above the river bed, and the crossing of the Anji Khad, which involves building a 657-metre-long (2,156 ft) bridge 186 metres (610 ft) above the river bed. The Chenab Bridge will be the highest railway structure of its kind in the world, 35 m higher than the tip of the Eiffel Tower in Paris. Both bridges are to be simple span bridges. Cor-Ten Steel is planned to be used to provide an environment friendly appearance and eliminate the need to paint the bridge. The design and structure is very similar to the New River Gorge Bridge. The project is being managed by the Konkan Railway Corporation. Completion is scheduled for 2012, four years after the first isolated section of the route was opened for local passenger services, and it requires the use of 26,000 t of steel.
All tunnels including the New Banihal Tunnel will be constructed using the New Austrian Tunneling method. Numerous challenges have been encountered while tunneling through the geologically young and unstable Shivalik mountains. In particular water ingress problems have been seen in the Udhampur to Katra section. This has required some drastic solutions using steel arches and several feet of shotcrete.
Even though the line is being built through a mountainous region, a ruling gradient of 1% has been set to provide a safe, smooth and reliable journey. More importantly bankers will not be required, making the journey quicker and smoother. It will be built to the Indian standard broadgauge of 1,676 millimetres (5.499 ft) gauge, laid on concrete sleepers with continuous welded rail and with a minimum curve radius of 676 m. Maximum line speed will be 100 kilometres per hour (62 mph). Provision for future doubling will be made on the major bridges. Additionally provisions for future electrification will be made, though the line will be operated with diesel locomotives initially, as Kashmir is an electricity scarce region at present. There will be 30 stations on the full route, served by 10–12 trains per day initially.
The Kashmir line will connect with the Indian Railways railhead at Jammu, where a 55 km access route has been built to Udhampur.
THE Comfort
Passenger services will be provided by the new aerodynamic High Power diesel multiple units, which have certain special features incorporated into them. The air-conditioned coaches have wide windows for a panoramic view, anti-skid flooring, sliding doorways, heating facilities, an attractive colour scheme and executive class reclining seats inside. The driver's cabin has a heating and defogging unit to take care of cold climatic conditions and is fitted with single lookout glass windows to give a wider view. A snow-cutting type cattle guard has been attached at the driving end of the train for clearing snow from the tracks during winter. In view of the peculiar climate of the valley, the 1,400-horsepower diesel engine for the train has been provided with a heating system for a quick and trouble-free start in the winters. A public information system with display and announcement facilities are included in the coaches which have pneumatic suspension for better riding comfort. There is also a compartment for physically challenged people with wider doors.
Freight rolling stock for the new route will be from the existing national fleet. Freight services conveying grain and petroleum products will run in between the 10–12 passengers services that are planned to operate daily.
Maintenance of all rolling stock and locomotives will be at the newly built Budgam workshop just north of Srinagar.
Project Updates
Dec 2010 — Railways complete construction of crucial tunnel in Sangaldam between the Katra-Qazigund.
Feb 2011 — It was reported by an Indian news channel that there was a consensus among the top railway officials of the country that the present rail alignment of the project was not ideal.
Oct 2011 — Banihal-Qazigund railway tunnel, Pir Panjal Railway Tunnel, the 10.96 Km long railway tunnel, passes through the Pir Panjal Range of middle Himalayas in Jammu and Kashmir. It is a part of its Udhampur - Srinagar - Baramulla rail link project, opened in October 2011, India's longest and Asia's second longest railway tunnel and reduced the distance between Quazigund and Banihal to only 11 km .
Jan 2012 — The Jammu and Kashmir government has said that Qazigund-Banihal and Udhampur-Katra railway tracks, connecting Kashmir with rest of the country through rail-line are likely to be completed by December.
I find it difficult to tell the various Cadillacs apart from this era, I think this is a Fleetwood based on the faired-in rear wheels.
Foxhall Classic Car Show, July 2012.
THe vicar and wardens at Ss Peter and Paul had arranged many events in the church, and there were many visitors when I arrived. Would I like to go up the tower I was asked when I walked in. I believe I would.
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It is difficult to date accurately the first church building in Stoke, but we know from Edwards Hasteds ‘History of Kent’ published in 1798 the early history of the church: Stoke itself was given to the See of Rochester by Eadberht, King of Kent, sometime between 664 and 673 AD “for the good of his soul and for the remission of his sins.” This makes it one of the first donations of land to the church. It is likely that there were some settlements here in Roman times and that there were some salt workings on the marshes even in those days. In Saxon times Stoke was an important place, as we know by its name. In those days it was called Andschohesham, a “ham on the stockaded land.” In early Saxon days a place protected by a stockade would attract people needing a refuge for their cattle. It would become more important than a settlement ending with a “ton” or “ham.” Later the name was shortened to Estoches and it is recorded under this name in the Domesday Book of 1086. The entry for Stoches or Stoke states that there was a church with four servants and four acres of meadows. This and all the other land and villeins (a feudal tenant entirely subject to a lord or manor to whom he paid dues and services in return for land) were held by the Bishop of Rochester, (Picture above left Rena Pitsilli-Graham).
The earliest parts of the church, possibly the Nave, Chancel and aisles, date from the late 12th century. A report by the Canterbury Archaeological Trust (CAT) (Linklater 2010) gives a broad outline of the history of the building and indicates that the Naves arcades are also of this date with the north arcade perhaps being slightly later but “only by 20 years or so” Stoke church was dedicated only to St. Peter until at least 1524, with St Paul added some time after that. The Edward Hasted history still refers to it as St Peter only in 1789. The position of the church is due to the people of the village settling on the high ground above the Saltings. The village developed as scattered housing on the margins of the firm ground above the reaches of the highest tides, although the lower land was probably farmed as it would be very fertile. The oldest part of the present church dates from about 1175. However from earlier historical records of the building it is difficult to establish whether the South or the north aisle is thought to be the earliest. Historians have written that “the pillars of the south arcade are Norman, Octagonal and carry the massive quality so usual in Norman Work.” However, you will see the octagonal pillars are actually on the north side of the church and the south arcade has rounder squatter pillars, with arches of similar style. Another historian claims that it is this aisle which is the oldest, with Norman transition pillars, capitals and arches. It would certainly appear to be uncertain.
The Font at the rear of the south aisle is a circular tub shape, which has been claimed to be Norman, although others believe it to be Saxon; it is dated as 13th century by the listing description. Its simple shape and workmanship certainly incline to an earlier Saxon time, but at this stage it is unlikely to be established one way or the other.
he next addition was the other arcade and aisle, presumably on the north side. The original lancet window is still here, but the present glass is of a much more recent date. The chancel dates from the same date as the lancet window. Within the chancel is an ornamental stone coffin lid, near to the altar on the north side, while on the South side is the outline of the priest’s door, which would have led to a separate chapel dedicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary. On the same wall is a piscine niche with a foliated canopy.
In the South Aisle is a piscine with a fox and a lion head, the lion putting it’s tongue out . This is fourteenth century work, which supports the view that the south aisle was once the chantry for Malmaynes Hall, granted to the manor of Malmaynes Hall around 1380, and below the aisle was the family vault.
Many centuries later when the roof was being repaired the vault become flooded, and this is popularly supposed to have caused the pillar closest to the east window to have tilted out of true.
The fifteenth century was a busy time for the fabric of the church, with two windows in the north aisle being added, and the window above the font. The glass in these has been replaced at later dates. Most of the roof timbers date from this time. , as do the north and south door. The present door in the south wall is a modern addition, donated by the Royal Engineers, based in the Medway towns.
The Canterbury Archaeological Trust (CAT) (Linklater 2010) report states that the Tower may be as early as the 14th century, (there were bequests for the building work from 1479 onwards) and it may have been repaired or extended in the early part of the 16th century. The tower itself stands, but the steeple was never built, despite many donations from the people of Stoke and benefactors from further afield. The reason has never been fully explained. The tower seems to have been built or rebuilt from 1470 to 1550, and it may be that all the monies donated were used to build the tower. Some believe that the Reformation intervened and that the work was abandoned. Others believe that the siting of a steeple so close to the estuary would have been too dangerous, acting as a beacon to invaders. Whatever the reason, no steeple has ever been added to the tower, which at least gives us the opportunity to climb the 53 steps to enjoy the panoramic views from the top. Within the tower is the belfry, with three bells. These have were restored in 1980’s along with parts of the bell frame at a cost of many thousands of pounds.
The vault discovered in the vault centre of the South Aisle in 2009 has been shown to be an unusual double chamber, at 4.2 metres long, occupying the centre of the Aisle. This is thought to date from the 17-18th century. Substantial burials have been found to the East of the Aisle externally.
Over the last four centuries little new work has been added to the church, but various repairs have been carried out, including a major restoration programme in 1898 of the roofs and floors as described in a newspaper article of the time (see left). The architect was FC Lees of Victoria Street, Westminster. It appears that a North Porch was in existence and was either rebuilt or remodelled after 1898 according to the article. (See the restoration pages for details of works starting in 2014)
Over the years the glass in the windows has been replaced and there appears little or no documentation about the original or subsequent glass. In the lancet window in the north aisle there is a beautiful glass showing three pomegranates in tones of blue, turquoise and gold, (See picture right, Rena Pitsilli-Graham)
Nearby is a window designed and donated by Mrs Marjorie Crofts, depicting St. Francis of Assissi with rushes, poppies, and white dove and a kingfisher. This was made by Maile Studios of Canterbury and presented in 1995.
The main east window in the chancel is dedicated to the Goord family and dates from 1938. It was made by Celtic Studios of Swansea, a small studio founded in 1933 by Howard Martin and his cousin Hubert Thomas. They designed and made stained glass windows for houses, a cinema, a pub, chapels and churches and there is a large amount of their work in Toronto, Canada. The window here cost £409.10s and shows St. Peter and St. Paul with Christ in the centre panel. St Peter is holding two keys and St Pauls is holding a sword. No other examples of stained glass exist in the church.
Outside the church is a pretty lych gate in the boundary wall surrounding the churchyard. The wooden gates were given by the Bett family in 1995 in memory of Phillip Bett, a long standing and devoted church warden and servant of the church, (see pictures left, J Plumb).
On the outside wall by the south door is a holy water stoup, dating back some centuries. The church walls are constructed mostly of random rubble Kentish Ragstone. The church was listed Grade 1 in 1966. National Heritage defines this as 'of exceptional interest, sometimes considered to be internationally important; only 2.5% of listed buildings are Grade I.'
www.stpeterstpaulupperstoke.com/history
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THE last parish undescribed in this hundred, lies the next southward from that of Alhallows. A small part of it is within the hundred of Shamel. This place, as appears by the Textus Roffensis, was called Andscohesham in the time of the Saxons. In Domesday it is called Estoches and Stoches; and in later deeds by its present name of Stoke.
EADBERHT, king of Kent, gave part of his land for the good of his soul, and the remission of his sins, to the bishopric of St. Andrew, in Rochester, and Ealdulf, bishop of it, in the district called Hohg, at a place there called Andscohesham, containing, by estimation, ten ploughlands, together with all things belonging to it, in fields, woods, meadows, fisheries, saltpans, &c. according to the known and established bounds of it; which gift was confirmed by archbishop Nothelm and king Æthelberht, in the metropolitical city, in 738. This estate was afterwards wrested from the church of Rochester during the troublesome times of the Danish wars, and was afterwards purchased by earl Godwin of two men, who held it of the bishop of Rochester, and sold it without the bishop's knowledge. The earl was succeeded in it by his eldest son, earl Harold, afterwards king of England, after whose death, William the Conqueror attaining the crown, seised on all the late king's estates, and gave this manor, together with other land at Stoke, among other premises, to Odo, bishop of Baieux, his half brother. But Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury, recovered the manor of Stoke from him, in the solemn assembly held at Pinenden-heath, in 1076, and afterwards restored it, with its church, to Gundulph, bishop of Rochester, and the church of St. Andrew, (fn. 1) which gift was confirmed by archbishop Anselm, and by several of his successors, archbishops of Canterbury.
The manor of Stoke is thus described in the general survey of Domesday, taken about four years afterwards, under the general title of the bishop of Rochester's lands.
In How hundred. The same bishop (of Rochester) holds Estoches. In the time of king Edward the Confessor, it was taxed at five sulings, and now at three. The arable land is five carucates. In demesne there are two carucates, and 10 villeins, with five borderers, having 4 carucates. There is a church, and 4 servants, and 4 acres of meadow. In the time of king Edward, and afterwards, and now it was, and is worth eight pounds and 20 pence, and yet he who holds it pays 13 pounds and 20 pence.
This manor was, and is belonging to the bishopric of Rochester; but earl Godwin, in the time of king Edward, bought it of two men, who held it of the bishop, and this sale was made without his knowledge.
But after that, William being king, Lanfranc the archbishop recovered it against the bishop of Baieux, and from thence the church of Rochester is now seised of it.
Gundulph, bishop of Rochester, having divided the revenues of his church between himself and his convent, allotted this manor to the share of the monks, ad victum, that is, to the use of their refectory; (fn. 2) and the same was confirmed to them, by several of the succeeding kings, archbishops, and bishops of Rochester. (fn. 3)
On bishop Gilbert de Glanvill's coming to the see of Rochester in 1185, he found it much impoverished, by the gifts of several of the best estates belonging to it made by bishop Gundulph, to the monks of his priory. This occasioned a dispute between them, the bishop claiming this manor, among others, as having belonged to the maintenance of his table. In consequence of which, though he wrested the church of Stoke from them, yet they continued in possession of this manor, with its appendages, till the dissolution of the priory in the reign of king Henry VIII.
In the 7th year of king Edward I. the bishop of Rochester claimed certain liberties, by the grant of king Henry I. in all his lands and fees, and others by antient custom, in the lands of his priory in Stoke, and other lands belonging to his church; (fn. 4) which were allowed by the jury, as they were again in the 21st year of that reign, upon a Quo warranto; and again in the 7th year of king Edward II. and they were confirmed by letters of inspeximus, granted by king Edward III. in his 30th year. In the 21st year of king Edward I. on another Quo warranto, the prior of Rochester claimed that he and his predecessors had, in the manors of Stoke, &c. view of frank-pledge, from beyond memory, which was allowed by the jury. He also claimed free-warren, by grant from Henry I. but the jury found that neither he nor his predecessors had used it, therefore it was determined, that they should remain without that liberty, but king Edward I. by his charter, in his 23d year, granted that liberty to the prior and convent in all their demesne lands of this manor, among others; so that no one should enter on them, either to hunt, or to take any thing which belonged to warren, without their licence, on the forfeiture of ten pounds. In the 15th year of king Edward I. the manor of Stoke was valued at nine pounds.
On the dissolution of the priory of Rochester in the 32d year of king Henry VIII. this manor was surrendered, with the other possessions of it, into the king's hands, who presently after, in his 33d year, settled it, on his new-founded dean and chapter of Rochester, with whom the inheritance of it continues at this time.
There is a court-leet and court-baron held for this manor.
In 1720, Jacob Sawbridge, one of the South-Sea directors, purchased the lease of the manor-farm of Stoke, under the yearly rent of twenty eight pounds, clear of all taxes, the rack rent of which, was ninety pounds per annum. The present lessee is the Right Hon. John, earl of Darnley.
TUDERS, formerly spelt Teuders, is a manor in this parish, which antiently was held of the bishop of Rochester, as of his manor of Stoke.
In the 12th year of king John, this estate was held by Hugo de Stokes, as half a knight's fee, of the bishop of Rochester, by knight's service. (fn. 5) His descendant, Theodore de Stokes, afterwards possessed it, (fn. 6) and ingrafted his name on it; for from that time this manor was called Theodores, and for shortness, Tudors; and Philipott says, he had seen an antient roll of Kentish arms, wherein Tudor of Stoke bore the same coat armour with Owen Theodore, vulgarly called Tuder, being Azure, a chevron between four helmets argent.
After this name was extinct here, this manor came into that of Woodward; one of whom, Edward Woodward, possessed it at the latter end of Henry VIII's reign. His descendant, in the beginning of the reign of queen Elizabeth, conveyed it to John Wilkins gent. of Stoke parsonage, who died in the 19th year of that reign, and was succeeded in it by his kinsman and heir, George Wilkins, gent. who married Elizabeth, one of the daughters of Mr. John Copinger, of Alhallows, by whom he left no issue. He lies buried in this church. His arms were, Gules, on a chevron argent, a demi lion between two martlets sable, between three welk shells or; one of whose descendants, about the beginning of king Charles I's reign, alienated it to Bright, and Edward Bright, clerk, died possessed of it in the year 1670, on which this estate, by virtue of a mortgage term, passed into the possession of William Norcliffe, esq. of the Temple, London, whose widow possessed it after his decease, and since her death it is become the property of the Rev. Mr. Henry Southwell, of Wisbeach, in the Isle of Ely, who is the present owner of it.
Hugo de Stokes, owner of this manor in the reign of king Stephen, gave the tithes of it to the monks of St. Andrew's, in Rochester, to whom it was confirmed by archbishop Theobald, and the prior and convent of Canterbury, (fn. 7) and by several bishops of Rochester. (fn. 8)
At the dissolution of the priory, in the 32d year of king Henry VIII. this portion of tithes, together with the rest of the possessions of the monastery, was surrendered into the king's hands, who settled it next year, on his new-erected dean and chapter of Rochester, where it now remains.
This portion of tithes, called Tudor's portion, was surveyed soon after the death of king Charles I. in 1649, when it was returned, that the same arose out of the tenement of Tudors, and several other tenements, called Bartons, in the parish of Stoke, with six fields, containing by estimation, fifty-three acres; the improved value of which premises was five pounds per annum, all which were let by the late dean and chapter, anno 3 king Charles I. to Sarah Wilkins, at 6s. and 8d. per annum.
The present lessee is Baldwin Duppa Duppa, of Hollingborne, in this county.
MALMAYNES is a manor in this parish, now commonly known by the name of Maamans Hall, which was given, as well as that of Stoke, by the Conqueror, at his accession to the crown, to his half-brother, Odo, as has been already mentioned; and when archbishop Lanfranc recovered the latter from the bishop, at the noted assembly of the county at Pinenden, as having before belonged to the church of Rochester, this manor was then likewise in his possession. Accordingly it is thus entered in the survey of Domesday, under the general title of that prelate's lands:
The same Ansgotus (de Rochester) holds of the bishop (of Baieux) Stoches. It was taxed at two sulings. The arable land is two carucates, and there are in demesne . . . with seven borderers. There is one fishery of two shillings. In the time of king Edward, and afterwards, it was worth one hundred shillings, now one hundred and ten shillings. Anschil held it of king Edward.
On the disgrace of the bishop of Baieux in 1083, this, among the rest of his estates, was confilcated to the crown. After which it became part of the possessions of the family of Malmaines, a branch of which resided here, and fixed their name on it. John de Malmaines, son of Henry, died possessed of it in the 10th year of king Edward II. In the 20th year of king Edward III. the heirs of Thomas de Malmayns, of Hoo, paid aid for three quarters of a knight's fee, which John Malmayns before held here of the king.
Richard Filiot seems soon afterwards to have been in possession of this manor, which passed from him into the family of Carew, and Nicholas Carew, of Bedington, in Surry, died possessed of it in the 14th year of king Richard II. His son, Nicholas de Careu, armiger, de Bedington, as he wrote himself, (fn. 9) in the 9th year of king Henry V. conveyed this manor by sale to Iden; from which name it passed, in the latter end of king Henry VIII's reign, to John Parker, whose arms were, Sable, on a fess ingrailed argent, between three hinds tripping or, three torteauxes, each charged with a pheon of the second, which coat is now quartered by lord Teynham. (fn. 10) His sole daughter and heir, Elizabeth, carried it in marriage to John Roper, esq. of Linsted, who was first knighted, and afterwards created baron of Teynham, in this county. His son, Christopher, lord Teynham, died in 1622, and by his will devised this manor to his second son, William Roper, esq. who alienated it, in the reign of king Charles I. to Jones, in whose descendants it continued till the reign of king George I. when it passed by sale from them to Baldwin Duppa, esq. who died in 1737, and his son, Baldwin Duppa, esq. of Hollingborne-hill, possessed it at his death in 1764, since which it has continued in the same family the present owner, being Baldwin Duppa Duppa, esq. of that place.
Sir John Malmeyns, of this parish, in 1303, made his petition to Robert, abbot, and the convent of Boxley, appropriators of this church; that as he was, on account of his house being situated at such a distance from the parish church, often prevented from attending divine service there, he might be enabled to build an oratory, for himself and his family, on his own estate, and might have a priest to celebrate divine services in it. To which the abbot and convent assented, provided, as far as might be, no prejudice might by it accrue to the mother church, themselves, or the vicars of it, which licence was confirmed by Thomas, bishop of Rochester, that year.
RALPH MALESMÆINS, about the reign of king Henry I. became a monk of the priory of St. Andrew, in Rochester, and on that account granted to the monks there his tithes of Stoches; and after his death Robert Malesmæins, his son, confirmed it, as did Theobald, archbishop of Canterbury, Ralph, prior and the convent of Canterbury, and several of the succeeding bishops of Rochester.
At the dissolution of the priory of Rochester, in the 32d year of king Henry VIII. this portion of tithes was surrendered into the king's hands, who granted it the nextyear, by his dotation charter, to his new-erected dean and chapter of Rochester, where the inheritance of it now remains.
The present lessee, under the dean and chapter, is Baldwin Duppa Duppa, esq. of Hollingborne-hill.
Reginald de Cobham, son of John de Cobham, possessed lands in this parish, and in the 14th year of king Edward III. procured free-warren in all his demesne lands in Stoke.
King Henry VIII. in his 32d year, granted to George Brooke, lord Cobham, a marsh, called Coleman's, alias Bridge-marsh, lying in Oysterland, alias Eastland, in Stoke; and other premises, parcel of the priory of Christ-church, to hold in capite, by knights service.
CHARITIES.
RICHARD WHITE, of Chalk, gave by will in 1722, an annual sum of money to the poor of this parish not receiving alms, vested in Mr. John Prebble, and of the yearly product of ten shillings.
STOKE is within the ECCLESIASTICAL JURISDICTION of the diocese and deanry of Rochester. The church, is dedicated to St. Peter.
In the chancel are these brasses: one for John Wilkins, gentleman, born in this parish, married Elizabeth, daughter of John Coppinger, esq. of Alhallows, obt. s. p. 1575, arms, Wilkins impaling Coppinger, and other coats, one for William Cardiff, B. D. vicar, obt. 1415; another for Frances Grimestone, daughter of Ralph Coppinger, esq. and wife of Henry Grimestone, esq. obt. 1608.
This church was antiently an appendage to the manor of Stoke.
King Henry I. gave his tithe of Stoke to the church of St. Andrew, and Gundulph, bishop of Rochester, and when he allotted the manor of Stoke to the share of the monks of his convent, the church passed as an appendage to it, and it continued with them, till bishop Gilbert de Glanvill took this church, among other premises, from them, and annexed it again to his see, where it remained till Richard, bishop of Rochester, with the consent of his chapter, granted the appropriation of it to the abbot and convent of Boxley for ever; saving the portions of tithes, which the prior and convent used to take, from the demesnes of Sir Henry Malmeyns, and those arising from the free tenement of Theodore de Stokes, and the portion of four sacks of wheat due to the almoner of Rochester, and of four sacks of wheat due to the lessees of St. Bartholomew, which they used to take by the hands of the rector of the church, and which for the future they should receive by the hands of the abbot and convent, saving also all episcopal right, and a competent vicarage to be assessed by him, which instrument was dated in 1244. Soon after which, the bishop endowed this vicarage as follows:
First, he decreed, that the perpetual vicar of it should have all the altarage, with all small tithes, excepting hay, which should remain to the parson; and that he should have the chapel, and the cemetery of it, and the crost adjoining, and one mark of silver yearly, at the hand of the parson of Stoke, and that the vicar should sustain all burthens due and accustomed, and contribute a third part to the repair and amendment of the chancel, books, vestments, and other ornaments.
Richard, bishop of Rochester, in 1280, at the instance of the prior and convent of Rochester, made enquiry in what manner the monks used antiently to retain their tithes in their manors, and in what manner they used to impart them to the parish churches of the same, when it was certified, that in the manor of Stoke, the parish church took the whole tithes of sheaves only, but of other small tithes, as well as of mills and hay, it did not, nor used to take any thing; and he decreed, that the parish church of Stoke should be content with the tenths of the sheaves of all kind of corn only. All which was confirmed to them by John, archbishop of Canterbury, by his let of inspeximus, in the year 1281.
In 1315 the abbot and convent of Boxley, as appropriators of the church of Stoke, claimed an exemption of tithes for a mill newly erected by them in the parish of Halstow, for the herbage of their marsh of Horsemershe, and for the rushes increasing, and the lambs feeding in it, before Walter, archbishop of Canterbury, and his commissaries, then visiting this diocese, as metropolitan, which claim was allowed by the decree of the archbishop, &c. that year.
On the dissolution of the abbey of Boxley, in the 29th year of king Henry VIII. the church and vicarage of Stoke, together with the rest of the possessions of that monastery, were surrendered into the king's hands.
Soon after which, this rectory, with the advowson of the vicarage, was granted by the king to William Goodwyn, to hold in capite by knights service, and he, in the 36th year of that reign, alienated it with the king's licence, to John Parke, whose only daughter, Elizabeth, carried these premises in marriage to John Roper, esq. of Linsted, afterwards created lord Teynham; who in the 9th year of queen Elizabeth, alienated them to John Wilkins, gent. (fn. 11) who levied a fine of them in Easter term, anno 17 of that reign, and died possessed of them in the 19th year of it. He was succeeded in this parsonage and advowson by his kinsman and heir, George Wilkins, one of whose descendants, in the beginning of king Charles I's reign, alienated them to Bright, from which name they were sold to Baldwin Duppa, esq. since which they have passed in like manner as Malmains-hall, before described, to Baldwin Duppa Duppa, esq. the present proprietor of the parsonage and advowson of the vicarage of Stoke. The rectory of Stoke pays a fee farm to the church of ten shillings and eight-pence per annum.
The vicarage of Stoke is a discharged living in the king's books, of the clear yearly certified value of thirty pounds, the yearly tenths being 17s. 2d.
In 1650, this vicarage, on the survey then taken of it, was valued at forty pounds, (fn. 12) Mr. Thomas Miller, then incumbent.
¶NICHOLAS DE CARREU, senior, lord of the manor of Malmeynes, in this parish, with the licence of king Edward III. which was afterwards further renewed and confirmed by king Richard II. in the 12th year of that reign, anno 1388, founded A CHANTRY for two priests in this church of Stoke; and he then, by his deed, endowed it with one messuage and one acre of land, in this parish, for their habitation and their maintenance, an annual rent of twenty-four marcs out of his manor, called Malemeynesemanere, which was confirmed by William, bishop of Rochester, who with the consent of his convent, made rules and orders for their presentation and admission, from time to time, and for the good order and celebration of divine rites in it, to which instrument the bishop, the prior and convent of Rochester, Nicholas de Carreu, and John Maister, and John Buset, chantry priests, severally set their seals.
The internet has made churchcrawling easier, and so some churches that prooved difficult to see inside can be contacted and visits arranged.
Over the years, several have taken a couple of years or more to see inside: Thannington, Hinxhill, Preston and Betteshanger just off the top of my head. But most difficult have been Barming.
We first visited here one Good Friday over a decade ago, one of several along the valley that were either closed or had services on. Since then I have been insde Mereworth and Waterningbury, but each time we went past Barming, it has been closed.
Then a few weeks ago, a friend posted pictures from inside, and told me he had arranged a visit from their website. I did the same, though one visit a few weeks back had to be postponed, a few weeks later I was back, hoping to meet a warden at ten.
It was at least a fine sunny and warm spring morning, perfect for snapping the churchyard and finding yet more details on the body of the church to record.
St Margaret sites halfway between the River Medway and the old high road out of Maidstone, and once might have been a separate village from Maidstone, but is now just a suburb of the town. The church sits down a dead end lane, and is really a wonderful location overlooking the valley to East Farleigh on the other bank.
The churchyard is filled with spring bulbs, and so in spring it is a riot of colour.
I saw the warden park her car, and walk towards me, so I get up from the bench near the porch to meet her, and than her warmly for opening up.
Unusually, I had read up on the church before my visit, and so was aware of the 14th century bench ends in the Chancel. They did not disappoint.
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An isolated church at the end of a lane above the River Medway. Norman origins are obvious - three windows in the east wall indicate the earliest work. The nave is also early and to this was added the fifteenth century tower with stair turret and needle-like spire. The north aisle was a nineteenth century addition and the chancel was restored by Sir Ninian Comper and represents some of his earliest work. Later generations have, unfortunately, undone much of his original design. The memorable feature of the church is the set of fourteenth century Rhenish carvings showing St Michael, Samson and Our Lord worked into bench ends in the chancel.
www.kentchurches.info/church.asp?p=Barming
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BARMING.
CALLED in antient records, Bermelinge, lies the next parish to East Farleigh, on the opposite or northern side of the river Medway.
THE PARISH of East Barming lies on high ground, declining southward to the valley, through which the river Medway flows, being its southern boundary. It is situated opposite to East Farleigh, than which it has a far less rustic and more ornamented appearance. The soil like that is a fertile loam, slightly covering the quarry rock, from under which several small springs gush out, and run precipitately in trinkling rills into the Medway; it is enriched too with frequent hop and fruit plantations; the fields are in general larger, and surrounded with continued rows of lofty elms and large spreading oaks, which contribute greatly to the pleasantness of the place. The situation of it, as well as of the neighbouring parishes, from Maidstone as far as Mereworth, is exceedingly beautiful, the river Medway meandering its silver stream in the valley beneath, throughout the greatest part of the extent of them; the fertility of soil, the healthiness of air, the rich variety of prospect, adorned by a continued range of capital seats, with their parks and plantations, form altogether an assemblage of objects, in which nature and art appear to have lavished their choicest endeavours, to form a scene teeming with whatever can make it desirable both for pleasure and profit.
The high road from Maidstone to Tunbridge crosses the upper part of the parish of East Barming, over a beautiful, though small plain, called Barmingheath, part of which is in Maidstone parish, a little distance below which is a modern, and rather elegant seat, built by John Whitaker, gent. second son of Mr. Tho. Whitaker, of Trottesclive, since whose death it has come to his nephew, Thomas Whitaker, esq. of Watringbury; but Mr. William Rolfe resides in it. Farther on is the village of Barming, in which is a pleasant seat, called the Homestall, built about the year 1720, by Mr. James Allen, whose heirs are now entitled to the see simple of it; but by the foreclosure of a mortgage term, the possession of it became vested in Arthur Harris, esq. who kept his shrievalty here in 1746; his brother Thomas resided likewise here, and dying unmarried in 1769, gave this seat to Mrs. Mary Dorman for life; remainder to Mr. John Mumford, of Sutton-at-Hone, whom he made heir to the bulk of his fortune; she now possesses and resides in it. A small distance from hence is the seat of Hall-place; hence the ground rises to the coppice woods, part of which lie within this parish, and adjoin to a much larger tract northward. About a quarter of a mile on the other side of the road is the church, standing by itself among a grove of elms, the slight delicate white spire of which rising above the foilage of the grove, affords a pleasing prospect to the neighbouring country. From the above road the village extends southward down the declivity of the hill, almost to the river, over which there is a wooden bridge, built at the expence of the commissioners of the navigation. It is called St. Helen's bridge, from its contiguity to that manor, situated at a very small distance from it; about a mile from the village, close to the eastern boundary of the parish, adjoining to that of Maidstone, on the declivity of the hill, leading down to East Farleigh bridge, is the parsonage, lately almost rebuilt by the present rector, the Rev. Mark Noble, who resides in it, and by his judicious management and improvements has made this benefice, perhaps one of the most desirable in the diocese.
A few years ago several Roman urns, pieces of armour, and skeletons, were dug up within the bounds of this parish; the latter were no doubt belonging to those who fell in the skirmish between the Royalists and Oliverians at Farleigh bridge, in 1648; and the former serves to shew, that the Roman highway, a different one from the larger one of the Watling-street, and directing its course towards Oldborough, in Ightham, led near this place, of which more will be noticed hereafter.
THERE GROWS on Barming heath, the plant, Chamæmelum odoratissimum repens flore simplici, common camomile, in great plenty; and verbascum album vulgare five thapsus barbatus communis, great mul lein, or hightaper, more plentifully, and of a larger size than I have met with elsewhere.
THE MANOR of East Barming was given by king William the conqueror to Richard de Tonebrege, the eldest son of Gislebert earl of Brion, in Normandy, the son of Geffry, natural son of Richard, the first of that name, duke of Normandy, whence he bore the name of Richard Fitz Gilbert at his coming hither; (fn. 1) he was one of the principal persons who came into England with duke William, to whom he gave great assistance in that memorable battle, in which he obtained the crown of this realm. He had for that service, and in respect of his near alliance to him in blood, great advancements in honour, and large possessions both in Normandy and England, bestowed upon him; among the latter he possessed thirty-eight lordships in Surry, thirty-five in Essex, three in Cambridgeshire, three in Kent, one in Middlesex, one in Wiltshire, one in Devonshire, ninety-five in Suffolk, and thirteen burgages in Ipswich, of which Clare was one, besides others in other counties; accordingly, in the survey of Domesday, taken about the year 1080, being the 15th of the Conqueror's reign, this estate is thus entered under the title of, Terra Ricardi F. Gisleb'ti, the land of Richard, the son of Gislebert.
In Medestan hundred the same Richard (de Tonebrige) holds Bermelinge. Alret held it of king Edward (the Confessor) and then and now it was and is taxed at one suling. The arable land is four carucates. In demesne there are two carucates and five villeins, with eight borderers, having five carucates. There are thirteen servants, and one mill of five shillings, and four acres of meadow. Wood for the pannage of ten hogs. In the time of king Edward it was worth four pounds, and afterwards 100 shillings, now four pounds.
This Richard Fitz Gilbert, at the latter end of the Conqueror's reign, was usually called Rich. de Tonebrige, as well from his possessing that town and castle, as from his residence there; and his descendants took the name of Clare, from the like reason of their possessing that honour, and were afterwards earls of Clare, and of Gloucester and Hertford. Of this family, as chief lords of the fee, Barming was afterwards held in moieties by Fulk Peyforer and Roger de Kent, each of whom held their part of the honour of Clare.
In the reign of king Edward II. the heirs of Lora Peyforer and those of Roger de Kent, being Thomas de Barmeling and Wm. de Kent, held these moieties as above mentioned; and in the 20th year of the next reign of king Edward III. John Fitz Jacob, Thomas and John de Kent, held these moieties of this estate, in East Barmeling, of the earl of Gloucester.
THE FORMER OF THESE MOIETIES, held by the family of Peyforer, seems to have comprised the MANOR of EAST BARMING, and to have been given afterwards to the Benedictine nunnery of St. Helen's, in Bishopsgate street, London, whence it acquired the name of ST. HELEN'S, alias East Barming manor, by the former of which only it is now called; with the above priory this manor remained till its dissolution, in king Henry VIII.'s reign, when it was surrendered into the king's hands, who, in his 35th year, granted his manor, called St. Elen's, among other premises, to Richard Callohill, to hold in capite by knights service, who that year sold it to Gabriel Caldham, freemason, of London; and he next year sold it to Tho. Reve, (fn. 2) whose grandson of the same name, in the 4th year of queen Elizabeth, levied a fine of it, and then passed it away by sale to Mr. Stephen Pearse, who some years afterwards alienated it to Sir Robert Brett, on whose death, without surviving issue, in 1620, (fn. 3) this manor came by will to Robert Lynd, esq. who bore for his arms, Argent a cross ingrailed gules; and he sold it to Sir Oliver Boteler, of Teston, in whose descendants it continued down to Sir Philip Boteler, bart. who died in 1772, s. p. and by will gave one moiety of his estates to Mrs. Elizabeth Bouverie, of Chart Sutton; and the other moiety to Elizabeth viscountess dowager Folkestone, and Wm. Bouverie, earl of Radnor; and on a partition afterwards made between them, this manor was allotted to lady Folkestone, who died in 1782, on which it came to her only son, the Hon. Philip Bouverie, who has since taken the name of Pusey, and he is the present owner of it.
This manor extends its jurisdiction over the whole of this parish; the antient house of it, as well as the dove cote, stood nearly at the foot of the hill near St. Helen's bridge; both have been pulled down not many years since.
THE OTHER MOIETY of the estate of East Barming, held by John Fitz Jacob and John de Kent, seems to have passed afterwards into the family of Fremingham; for John, son of Sir Ralph de Fremingham, of Lose, died possessed of it about the 12th year of king Henry IV. and leaving no issue, he by his will gave it to certain feoffees, who, in compliance with it, next year assigned it to John Pimpe, and his heirs male, for the finding and maintaining of two chaplains, one in the monastery of Boxley, and the other in the church of East Farleigh, to celebrate for the souls of himself, his wife, and others their ancestors and relations therein mentioned. From the family of Pimpe this estate came, in king Henry VIII.'s reign, to Sir Henry Isley, who by the act of the 2d and 3d of king Edward VI. procured his lands in this county to be disgavelled.
Being concerned in the rebellion raised by Sir Tho. Wyatt, in the 1st year of queen Mary, he was attainted, and his lands were consiscated to the crown, whence this estate was granted that year to Sir John Baker, the queen's attorney general, to hold in capite by knights service; (fn. 4) in whose descendants it continued down to Sir John Baker, bart. of Sissinghurst, of whom it seems to have been purchased in the reign of king Charles II. by Golding, who died possessed of it in 1674, and was buried in this church, bearing for his arms, A cross voided, between four lions passant guardant. His son, Mr. Henry Golding, gent. about the year 1700, alienated this estate to Nicholas Amhurst, gent. of West Barming, who died possessed of it in 1715; and his grandson, John Amhurst, esq. is the present possessor of it.
HALL PLACE is a reputed manor in this parish, the antient mansion of which is situated at a small distance westward of the present seat, and is little more than an ordinary cottage, serving as a farm house to a small parcel of land. It formerly gave both residence and surname to a family, written in antient deeds, At-Hall, who before the end of the reign of king Edward III. had alienated their interest in the greatest part of it to one of the Colepepers, of Preston, in Aylesford, and the rest of it to Clive; and this part was by John Clive, about the 7th year of king Henry IV. likewise conveyed to Colepeper, who in the 10th year of that reign passed away the entire fee of it to Sampson Mascall, whose family was originally of Mascall's, in Brenchley, and in his descendants Hall-place continued till the latter end of queen Elizabeth's reign, when it was conveyed to Alchorne, whose ancestors were possessed of Alchorne in Rotherfield, in Sussex; in which name the fee of this estate remained at the time of king Charles II.'s restoration, but the use and profits of it were made over, for a long series of years, to Mr. Cook, of Stepney; and he, in 1656, alienated his interest in it to Mr. Rich. Webb, rector of this parish, who in 1667, gave it to his grandson, Richard Webb, gent. who, in 1726, conveyed it by sale to Mr. Peter Smart, who bore for his arms, Argent, a chevron between three pheons sable; about which time Christopher Smart, the poet, is said to have been born in this parish; at length, Mr. Peter Smart's widow, and their children, in 1746, passed away their interest in it to John Cale, esq. who resided here, and dying in 1777, was buried in this churchyard, having been a benefactor to the poor of this parish; and by his will he devised this, among the rest of his estates in this county, to the heirs of Tho. Prowse, esq. of Axbridge, in Somersetshire; in consequence of which his two daughters and coheirs became intitled to it; the youngest of whom married Sir John Mordaunt, bart. of Walton, in Warwickshire, and they became possessed of this estate in undivided moieties, and in 1781, joined in the sale of it to John Amhurst, esq. of Barnjet, the present owner of it.
CHARITIES.
THOMAS HARRIS, esq. of this parish, in 1769, gave by will, 5l. per annum for fifty years, 2s. of it to be given to the poor of this parish in bread, on each Sunday in the year, excepting Easter and Whitsunday.
JOHN CALE, esq. of this parish, in 1777, gave by will the sum of 200l. in East India annuities, the interest of it to be given to the poor yearly at Christmas, in linen and bread, vested in trustees, of the annual produce of 61.
THIS PARISH is within the ECCLESIASTICAL JURISDICTION of the diocese of Rochester and deanry of Malling.
The church, which is dedicated to St. Margaret, is a small building, consisting of one isle and a chancel, with an elegant spire steeple. The present rector, Mr. Noble, about twelve years ago, at his own expence, entirely repaired and ornamented the chancel; he gave likewise a new altar and pulpit cloth, and cushion; and the parishioners, followed his example, in the repair and ornamenting of the church itself; so that from being one of the most neglected, it is become equal to most of the neighbouring churches in those respects.
Walter, bishop of Rochester, in the reign of king Stephen, confirmed to the prior and canon of Ledes the patronage of the church of Barmyng, as it was granted to them by the lords of the soil, and confirmed to them by their charters.
Gilbert, bishop of Rochester, in the reign of king Henry II. granted to the prior and canons two shillings, to be received by them yearly, as a pension from this church, saving the episcopal right of the bishop of Rochester, &c. (fn. 5) The patronage of the church of Barming, together with this pension, remained part of the possessions of the above mentioned priory till the dissolution of it in the reign of king Henry VIII. when it came into the king's hands. Since which, the patronage of this rectory has continued vested in the crown, but the above mentioned yearly pension of two shillings was, by the king's dotation charter, in his 33d year, settled on his new erected dean and chapter of Rochester, who are now intitled to it.
¶In the 15th year of king Edward I. the church of Barmelyng was valued at twelve marcs. It is valued in the king's books at 12l. 7s. 1d. and the yearly tenths at 1l. 5s. 8½d.z The glebe land belonging to this rectory contains eighty-three acres.
Very difficult shooting under the canopy against the sky. The RAW image was literally black and I had to process the heck out of it to get it half decent. Lightroom does a good job with these stark contrasts, but of course the overall image quality deteriorates a lot. Bracketing on tripod would have helped.
Western Canada, Section 6: Vancouver Island
The journey to Haven is difficult for everyone, but I feel it has been worse for us. We started with a crew of twelve, four clad in suits. Now, only Elle and I remain.
Today we were attacked my a horrid marauder in a towering behemoth of a suit. It was a long battle, and our ammunition supply is dangerously low. We didn't even kill the damn thing. I believe it might have simply gotten bored.
Elle has a bullet wound in her shoulder and I... I can't feel my legs. Truthfully, the numbness is spreading. I can't let Elle know. I have to be strong.
Every night I can't help but wonder what aweful sin I might have committed in my life before that would warrant such a fate, especially to sweet Elle. No matter how close I think we are to safety, some demon drags us back to Hell.
- Jacob St. James
For Tekka Croe and Crimson Wolf's series. I always liked the idea of journal entries after the apocalypse, and the unified theme of reaching Haven is quite brilliant. Good work you two.
Difficult shot as this scooter passed us with such a slow shutter. Didn't nail it but though it was worthy of my page. Taken outside of Gianyar, Indonesia.
Fort Mackinac is an American former military outpost garrisoned from the late 18th century to the late 19th century near Michilimackinac, Michigan, on Mackinac Island. The British built the fort during the American Revolutionary War to control the strategic Straits of Mackinac between Lake Michigan and Lake Huron (and by extension the fur trade on the Great Lakes) and did not relinquish it until fifteen years after American independence.
It later became the scene of two strategic battles for control of the Great Lakes during the War of 1812. During most of the 19th century, it served as an outpost of the United States Army. Closed in 1895, the fort has been adapted as a museum on the grounds of Mackinac Island State Park
American Revolutionary War
It was built in 1780 by the British on Mackinac Island. Before 1763, the French used Fort Michilimackinac on the mainland south shore of the Straits of Mackinac to control the area. After the Treaty of Paris (1763), the British occupied the French fort but considered the wooden structure too difficult to defend. In 1780/1781, its lieutenant governor Patrick Sinclair constructed a new limestone fort on the 150-foot limestone bluffs of Mackinac Island above the Straits of Mackinac. The British held the outpost throughout the war. Despite the terms of the Treaty of Paris (1783), the British did not officially relinquish the fort to the United States until 1796.
American Captain Daniel Robertson commanded a garrison on Mackinac Island from 1782 to his death in 1787.
War of 1812
In June 1812, at the start of the War of 1812, British General Isaac Brock sent a canoe party 1,200 miles (1,900 km) to confirm that a state of war existed. This party returned with an order to attack Fort Mackinac, then known as Fort Michilimackinac.
A minimal United States garrison of approximately sixty men under the command of Lieutenant Porter Hanks then manned Fort Mackinac. Although a diligent officer, Hanks had received no communication from his superiors for months. On the morning of 17 July 1812, a combined British and Native American force of seventy war canoes and ten bateaux under the command of British Captain Charles Roberts attacked Fort Mackinac. British Captain Roberts came from Fort St. Joseph (Ontario) and landed on the north end of Mackinac Island, 2 miles (3 km) from the fort. The British removed the village inhabitants from their homes and trained two cannons at the fort. The Americans, under Lieutenant Hanks, were taken by surprise and Hanks perceived his garrison was badly outnumbered. The officers and men under Roberts numbered about two hundred; a few hundred Native Americans of various tribes supported him.
Fearing that the Native Americans on the British side would massacre his men and allies, American Lieutenant Hanks accepted the British offer of surrender without a fight. The British paroled the American forces, essentially allowing them to go free after swearing to not take up arms in the war again. They made the island inhabitants swear an oath of allegiance as subjects of the United Kingdom.
Shortly after the British captured the fort, two American vessels arrived from Ft. Dearborn (Chicago), unaware of the start of the War of 1812, or the fort's capture by British forces. the British raised the American flag and when the vessels tied up at the pier, the British captured the two sloops as prizes of war. The ships were the Erie (Capt. Norton) and Friends Good Will (Capt. Lee), the latter being taken by the British into service as HMS Little Belt. Schooner Mary and the Salina, anchored at port, were sent by the British to Detroit as cartels carrying the prisoners they had taken.
After capturing the island, the British under the command of Colonel Robert McDouall of the Royal Newfoundland Regiment built Fort George, a stockade and blockhouse on the highest point of the island. Lieutenant Hanks made his way to Detroit and the American military post there. Upon his arrival, superiors charged him with cowardice in the surrender of Fort Mackinac. Before the court martial of Lieutenant Hanks could begin, British forces attacked Fort Detroit. A British cannonball ripped through the room where Hanks was standing, cutting him in half and killing the officer next to him as well.
United States Army Colonel George Croghan and his superior General William Henry Harrison designed a major campaign to take control of the Great Lakes and sever the fur trade alliance between the British and the tribes of the region; as part of this campaign, the Americans attempted to retake Mackinac Island in July 1814. The two-pronged campaign included an assault on Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin, located on the upper [Mississippi River].
Battle of Mackinac Island (1814)
On 26 July 1814, a squadron of five United States ships arrived off Mackinac Island, carrying a landing force of 700 soldiers under the command of American Colonel Croghan. This landing began the Battle of Mackinac Island. To his dismay, Colonel Croghan discovered that the new British blockhouse stood too high for the naval guns to reach, forcing an unprotected assault on the wall of Fort George. The Americans shelled Fort George for two days with most shells falling harmlessly in vegetable gardens around the fort.
A dense fog forced the Americans back from Mackinac Island for a week. Major Andrew Holmes led the American forces in returning; they assaulted the north end of the island near the location of the British assault in 1812. The Americans worked their way to the fort through dense woods, which Native American allies of the British protected, finally emerging into a clearing below Fort George.
British Colonel McDouall placed a small force bearing muskets, rifles, and two field guns, behind low breastworks at the opposite end of the clearing. When the Americans emerged from the woods into the clearing, British guns easily targeted them. British warriors killed 13 Americans, including Major Holmes and two other officers, and wounded 51 Americans. The heavy losses compelled US Colonel Croghan to order his men to retreat back through the woods to the beach. The Americans rowed back to their ships and retreated.
Later years
The American defeat in the Battle of Mackinac Island left Mackinac Island in the hands of the British through the end of War of 1812. Following Treaty of Ghent, American forces reoccupied Fort Mackinac in July 1815. They renamed Fort George as Fort Holmes, in honor of Major Holmes, killed in the 1814 attack. After the War of 1812 and settlement of the northern border and tensions with Britain, Fort Mackinac gradually declined in military significance.
No longer needed as a front line border defense against the British in Canada, the fort was used as a strategic troop reserve. The Army essentially could deploy troops to Fort Mackinac until a need arose to transfer them to other locations of military importance. The Army nearly abandoned Fort Mackinac between such uses. It was also used as a fur trading post, as Mackinac Island was an important fur post. From 1816 to 1821 the post was commanded by Benjamin Kendrick Pierce, the older brother of President Franklin Pierce. He married the daughter of Therese Schindler, a prominent fur trader of Ojibwe and French descent.
On 6 June 1822, a fur trader named Alexis St. Martin waited to trade in his furs when a gun accidentally discharged just inches from him, blowing a hole in his abdomen. The post surgeon, Doctor William Beaumont, attended to him. Dr. Beaumont cared for the presumably doomed St. Martin the best he could. To his surprise, the man appeared to make a recovery. Beaumont took St. Martin into his home, caring for him for several years. St. Martin healed although his stomach had a hole. Beaumont seized the opportunity and began observing and conducting experiments on the man. Through these experiments, Beaumont described the process of digestion in detail, unlocking its mysteries. Beaumont wrote a book about his experiments and later became known as "The Father of Gastric Physiology."
The fort developed as an important staging area for US exploration of the northern Michigan Territory, including the expedition in 1832 under the command of Lewis Cass to explore the headwaters of the Mississippi River. Henry Rowe Schoolcraft held the post of United States Indian agent at Fort Mackinac for a time in the 1830s. He did extensive study of the Native American languages and culture of the region, aided by his marriage to Jane Johnston, the Ojibwe-British daughter of Johnston, a wealthy British fur trader at Sault Ste. Marie. Both her parents' families were prominent among the elite of the region.
During the Mexican–American War and for long periods during the Civil War, the Army left the care and upkeep of Fort Mackinac to an ordnance sergeant. Despite these periods of relative inactivity, the fort played a small role in the Civil War, briefly used as a prison for three Confederate political prisoners. Brought to Mackinac Island and the fort during the summer months, these three men enjoyed relative freedom, guarded only by a volunteer militia. When faced with the prospect of enduring a long, harsh winter on the island, two of the prisoners signed loyalty oaths and obtained release. The third Confederate refused, and the Army ultimately transferred him to another post.
Fort Mackinac, Michigan by Seth Eastman
Seth Eastman, an officer and artist in the United States Army, in 1872 made an oil painting of Fort Mackinac, as a commission by the US Congress of paintings of military forts. It is now part of the collection of the United States Senate. His more important work was to illustrate Henry Rowe Schoolcraft's six-volume history of the American Indians, commissioned by Congress in the 1850s.
Mackinac National Park
Map of Mackinac Island showing the state park boundaries
From 1875 to 1895, Mackinac National Park, the second national park in the United States after Yellowstone National Park, included Fort Mackinac and much of Mackinac Island. During the national park years, the troops stationed at Mackinac acted as park rangers. The Army tasked these men with maintaining the park, so they spent much time cutting new roads and footpaths through the park.
To improve conditions and boost morale, the Army constructed a bathhouse at the fort (in which every man at the fort was required to bathe at least once a week), a post toilet (complete with flush toilets), and a post canteen (where the men could read current magazines, play pool, and buy beer and wine). They wanted Fort Mackinac to be a "desirable station." Soldiers also had regular military duties, drilling on the parade ground and taking target practice at least once a week on either a 600- or 1000-yard rifle range. The skills learned at the fort later proved important for many troops who were posted at other locations in the still-dangerous American West
State Administration
In 1895, Congress closed Fort Mackinac and Mackinac National Park. It transferred the fort and park to the State of Michigan, which created Mackinac Island State Park, the first state park in Michigan. The semi-autonomous Mackinac Island State Park Commission in 1895 began governing Fort Mackinac and the other surrounding historic sites on or near Mackinac Island: Colonial Michilimackinac, Historic Mill Creek, the Old Mackinac Point Lighthouse, and Mackinac Island State Park. The Governor of Michigan appoints members of the Commission, who meet many times during the course of a year to govern Mackinac State Historic Parks. The commission and historic parks preserve, protect, and present the rich and natural history of Mackinac Island and the Straits area.
In the 1950s, Mackinac Island State Park Commission developed a new way of financing its park, based on the system that financed the Mackinac Bridge. Michigan financed construction of Mackinac Bridge through revenue bonds repaid from the cash flow of toll fees from the bridge after it opened in 1957. Mackinac Island State Park Commission modified this idea for park restoration purposes, with Fort Mackinac admission fees serving as the cash flow. More than three-fourths of budget of Mackinac Island State Park Commission now comes from admission fees and other self-generated cash flow. Most United States parks-and-recreation agencies instead depend upon public subsidies. Mackinac Island State Park Commission operates one of the largest parks in United States that generates a significant majority of its own operating budget.
The Fort today
The current museum at the park includes 14 historic buildings.
Fort Mackinac, high up on the limestone bluffs overlooking the main town on Mackinac Island
Fort Mackinac, 2004
Today, Fort Mackinac (pronounced: MACK-in-awe) is a popular heritage tourist destination. Situated on 150-foot bluffs above the Straits of Mackinac, it is one of the few surviving American Revolutionary War forts and one of the most complete early forts in the country. In 2005, Fort Mackinac celebrated 225 years standing guard over Mackinac Island.
During the main tourism summer months (June through August), visitors ascend into a bustle of activity within the old British-built stone walls of old Fort Mackinac after entering its weathered gates. Costumed interpreters greet visitors, portray life in the 1880s, answer questions, pose for pictures, and lead tours throughout the day. Some of the "soldiers" carry original 45-70 Springfield Model 1873, the type used at the fort during the 1880s. Others play music or greet and mingle with the crowds of visitors.
"Soldier" Firing a Springfield Model 1873 Rifle at Fort Mackinac
The 1841 model six-pounder, positioned just as it would have been if used during the attack of Fort Mackinac in the War of 1812, is fired many times daily. It is the second-largest cannon regularly demonstrated on the Great Lakes. Activities also include rifle firings, court martial re-enactments, and dances of the type done during the early days of Fort Mackinac with live musicians.
It can be difficult capturing these little birds perched, which only weigh an average of about 3 grams. The Ruby-throated Hummingbird is migratory, spending most of the winter in southern Mexico, Central America as far south as South America, and the West Indies.
Ruby-throated Hummingbirds are solitary. Adults of this species typically only come into contact for the purpose of mating, and both males and females of any age aggressively defend feeding locations within their territory. The aggressiveness becomes most pronounced in late summer to early fall as they fatten up for migration. Some of these birds weigh as much as 7.5+ grams in preparation for the migration. (*various sources)
Photographed at Strawberry Plains Audubon Center in Holly Springs, Mississippi.
The causes of sexual problems are as varied and complex as the human race. Some problems stem from a simple, reversible physical problem. Others can stem from more serious medical conditions, difficult life situations, or emotional problems. Still others have a combination of causes. Any of the following can contribute to sexual problems:
Relationship problems: Discord in other aspects of the relationship, such as distribution of labor, childrearing, or money, can cause sexual problems. Issues of control or even abuse in the relationship are especially harmful to sexual harmony. Such problems can prevent a woman from communicating her sexual wants and needs to her partner.
Emotional problems: Depression, anxiety (about sex or other things), stress, resentment, and guilt can all affect a woman's sexual function.
Insufficient stimulation: A woman's (or her partner's) lack of knowledge about sexual stimulation and response may prevent a woman from achieving a satisfactory experience. Poor communication between partners can also be a culprit here.
Gynecologic problems: A number of pelvic disorders can cause pain in intercourse and thus decrease satisfaction.
Vaginal dryness: The most common reason for this in younger women is insufficient stimulation. In older women, the decrease in estrogen that occurs in perimenopause or menopause is the cause of vaginal dryness. Poor lubrication can also be linked to hormone imbalances and other illnesses and to certain medications. It can inhibit arousal or make intercourse uncomfortable.
Vaginismus: This is a painful spasm of the muscles surrounding the vaginal opening that causes the vaginal opening to "tighten." It can prevent penetration or make penetration extremely painful. Vaginismus can be caused by injuries or scars from surgery, abuse, or childbirth, by infection, or by irritation from douches, spermicides, or condoms. It can also be caused by fear.
Sexually transmitted diseases: Gonorrhea, herpes, genital warts, chlamydia, and syphilis are infectious diseases spread by sexual contact. They can cause changes in the genitals that make sex uncomfortable or even painful.
Vaginitis: Inflammation and irritation of vaginal tissues due to infection or other causes can make intercourse uncomfortable or painful.
Endometriosis, pelvic mass, ovarian cyst, surgical scars: Any of these can cause an obstruction or anatomical changes that prevent intercourse or make it difficult or painful.
Pelvic inflammatory disease: This is an infection of the vagina that moves up into the cervix, uterus, and ovaries. It can be very painful on its own and make intercourse extremely painful.
Nerve damage after surgery: Unavoidable cutting of small nerves during pelvic surgery (such as hysterectomy) may decrease sensation and response.
Physical conditions: Many physical or medical conditions can decrease a woman's satisfaction with her sex life.
Tiredness (fatigue)
Chronic diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, liver disease, kidney disease
Cancer
Neurologic disorders
Vascular (blood flow) disorders
Hormonal imbalances
Menopause
Pregnancy
Alcohol or drug abuse
Medications: Certain medications can reduce desire or arousal. One well-known group of drugs that have this effect are the selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) group of antidepressants, which includes drugs such as Prozac and Zoloft. Others include certain chemotherapy drugs, drugs for high blood pressure, and antipsychotic medications.
Other medical treatments: Treatments such as radiation therapy for certain types of cancer can reduce vaginal lubrication. They can also make skin and the membranes lining the genitals tender and sensitive.
History of abuse: A woman who has suffered sexual or other abuse may have trouble trusting her partner enough to relax and become aroused. She may have feelings of fear, guilt, or resentment that get in the way of a satisfactory experience, even if she cares deeply about her current partner.
Attitudes toward sex: Many people, either because of the way they were brought up or because of earlier bad experiences, don't view sex as a normal and enjoyable part of a couple's relationship. They may associate sex or sexual feelings with shame, guilt, fear, or anger. On the other hand are people who have unrealistic expectations about sex. Portrayals of sex in television and movies as always easy and fantastic mislead some people into believing that is how it is in real life. These people are disappointed or even distressed when sex is sometimes not earth-shattering or when a problem occurs.
Sexual problems of the partner: If a woman's partner has sexual problems, such as impotence or lack of desire, this can inhibit her own satisfaction. Continue Reading
Many violets share numerous attributes and are difficult to differentiate from one another. Botanists estimate that there are between 500 and 600 species worldwide, approximately 85 of which can be found in North America. Luckily for the casual wildflower enthusiast, only about half of these are common in New York. There's tremendous variation among the community, with many varieties garnering oxymoronic names, such as round-leaved yellow violet and sweet white violet. While a majority live up to their names in appearance, more than a few are anything but violet, being completely white, pink and even the brightest shade of yellow, with numerous combinations and levels of mixing. All of these attributes aid in their identification.
Yellow violets appear to be the most primitive, with their flowers being the first shift away from the ancestral green. Purple, in contrast, is thought to be one of the most advanced colors. Evolution in progress can be witnessed in the tall, white, Canada violet (Viola canadensis), a native to Canada and the eastern U.S.. Many botanists speculate that the mostly white flower, often dabbed with minor purplish tingeing on the back of the petals, is transitioning from entirely white to "violet." The Canada violet grows throughout the Mohawk Valley in association with the large white trillium.
Violets can be separated into two general categories: those with stems from which leaves and flowers protrude, and those that are stemless, having appendages emanating directly from the roots, with flowers being supported on a thin and usually low, leafless stalk.
In addition to having showy blossoms, certain species possess a trait known as cleistogamy, meaning they are capable of self-pollination by means of tiny, barely noticeable flowers that resemble unopened buds. The term "cleistogamy" combines the Greek 'kleistos' meaning 'closed' with 'gamy' meaning 'marriage.' Once fertilization has occurred by means of insects or self-pollination, the seeds are ready for explosive dispersal. After the seeds are fully developed, the pods they're stored in slowly dry out, with the pod gradually tightening around the seeds, building up tension in the process, similar to the action of a spring. Later, when the pods are disturbed, or sometimes just randomly, the pressure becomes too great and the seeds are shot out like miniature cannonballs. Amazingly, seeds are capable of flying up to 15 feet away from the parent plant. Pretty impressive for such a tiny plant!
Once on the ground, the seeds are further dispersed by ants. Attached to each tiny seed is a fleshy appendage called an elaiosome that's rich in protein and lipids, but serves no direct impact to the seed's survival. Like the sweet nectar of a flower, these elaiosomes are tempting treats to insects, and ants in particular are readily enticed to collect them. Once dragged back to the colony, the energy-laden accessory is removed for consumption, and the hard seed body is dumped in a waste pit where it may ultimately sprout. This dual dispersal technique, using both physiological and biological mechanisms for seed movement, proves to be an effective evolutionary strategy, ensuring rapid colonization of available habitat.
Insects aren't the only ones that appreciate violets' tasty nature. In fact, humans find nearly all parts of the plants edible. The leafy greens can be collected to create a salad high in vitamins A and C, superseding that of an equivalent amount of oranges. Beginning in the nineteenth century, candied violets gained favor as a dessert garnishment and were widely served. Though their popularity has decreased over the years, in some circles they're still a favorite for topping sweet dishes of cake or ice cream. Traditionally, a syrup was also made by boiling the flowers in a concoction of sugar. Apart from sweetening the lips, the syrup is useful as a substitute for litmus paper. The solution turns red in the presence of an acid, green for a base.
To the Haudenosaunee and other eastern Native Americans, the flower is revered as a symbol of love. An Iroquoian myth, akin to the tragic Shakespearian Romeo and Juliet, tells of how two lovers of warring tribes were slain while trying to elope, and where each drop of blood hit the ground, a violet sprouted to commemorate their boundless passion.
While on the topic of romance, it's also interesting to note that violets used to be the traditional flower of Valentine's Day. Almost all bouquets given to loved ones sported purple rather than red. It wasn't until the 1930's that violets began to be supplanted by the thorny rose.
Violets were substantial money makers during the early part of the twentieth century. Like other popular flowers that are added to bouquets or home gardens today, violets were prodigiously cultivated in greenhouses by the millions. Rhinebeck, a quaint, pastoral town located along the shores of the Hudson River in southeastern New York, cornered this unusual market. Growers made sizable profits by shipping flowers to New York City, where there was an especially high demand. Rhinebeck's proximity to the city market, and its easy access to the railroad paralleling the Hudson helped make it the "Violet Capital of the World." At its peak, hundreds of greenhouses routinely cranked out thousands of violets per day in the spring-a fast worker could pick as many as 5,000 during a single shift. Eleanor Roosevelt herself often purchased copious amounts of various exotic cultivar varieties from nearby nurseries to line the gardens at her riverfront estate in Hyde Park, just south of the violet hotbed. She was frequently seen wearing intricate violet arrangements, making it a habit to do so at her husband's numerous inaugurations.
Small white violets are sweet-scented.
Next time you're outside in spring, keep your eyes open for the cosmopolitan violets, which can be found growing just about anywhere-from open and sunny backyards to rich, sheltered woodlands, and even in the dampest wetlands. Though small and unassuming, they nevertheless provide a cheerful reminder of the fecundity and diversity of the spring season. As English philosopher Bernard Williams succinctly said, "We may pass violets looking for roses. We may pass contentment looking for victory."
Avec bien des difficultés j'ai importé 24 photographies, ne vous limitez pas aux 5 premières !
Il fait encore beau, mais il y a de gros passages nuageux . Demain noue repartirons sous les averses . Mais occupons nous d'aujourd'hui ! Direction dans le sens opposé, vers la frontière .
Première étape Collioure ( fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collioure ) .
Son port est ses petites rues sont bien célèbres mais je ne puis m'empêcher de me demander si la grosse majorité de ces maisons n'a pas été vandalisée . En effet, elles semblent cimentées et non enduites à la chaux et il y a bien peu de ces élégantes fenêtres « à la Catalane » si bien décrites par Claudie ( www.flickr.com/photos/claudiek/galleries/72157629890554899/ ) .
Collioure, Pyrénées Orientales, Roussillon , France .
Photographie J-P Leroy, tous droits réservés .
Sturt Street School is a private residence but surrounded by commerical property and is likely to be demolished soon.
Brief History of Mt Gambier – the second city of SA after Adelaide (region population nearly 35,000, urban 28,000).
Lieutenant James Grant aboard the Lady Nelson sighted and named Mt Gambier in 1800 after a Lord of the Admiralty. The first white man to traverse the area was Stephen Henty of Portland in 1839 when he sighted the Blue Lake. He returned with cattle and stockmen in 1841. He later claimed that had he known the lake and volcano he had discovered in 1839 was in SA he would have immediately applied for an 1839 Special Survey. But Henty thought he was squatting on land in NSW and he was not an official SA settler so the government ordered him off the land in 1844. Thus the first official white settler of the South East and the Mt Gambier district became Evelyn Sturt, brother to Captain Charles Sturt, who took up an occupational license in March 1844 and a property he named Compton just north of the present city. In April 1844 Governor Grey and a party of assistants including the Assistant Surveyor General Thomas Burr and artist George French Angas explored the South East naming Robe and doing the first surveys. Evelyn Sturt became the first to have an occupational license to squat and the first purchase freehold land near Mt Gambier which he did in 1847- a section of 77 acres when 80 acres was the norm. He left the district in 1854 selling his freehold land to Hastings Cunningham who in 1855 subdivided some of this land thus creating the town of Gambierton. The town lands were adjacent to the site of the first police station selected near what is now Cave Gardens by the government in 1845. A small bush inn also operated at this spot. The first streets were named after early locals such as Evelyn Sturt, Compton, Ferrers and Crouch (built the first general store before the town was created) etc. The town grew quickly because of the mild climate, fertile soils, plentiful water and the influx of settlers from across the border in what was to become the colony of Victoria. Cunningham himself was a great benefactor and donated land for the first school in 1856. In 1861 the town name was changed by act of parliament to Mt Gambier. The Hundred of Mt Gambier (along with three other hundreds) was declared in 1858 and began the closer settlement of the South East.
Unlike other areas of SA the South East was seen as paradise for pastoralists and the optimistic pastoralists flocked to the area with their flocks in 1845. The large runs locked up the land and prevented farmers from settling in the region except for the fertile lands around Mount Gambier. Here small scale farmers had small properties and grew potatoes, hops, and later had dairy cows as well as growing wheat and oats. Land acts in the early 1870s designed to break up the big runs only partially succeeded in the South East where most station owners bought up their lands freehold. It was after 1905 before the big pastoral estates were really broken up for farmers and closer settlement, except for near Mt Gambier. Apart from Evelyn Sturt the other early white settlers of the South East in 1845 were Alexander Cameron at Penola, John Robertson at Struan, William Macintosh and George Ormerod at Naracoorte, the Austin brothers at Yallum Park (later John Riddoch), the Arthur brothers (nephews of Governor Arthur of Van Diemen’s Land) at Mt Schanck( now Mt Schank) and the Leake brothers at Glencoe. In fact in 1845 nineteen leasehold runs were taken up in the South East with a further thirty runs in 1846 and most had several 80 acres sections of freehold land near the main homestead. Most had got to the South East from Casterton and Portland in Victoria as the swamps near the coast were too difficult to traverse except for the country near Robe. Many of the estates were huge. Evelyn Sturt on the Compton/Mt Gambier run had 85 square miles as well as his freehold land; Robertson had 135 square miles at Struan; George Glen (and William Vansittart) of Mayurra had 110 square miles; the SA Company had 159 square miles on the Benara run; the Leake brothers had 194 square miles on Glencoe; Hunter had 56 square miles on Kalangadoo; Neil Black of Noorat Victoria had 45 square miles on Kongorong run and 101 square miles at Port MacDonnell and the Arthur brothers had a huge run at Mt Schanck. By 1851 almost 5,000 square miles of the South East was occupied by Occupational License and most licenses were converted to 14 year leases in that year. A third of all leasehold land in SA was taken up in the South East because of its higher rainfall and suitability for pastoralism and a third of all sheep in the colony were in the South East. When Hundreds were declared in the South East in the late 1850s and early 1860s pastoralists bought up the land. In one case John Riddoch of Yallum Park owned the entire Hundred of Monbulla. Another pastoralist W. Clarke who had purchased Mt Schancke station from the Arthur brothers in 1861 owned SA land valued at £1.25 million when he died in 1874 and he had 120,000 acres freehold in Victoria, 75,000 acres freehold in SA( Mt Schank) and 50,000 acres freehold in each of NSW and Tasmania! Mt Schanck was changed in Schank in 1917 when German place names in SA were changed as Schank without the second “c” is an old English name!
In the 1850s Mt Gambier was a shanty village as the South East was a region of large pastoral estates and little agricultural farming and very low population numbers. It was far from Adelaide and remote and it was only after the Princeland episode in 1862 with the threat of possible secession to a new state that the Adelaide government began to invest in the South East and really encourage settlement there. The Border Watch newspaper was established in 1861, the Mt Gambier Hotel opened in 1862 and the Mt Gambier Council was formed in 1863.By the early 1860s Mt Gambier had almost 1,000 residents making it one of the largest towns in SA after the copper mining centres of Burra, Kadina and Moonta. By the 1881 SA census Mt Gambier had 2,500 residents making it the biggest town outside of Adelaide. In 1865 four iconic historic buildings were erected-the Courthouse, the Gaol, Christ Church Anglican and the Post Office and Telegraph Station. The flourmill which later became the Oat Mill opened in 1867 as wheat farmers had now taken up lands around the Mount. Mt Gambier was growing into a fine prosperous looking town with churches, stores, banks, hotels and fine residences. In the 1870s the rural population increased dramatically with tenant potato farmers on Browne’s Moorak estate and intensive hop growing in several localities such as Yahl and OB Flat and Glenburnie etc. Also in 1876 the first commercial forestry was started at the behest of George Goyder. A tree nursery was established on the edge of Leg of Mutton Lake in 1876 on a site selected by George Goyder himself. A stone cottage for the first nurseryman Charles Beale was constructed and it survived until demolished in 1969 but the nursery closed in 1929. The nursery propagated eucalypts, Oak, Elm, Ash, Sycamore, and North American pines. Pinus radiata was first grown at Leg of Mutton Lake and was being dispersed to other areas by 1878. Pinus canariensis was also grown in the 1880s. Pinus radiata is now the most commonly grown commercial forest tree in SA and Australia. Also in the 1870s the first hospital was erected and Dr Wehl, the town’s doctor for many years was in residence.
In the mid 1880s the first rail line was laid as the railway lines pushed out from Mt Gambier to Naracoorte. The service to Naracoorte began in 1887 and connected on with the line to Bordertown and Adelaide. By 1897 a railway connected Mt Gambier to Millicent and the port at Beachport. The railway line across the border to Heywood and Melbourne was not completed until 1917 as the SA government resisted a line that would take goods and passengers from Mt Gambier to Port Melbourne rather than to Port Adelaide. Mt Gambier railway station used to be a hive of activity with daily trains to Adelaide and an overnight sleeper services several times a week. Passenger trains to Mt Gambier from Adelaide stopped in 1990 after Australian National took over the SA railway network. Freight services stopped in 1995 and the railway line and station was formally closed. The railyards and other buildings were cleared in 2013.
mémoire2cité - A partir des années 1950, Saint-Étienne se voit confrontée à une double difficulté : un parc immobilier particulièrement médiocre (20 % de taudis, 56 % de logements médiocres) et une forte croissance démographique accompagnée d'un afflux d'une main d'oeuvre issue d'Afrique du Nord. Ainsi, de nombreux grands ensembles sont construits dans les quartiers périphériques à partir des années 1950 (Beaulieu, Marandinière, La Métare, etc.). Saint-Étienne atteint alors son apogée démographique : 220 000 habitants en 1968. Le territoire s'agrandit en 1973 avec l'absorption des communes de Saint-Victor et Terrenoire et l'association avec Rochetaillée. Les Trente Glorieuses et la société de consommation bénéficient encore à Saint-Étienne, Manufrance en constitue le meilleur exemple. Les conflits coloniaux entretiennent la production d'armes.
A partir des années 1960, Saint-Étienne n'échappe pas à la crise : concentration des entreprises, concurrence du pétrole et du gaz au détriment du charbon, concurrence de l'Asie dans le textile. Le puits Couriot ferme en 1973, Creusot-Loire en 1985, et tout un symbole : Manufrance en 1980. Pourtant, les industries mécaniques subsistent.
La création d'une université, le développement de grandes écoles, l'installation d'une maison de la culture, de la Comédie de Saint-Étienne, dans les années 1960, effacent progressivement l'image traditionnelle de la cité-usine. La ville connaît alors une stabilité politique, plutôt au centre avec les maires de Fraissinette et Durafour.
A partir des années 1970, vient le temps de la désindustrialisation et des reconversions. La friche de Manufrance, plus grande d'Europe, est reconvertie dans les années 1990 et abrite le Centre des congrès, la Chambre de commerce et d'industrie, une partie de l'École des mines, etc. Un exemple emblématique : le musée de la Mine s'installe au Puits Couriot.
La ville, marquée par une tradition industrielle très forte, doit aujourd'hui vivre une mutation économique en profitant d'un environnement technologique favorable avec des leaders mondiaux (industrie de pointe dans l'optique, textile de haute technologie) et des établissements d'enseignement supérieur (École Telecom, École des Mines). La ville, héritière d'une tradition de savoir-faire et du second tissu de PME/PMI de France, compte également sur le design. Elle est ainsi devenue "Ville creative design Unesco", seule ville française.
Mémoire2cité - La Palle, c'est Beaulieu IV, à cette époque là, l'on passe de 114 logements construits en 1948 à 531 en 1951, 1 085 en 1954, 1 694 en 1957 et même 2 932 en 1959 ! L'effort est gigantesque. Le quartier de la Palle réalisé de mai 1967 à mars 1970, comprenait 1049 lgts du studio au T6, répartis sur 12 barres, dont 3 pour la rue Colette, le groupe de la Palle sera le seul groupe de logements sociaux que comprendra la Métare en 1967, le reste ne sera que des copropriétées nommée BEAULIEU V, qui elles, seront construite en "Accession a la Propriété"(il s'averrera plus tard un échec, bref..) de 1962 à 1973, en 3 opérations succesives de 725 lgts, de 549 & 518 lgts, çe sur le versant dominant le parc de l'Europe (voir mes photos d'Ito Josué qui à photographié les constructions de nos quartiers Stéphanois lors des 30 glorieuses, tirées de ses livres, qui me passionne & me font voyagé dans le temps..) -
- l'Opération de Construction - BEAULIEU IV - un concept de nos G.E. spéçifique à nos 30 Glorieuses de rendre Jolie çe qui jadis, ne l'etait pas, voir plu, fautes aux guerres ... "les chantiers de l'O.P.A.C." de 1962 à 1972* (à savoir 1962 à 1966 pour le groupe de Colette, apres 1966 le reste ne sera que de la copropriété*, mais relevant toujours de la même équipe d'architectes, une dixaine tout de même Farat/Gouyon/Bertholon & d'autres, Edouard Hur lui à été tres important sur la 1ere tranche de Beaulieu, soit beaulieu1 sur la CAF et les 2 tours en copropriété une de 17 etage & l'autre de 15, du 7 et 11 rue de la Métare 42100 ,une construction de 1971 à 1974 ),içi la derniere tranche des constructions, la suite & la fin ! - Voiçi la Métare I, II, et III., retour sur son histoire .... La ville de St-Etienne Métropole & l'ETAT à choisit de construire un immense quartier neuf de plus de 4.600 logements, prévu pour loger 30.000 habitants, sur les basses pentes du Pilat, à la sortie sud-est de Saint-Etienne...
Entre les forêts, qui seront classées parc naturel quelques années plus tard, et les quartiers chics du cours Fauriel, c'est un des endroits les mieux situés de la ville. C'est aussi le seul grand emplacement proche du centre où il n'y aie pas eu de mines, parce que les couches de charbon s'arrêtent juste avant : le terrain est assez solide pour supporter de grandes barres d'habitations. Le collectif étant de mode , nous continuons...
A cette époque la France va connaître une rupture architecturale phénoménale avec l'apparition des premiers grands ensembles de Beaulieu la Marandiniere Montchovet, la Métare; Montreynaud, la Cotonne , Tarentaize, Bel-Air, la Dame Blanche, Econor, Montplaisir, Terrenoire les hauts et le bas, la Pérrotiere Maugara, et jusquà Firminy pour nos grands-ensembles... La Métare, c'était les Bois du Four , avec son furan... un ensemble de choses et d'histoire qui font et fonde çe lieu qui n'était que campagne y à 62 ans...Rochetaillé et son chateau de 2000 ans, son gouffre d'enfer, arf, dominait largement cet endroit ^^ Saint-Etienne sera l'une des villes Symboles de cette rupture des 1954... On à aussi la Cité Castor à seulement 200 metres de là , la premiere de toutes nos cités CASTOR de Françe.... Vous savez.. ses fameux Pavillons de pierre, d'apres guerre..qu'on a tant réclamé ... des pavillons de type annees 60, plus qu'un succes avec la loi Loucher par içi , & partout ailleurs..Je dirais pas que nous sommes dans l'excellençe mais honnétémment nous sommes bien noté..@ l'Architecture du Forez de l'Ondaine et du Gier.^^ En effet le Forez, la Loire le département ,et bien c'est tout une histoire de l'Architecture de l'industrialisation de nombreux secteurs d'activitées , de compétençes , d'Architectes et pas n'importes lesquels....A bon entendeur ... -
Le 11 AVRIL 1964, le développement de la ville de Saint Etienne, et ses travaux ..La ville de Saint Etienne se développe tout comme l'ensemble du territoire... Pour accompagner cet accroissement de population, de nouveaux quartiers se construisent aux abords de la ville chaque jours. Et pour faire face aux problèmes de circulation, un boulevard périphérique a été aménagé. Réalisé à l'occasion de la construction de la déviation sud de l'autoroute de Saint Etienne, ce reportage témoigne de la visite du sénateur maire de la ville, Mr. Michel DURAFOUR, sur le chantier du tunnel de la déviation. Accueilli par Mr. Rocher, président de la société forêzienne de travaux publics, Michel DURAFOUR découvre avec les membres du conseil municipal l'avancée des travaux. (voir aussi le chantier de l A 47 avec la video du tunnel du rond-point içi : www.ina.fr/video/LXC9610041788 .
Un modèle de l'urbanisme des années 1950.
Beaulieu-Montchovet:
Içi le chantier de construction de MONTCHOVET soit Beaulieu 3, la continuitée des constructions HLM de nos quartiers sud-est (les chantiers de l'OPAC) , la vidéo içi :
www.ina.fr/video/LXF99004401 .
Retour sur son historique de 1962 à aujourd'hui e n 2018.
Un grand-Ensemble qui rappelle combien la politique d'urbanisme des années 1960 et suivantes a été conduite en dépit du bon sens la video içi www.google.fr/search?q=montchovet+ina&oq=montchovet+i... et là www.ina.fr/video/CAC00029801 , mais aussi içi www.ina.fr/video/CAC00029801 - avec Claude BARTOLONE içi avec la Visite à Saint Etienne du ministre délégué à la ville le jour de la démolition de la muraille de Chine. Rencontre avec des associations pr discuter du futur du quartier Montchovet. www.ina.fr/video/LY00001263573 - fresques.ina.fr/rhone-alpes/fiche-media/Rhonal00046/demol... - et les differentes videos de la demolition la encore : La démolition de la "muraille de Chine" de Saint Etienne www.youtube.com/watch?v=aq1uOc6Gtd0, www.youtube.com/watch?v=YB3z_Z6DTdc terrible :( ^^ l interview de Michel Thiolliere Le Grisou.fr a interviewé Michel Thiollière, ancien maire de Saint-Etienne et sénateur de la Loire, membre du Parti radical et actuel vice-président de la Commission de régulation de l'énergie. Il livre son analyse sur les prochaines échéances politiques, notamment la campagne des municipales en cours à Saint-Etienne, les alliances de la droite et du centre, mais aussi le mandat de Maurice Vincent. Michel Thiollière s'attarde également sur les besoins de l'agglomération stéphanoise et évoque les enjeux énergétiques en France.
(Interview : Maxime Petit -- Réalisation : Studios Bouquet) www.youtube.com/watch?v=AJAylpe8G48,
"François Mitterrand, après la visite de deux quartiers -
l'un à Saint Etienne et l'autre à Vénissieux, inscrits sur la liste de ceux à réhabiliter -, parle du plan de réhabilitation pour de meilleures conditions de logement.
Type de média : Vidéo - Journal télévisé
Date de diffusion : 10 août 1983
Source : FR3 (Collection: JT FR3 Rhône Alpes )
Personnalité(s) :
François Mitterrand / Georgina Dufoix / Gilbert Trigano / François Dubanchet / Marcel Houël
Thèmes :
Le Président > Grands travaux et grands projets
Le Président > 1er septennat 1981-1988 > 1981-1986
Politique intérieure > Société
Voyages > Voyages en France
Éclairage
Depuis la fin des années 1970, la région lyonnaise apparaît comme l'épicentre des violences urbaines qui se déroulent en France. Durant l'été 1981, des violences urbaines ont conduit le gouvernement à engager le plus tôt possible une nouvelle politique en faveur des quartiers dégradés. Malgré les premières opérations de réhabilitation engagées par la Commission nationale pour le développement social des quartiers, la situation demeure extrêmement tendue dans un certain nombres de quartiers populaires. L'assassinat d'un jeune de la Cité des 4 000 par un habitant en juillet 1983 a ravivé les débats autour du thème du "mal des grands ensembles" selon l'expression de l'époque. D'autre part, le contexte politique conduit également le pouvoir à s'intéresser encore davantage à la question de la dégradation urbaine dans la mesure où de très nombreux quartiers populaires n'ont pas cette fois-ci apporté leurs suffrages aux candidats de la gauche.
La visite de François Mitterrand dans deux quartiers dégradés de la région lyonnaise constitue donc un signal fort à l'égard des populations qui y vivent. Ce déplacement fait également écho à celui réalisé quelques jours plus tôt au sein de la Cité des 4 000 à La Courneuve en Seine Saint Denis (voir Visite de François Mitterrand à La Courneuve). Le principe est d'ailleurs le même et il est exprimé par le président de la République : voir par lui-même l'état réel de ses quartiers. Le fait qu'il soit mentionné dans le reportage que "ces visites surprises" se soient faites dans la "plus grande discrétion" (notamment sans les élus locaux concernés) marque effectivement la volonté du président de la République d'établir une sorte de lien direct avec les habitants qui vivent dans ces quartiers. Il ne s'agit pas de faire l'annonce de nouvelles mesures mais "de voir les choses par moi-même" selon l'expression utilisée par François Mitterrand lors de son allocution à la Préfecture à Lyon. Au moment où la Commission nationale pour le développement social des quartiers établit la liste définitive des 22 quartiers qui bénéficieront d'un programme de réhabilitation, la visite du président de la République sur le terrain suggère une forme de "présidentialisation" du thème de la réhabilitation des grands ensembles.
La création au même moment de Banlieue 89 suscitée par deux architectes proches de François Mitterrand, Roland Castro et Michel Cantal-Duparc, suggère également l'intérêt du président de la République pour les questions urbaines (voir Inauguration de l'exposition organisée par Banlieue 89)."http://fresques.ina.fr/mitterrand/fiche-media/Mitter00106/visite-de-francois-mitterrand-a-saint-etienne-et-aux-minguettes.html Journaliste
Visites surprises qui se sont déroulées dans la plus grande discrétion, seule Madame Georgina Dufoix, Secrétaire d’Etat à la Famille et aux Immigrés, Monsieur Gilbert Trigano, le PDG du Club Méditerranée qui participe à la Commission Dubedout, et deux collaborateurs du Chef de l’État étaient présents. Ni à Saint-Étienne, ni à Vénissieux, les autorités locales n’y ont participés. Peu avant midi, le Président est arrivé à la Préfecture du Rhône à Lyon où s’est déroulée pendant 45 minutes une séance de travail avec les élus locaux et notamment Messieurs Dubanchet, Maire de Saint-Étienne et Houël, Maire de Vénissieux. Réunion qui a donné l’occasion d’aborder les problèmes de fond, devait souligner François Mitterrand.
(Bruit)
François Mitterrand
Les deux quartiers que je viens de visiter, celui de Montchovet à Saint-Étienne et celui de Monmousseau à l’intérieur des Minguettes sur la commune de Vénissieux, sont inscrits sur la liste des 22 quartiers à réhabiliter, retenus, proposés par la Commission Dubedout devenue la Commission Pesce, et retenus par le Gouvernement. Et je compte appliquer nos efforts pour qu’effectivement, ces quartiers soient réhabilités, c’est-à-dire, soient habitables. Qu’on y trouve, pour ceux qui y vivent, euh, suffisamment de convivialité, de capacité de développer une famille et, euh, revenant de son travail quand on en a, de pouvoir vivre avec les autres. Les conditions de logement, la construction de ces ensembles, les liaisons avec l’extérieur, l’école, le sport, les espaces verts, bref, l’espace tout court, contribuent, vous le comprenez bien à, au futur équilibre, ou contribueront au futur équilibre de ces quartiers. Alors, je préfère voir les choses par moi-même. Il faut bien se dire que à l’origine de nombreux désordres sociaux se trouvent ces fâcheuses, ces déplorables conditions de vie. Et moi, je veux lutter contre ces désordres et pour cela, il faut que je m’attaque avec le Gouvernement et ceux qui ont la charge auprès de moi, je veux absolument m’attaquer aux sources d’un malaise et d’un déséquilibre social qui sont d’une immense ampleur. Raison de plus pour commencer par un bout avec énergie et continuité. Et de ce point de vue, je compte bien, au cours des semaines et des mois à venir, persévérer dans cette enquête personnelle qui me permet ensuite de donner des instructions précises à ceux qui participent à la gestion de l’État.
(Silence), à Saint-Étienne comme dans les communes de sa proche banlieue. Une sorte de grand monument à la gloire des HLM, comme si on avait fait exprès de la faire aussi énorme pour montrer comme les gens étaient fiers de ce quartier. Autour on construit tout ce qu'il faut pour les habitants : une école, Montchovet, qui donne sur le grand pré derrière, une MJC, une piscine, un centre commercial, avec la Poste, plus tard le bureau de police. En 1978, comme les enfants des habitants grandissent, on ouvre un deuxième collège dans la ZUP. Il prendra le nom de Jean Dasté, qui a créé la Comédie de Saint-Etienne, le plus grand théatre de province en France, et son école de comédiens. Après 1984 les loyers des HLM ont augmenté, beaucoup d'habitants sont partis. La population de Saint-Etienne diminue surtout dans les quartiers sud : beaucoup de gens déménagent vers la plaine du Forez, moins froide, où il y a la place de batir des maisons. On a rénové beaucoup d'appartements anciens en ville : la crise du logement est finie. On ne sait même plus qu'elle a existé. Les ZUP ont vieilli et la plupart des gens préfèrent se loger dans des appartements récents. Alors on ferme : le collège de Beaulieu, l'école de la Marandinière, la Poste. La Muraille coute très cher à entretenir : il n'y a plus asssez d'habitants pour payer les frais. Les HLM ont décidé de la détruire: c'est le plus gros projet de démolition jamais réalisé en Europe. Les familles qui restaient ont du déménager. On va faire exploser la Muraille de Chine au printemps de l'an 2000. Peut être qu'il fallait le faire, mais pour les gens du quartier c'est un gros morceau de notre Histoire qu'on nous détruit.
1954: les premiers travaux à Beaulieu : la campagne devient une ville à grands coups de bulldozer..
Le projet est de construire en grande quantité des logements de bonne qualité, avec tout le confort, des chambres pour les enfants, l'eau, le chauffage central, des sanitaires, des arbres et des pelouses, et surtout .... des loyers accessibles pour tous. Ce seront les Habitations à Loyers Modérés, les HLM.
Il faudra les construires en dehors des villes, pour en finir avec le mélange des industries et des logements, qui amène le bruit et la pollution. Y prévoir tous les équipements : commerces, écoles, collèges, lycées, transports, parcs, équipements sportifs, police, pompiers, Postes. Construire des villes entières où tout le monde aura accès à ce qui n'était encore que le luxe de quelques gens très riches.
Cinq villes sont choisies pour être prioritaires : Paris ( Pantin ) et Lyon ( Bron-Parilly) à cause de leur taille, Angers et Rouen détruites dans les bombardements de 1944, Saint-Etienne, la ville la plus sinistrée de France pour le logement. C'est là que naissent les cinq premières Zone à Urbaniser en Priorité, les ZUP, modèles de l'urbanisme pour toute une génération. Elles ne s'appellent pas encore comme ça : on les construites avant que l'expression de ZUP existe, c'est de leur réussite que naitra le modèle repris partout pour lequel on inventera le mot plus tard.
Beaulieu I: le projet d'urbanisme
Maquette de 1953 - Projet des architectes Gouyon-Clément
Une architecture géométrique, de grands espaces, des arbres, des formes qui soulignent le relief.
La ZUP de Beaulieu est construite en quatre tranches:
- Beaulieu I ( Beaulieu ) de 1953 à 1955
- Beaulieu II ( La Marandinière ) en 1959
- Beaulieu III ( Montchovet ) en 1964, dont fait partie la Muraille de Chine, le grand immeuble le long du boulevard à gauche.
- Beaulieu IV ( La Palle ) en 1971
Le quartier:
Au premier plan, en bas à droite Beaulieu, la Marandinière est à droite derrière l'autoroute, Montplaisir à gauche, Monchovet au milieu, le long du boulevard de la Palle.
A gauche des tennis, les batiments du collège de Beaulieu. C'était l'autre collège de la ZEP, le seul collège "sensible" de France a avoir été fermé, en 1995.
Nouvelles techniques, nouveaux matériaux :
Construire vite pour un prix raisonnable oblige à inventer de nouvelles techniques, d'autant que l'on manque de travailleurs qualifiés.
La construction s'industrialise: immeubles à structure porteuse ( des poteaux en béton armé tiennent les dalles, ce ne sont plus les murs qui soutiennent les immeubles ), murs rideaux ( les murs sont fait de morceaux préfabriqués accrochés aux dalles ), éléments standardisés ( les éléments: murs, tuyauterie, portes et fenêtres, sanitaires, etc... sont tous identiques, fabriqués en usine en grande série, installés de la même façon dans tous les immeubles ), nouveaux matériaux ( matières plastiques, béton armé, acier ) qui ne s'utilisaient pas dans la construction traditionnelle.
Cela permet de diminuer les prix, en automatisant les fabrications, mais aussi parce qu'on peut utiliser des ouvriers beaucoup moins qualifiés, qui ne font que du montage et que l'on paye moins cher.
Bien après les gens se plaindront de ces appartements tous identiques, de ces matériaux peu agréables, de la taille inhumaine des batiments.
Mais à l'époque il faut compter deux à trois ans d'attente pour obtenir un appartement dans le quartier. Les familles sont si contentes de leur quartier tout neuf que les collègiens qui prennent le bus emportent une paire de bottes en plus de leur chaussures pour aller des immeubles à l'arrêt de bus : pas question de ramener de la boue dans les bus ou dans les escaliers.
La crise du logement:
1950 : la France connait la pire crise du logement de son Histoire. La crise économique de 1929 puis la guerre de 1939-1945 ont arrêté la construction de logements, déja insuffisante avant 1930, pendant plus de vingt ans.
La France est au maximum du "baby-boom" ( période de très forte natalité qui commence à la fin de la guerre ) : les 40 millions de français de 1950 font deux fois plus de bébés que les 60 millions d'aujourd'hui. La très forte croissance économique relance l'immigration. Plus de la moitié des familles sont mal logées alors que la France commence la plus forte croissance démographique de son Histoire.
La IV° République, héritière du programme de la Résistance donne la priorité aux besoins sociaux : école, santé, logement, sur la rentabilité financière. L'Etat, les villes, sont décidés à investir dans le logement, qui est déclaré prioritaire dans le Plan d'organisation de l'économie.
Entre les années 50 et 60, et suite à la seconde guerre mondiale, la municipalité stéphanoise a vu sa population passée d’un peu moins de 180 000 habitants en 1950 à plus de 200 000 habitants dix ans plus tard en 1960. Cette forte augmentation de la population pouvait s’expliquer par le fort taux de natalité de cette époque (baby-boom), mais aussi par l’afflux de travailleurs de la classe ouvrière venus dans la grande cité stéphanoise pour trouver un travail. De ce fait, la construction d’un logement sain pour chaque ouvrier était devenue une priorité absolue pour les élus qui considéraient à raison que cela était une condition vitale dans le cadre de ce grand développement. Pour ce faire, la ville a lancé dans les années 50 une vaste opération de construction de barres d’habitation dans la zone de Beaulieu, destinée à fournir un logement à une population grandissante.
Une barre d’habitation innovante
A l’époque, avec une majorité d’architectes, les appartements modernes construits possédaient des cloisons lourdes empêchant toute modification interne ainsi que des espaces de renvoi sombres et non ventilés ressemblant à des alcôves.
Mais à l’inverse, pour certains architectes précurseurs de la région à l’image d’Yves et Henri Gouyon, la modernité reflétait le gout de la clarté, de l’air, et du soleil, avec de larges horizons. Ainsi, ces derniers donnaient la priorité non pas aux façades qu’ils considéraient comme de simples élévations du plan, mais aux cellules d’habitations et à leur orientation. Dans cette optique, le bâtiment proposé par Henri Gouyon, qui était donc un partisan de l’espace ouvert moderne, supprimait les circulations et profitait de ce gain de place pour aménager de nouveaux espaces de vie communes. De plus, dans ces cellules d’habitations, les architectes ont tirés profit au maximum de la double orientation des appartements (ces derniers étaient traversant) avec par exemple l’accolement de balcons.
Conception et réalisation d’un quartier entier
Pour le projet de Beaulieu, l’on confia la conception ainsi que la réalisation des interventions aux agences Henri et Yves Gouyon puis Yves Gouyon et associés. Ainsi, dés le milieu des années 50, des études concernant Beaulieu II – La Marandinière furent conduites, suivis de la construction du bâtiment entre 1957 et 1959. S’en suivit Beaulieu III – Montchovet entre 1962 et 1964, surnommé la « Muraille de Chine », qui comprenait entre autres, une barre de type HLM haute de 10 à 17 mètres et longue de 270 mètres, avec 560 logements. Suites à ces constructions, l’urbanisation des vallées et collines du sud-est de Saint-Etienne continua jusque dans les années 70 avec les séries de la Métare I, II, et III. Au total, ce sont plus de 8 000 logements, pour l’essentiel de type HLM, qui ont été construits durant cette période.
Ces constructions ont également contribué à la création du parc de l’Europe et d’un boulevard circulaire qui servait de jonction entre les différents édifices et le centre-ville de la cité stéphanoise.
Un projet pharaonique
Le centre commercial fut un projet d’une dimension sans précédent pour la ville, plus grand centre commercial intra-urbain de la région Loire-Auvergne, avec 100 magasins, 1500 places de stationnement, 90 000 m² de surface, et sur 3 niveaux (4 niveaux avec la terrasse). Le 2 octobre 1979, CENTRE DEUX ouvre ses portes pour la première fois, et constitue une renaissance et un véritable tournant pour la ville.
L’avis de l’architecte
De toutes les constructions de cette époque, Beaulieu est un des ensembles construits qui se porte le mieux si l’on en croit les nombreuses enquêtes menées auprès de la population de ces logements, dont certains l’occupe pratiquement depuis le début. Les arbres atteignent désormais le haut des immeubles, et la rue Le Corbusier adjacente a pris les allures « d’une banlieue des années 30 » avec un niveau d’urbanisme parfaitement acceptable. En conclusion, on peut parler pour cette construction d’un véritable savoir faire architectural et en quelques sortes d’art urbain. Ce projet a été récompensé par un prix d’urbanisme, mettant en valeur le travail en amont du projet. St-Etienne Cimaise Architectes -
mémoire2cité - Entretien avec François Tomas, géographe, spécialiste de l'aménagement urbain, et enseignant à l'université et à l'école d'architecture de Saint-Etienne. Il est notamment l'auteur des Grands Ensembles, une histoire qui continue (Publications de l'université de Saint-Etienne, 2003). Cet intellectuel a également mis la main à la pâte. Entre 1977 et 1983, il fut adjoint à l'urbanisme du maire communiste de l'époque, Joseph Sanguedolce. Engagé au PC de 1974 à 1985, il a, depuis, rejoint le Parti socialiste «comme militant de base»
Quelle est l'ampleur des destructions provoquées par la Seconde Guerre mondiale à Saint-Etienne?
La ville subit un important bombardement des Alliés le 26 mai 1944. Celui-ci vise les usines qu'utilisaient les Allemands dans la région pour leur effort de guerre et les noeuds de communication ferroviaire. Comme prévu, la gare de Châteaucreux, les usines de Marais et le tunnel de Tardy sont touchés. Mais les bombes, larguées trop rapidement, atteignent aussi les quartiers du Soleil et de Tardy - notamment les écoles - ainsi que l'église Saint-François, emplie de fidèles. Au total, le bilan est lourd: un millier de morts, 1 500 blessés, 22 000 sinistrés; 800 immeubles ont été plus ou moins détruits.
Que prévoit-on pour la reconstruction?
Pas grand-chose. A la différence de la refonte spectaculaire du Havre, par exemple, on se contente ici de bâtir de petits immeubles, plus modernes bien sûr, mais sans réelle innovation architecturale ou urbanistique.
Est-il vrai que Saint-Etienne, après guerre, traîne une réputation de «capitale des taudis»?
C'est exact, et celle-ci n'est pas usurpée. En 1946, 7% seulement des logements sont jugés «confortables», et 17%, «acceptables»; 56% sont médiocres, et 20% peuvent véritablement être qualifiés de taudis: 1 logement sur 5 n'a pas d'eau à l'évier, les deux tiers ne disposent pas de WC, et 95%, de salle d'eau. Mais le problème n'a pas été créé par la guerre. Depuis la fin du XIXe siècle, Saint-Etienne a beaucoup grandi, mais très peu construit. Résultat: la ville a vieilli sur elle-même et se trouve après guerre dans une situation désastreuse, que les bombardements ont simplement aggravée.
C'est alors qu'Alexandre de Fraissinette, maire élu en 1947, fixe le logement comme l'une de ses priorités.
Oui. Et ce ne sera pas un vain mot. Rendez-vous compte: on passe de 114 logements construits en 1948 à 531 en 1951, 1 085 en 1954, 1 694 en 1957 et même 2 932 en 1959! L'effort est gigantesque. Mais le changement est aussi qualitatif. A la fin des années 1940 et au début des années 1950, la France va connaître une rupture architecturale avec l'apparition des premiers grands ensembles. Saint-Etienne sera l'une des villes symboles de cette rupture.
Comment cette nouvelle architecture est-elle accueillie?
Très favorablement par les classes moyennes, beaucoup moins par les classes populaires.
Cela paraît paradoxal, pour du logement social!
Le paradoxe n'est qu'apparent. On l'a oublié aujourd'hui, mais les premiers grands ensembles sont réservés aux familles de moins de trois enfants ayant des revenus corrects, autrement dit aux classes moyennes. Alors que, depuis la guerre, celles-ci devaient se contenter d'une ou de deux pièces mal équipées, elles se voient soudain proposer des logements spacieux, avec de la verdure, de la lumière, une salle d'eau, des WC, le chauffage central. Cela leur paraît merveilleux! Les pauvres, eux, continuent de s'entasser dans de petits appartements sans confort, quand ce ne sont pas des taudis, en particulier à Tarentaize et à Beaubrun, ou des bidonvilles, du côté de Méons, près des puits de mine et des usines sidérurgiques. Ce n'est que plus tard, à partir des années 1970, que les grands ensembles seront prioritairement réservés aux pauvres et aux familles immigrées. Mais, dans les années 1950, les grands ensembles sont encore synonymes de progrès social. Et même au-delà. On est persuadé que ce nouvel habitat va entraîner le recul de la maladie, de la délinquance, voire de la mésentente entre les époux! Il existe ainsi une «commission du bonheur ou des grands ensembles»!
On croit rêver...
C'était l'ambiance de l'époque, avec ses utopies et ses excès. Pour les architectes, si l'un des repoussoirs est le taudis de centre-ville, l'autre est le petit pavillon de banlieue, symbole à leurs yeux de l'individualisme petit-bourgeois, avec ses gaspillages de terrain, son absence d'horizon et son coût pour la communauté...
Quels sont les quartiers typiques de cette période, à Saint-Etienne?
Le premier est constitué par le très bel ensemble de la place du Maréchal-Foch. Il s'agit d'une étape intermédiaire entre l'îlot traditionnel (des immeubles accolés, formant un pâté de maisons) et sa suppression totale. Du côté de la Grand-Rue, plusieurs immeubles constituent encore des semi-îlots. Mais, à l'ouest, deux immeubles sont déjà totalement indépendants: ils sont construits au milieu de la verdure. Et cela, c'est très nouveau. Jusqu'à présent, tous les immeubles érigés à Saint-Etienne, y compris les plus hauts, étaient accolés à d'autres édifices. Cela reste encore, cinquante ans plus tard, l'un des quartiers chics de Saint-Etienne.
L'autre grande opération de l'époque, c'est Beaulieu I.
Evidemment. On est, cette fois, face à un grand ensemble «pur». Le chantier commence en 1953 - il y a juste cinquante ans - et s'achève en 1955. Ce nouveau quartier de 1 264 logements est remarquablement conçu. Non seulement il respecte la topographie des lieux, mais aussi il joue avec elle: les bâtiments sont implantés soit parallèlement, soit perpendiculairement aux courbes de niveau, ce qui met en valeur la colline tout en préservant son sommet. Pour rompre l'anonymat, les entrées, les façades et les balcons sont individualisés. Les logements sont de qualité, et les espaces verts, confiés aux services de la ville, tout simplement magnifiques. Beaulieu produit d'ailleurs un effet prodigieux sur ses premiers habitants.
Son implantation n'est pas non plus le fait du hasard...
En effet. Compte tenu des préoccupations hygiénistes de l'époque, le conseil municipal a choisi ce site «loin des zones minières et industrielles, à l'abri des poussières et des fumées, au climat salubre». Il souligne qu'il ne sera «jamais exploité par les houillères, car son sous-sol est stérile» et qu'il est également «bien relié à Saint-Etienne par le cours Fauriel, la seule avenue large de la ville». C'est véritablement le contre-modèle du taudis. Il a d'ailleurs, lui également, remarquablement bien vieilli.
Etes-vous aussi enthousiaste pour les projets qui ont suivi Beaulieu I?
Hélas!... Beaulieu II-La Marandinière (1957-1959), Beaulieu III-Montchovet (1962-1964), avec la fameuse «muraille de Chine», Beaulieu IV-la Palle (1967-1970) et la Métare (1962-1974), représentant à eux tous quelque 6 000 logements, constituent - à l'exception de la Métare, qui ne comprend que des appartements en copropriété - des échecs complets. Et tragiques.
Pourquoi cette différence?
Beaulieu I a bénéficié d'une accumulation de partis pris judicieux qui n'ont pas été appliqués par la suite. Outre la qualité de son architecture et de ses espaces verts, on a évité le zonage bête et méchant, qui allait s'imposer plus tard: les zones commerciales, d'un côté; les tours et les barres d'habitation, d'un deuxième; les emplois, d'un troisième. Enfin, Beaulieu I, réservé presque exclusivement aux classes moyennes, n'a pas connu le processus de dégradation que l'on constatera ailleurs, et dont la destruction de la «muraille de Chine» constituera le symbole.
Qui ont été les grands aménageurs de cette époque?
Parmi les politiques: le maire, Alexandre de Fraissinette (modéré), et son premier adjoint, qui lui succédera à sa mort, le radical Michel Durafour. Parmi les architectes: Edouard Hur et Henri Gouyon, concepteurs de Beaulieu I. Et, bien sûr, l'Etat, qui reste très présent. C'est lui qui, de manière générale, garde la haute main sur l'urbanisme. Beaulieu constitue une opération nationale, décidée de Paris. Cependant, ce qui est remarquable, c'est que, pour Beaulieu I, l'Etat va accepter de composer.
Dans quels domaines?
Le ministère de la Reconstruction souhaitait, ici comme ailleurs, que l'opération fût entièrement industrialisée. Autrement dit, que l'on adaptât au bâtiment les méthodes de l'automobile. Les constructions devaient se faire en préfabriqué, et l'on devait se contenter de les monter sur place. Mais, à Saint-Etienne, les architectes, soutenus par le maire, s'opposent à cette directive. Parce qu'ils sont expérimentés, et reconnus, ils vont obtenir gain de cause. Et heureusement.
Y a-t-il eu des projets, conçus à cette époque, qui n'ont pas vu le jour? A la fin des années 1950, l'Etat fait appel à de grands architectes pour remodeler les villes. A Saint-Etienne, c'est Dufau, distingué par le prix de Rome, qui est choisi. Il présente un projet radical: raser les 70 îlots qui se trouvent à l'est de la Grand-Rue, entre la place du Peuple et Bellevue, et les remplacer par autant de tours et de barres! Son projet, finalement, ne sera appliqué qu'en partie. Au sud, jusqu'à Bellevue, presque tout est démoli, beaucoup de tours et de barres sont construites. Au nord, les démolitions sont également presque systématiques, mais, cette fois, les nouveaux immeubles reproduisent la forme traditionnelle de l'îlot. On détruit également une partie du quartier derrière la grande poste, ainsi que l'ancienne caserne de Tréfilerie et la prison de Bizillon.
Le futur Centre-Deux...
C'est cela. Au départ, l'opération se nomme «prison-Tréfilerie», mais les promoteurs, qui ont le sens du commerce, préfèrent la rebaptiser. Ce quartier est conçu comme un centre d'affaires à l'américaine, type la Défense, à Paris, ou la Part-Dieu, à Lyon. On explique aux élus que, s'ils veulent que Saint-Etienne devienne une grande ville, ils doivent la doter d'un centre d'affaires, avec des immeubles atteignant 100 ou 150 mètres de hauteur, comme aux Etats-Unis! Le projet est lancé (en 1969), mais il sera peu à peu amendé, pour tenir compte de la réalité économique, de la montée des oppositions et de l'évolution des mentalités.
Comment l'économie stéphanoise se porte-t-elle alors?
La ville croit encore à l'avenir de la mine et des industries traditionnelles. Cela se comprend: le plan Monnet pour la relance de l'économie française s'appuie sur l'énergie, les transports, les industries lourdes... Bref, tous les points forts de Saint-Etienne, mais ce sera un cadeau empoisonné, car, bercée par cette illusion, la cité s'endort. Quand elle se décidera à moderniser ses structures industrielles, ce sera toujours avec quelques années de retard. Au fond, c'est dans les années 1950 que l'on commet les erreurs qui conduiront, plus tard, au démantèlement des industries locales.
Le secteur tertiaire a-t-il déjà commencé son essor?
Pas encore. Dans les années 1950, Saint-Etienne reste une ville très fortement industrielle. La tertiarisation, avec l'enseignement supérieur, la transformation de l'hôpital en centre hospitalier régional et universitaire et l'essor de Casino, avec les supermarchés et les hypermarchés, ne commencera véritablement que dans les années 1960.
Culturellement, la ville est aussi très active...
Elle est même, à ce moment-là, l'un des hauts lieux de la création culturelle en France, notamment dans les domaines théâtral et artistique. Maurice Allemand fait du musée de Saint-Etienne l'un des plus grands musées d'art moderne en France. Et Jean Dasté propose au public le théâtre moderne. Ce bouillonnement est dû, notamment, à Alexandre de Fraissinette. Comme, après lui, Michel Durafour, il est persuadé que l'avenir de la cité est dans la modernité. Il considère donc qu'elle doit être déclinée dans tous ses aspects: économique, urbanistique et culturel.
La population comprend-elle cette volonté?
Oui et non. Dans les années 1950, il existe un certain consensus, car tout le monde partage la vision d'un avenir meilleur. Mais, en réalité, Fraissinette, et surtout Durafour, sont très décalés. Dans leur obsession d'une ville «blanche», ils refusent en bloc le passé, dont on a heureusement découvert depuis lors les richesses. Ils rêvent d'une ville qui n'existe pas, peuplée d'habitants qui ne ressemblent pas aux Stéphanois réels... C'est d'ailleurs ce qui, plus tard, provoquera la chute de Michel Durafour.
Le chantier de l'autoroute de Saint Etienne 01 nov. 1965, la video içi www.ina.fr/video/LXC9610041788 -
www.nytimes.com/2021/08/06/opinion/covid-delta-vaccines-u...
No, the Unvaccinated Aren’t All Just Being Difficult
By Bryce Covert
Ms. Covert is an independent journalist who focuses on the economy, with an emphasis on policies that affect workers and families.
On a July day in downtown Lowell, Mass., the first sunny Saturday of the month, people began to line up for a block party. Food trucks offered everyone a free empanada or egg roll. A D.J. played music. There were kid-friendly activities, too, like a touch-a-truck station with a fire truck and an ambulance.
The party wasn’t just a way to have a good time. The real motivation was to get people in the community vaccinated against Covid-19. Nestled between the food trucks were ones offering Pfizer, Moderna and Johnson & Johnson vaccines.
In the minds of the public health and community organizers who staged it, it was a roaring success. Sixty-four people got vaccinated within six hours. Hannah Tello, a community health data manager at the nonprofit Greater Lowell Health Alliance, noted that it was eight to 10 times as many vaccinations as what their mobile clinics had been doing; their most successful day before this administered 12.
The people who got shots at the party “were not people who were resistant,” Dr. Tello told me. Outreach workers went to a nearby park and invited the homeless people there to get free food and, if they wanted, a vaccination, and many took them up on the offer in such a low-stakes, nonmedical setting.
An elderly woman who cares for two people with disabilities had tried and failed to schedule vaccinations for all three of them at the same time. This time, she succeeded. A woman who was able to vaccinate all the other eligible people in her family hadn’t been able to get it herself because she has four young children she wasn’t allowed to take to the vaccination center. That day her children played cornhole while she got the shot.
The party organizers also reached about 250 other attendees, many of whom had conversations about their concerns. Some were worried that the vaccines cost money, even though they’re free to all. They were concerned they would need some sort of documentation, which they don’t. One woman hadn’t gotten the shot yet because she has an intense fear of needles; she did it that day after 25 minutes of talking it through. “Her getting her shot is just as important as the people who lined up outside our clinics a few months ago,” Dr. Tello said. “No one is less deserving of having access.”
The country’s vaccination campaign has lagged since April, and that has allowed for a spike in cases, particularly in largely unvaccinated areas. Vaccinations have risen lately in response to the spread of the Delta variant, but rather than keeping its foot on the gas and throwing every idea, every resource at the problem, the White House has started to shift the blame onto those who still haven’t gotten a shot. President Biden grumbled that he has struck a “brick wall” in persuading more Americans to get the shot. Last week, taking aim at those he called “unvaccinated, unbothered and unconvinced,” he said, “If you’re out there unvaccinated, you don’t have to die. Read the news.”
There are plenty of Americans who have been inundated with misinformation about the vaccines. Many are staunchly opposed to getting it for a variety of reasons, from personal health concerns to conspiracy theories. But that doesn’t describe everyone who is unvaccinated — not by a long shot. And there are plenty of things we can do to reach them if we’re serious about spending the time and the money.
Instead, the current approach is to argue that access has increased and it’s everyone’s individual responsibility to get a shot — and if you don’t, it’s on you. Once again, we have taken the cruelly American, ruggedly individualistic tactic of making this about personal responsibility, not about a systemic response, just as we did in combating the virus itself.
“It’s not a public health strategy for any condition to just blame somebody into treatment and prevention,” said Rhea Boyd, a pediatrician and public health advocate. Telling the unvaccinated that they’re being selfish “really runs counter to all the work it’s going to take to convince those folks to be vaccinated, to trust us that we have their best interests in mind.”
It’s also shortsighted. If some people continue to struggle with getting vaccinated, the virus will continue to run rampant, threatening a rebound in economic activity and giving the coronavirus a chance to mutate yet again. The refrain we’ve heard throughout is still true: We’re not safe until we’re all safe.
Those who aren’t yet vaccinated are much more likely to be food insecure, have children at home and earn little. About three-quarters of unvaccinated adults live in a household that makes less than $75,000 a year. They are nearly three times as likely as the vaccinated to have had insufficient food recently. Many of them have pressing concerns they can’t just put aside because they need to get a vaccination.
Access is far more widespread than it was at the beginning of the year. Many cities now offer multiple venues for getting it without needing an appointment. But about 10 percent of the eligible population still lives more than a 15-minute drive from a vaccine distribution location. And even if there’s a site down the road, it usually requires taking time off work — not just to get the shot but also potentially to recover from the side effects — arranging transportation and figuring out child care.
“Missing out on a few hours of work seems very easy to us, but in fact it could be the matter of having food for the family versus not,” said Ann Lee, the chief executive of the nonprofit Community Organized Relief Effort. For these people, when they’re weighing whether to get a vaccination or potentially forgo some wages, “the wages are going to win out.”
Those who are unvaccinated are also likely to work in essential jobs like agriculture and manufacturing that don’t allow them to step away from work. They work long hours and may prioritize time with their families or communities when they finally get a break. People who have multiple jobs may find it impossible to schedule a shot in between all of their shifts.
And yet 43 percent of the unvaccinated say they definitely or probably would get it or are unsure, according to Julia Raifman, an assistant professor at the Boston University School of Public Health.
“We pretty quickly exhausted those who were easiest to reach and vaccinate,” Tara Smith, a public health professor at Kent State, told me. “This next phase is more difficult, but I don’t think it’s impossible to continue to get more people vaccinated. We just have to get creative.”
A block party doesn’t work in every community, particularly more rural ones. For those places, an event could be staged at a church or a county fair. Anything that allows people to discuss their concerns with experts and get vaccinated on the spot erases dangerous lag time. Dr. Tello’s organization found that many disappeared in the time between an educational conversation and a vaccination appointment weeks later.
Another way to take the vaccines to people for whom the logistics are complicated is to do it at workplaces. Ms. Lee’s organization held a vaccination drive at a construction site in Washington, D.C., and vaccinated 165 people. “They wanted to get vaccinated. There was just no way some of these day laborers were going to take off of work and maybe get sick,” Ms. Lee said. In January, Riverside, Calif., began a program to take vaccines into the fields to reach agricultural workers.
There are plenty of other smart places to distribute vaccines. Take them to food pantries, where low-income and food-insecure people show up by necessity on a regular basis. Do vaccinations at shopping centers where everyone goes to buy food. Vaccine drives could also be held on the first day of school for parents and older children alike; it’s late in the game, since it takes weeks for full immunity, but it’s better than missing them entirely.
Going door to door can also reach people, particularly those who are homebound. The Central Falls Housing Authority in Rhode Island offered shots to its public housing residents at the end of last year, and by January, 80 percent had been vaccinated. In Los Angeles, Ms. Lee’s team contacts the homebound first to talk through any concerns and again a week later to administer a vaccine. Vaccines could even be paired with Meals on Wheels deliveries.
To address transportation issues, the White House collaborated with Uber and Lyft to give free rides up to $25 to and from vaccination sites. But those companies don’t operate in every community, particularly outside cities. The government could also give grants to community organizations that can give people free rides to vaccination sites. “If you have a bus at a church, you can get a grant,” Dr. Boyd suggested.
We have to mandate paid leave so workers can take at least two days to get a shot and recover without jeopardizing their incomes. The Biden administration has offered tax credits to employers with fewer than 500 employees to cover the cost of offering paid leave for getting vaccinated, which he expanded this month. Some states, including New York, have mandated it. But everywhere else, it’s up to an employer to offer it, and if existing paid leave benefits are any guide, it’s the lowest-wage workers who are least likely to get it. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration released an emergency temporary standard in June that requires employers to provide paid time off to get vaccinated and recover, but it applies only to health care workers, despite the fact that a draft version included everyone.
Short of that, community organizations can send people home from getting vaccinated with enough food for their families if they have to miss work for a day or two. When Ms. Lee’s organization did testing in the Navajo Nation, it gave people two weeks of food in case they got a positive result and had to quarantine. It’s now sending people home with food as well as diapers, formula and hygiene kits with things like shampoo and tampons.
Parents also need child care — not just for getting their shots but also if they experience side effects. The government is working with four large child care providers to offer free care, but those centers may not be available to everyone, nor will all parents feel comfortable sending their children to an unfamiliar setting. Instead, we could give them money to pay their trusted source of child care and also offer care at vaccination centers.
State and local officials can kick-start some of this on their own. But the real money, and the power to set the agenda, comes from the White House and Congress. “If the federal government said, ‘We are really concerned, we see that low-income people have not had access to the vaccine, and we’re putting forth a huge effort to bring it to them in their workplaces and homes,’” Dr. Raifman said, “that would be a compelling message that would mobilize people across the country.” Federal funding needs to be filtered down to the local level as quickly as possible. There’s a lot of money for vaccinations, but it has to get to the organizations that are deeply embedded in their communities and ready to pull this off.
Dr. Tello’s organization plans to repeat the block party this summer, this time as a back-to-school event, handing out free backpacks and school supplies as well as flu shots alongside the Covid vaccines. And it will be timed so that those who got their first shot of the Moderna or Pfizer vaccine at July’s party can get their second dose on the spot. “Sometimes,” she said, “you have to make it too convenient so that people can’t say no.”
It’s difficult to improve upon a thoroughly considered $1.6 million hypercar, but McLaren has certainly given it one helluva crack. The marque’s special ops team (McLaren Special Operations) has just released a drool-worthy new theme for the McLaren Elva to one-up the original 804 hp roadster.
Inspired by Bruce McLaren’s superlight M1A, the reimagined Elva honors the marque’s storied racing history while showcasing all the latest automotive innovations. It’s an amalgamation of old and new and boasts impressive specs to boot.
A worthy muse, McLaren’s M1A was the quickest car on track at the Canadian Sports Car Grand Prix in 1964, smashing the lap record multiple times. The ferocious racer hit eye-watering speeds while exuding McLaren’s distinctive aesthetic beauty and has been artfully re-created thanks to this theme.
Sporting a sleek, black exterior, the roadster has Bruce McLaren’s iconic number 4 emblazoned on the rear quarter panels and silver-and-red racing stripes across the front bumper and rocker panels. Meanwhile, the Alcantara interior pairs jet black with plush burgundy upholstery.
While this one-of-a-kind Elva may take some design cues from the ‘60s, performance-wise it’s decidedly futuristic. Officially the lightest McLaren road car ever, the Elva boasts a bespoke carbon-fiber body and chassis, plus feather-light materials throughout. The land missile can soar from standstill to 60 mph in less than three seconds, thanks to a thundering 804 hp, twin-turbo V-8.
On top of that, McLaren claims the open-air dream machine, which has no roof, windshield or side windows, features the world’s first Active Air Management System. This ingenious design redirects airflow over the cockpit to create what the marque calls “a bubble of calm,” which means your hat should stay on even at menacingly high speeds.
The original McLaren Elva will be limited to just 399 examples and is expected to roll off the production line towards the end of this year. McLaren did not disclose exactly how many Elva M1As will be made but, hopefully, it won’t be too long before we see one flying through the streets.
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Persistent pelvic floor pain can be difficult to endure.
Pelvic floor dysfunction issues can range between hyperactivity to pelvic organ prolapse. The result of both cases can lead to painful and embarrassing symptoms for both men and women. In this article, I will address helpful exercises and stretches that help free you of painful symptoms and aid in restoring pelvic floor and core function. To be clear, stretching is just one type of input into the pelvic floor system and is not the only thing you should do for a tight / tense pelvic floor. Downtraining your pelvic floor will require a variety of loads and inputs, stretching is one important one.
Symptoms of Tight Pelvic Floor Muscles
When addressing tight pelvic floor muscles or pelvic floor pain, there are a few symptoms that are common between men and women suffering from POP or a weakened pelvic floor. These can include symptoms such as:
Rectal pain
Vaginal pain
Penile pain
Testicular pain
Labia pain
Pelvic pain
Lower back pain
Pain during intercourse
Difficulty with bowel movements
Painful orgasms
Abdominal pain
Pain while urinating
Incontinence
Dealing with these symptoms can be embarrassing and prolonged suffering can result in a host of other issues. The goal with movement programs like Restore Your Core, is to help you overcome these painful symptoms while encouraging proper core and pelvic floor engagement on a daily basis. Below are a few of the techniques, exercises, and stretches I teach my clients in my program.
Are you looking for safe and restorative exercises to heal your pelvic floor symptoms?
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Are you looking for safe and restorative exercises to heal your pelvic floor symptoms?
Learn more about the RYC program
Learn More
How to Stretch Pelvic Muscles
There are several ways you can properly stretch and engage your pelvic floor in order to reduce pelvic floor tension . One of the most beneficial and important techniques that I teach my clients is 3-D breathing – a pattern of breathing that uses the rib cage expansion rather than belly expansion for an effective and efficient strategy.
One of the key elements in resolving pelvic floor dysfunction and POP is breathing mechanics. In Restore Your Core, I spend a significant amount of time teaching my clients proper breathing mechanics. Often people don’t realize the way they breathe impacts the integrity of their core and pelvic floor. Yet, most of us do not even realize easily we can fall into improper breathing patterns.
Most people are belly breathers. This means that while inhaling, they’re extending their abdomen – focusing the tension in their belly. An Illustration of this would look like filling an oval-shaped balloon with water and squeezing the top creating a bulge. The exact same thing happens when you belly breathe. Bulging your gut strains your core and pelvic floor by increasing intra-abdominal pressure. This tends to cause muscle and organ damage in those regions. Our pelvic floor is not designed to handle a lot of consistent pressure and stress.
I spend a lot of my time with clients training them to 3-D breathe. 3-D breathing trains you to engage your diaphragm and rib cage while breathing. This means that instead of your belly extending as you inhale, your rib cage expands. Breathing in this manner reduces pressure in your core and pelvic region. Additionally, this technique encourages proper core response and engagement in your daily activities. Now that you understand proper breathing mechanics, it is time to learn how to properly stretch and exercise your core and pelvic floor.
Stretches for the Pelvic Floor
Supine Pelvic Floor Stretch:
Lying on your back, keep your knees bent and bring them toward your chest. Slowly extend your knees to the side to stretch the inner groin. Relax your pelvic floor and butt. Remain in this position for 5 to 10 breaths and relax.
Supported Slight Backbend Pelvic Stretch:
This is a fantastic pelvic stretcher. Using a pillow or bolster of some kind, gently lower your back to rest on top of the pillow. Once in position, slowly bring your feet together so the soles of your feet are touching. Keep your knees bent, but gently allow them to open sideways. If you feel any discomfort at all in your back or inner thighs, you can use pillows for further support or get rid of the bolster. Relax after 30 seconds or more (roughly 15 to 20 breaths)
Supported Pelvic Squat:
This stretch is an incredible hip and pelvis stretch. Grab a low stool or a stack of books and with your feet spread wide and toes pointed out sideways, gradually extend your buttocks and lower yourself to the blocks. If you are struggling to balance yourself, it may be helpful to use a wall for back support. It is important that if you experience any discomfort during these stretches that you reposition yourself until you can firmly plant your feet and bend without pain. Stay in a squatted position for close to 30 seconds (5-10 deep breaths), stand back up, relax, and repeat several times. Please note, that for some people with prolapse – a deep squat can really irritate and aggravate things due to bearing down, so be sure to only do this one if you feel comfortable that you are not bearing down in a low squat.
Yoga for Pelvic Floor Muscle Relaxation
You don’t have to live in
fear,pain or discomfort
Get back the confidence + lifestyle you love
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You don’t have to live in
fear,pain or discomfort
Get back the confidence + lifestyle you love
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Legs up the wall:
This exercise offers a lot of people relief from their symptoms and it is a great way to downtrain the pelvic floor. I always teach this with a block / pillows / blankets under the hips for elevation. The elevation is pretty key so be sure to get your hips on something. Elevate your hips and simply bring your legs up a wall. Move closer or further away from the wall depending on your body and comfort. Stay for 3-4 relaxing breaths and then you have a few options. One is to bend your knees and have the soles of your feet touching while still leaning legs against the wall. Adjust your body to make this more comfortable. No stress or tension in your hips. The other is to simply bend your knees and place the soles of your feet on the floor and relax your pelvis and pelvic floor and finally, option #3 is to open your legs wide and keep them against the wall while straddled. Find the position that best allows you to relax and release. Hold for 5-8 breaths.
Happy Baby Pose:
Lie on your back and bend your knees bringing them close to your chest. Grasp the soles of your feet with your arms inside your knees. Open your knees wide carefully, keeping your feet together, and making sure you’re breathing deeply. While in this position, press the soles of your feet into your palms. Relax and repeat 3-4 times. You can also do this with pillows under your hips if you find that you are fighting tight hips here.
Child Pose:
Begin this pose by resting on your hands and knees. Extend your arms slightly in front of you while relaxing your lower body and butt down toward your heels. Gradually lengthen the distance between your knees, but keep your feet together. Hold this position for 30 seconds and breathe restfully.
restoreyourcore.com/learn/pelvic-floor/pelvic-floor-stret...
The internet has made churchcrawling easier, and so some churches that prooved difficult to see inside can be contacted and visits arranged.
Over the years, several have taken a couple of years or more to see inside: Thannington, Hinxhill, Preston and Betteshanger just off the top of my head. But most difficult have been Barming.
We first visited here one Good Friday over a decade ago, one of several along the valley that were either closed or had services on. Since then I have been insde Mereworth and Waterningbury, but each time we went past Barming, it has been closed.
Then a few weeks ago, a friend posted pictures from inside, and told me he had arranged a visit from their website. I did the same, though one visit a few weeks back had to be postponed, a few weeks later I was back, hoping to meet a warden at ten.
It was at least a fine sunny and warm spring morning, perfect for snapping the churchyard and finding yet more details on the body of the church to record.
St Margaret sites halfway between the River Medway and the old high road out of Maidstone, and once might have been a separate village from Maidstone, but is now just a suburb of the town. The church sits down a dead end lane, and is really a wonderful location overlooking the valley to East Farleigh on the other bank.
The churchyard is filled with spring bulbs, and so in spring it is a riot of colour.
I saw the warden park her car, and walk towards me, so I get up from the bench near the porch to meet her, and than her warmly for opening up.
Unusually, I had read up on the church before my visit, and so was aware of the 14th century bench ends in the Chancel. They did not disappoint.
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An isolated church at the end of a lane above the River Medway. Norman origins are obvious - three windows in the east wall indicate the earliest work. The nave is also early and to this was added the fifteenth century tower with stair turret and needle-like spire. The north aisle was a nineteenth century addition and the chancel was restored by Sir Ninian Comper and represents some of his earliest work. Later generations have, unfortunately, undone much of his original design. The memorable feature of the church is the set of fourteenth century Rhenish carvings showing St Michael, Samson and Our Lord worked into bench ends in the chancel.
www.kentchurches.info/church.asp?p=Barming
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BARMING.
CALLED in antient records, Bermelinge, lies the next parish to East Farleigh, on the opposite or northern side of the river Medway.
THE PARISH of East Barming lies on high ground, declining southward to the valley, through which the river Medway flows, being its southern boundary. It is situated opposite to East Farleigh, than which it has a far less rustic and more ornamented appearance. The soil like that is a fertile loam, slightly covering the quarry rock, from under which several small springs gush out, and run precipitately in trinkling rills into the Medway; it is enriched too with frequent hop and fruit plantations; the fields are in general larger, and surrounded with continued rows of lofty elms and large spreading oaks, which contribute greatly to the pleasantness of the place. The situation of it, as well as of the neighbouring parishes, from Maidstone as far as Mereworth, is exceedingly beautiful, the river Medway meandering its silver stream in the valley beneath, throughout the greatest part of the extent of them; the fertility of soil, the healthiness of air, the rich variety of prospect, adorned by a continued range of capital seats, with their parks and plantations, form altogether an assemblage of objects, in which nature and art appear to have lavished their choicest endeavours, to form a scene teeming with whatever can make it desirable both for pleasure and profit.
The high road from Maidstone to Tunbridge crosses the upper part of the parish of East Barming, over a beautiful, though small plain, called Barmingheath, part of which is in Maidstone parish, a little distance below which is a modern, and rather elegant seat, built by John Whitaker, gent. second son of Mr. Tho. Whitaker, of Trottesclive, since whose death it has come to his nephew, Thomas Whitaker, esq. of Watringbury; but Mr. William Rolfe resides in it. Farther on is the village of Barming, in which is a pleasant seat, called the Homestall, built about the year 1720, by Mr. James Allen, whose heirs are now entitled to the see simple of it; but by the foreclosure of a mortgage term, the possession of it became vested in Arthur Harris, esq. who kept his shrievalty here in 1746; his brother Thomas resided likewise here, and dying unmarried in 1769, gave this seat to Mrs. Mary Dorman for life; remainder to Mr. John Mumford, of Sutton-at-Hone, whom he made heir to the bulk of his fortune; she now possesses and resides in it. A small distance from hence is the seat of Hall-place; hence the ground rises to the coppice woods, part of which lie within this parish, and adjoin to a much larger tract northward. About a quarter of a mile on the other side of the road is the church, standing by itself among a grove of elms, the slight delicate white spire of which rising above the foilage of the grove, affords a pleasing prospect to the neighbouring country. From the above road the village extends southward down the declivity of the hill, almost to the river, over which there is a wooden bridge, built at the expence of the commissioners of the navigation. It is called St. Helen's bridge, from its contiguity to that manor, situated at a very small distance from it; about a mile from the village, close to the eastern boundary of the parish, adjoining to that of Maidstone, on the declivity of the hill, leading down to East Farleigh bridge, is the parsonage, lately almost rebuilt by the present rector, the Rev. Mark Noble, who resides in it, and by his judicious management and improvements has made this benefice, perhaps one of the most desirable in the diocese.
A few years ago several Roman urns, pieces of armour, and skeletons, were dug up within the bounds of this parish; the latter were no doubt belonging to those who fell in the skirmish between the Royalists and Oliverians at Farleigh bridge, in 1648; and the former serves to shew, that the Roman highway, a different one from the larger one of the Watling-street, and directing its course towards Oldborough, in Ightham, led near this place, of which more will be noticed hereafter.
THERE GROWS on Barming heath, the plant, Chamæmelum odoratissimum repens flore simplici, common camomile, in great plenty; and verbascum album vulgare five thapsus barbatus communis, great mul lein, or hightaper, more plentifully, and of a larger size than I have met with elsewhere.
THE MANOR of East Barming was given by king William the conqueror to Richard de Tonebrege, the eldest son of Gislebert earl of Brion, in Normandy, the son of Geffry, natural son of Richard, the first of that name, duke of Normandy, whence he bore the name of Richard Fitz Gilbert at his coming hither; (fn. 1) he was one of the principal persons who came into England with duke William, to whom he gave great assistance in that memorable battle, in which he obtained the crown of this realm. He had for that service, and in respect of his near alliance to him in blood, great advancements in honour, and large possessions both in Normandy and England, bestowed upon him; among the latter he possessed thirty-eight lordships in Surry, thirty-five in Essex, three in Cambridgeshire, three in Kent, one in Middlesex, one in Wiltshire, one in Devonshire, ninety-five in Suffolk, and thirteen burgages in Ipswich, of which Clare was one, besides others in other counties; accordingly, in the survey of Domesday, taken about the year 1080, being the 15th of the Conqueror's reign, this estate is thus entered under the title of, Terra Ricardi F. Gisleb'ti, the land of Richard, the son of Gislebert.
In Medestan hundred the same Richard (de Tonebrige) holds Bermelinge. Alret held it of king Edward (the Confessor) and then and now it was and is taxed at one suling. The arable land is four carucates. In demesne there are two carucates and five villeins, with eight borderers, having five carucates. There are thirteen servants, and one mill of five shillings, and four acres of meadow. Wood for the pannage of ten hogs. In the time of king Edward it was worth four pounds, and afterwards 100 shillings, now four pounds.
This Richard Fitz Gilbert, at the latter end of the Conqueror's reign, was usually called Rich. de Tonebrige, as well from his possessing that town and castle, as from his residence there; and his descendants took the name of Clare, from the like reason of their possessing that honour, and were afterwards earls of Clare, and of Gloucester and Hertford. Of this family, as chief lords of the fee, Barming was afterwards held in moieties by Fulk Peyforer and Roger de Kent, each of whom held their part of the honour of Clare.
In the reign of king Edward II. the heirs of Lora Peyforer and those of Roger de Kent, being Thomas de Barmeling and Wm. de Kent, held these moieties as above mentioned; and in the 20th year of the next reign of king Edward III. John Fitz Jacob, Thomas and John de Kent, held these moieties of this estate, in East Barmeling, of the earl of Gloucester.
THE FORMER OF THESE MOIETIES, held by the family of Peyforer, seems to have comprised the MANOR of EAST BARMING, and to have been given afterwards to the Benedictine nunnery of St. Helen's, in Bishopsgate street, London, whence it acquired the name of ST. HELEN'S, alias East Barming manor, by the former of which only it is now called; with the above priory this manor remained till its dissolution, in king Henry VIII.'s reign, when it was surrendered into the king's hands, who, in his 35th year, granted his manor, called St. Elen's, among other premises, to Richard Callohill, to hold in capite by knights service, who that year sold it to Gabriel Caldham, freemason, of London; and he next year sold it to Tho. Reve, (fn. 2) whose grandson of the same name, in the 4th year of queen Elizabeth, levied a fine of it, and then passed it away by sale to Mr. Stephen Pearse, who some years afterwards alienated it to Sir Robert Brett, on whose death, without surviving issue, in 1620, (fn. 3) this manor came by will to Robert Lynd, esq. who bore for his arms, Argent a cross ingrailed gules; and he sold it to Sir Oliver Boteler, of Teston, in whose descendants it continued down to Sir Philip Boteler, bart. who died in 1772, s. p. and by will gave one moiety of his estates to Mrs. Elizabeth Bouverie, of Chart Sutton; and the other moiety to Elizabeth viscountess dowager Folkestone, and Wm. Bouverie, earl of Radnor; and on a partition afterwards made between them, this manor was allotted to lady Folkestone, who died in 1782, on which it came to her only son, the Hon. Philip Bouverie, who has since taken the name of Pusey, and he is the present owner of it.
This manor extends its jurisdiction over the whole of this parish; the antient house of it, as well as the dove cote, stood nearly at the foot of the hill near St. Helen's bridge; both have been pulled down not many years since.
THE OTHER MOIETY of the estate of East Barming, held by John Fitz Jacob and John de Kent, seems to have passed afterwards into the family of Fremingham; for John, son of Sir Ralph de Fremingham, of Lose, died possessed of it about the 12th year of king Henry IV. and leaving no issue, he by his will gave it to certain feoffees, who, in compliance with it, next year assigned it to John Pimpe, and his heirs male, for the finding and maintaining of two chaplains, one in the monastery of Boxley, and the other in the church of East Farleigh, to celebrate for the souls of himself, his wife, and others their ancestors and relations therein mentioned. From the family of Pimpe this estate came, in king Henry VIII.'s reign, to Sir Henry Isley, who by the act of the 2d and 3d of king Edward VI. procured his lands in this county to be disgavelled.
Being concerned in the rebellion raised by Sir Tho. Wyatt, in the 1st year of queen Mary, he was attainted, and his lands were consiscated to the crown, whence this estate was granted that year to Sir John Baker, the queen's attorney general, to hold in capite by knights service; (fn. 4) in whose descendants it continued down to Sir John Baker, bart. of Sissinghurst, of whom it seems to have been purchased in the reign of king Charles II. by Golding, who died possessed of it in 1674, and was buried in this church, bearing for his arms, A cross voided, between four lions passant guardant. His son, Mr. Henry Golding, gent. about the year 1700, alienated this estate to Nicholas Amhurst, gent. of West Barming, who died possessed of it in 1715; and his grandson, John Amhurst, esq. is the present possessor of it.
HALL PLACE is a reputed manor in this parish, the antient mansion of which is situated at a small distance westward of the present seat, and is little more than an ordinary cottage, serving as a farm house to a small parcel of land. It formerly gave both residence and surname to a family, written in antient deeds, At-Hall, who before the end of the reign of king Edward III. had alienated their interest in the greatest part of it to one of the Colepepers, of Preston, in Aylesford, and the rest of it to Clive; and this part was by John Clive, about the 7th year of king Henry IV. likewise conveyed to Colepeper, who in the 10th year of that reign passed away the entire fee of it to Sampson Mascall, whose family was originally of Mascall's, in Brenchley, and in his descendants Hall-place continued till the latter end of queen Elizabeth's reign, when it was conveyed to Alchorne, whose ancestors were possessed of Alchorne in Rotherfield, in Sussex; in which name the fee of this estate remained at the time of king Charles II.'s restoration, but the use and profits of it were made over, for a long series of years, to Mr. Cook, of Stepney; and he, in 1656, alienated his interest in it to Mr. Rich. Webb, rector of this parish, who in 1667, gave it to his grandson, Richard Webb, gent. who, in 1726, conveyed it by sale to Mr. Peter Smart, who bore for his arms, Argent, a chevron between three pheons sable; about which time Christopher Smart, the poet, is said to have been born in this parish; at length, Mr. Peter Smart's widow, and their children, in 1746, passed away their interest in it to John Cale, esq. who resided here, and dying in 1777, was buried in this churchyard, having been a benefactor to the poor of this parish; and by his will he devised this, among the rest of his estates in this county, to the heirs of Tho. Prowse, esq. of Axbridge, in Somersetshire; in consequence of which his two daughters and coheirs became intitled to it; the youngest of whom married Sir John Mordaunt, bart. of Walton, in Warwickshire, and they became possessed of this estate in undivided moieties, and in 1781, joined in the sale of it to John Amhurst, esq. of Barnjet, the present owner of it.
CHARITIES.
THOMAS HARRIS, esq. of this parish, in 1769, gave by will, 5l. per annum for fifty years, 2s. of it to be given to the poor of this parish in bread, on each Sunday in the year, excepting Easter and Whitsunday.
JOHN CALE, esq. of this parish, in 1777, gave by will the sum of 200l. in East India annuities, the interest of it to be given to the poor yearly at Christmas, in linen and bread, vested in trustees, of the annual produce of 61.
THIS PARISH is within the ECCLESIASTICAL JURISDICTION of the diocese of Rochester and deanry of Malling.
The church, which is dedicated to St. Margaret, is a small building, consisting of one isle and a chancel, with an elegant spire steeple. The present rector, Mr. Noble, about twelve years ago, at his own expence, entirely repaired and ornamented the chancel; he gave likewise a new altar and pulpit cloth, and cushion; and the parishioners, followed his example, in the repair and ornamenting of the church itself; so that from being one of the most neglected, it is become equal to most of the neighbouring churches in those respects.
Walter, bishop of Rochester, in the reign of king Stephen, confirmed to the prior and canon of Ledes the patronage of the church of Barmyng, as it was granted to them by the lords of the soil, and confirmed to them by their charters.
Gilbert, bishop of Rochester, in the reign of king Henry II. granted to the prior and canons two shillings, to be received by them yearly, as a pension from this church, saving the episcopal right of the bishop of Rochester, &c. (fn. 5) The patronage of the church of Barming, together with this pension, remained part of the possessions of the above mentioned priory till the dissolution of it in the reign of king Henry VIII. when it came into the king's hands. Since which, the patronage of this rectory has continued vested in the crown, but the above mentioned yearly pension of two shillings was, by the king's dotation charter, in his 33d year, settled on his new erected dean and chapter of Rochester, who are now intitled to it.
¶In the 15th year of king Edward I. the church of Barmelyng was valued at twelve marcs. It is valued in the king's books at 12l. 7s. 1d. and the yearly tenths at 1l. 5s. 8½d.z The glebe land belonging to this rectory contains eighty-three acres.
South Uist War Memorial
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NF 74443 28625
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East side of A865 South East of Loch Bhornais Uarach
The inscriptions are quite weathered and some have been corrected which makes transcription difficult.
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THE GLORIOUS
MEMORY OF THE MEN
OF SOUTH UIST
WHO LAID DOWN THEIR LIVES
IN THE GREAT WAR 1914 - 1918
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IN THREE CONTINENTS AND IN THE DEEP THEY LIE
BUT IN OUR HEARTS THEIR DEEDS FOR EVER ARE ENSHRINED
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EOCHAR
SGT. ARCHIBALD BOWIE 1ST CAMERONS
CPL. DONALD MORRISON 6TH CAMERONS
L/CPL. JOHN MORRISON 5TH CAMERONS
L/CPL. ANGUS JOHN MACDONALD 5TH CAMERONS
PTE. JOHN MACDONALD 5TH CAMERONS
PTE. DUNCAN MACKAY 5TH CAMERONS
PTE. DONALD MACDONALD 5TH CAMERONS
PTE. MURDO MACKAY 5TH CAMERONS
PIPER ALEXANDER MACEACHEN 5TH CAMERONS
PTE. DONALD CURRIE 5TH CAMERONS
PTE. ANGUS MACINTYRE 5TH CAMERONS
PTE. ARCHIBALD MACDONALD 5TH CAMERONS
PTE. ALEXANDER MACDONALD 5TH CAMERONS
PTE. JOHN CAMPBELL 5TH CAMERONS
PTE. ANGUS MACKAY 5TH CAMERONS
PTE. JOHN WILSON 5TH CAMERONS
PTE. ANGUS BOWIE 5TH CAMERONS
PTE. RONALD MACINTYRE 5TH CAMERONS
PTE. ALEXANDER MACDONALD 5TH CAMERONS
PTE. DONALD MACKAY 5TH CAMERONS
PTE. JOHN MACPHEE 5TH CAMERONS
PTE. jOHN MACDONALD 2ND GORDON HIGHRS.
PTE. FINLAY MACKAY 6TH CAMERONS
PTE. JAMES JOHNSTONE 49TH CAM. HIGHRS. CANADA
PTE. ROBERT MACLEAN R.A.M.C.
PTE. NEIL BOYD 2ND BATT. A & S. HIGHRS.
PTE. ANGUS NICOLSON 1/6TH DKE. OF WELLINGTON REGT.
JOHN MACEACHEN R.N.
FREDERICK MATTHEWS R.N.V.R. "INDEFATIGABLE"
SGT. JOHN MACMILLAN R.M.L.I.
PTE. RONALD WILSON R.N.D.
GERINISH
PTE. NEIL MORRISON 1ST CAMERONS
PTE. JAMES MACDONALD 5TH CAMERONS
PTE. DONALD MACKINNON 5TH CAMERONS
ANTHONY MACINNES R.N.R.T.
LOCHSKIPPORT
PTE. CHARLES MACAULAY AUSTRALIAN INF.
PTE. ANGUS DOUGLAD SEAFORTHS
ALLAN MACEACHEN R.N.R.
PTE. PETER DOUGLAS R.S.F.
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ORMICLATE
SGT. PIPER JOHN SMITH H.L.I.
PTE. CHRISTPHR. MACINTYRE CAMERONS
PTE. DONALD A. MACKAY CAMERONS
PTE. JOHN BOWIE CAMERONS
PTE. RODERICK MACLEOD CAMERONS
FROBOST
ALEXANDER MACPHEE MER. MARINE
BORNISH
PTE. RODERICK MACDONALD SEAFHS.
A.B. JOHN MACDONALD R.N.
EAST KILBRIDE
ANGUS O'HENLY R.N.R. (T)
MURDOCH MACISAAC R.N.R. (T) (/)
ANGUS MACINTYRE R.N.R. (T) (?)
WEST KILBRIDE
PTE. PETER MORRISON CAMERONS
PTE. ANGUS MORRISON CAMERONS
PTE. ALEXANDER JOHNSTONE CAMERONS
SMERCLATE
DONALD J. MORRISON MER. MARINE
PTE. ARCHIBALD MACRAE CANADIAN SEAHS.
ARCHIBALD MACRAE R.N.R. (T)
PTE. RODERICK MACLEOD CAMERONS
PTE. ARCHIBALD MACRAE CAMERONS
PTE. ALLAN MACNEILL A.A.C.
SOUTH BOISDALE
PTE. DONALD MACPHEE CAMERONS
PETER MACINTYRE MER. MARINE
NORTH BOISDALE
PTE. MURDOCH MACDONALD H.L.I.
ANGUS O'HENLY MER. MARINE
PTE. MALCOLM O'HENLY CAMERONS
PTE. ROBERT MACINNES CAMERONS
PTE. DONALD STEELE SCOTS GUARDS
PTE. RONALD MACLENNAN SCOTS GUARD
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STONEYBRIDGE
L/CPL. JOHN LAING CAMERONS (LVT SCOUTS)
L/CPL. SAMUEL MARTIN CAMERONS
PTE. NEIL STEELE CAMERONS
PTE. ANGUS MACISAAC CAMERONS
PTE. DONALD MACINTYRE CAMERONS
PTE. ANGUS MACDONALD CAMERONS
PTE. ALEXANDER MACDONALD CAMERONS
PTE. JOHN MACISAAC CAMERONS
LIEUT. ANDREW LAING BORDER REGT. (CANADIANS)
PERINERINE
PTE. RODERICK MACDONALD CAMERONS
SNISHVALE
L/CPL. ANGUS LAMONT SEAFORTH HRS. (LVT SCOUTS)
L/CPL. JOHN LAMONT LONDON SCOTTISH
PTE. JOHN MACDONALD CAMERONS
A.B. ANGUS MACCUISH R.N.R.
HOWBEG
PTE. RONALD JOHN MACEACHEN CAMERONS
PTE. NEIL BOVIE CAMERONS
PTE. DONALD JOHN MACDONALD CAMERONS
TPR. ANGUS GRAHAM LOVAT SCOUTS
HOWMORE
PTE. ALEXANDER MACDONALD CAMERONS
PTE. PETER MACINTYRE CAMERONS
PTE. DUNCAN DOUGLAS CAMERONS
PTE. DUGALD DOUGLAS CAMERONS
PTE. JOHN MACINTYRE H.L.I.
STILLIGARRY
PTE. JOHN ALEXANDER MACRURY CAMERONS
PTE. DONALD GRANT CAMERONS
PTE. RODERICK NORMAN CHISHOLM CAMERONS
PTE. JOHN MACINTOSH CAMERONS
SGT. DONALD MACDONALD CAMERONS
LOCHEYNORT
DONALD JOHN MACFARLANE R.N.R.
DONALD JOHN MACINTYRE MERC. MARINE
KILPHEDER
PTE. JOHN MORRISON 6TH CAMERONS
PTE. ANGUS MACINTYRE 6TH CAMERONS
PTE. JOHN MORRISON 6TH CAMERONS
PTE. ALLAN MACKAY 1ST CAMERONS
DALIBURGH
PTE. DUNCAN BLAIR 1ST CAMERONS
PTE. DONALD STEELE 1ST CAMERONS
PTE. ANGUS JOHNSTONE 1ST CAMERONS
PTE. DONALD CAMPBELL 1ST CAMERONS
GARRYHILLIE
PTE. NORMAN MACDONALD 1ST CAMERONS
PTE. MALCOLM MACDONALD 1ST CAMERONS
PTE. RODERICK MACCUISH 4TH CAMERONS
PTE. ARCHIBALD MACPHEE 5TH CAMERONS
ERISKAY
PTE. ANGUS JOHNSTONE CAMERONS
PTE. JOHN MACRURY CAMERONS
PTE. (?)JOHN MACDOUGALL MER. MARINE
PTE. (?)EDWARD JOHNSTONE MER. MARINE (?)
PTE. (?)JOHN MACKINTOSH MER. MARINE (?)
PTE. (?) KENNETH GILLIES MER. MARINE (?)
LOCHBOISDALE
PTE. ANGUS MACDONALD A.A.C.
PTE. (?)NORMAN MACDONALD R.N.R.
PTE. JOHN MACCORMICK CAMERONS
PTE. (?) PETER MACCORMICK R.N.R.
PTE. SIMON CAMPBELL LONDON SCOTS
PTE. DONALD STEELE CAMERONS
PTE. (?) DONALD J. STEELE R.N.R.
PTE. ALLAN MACQUARRIER CAMERONS
PTE. (?) JOHN STEWART R.N.R.
L/CPL. RONALD MACPHEE SEAFORTHS
PTE. PETER MACLEOD CAMERONS
PTE. HUGH MACDONALD HUSSARS
PTE. JAMES WALKER CAMERONS
SOUTH LOCHBOISDALE
DONALD JOHN MACPHEE MER. MARINE
GARRYNAMONIE
ALLAN MACDONALD MER. MARINE
---
1914 - 18
MILTON
DONALD MACNEIL MER. MARNE
PTE. NEIL MACKINNON CAMERONS
DALIBURGH
PIONEER KENNETH MACLEOD 1ST CAMERONS
GARRYHILLIE
LT. ANGUS MACDONALD NIGERIAN REGT.
EOCHAR
JAMES MACDONALD R.N.R.
EAST GERINISH
PTE. ANDREW MACINNES R.A.M.C.
---
1939 - 1945
BORNISH
PTE. DONALD A. MACPHEE 4TH CAM.
LOCHEYNORT
PTE. JOHN E. MACINTYRE 4TH CAM.
HOWBEG
PTE. EWAN J. BOWIE N.Z.A.
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GERINISH
PTE. IAN CONNELY LOVAT SCOUTS
PTE. JOHN MACDONALD LOVAT SCOUTS
P/O NEIL MACSWEEN R.N.
EAST GERINISH
A.B. JOHN MACCEACHY M.N.
STILLIGARRY
PTE. JOHN MACDONALD 4TH CAM.
---
1939 - 1945
ERISKAY
A,B, ANGUS MACINNES M.N.
A.B. DONALD J. MACINNES M.N.
A.B. DONALD MACISAAC M.N.
A.B. MALCOLM MACKELVIE M.N.
A.B. MALCOLM MACKINNON M.N.
EAST KILBRIDE
A.B. DONALD CAMPBELL M.N.
A.B. ALLAN MACINTYRE M.N.
A.B. ALEX MACMILLAN M.N.
CAPT. DONALD MACASKILL M.N.
GARRYNAMONIE
A.B. PATRICK MACDONALD M.N.
A.B. ANGUS MACKENZIE M.N.
A.B. RODERICK MACKENZIE M.N.
NORTH GLENDALE
A.B. DOUGALD CAMPBELL M.N.
SOUTH GLENDALE
A.B. DONALD MACINNES M.N.
WEST KILBRIDE
A.B. DONALD J. MACLEAN M.N.
SOUTH BOISDALE
A.B. DONALD J. MACINNES M.N.
---
1939 - 1945
NORTH BOISDALE
SGT. JOHN MACKIGGAN 4TH CAN.
CPL. ANGUS M. PATERSON
KILPHEDAR
PIPER ANGUS MACKAY
SOUTH LOCHBOISDALE
A.B. DONALD J. MACDONALD M.N.
STROME
FLT/SGT. RONALD MACLEOD R.A.F.
NORTH BOISDALE
FLT/LT. JOHN SHEARER R.A.F.
A.B. JOHN MACLELLAN R.N.
A.B. ANGUS MACDONALD R.N.
MILTON
A.B. JOHN MACLEAN
DALIBURGH
L/CPL. JOHN A. MACLEOD 4TH CAM.
A.B. ROBERT MACLEAN M.N.
EWEN MACKENZIE C.A.
FROBOST
A.B. DONALD N. MACNEIL M.N.
ANGUS E. MACKIGGAN (?)M.N.
---
1939 - 1945
ORMACLATE
PTE. ALEXANDER CAMPBELL 4TH.
STONEYBRIDGE
FLT/LT. ARCHY MACRURA R.A.F.
CPL. ALLAN MACDONALD 4TH CAM.
PTE. JOHN CAMPBELL D.L.I.
EOCHAR
L/CPL. NEIL JOHNSTONE PARA-REG.
PTE. DUNCAN MACLEAN 1ST CAM.
PTE. DONALD J. MACCORMICK R.S.F.
LOCH CARNAN
A.B. JOHN MACINNES M.N.
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PLAQUES ERECTED BY PARISHIONERS OF SOUTH UIST 1980.
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Alternative Names Gerinish War Memorial
Site Type WAR MEMORIAL (20TH CENTURY)
Canmore ID 339075
Site Number NF72NW 63
NGR NF 74443 28625
Council WESTERN ISLES
Parish SOUTH UIST
Former Region WESTERN ISLES ISLANDS AREA
Former District WESTERN ISLES
Former County INVERNESS-SHIRE
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It is often very difficult to get a decent photograph of opencast workings due to the huge bunds of stripped material that surround them. In this case the circumstances meant I was only able to take this rather jumbled shot of machines, dump trucks and a glimpse of coal seam.
The Cutacre site at Little Hulton, between Bolton and Wigan, is being worked by UK Coal who intend to take out the seams and also wash the massive spoil tip which remains from many years of deep mining in the area. The planning permission is for 900,000 tonnes of surface mined coal and 850,000 tonnes from tip washing.
Kilmadock Parish War Memorial, Doune
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NN 72491 01525
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Lettering very difficult to read, badly eroded and patches of moss(?)
There is another plaque at the side by the steps but missed it.
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TO THE GLORY OF
GOD
AND IN MEMORY OF
THE MEN OF THE
PARISH OF KILMADOCK
WHO GAVE THEIR LIVES
FOR KING AND COUNTRY
IN THE GREAT WAR
1914 - 1919
SEE YE TO IT THAT THESE
SHALL NOT HAVE DIED IN VAIN
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Dundee Courier - Thursday 05 June 1919
Image © D.C.Thomson & Co. Ltd. Image created courtesy of THE BRITISH LIBRARY BOARD.
Doune's War Memorial is to be the statue of a Highland soldier erected in front of the Public Hall gifted to the burgh by Sir A. Kay Muir, Bart., Blair Drummond.
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Dundee Courier - Saturday 27 November 1920
Image © D.C.Thomson & Co. Ltd. Image created courtesy of THE BRITISH LIBRARY BOARD.
The Earl of Moray has signified his intention of subscribing £600 to the Doune War Memorial Fund.
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Dundee Courier - Monday 31 July 1922
Image © D.C.Thomson & Co. Ltd. Image created courtesy of THE BRITISH LIBRARY BOARD.
SECRET DOUNE WAR MEMORIAL UNVEILED Versailles Peacemakers Criticised General Sir lan Hamilton, D.5.0., unveiled Saturday the war memorial erected at Doune to the memory of the 63 men of the district who lost their lives in the war.
The memorial is obelisk in character, and its graceful proportions are enhanced by its effect against the wooded background. Its outlook is towards the village, and it is complementary to the new hall opened last week, both schemes having a similar origin and purpose.
A large concourse of people attended the ceremony, the Comrades of the Great War and the Territorials being under Captain Lindsay Pullar, and members of the Voluntary Aid Detachment under Miss Stanley Rogerson. The school children joined in the procession from the Moray Park, and were marshalled behind the memorial by the headmaster, Mr P. C. Merrie. Relatives of deceased were given a place of honour, and it was observed that some the women folk and children wore the medals and decorations of their loved ones.
On the broad base and steps of the monument were gathered the Provost and members of the Town Council and Parish Council, with their wives, and prominent people of the district, including:— Lady Muir, Deanston House; Sir A. Kay Muir, Bart, of Blair Druinmond; Mrs Harry Moncreiffe, London; Mrs M'Grigor, Beechwood, Stirling; Mr and Mrs Hogg, Row House; Mrs Bruce, Bridge of Teith Cottage: Mrs Stirling. Old Newton; Mrs G. S. Mackay, Mrs Stark Christie, Mrs Ash worth, Mrs Thomson, Miss Murray Menzies; Mr and Mrs John Stroyan and Miss Stroyan, Lanrick Castle; Miss Campbell Swinton, Glenardoch; Mrs Baillie Hamilton and party; Sir William and Lady Thomson, Dunblane; Rev. J. Chalmers Peat, Rev. James Scott, Rev. James Menzies, Rev. H. B. De Montmorency, Rev. Canon Docherty: Rev. Jas. Mitchell. Norrieston; and Mrs Scrimgeour; Mr D. Y. Cameron, Kippen, and Mrs Cameron; Mr Eric Bell. Stirling, architect of the memorial, and Mrs Bell; Dr and Mrs Burn Murdoch, Gartincaber; Mr F. L. Burder, East Deanston; ex-Provost Main, Doune; Mr Robert Thomson, Broich; Mr James Paterson, Burnbank; Mr John M'Ewen, Deanston: Mr Wm. M'Carroll, Deanston: Mr William Thomson, banker, Doune: Mr John Thomson, druggist; &c.
Burn Murdoch, who presided, called upon Sir Ian Hamilton, who is a son-in-law of .Lady Muir, to unveil the memorial.
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Some people say that we ought to remember our deed by building something useful, something that will be improvement to the place Other people are not satisfied unless they have some beautiful and artistic object to remind them of their lost ones. Deanston and Doune have done both, and I am very glad and very proud to have been here to-day. I have now the honour of unveiling this memorial.
As the Union Jack fell from the memorial the " Last Post " was sounded, and the pipers played lament. Rev. J. Chalmers Peat offered the dedicatory prayer. An opportunity was given at this stage to the relatives and others of placing wreaths and flowers on the memorial. It was an affecting scene, and the tributes were many and of great beauty. One which was given the place of honour was from the Doune, Deanston. and Kincardine Red Cross V.A.D. Detachment, and consisted of white everlastings on a base of laurels, with a large red cross of Flanders poppies in the centre. The Provost and Town Council, and the ex-service men, also sent wreaths, and one from Sir lan and Lady Hamilton had the following:—
"The saviours come not home to-night,
Themselves they could not save."
Roll of Honour:
S.W.O. Stuart Hay Murray, Pte. James Rorie. Major Lindsay Bruce Stark Christie. Pte. Matthew Connelly, Pte. James Dick, Charles Mills, Sergt. James Bell Jackson, Corpl. John Blacklock. Corpl. Peter Campbell, L.-Corpl. Patrick Fallon. L.-Corpl. Peter Innes. L.-CorpL Duncan M'Coll, L.-Corpl. John M'Gregor, L.-Corpl. George Reilly, Ptes. James Blacklock. William Boyd, Andrew Campbell, David Campbell. Alexander Dingwell, James Galbraith. John Graham, John Hislop, Robert Holmes. James George Marshall. James Marshall, Archibald Miller William Miller, John Moffat. Malcolm M'Donald, Daniel M'Naughton, Robert M'Naughton. David M'Vey, James Salmond, James Stewart, Sergt. Michael Manning, Ptes. William M'Leod, Robert Osborne, John Piggot, Lieut. William Maxwell Robertson, Corpl. Robt. Winter, Pte. John Dickie, Lieut. George Cochrane, Ptes. James Allan. Alexander Duncan, William Watt Shields. Captain Arthur Buchanan Baillie Hamilton, Ptes. Thomas Rorie,, Morten Winter, Robert Blennie, John Robertson, Corpl. John Mackay, Ptes. David Black, Alexander Cameron, Walter Martin. Donald M'Callum, L.-Corpl Stephen Hastie, Ptes. John Davie and Roderick M'Kenzie, Captain Colin Thomas Burn Murdoch, Ptes. John Paterson Cameron, William Dow Maclaren, and Charles Murray.
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Doune, Callander Road, War Memorial
War Memorial (Period Unassigned)
Site Name Doune, Callander Road, War Memorial
Classification War Memorial (Period Unassigned)
Canmore ID 339038
Site Number NN70SW 214
NGR NN 72481 01533
Datum OSGB36 - NGR
Permalink canmore.org.uk/site/339038
South Uist War Memorial
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NF 74443 28625
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East side of A865 South East of Loch Bhornais Uarach
The inscriptions are quite weathered and some have been corrected which makes transcription difficult.
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THE GLORIOUS
MEMORY OF THE MEN
OF SOUTH UIST
WHO LAID DOWN THEIR LIVES
IN THE GREAT WAR 1914 - 1918
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IN THREE CONTINENTS AND IN THE DEEP THEY LIE
BUT IN OUR HEARTS THEIR DEEDS FOR EVER ARE ENSHRINED
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EOCHAR
SGT. ARCHIBALD BOWIE 1ST CAMERONS
CPL. DONALD MORRISON 6TH CAMERONS
L/CPL. JOHN MORRISON 5TH CAMERONS
L/CPL. ANGUS JOHN MACDONALD 5TH CAMERONS
PTE. JOHN MACDONALD 5TH CAMERONS
PTE. DUNCAN MACKAY 5TH CAMERONS
PTE. DONALD MACDONALD 5TH CAMERONS
PTE. MURDO MACKAY 5TH CAMERONS
PIPER ALEXANDER MACEACHEN 5TH CAMERONS
PTE. DONALD CURRIE 5TH CAMERONS
PTE. ANGUS MACINTYRE 5TH CAMERONS
PTE. ARCHIBALD MACDONALD 5TH CAMERONS
PTE. ALEXANDER MACDONALD 5TH CAMERONS
PTE. JOHN CAMPBELL 5TH CAMERONS
PTE. ANGUS MACKAY 5TH CAMERONS
PTE. JOHN WILSON 5TH CAMERONS
PTE. ANGUS BOWIE 5TH CAMERONS
PTE. RONALD MACINTYRE 5TH CAMERONS
PTE. ALEXANDER MACDONALD 5TH CAMERONS
PTE. DONALD MACKAY 5TH CAMERONS
PTE. JOHN MACPHEE 5TH CAMERONS
PTE. jOHN MACDONALD 2ND GORDON HIGHRS.
PTE. FINLAY MACKAY 6TH CAMERONS
PTE. JAMES JOHNSTONE 49TH CAM. HIGHRS. CANADA
PTE. ROBERT MACLEAN R.A.M.C.
PTE. NEIL BOYD 2ND BATT. A & S. HIGHRS.
PTE. ANGUS NICOLSON 1/6TH DKE. OF WELLINGTON REGT.
JOHN MACEACHEN R.N.
FREDERICK MATTHEWS R.N.V.R. "INDEFATIGABLE"
SGT. JOHN MACMILLAN R.M.L.I.
PTE. RONALD WILSON R.N.D.
GERINISH
PTE. NEIL MORRISON 1ST CAMERONS
PTE. JAMES MACDONALD 5TH CAMERONS
PTE. DONALD MACKINNON 5TH CAMERONS
ANTHONY MACINNES R.N.R.T.
LOCHSKIPPORT
PTE. CHARLES MACAULAY AUSTRALIAN INF.
PTE. ANGUS DOUGLAD SEAFORTHS
ALLAN MACEACHEN R.N.R.
PTE. PETER DOUGLAS R.S.F.
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ORMICLATE
SGT. PIPER JOHN SMITH H.L.I.
PTE. CHRISTPHR. MACINTYRE CAMERONS
PTE. DONALD A. MACKAY CAMERONS
PTE. JOHN BOWIE CAMERONS
PTE. RODERICK MACLEOD CAMERONS
FROBOST
ALEXANDER MACPHEE MER. MARINE
BORNISH
PTE. RODERICK MACDONALD SEAFHS.
A.B. JOHN MACDONALD R.N.
EAST KILBRIDE
ANGUS O'HENLY R.N.R. (T)
MURDOCH MACISAAC R.N.R. (T) (/)
ANGUS MACINTYRE R.N.R. (T) (?)
WEST KILBRIDE
PTE. PETER MORRISON CAMERONS
PTE. ANGUS MORRISON CAMERONS
PTE. ALEXANDER JOHNSTONE CAMERONS
SMERCLATE
DONALD J. MORRISON MER. MARINE
PTE. ARCHIBALD MACRAE CANADIAN SEAHS.
ARCHIBALD MACRAE R.N.R. (T)
PTE. RODERICK MACLEOD CAMERONS
PTE. ARCHIBALD MACRAE CAMERONS
PTE. ALLAN MACNEILL A.A.C.
SOUTH BOISDALE
PTE. DONALD MACPHEE CAMERONS
PETER MACINTYRE MER. MARINE
NORTH BOISDALE
PTE. MURDOCH MACDONALD H.L.I.
ANGUS O'HENLY MER. MARINE
PTE. MALCOLM O'HENLY CAMERONS
PTE. ROBERT MACINNES CAMERONS
PTE. DONALD STEELE SCOTS GUARDS
PTE. RONALD MACLENNAN SCOTS GUARD
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STONEYBRIDGE
L/CPL. JOHN LAING CAMERONS (LVT SCOUTS)
L/CPL. SAMUEL MARTIN CAMERONS
PTE. NEIL STEELE CAMERONS
PTE. ANGUS MACISAAC CAMERONS
PTE. DONALD MACINTYRE CAMERONS
PTE. ANGUS MACDONALD CAMERONS
PTE. ALEXANDER MACDONALD CAMERONS
PTE. JOHN MACISAAC CAMERONS
LIEUT. ANDREW LAING BORDER REGT. (CANADIANS)
PERINERINE
PTE. RODERICK MACDONALD CAMERONS
SNISHVALE
L/CPL. ANGUS LAMONT SEAFORTH HRS. (LVT SCOUTS)
L/CPL. JOHN LAMONT LONDON SCOTTISH
PTE. JOHN MACDONALD CAMERONS
A.B. ANGUS MACCUISH R.N.R.
HOWBEG
PTE. RONALD JOHN MACEACHEN CAMERONS
PTE. NEIL BOVIE CAMERONS
PTE. DONALD JOHN MACDONALD CAMERONS
TPR. ANGUS GRAHAM LOVAT SCOUTS
HOWMORE
PTE. ALEXANDER MACDONALD CAMERONS
PTE. PETER MACINTYRE CAMERONS
PTE. DUNCAN DOUGLAS CAMERONS
PTE. DUGALD DOUGLAS CAMERONS
PTE. JOHN MACINTYRE H.L.I.
STILLIGARRY
PTE. JOHN ALEXANDER MACRURY CAMERONS
PTE. DONALD GRANT CAMERONS
PTE. RODERICK NORMAN CHISHOLM CAMERONS
PTE. JOHN MACINTOSH CAMERONS
SGT. DONALD MACDONALD CAMERONS
LOCHEYNORT
DONALD JOHN MACFARLANE R.N.R.
DONALD JOHN MACINTYRE MERC. MARINE
KILPHEDER
PTE. JOHN MORRISON 6TH CAMERONS
PTE. ANGUS MACINTYRE 6TH CAMERONS
PTE. JOHN MORRISON 6TH CAMERONS
PTE. ALLAN MACKAY 1ST CAMERONS
DALIBURGH
PTE. DUNCAN BLAIR 1ST CAMERONS
PTE. DONALD STEELE 1ST CAMERONS
PTE. ANGUS JOHNSTONE 1ST CAMERONS
PTE. DONALD CAMPBELL 1ST CAMERONS
GARRYHILLIE
PTE. NORMAN MACDONALD 1ST CAMERONS
PTE. MALCOLM MACDONALD 1ST CAMERONS
PTE. RODERICK MACCUISH 4TH CAMERONS
PTE. ARCHIBALD MACPHEE 5TH CAMERONS
ERISKAY
PTE. ANGUS JOHNSTONE CAMERONS
PTE. JOHN MACRURY CAMERONS
PTE. (?)JOHN MACDOUGALL MER. MARINE
PTE. (?)EDWARD JOHNSTONE MER. MARINE (?)
PTE. (?)JOHN MACKINTOSH MER. MARINE (?)
PTE. (?) KENNETH GILLIES MER. MARINE (?)
LOCHBOISDALE
PTE. ANGUS MACDONALD A.A.C.
PTE. (?)NORMAN MACDONALD R.N.R.
PTE. JOHN MACCORMICK CAMERONS
PTE. (?) PETER MACCORMICK R.N.R.
PTE. SIMON CAMPBELL LONDON SCOTS
PTE. DONALD STEELE CAMERONS
PTE. (?) DONALD J. STEELE R.N.R.
PTE. ALLAN MACQUARRIER CAMERONS
PTE. (?) JOHN STEWART R.N.R.
L/CPL. RONALD MACPHEE SEAFORTHS
PTE. PETER MACLEOD CAMERONS
PTE. HUGH MACDONALD HUSSARS
PTE. JAMES WALKER CAMERONS
SOUTH LOCHBOISDALE
DONALD JOHN MACPHEE MER. MARINE
GARRYNAMONIE
ALLAN MACDONALD MER. MARINE
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1914 - 18
MILTON
DONALD MACNEIL MER. MARNE
PTE. NEIL MACKINNON CAMERONS
DALIBURGH
PIONEER KENNETH MACLEOD 1ST CAMERONS
GARRYHILLIE
LT. ANGUS MACDONALD NIGERIAN REGT.
EOCHAR
JAMES MACDONALD R.N.R.
EAST GERINISH
PTE. ANDREW MACINNES R.A.M.C.
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1939 - 1945
BORNISH
PTE. DONALD A. MACPHEE 4TH CAM.
LOCHEYNORT
PTE. JOHN E. MACINTYRE 4TH CAM.
HOWBEG
PTE. EWAN J. BOWIE N.Z.A.
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GERINISH
PTE. IAN CONNELY LOVAT SCOUTS
PTE. JOHN MACDONALD LOVAT SCOUTS
P/O NEIL MACSWEEN R.N.
EAST GERINISH
A.B. JOHN MACCEACHY M.N.
STILLIGARRY
PTE. JOHN MACDONALD 4TH CAM.
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1939 - 1945
ERISKAY
A,B, ANGUS MACINNES M.N.
A.B. DONALD J. MACINNES M.N.
A.B. DONALD MACISAAC M.N.
A.B. MALCOLM MACKELVIE M.N.
A.B. MALCOLM MACKINNON M.N.
EAST KILBRIDE
A.B. DONALD CAMPBELL M.N.
A.B. ALLAN MACINTYRE M.N.
A.B. ALEX MACMILLAN M.N.
CAPT. DONALD MACASKILL M.N.
GARRYNAMONIE
A.B. PATRICK MACDONALD M.N.
A.B. ANGUS MACKENZIE M.N.
A.B. RODERICK MACKENZIE M.N.
NORTH GLENDALE
A.B. DOUGALD CAMPBELL M.N.
SOUTH GLENDALE
A.B. DONALD MACINNES M.N.
WEST KILBRIDE
A.B. DONALD J. MACLEAN M.N.
SOUTH BOISDALE
A.B. DONALD J. MACINNES M.N.
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1939 - 1945
NORTH BOISDALE
SGT. JOHN MACKIGGAN 4TH CAN.
CPL. ANGUS M. PATERSON
KILPHEDAR
PIPER ANGUS MACKAY
SOUTH LOCHBOISDALE
A.B. DONALD J. MACDONALD M.N.
STROME
FLT/SGT. RONALD MACLEOD R.A.F.
NORTH BOISDALE
FLT/LT. JOHN SHEARER R.A.F.
A.B. JOHN MACLELLAN R.N.
A.B. ANGUS MACDONALD R.N.
MILTON
A.B. JOHN MACLEAN
DALIBURGH
L/CPL. JOHN A. MACLEOD 4TH CAM.
A.B. ROBERT MACLEAN M.N.
EWEN MACKENZIE C.A.
FROBOST
A.B. DONALD N. MACNEIL M.N.
ANGUS E. MACKIGGAN (?)M.N.
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1939 - 1945
ORMACLATE
PTE. ALEXANDER CAMPBELL 4TH.
STONEYBRIDGE
FLT/LT. ARCHY MACRURA R.A.F.
CPL. ALLAN MACDONALD 4TH CAM.
PTE. JOHN CAMPBELL D.L.I.
EOCHAR
L/CPL. NEIL JOHNSTONE PARA-REG.
PTE. DUNCAN MACLEAN 1ST CAM.
PTE. DONALD J. MACCORMICK R.S.F.
LOCH CARNAN
A.B. JOHN MACINNES M.N.
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PLAQUES ERECTED BY PARISHIONERS OF SOUTH UIST 1980.
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Alternative Names Gerinish War Memorial
Site Type WAR MEMORIAL (20TH CENTURY)
Canmore ID 339075
Site Number NF72NW 63
NGR NF 74443 28625
Council WESTERN ISLES
Parish SOUTH UIST
Former Region WESTERN ISLES ISLANDS AREA
Former District WESTERN ISLES
Former County INVERNESS-SHIRE
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