View allAll Photos Tagged developers
© 2016 Daniel Novak Photo | FB | Blog | timelessbuffalo | Instagram
© All rights reserved!
A wonderful cloudy evening on the shore of Lake Erie like created for some moody black and white pinhole photography. I headed to a previously photographed location where I really liked the rock layers positioned perfectly to interact with the incoming lake waves. In many ways, photography there is just like along a rocky ocean coastline. I really liked how the horizon line was blending in with the sky even in color, in blue tones. I did not really know how the scene would turn out in black and white and and in a pinhole photograph on top. And unlike digital, I did not know how it turned out even after clicking the shutter ... #etbtsy
Lake Erie Lakeshore on Pinhole
Shot on Fuji Neopan Acros 100 black and white film, developed in Kodak XTOL Developer, Ilford Ilfostop, Kodak Fixer, Ilford Ilfotol. Scanned with Plustek OpticFilm 8200i SE. No post-processing, just resizing.
timelessbuffalo: black and white film photography from Buffalo, NY
Tags: #filmphotography #blackandwhite #pinholephotography
Event: MMOC National Rally
Location: Chateau Impney, Droitwich, Worcestershire
Camera: Pentax ME Super
Lens(s): SMC Pentax-M 50mm f/1.7
Film: Adox HR-50
Shot ISO: 50
Light Meter: Camera
Lighting: Overcast/Mixed
Mounting: Hand-held
Firing: Shutter button
Developer: Ilford DD-X(1+4)
Scanner: Epson V800
Post: Adobe Lightroom & Photoshop (dust removal)
Before we went to France for our autumn break, we looked at possible days out. JJ found some colourful photos of a town close by called Menton. I must admit I'd never heard of it before, but the photos were beautiful and I agreed immediately that we had to fit it in to our trip! It was very different to Antibes, but equally beautiful, with an Italian feel (not that I've been to Italy - yet!). Understandable, given its close proximity to Italy and its history!
This is when we got off at Menton railway station - very different to Nice!
Last stop on the Côte d’Azur before Italy, the seaside town of Menton offers a glimpse of what the high life on the Riviera must have been like before the developers moved in. With its sunny climate, shady streets and pastel mansions – not to mention a lovely old port – it’s one of the most attractive towns on the entire coast. Menton’s old town is a cascade of pastel-coloured buildings. Add a fantastic museum dedicated to the great artist and film director Jean Cocteau, as well as several excellent restaurants, and Menton really is a must. (From lonely planet.com)
The Menton area has been inhabited since the palaeolithic era. The first major settlement was built in the XI century when the Count of Ventimiglia constructed the Château de Puypin. During the XIII century, the seigneur of Puypin fell to the Vento family of Genoa. Menton was thus incorporated into the Republic of Genoa. Then the town was mentioned in the peace treaty between Provence and the Republic of Genoa. The treatment stabilized that Menton became a part of Liguria. However, in the XIV century the town was acquired by the Lords of Monaco and again became a part of France. It remained French until the XIX century. Then, together with the Republic of Genoa became a part of the Kingdom of Sardinia. However, in 1860 France called for the annexation of Menton and the whole County of Nice to France. For this reason, a plebiscite was organized and as its result, Menton and County of Nice became a part of France. (From thatsliguria.com)
Taken with a Contessa Nettel (later Zeiss Ikon) Ideal 9x12 cm large format camera (handheld, focus by guesstimate) with a 15 cm Carl Zeiss Tessar lens on Ilford FP4+ film. Self developed in Kodak T-Max developer.
Minolta Dynax 505si Super
Carl Zeiss Jena Flektogon 35mm/f2.4
Ilford HP5+ @1600
Foma Fomadon Excel (stock, 20C for 13min)
Kiev 6C, Biometar 80/2.8, 6×6 cm 120mm rolfilm Fujicolor, studio. Shooting through the curved glass, scanner Epson 3200
Flexaret IV (1957), Fomapan 100
Developer: Fomadon LQN (21°C, 7m30s, 30s+10s)
Stop bath: Fomacitro (30s)
Fixer: Fomafix (4m)
Scanner: Canon CanoScan 9000F Mark II
Light meter: "Lux" app on my iPhone.
It only makes sense to start a CineFilm review with a CineFilm Developer, in this case a clone of Kodak D96. And you know, it works amazing. The results shine with amazing contrast, excellent grain, and sharpness.
You can read the full review online:
www.alexluyckx.com/blog/2025/03/04/film-review-blog-no-10...
Canon EOS Elan 7 - Canon Zoom Lens EF 28-105mm 1:3.5-4.5 USM - ORWO UN54+ @ ASA-100
Flic Film B/W Cine Film Developer (Stock) 6:00 @ 20C
Scanner: Epson V700 + Silverfast 9 SE
Editor: Adobe Photoshop CC
©2023 Gary L. Quay
We were out to the Oregon Coast with some cameras, and stopped at Garibaldi for supper, and got a few pictures of the marina while we were there. I had a bunch of film backs for the Hasselblad that needed emptying, so I finished off a few at this spot.
I used PMK Pyro as the developer for the first time in almost 10 years. I decided to try it again after I developed a really grainy roll of HP5 in Rodinal. I know that punchy grain is Rodinal's trademark, but I really did not want it for those pictures, so I am trying Pyro again to see if the grain situation can be improved.
I am trying to get down to one or two developers, and a handful of films. One of the films will be Ilford Ortho Plus. I didn't get much pyro stain with this roll, though. I used an acid stop, just like I did with the Rollei film the day before. The Rollei film has pyro stain, and the Ilford did not. I decided to use a fresh water bath next, and I did that today. I got lots of pyro stain. I may post that image soon.
Camera: Hasselblad 500CM
Lens: 40mm Zeiss Distagon
Film: Ilford Ortho Plus developed in PMK Pyro.
# #pnwexplored #hasselblad #oregonexplored #pacificnorthwest #garyquay #cascadiaexplored #outside #outdoors #oregon #onlyinoregon #viewfromhere #garibaldi #YourShotPhotographer #oregoncoast #filmphotography #mediumformat #6x6
My Website and Blog: Gary L. Quay Photography
On Twitter Gary L. Quay Photography
On Tumblr Gary L. Quay Photography
On Instagram Gary L. Quay Photography
On Facebook Gary L. Quay Photography
My stock portfolio on Shutterstock
My stock portfolio on iStock
My stock portfolio on Adobe
My stock portfolio on Alamy
My stock portfolio on Dreamstime
Feel free to join my Flickr groups
and Mosier, Oreogn
We have finally released the Developer Kit for our mesh heads!
Please share your advertisements in our flickr group, so our customers can find you: www.flickr.com/groups/4144858@N23/
Pinhole image on Fuji Provia 100 film. The developer was expired Tetenal E-6, and images came out vague, almost non-existant. I managed to dig out some tones with my scanner.
Shot with my converted 6x6 "Pinhof" camera on Woldwide Pinhole Photography day of 2021.
Testing times for D96 developer, I found this guy fishing on the Blanchard River. It's rare to see the river that low and to be able to steps on the falls, it would be even more rare if that guy caught anything.
Camera: Canon A-1, 50mm f1-4.
Film: Polypan F, ISO 50, expired 2015. FPPD-96 developer, 68 Degree, 8 minutes, 30 seconds, slow but continuous agitation in the Lab Box.
@ kujyu-kuri hama, chiba, apr/2011
Hasselblad 503cx
Carl Zeiss CF T* Planar 80mm F2.8
Kodak 400TX (Kodak TMAX Developer 1:4 )
--
"悲惨な現実を前にしても云おう。
波の音は、さざ波のような調べでないかもしれない。荒れ狂う鉛色の波の音かもしれない。
時に、孤独を直視せよ。
海原の前に一人立て。自分の夢が何であるか。海に向かって問え。
青春とは、孤独を直視することなのだ。直視の自由を得ることなのだ。大学に行くということの豊潤さを、自由の時に変えるのだ。自己が管理する時間を、ダイナミックに手中におさめよ。流れに任せて、時間の空費にうつつを抜かすな。
いかなる困難に出会おうとも、自己を直視すること以外に道はない。
いかに悲しみの涙の淵に沈もうとも、それを直視することの他に我々にすべはない。
海を見つめ、大海に出よ。
嵐にたけり狂っていても海に出よ。"
--卒業式を中止した立教新座高校3年生諸君へ。（校長メッセージ）
niiza.rikkyo.ac.jp/news/2011/03/8549/
This photo is the end of the series.
--
My comments will delay..
As promised since our update to the Venus, Isis and Freya bodies are now complete and our developer kits have been updated we will now reopen our applications to apply to be a Belleza Mesh Creator....
Details on our blog: BELLEZA MESH CREATOR APPLICATION & AGREEMENT – NOW OPEN!
In the 1950s, developers envisioned transforming Assateague Island, Maryland, into a bustling resort community akin to nearby Ocean City. Central to this plan was the construction of Baltimore Boulevard, a nearly 15-mile-long road intended to serve as the main thoroughfare for the proposed development.
Development Plans:
•Ocean Beach Subdivision: A group of investors, led by Leon Ackerman, acquired approximately 15 miles of Assateague’s oceanfront property. They commissioned the subdivision of this land into residential and commercial lots, marketing them under the name “Ocean Beach.” Prospective buyers were transported to the island to view and purchase plots, with prices ranging from $1,250 to $8,500 as of September 1954.
•Infrastructure Initiatives: To support the envisioned community, developers constructed Baltimore Boulevard, installed numbered street signs for planned lateral streets, and launched extensive sales campaigns targeting metropolitan areas. The opening of the Chesapeake Bay Bridge in 1955 further bolstered interest, making the Eastern Shore more accessible to potential investors and residents.
Impact of the 1962 Storm:
The ambitious development plans came to an abrupt halt in March 1962 when a powerful nor’easter, known as the Ash Wednesday Storm, struck the Mid-Atlantic coast. This three-day storm devastated much of the existing infrastructure on Assateague Island, including significant damage to Baltimore Boulevard. The destruction underscored the island’s vulnerability to natural forces, leading to the abandonment of large-scale development projects.
Preservation Efforts:
In the aftermath of the storm, momentum shifted towards conservation. Recognizing the island’s unique ecosystem and the challenges of sustainable development, efforts intensified to protect Assateague from future commercial exploitation. These endeavors culminated in 1965 with the establishment of the Assateague Island National Seashore, ensuring the preservation of the island’s natural landscapes for public enjoyment and safeguarding it from extensive private development.
Today, remnants of Baltimore Boulevard can still be found on Assateague Island, serving as historical markers of past development ambitions and nature’s resilience. The island now stands as a testament to successful conservation efforts, offering visitors pristine beaches, diverse wildlife, and a glimpse into a landscape that narrowly escaped extensive urbanization.
Fort Custer Recreation Area near Augusta, Michigan. January 9, 2016.
Pentax Mz-S
FA 28-105 f4-5.6
Kentmere 400 rated @400
Tmax developer 1+4, 6min @ 20c
Toned image from scanned B&W exposure. My first experiment with Tmax developer and K400.
16-00575_tu6
UN 54 film developed in PMK developer. This developer is a bit different as it really enhances the greyscale
1/6
I AM TOLD THAT THE DEVELOPERS KIT WILL BE OUT IN APRIL FOR THIS AVI !
THE SKIN SHOWN ON THIS SHAPE IS FROM TELLAQ !
WITH TELLAQ SKINS LOADS OF HAIRBASES AND BEARDS /EYEBROWS ARE ALL INCLUDED ..
marketplace.secondlife.com/p/SHAPEshifters-GERRARD-SHAPE-...
Canyonlands National Park is an American national park located in southeastern Utah near the town of Moab. The park preserves a colorful landscape eroded into numerous canyons, mesas, and buttes by the Colorado River, the Green River, and their respective tributaries. Legislation creating the park was signed into law by President Lyndon Johnson on September 12, 1964.
The park is divided into four districts: the Island in the Sky, the Needles, the Maze, and the combined rivers—the Green and Colorado—which carved two large canyons into the Colorado Plateau. While these areas share a primitive desert atmosphere, each retains its own character. Author Edward Abbey, a frequent visitor, described the Canyonlands as "the most weird, wonderful, magical place on earth—there is nothing else like it anywhere."
In the early 1950s, Bates Wilson, then superintendent of Arches National Monument, began exploring the area to the south and west of Moab, Utah. After seeing what is now known as the Needles District of Canyonlands National Park, Wilson began advocating for the establishment of a new national park that would include the Needles. Additional explorations by Wilson and others expanded the areas proposed for inclusion into the new national park to include the confluence of Green and Colorado rivers, the Maze District, and Horseshoe Canyon.
In 1961, Secretary of the Interior Stewart Udall was scheduled to address a conference at Grand Canyon National Park. On his flight to the conference, he flew over the Confluence (where the Colorado and Green rivers meet). The view apparently sparked Udall's interest in Wilson's proposal for a new national park in that area and Udall began promoting the establishment of Canyonlands National Park.
Utah Senator Frank Moss first introduced legislation into Congress to create Canyonlands National Park. His legislation attempted to satisfy both nature preservationists' and commercial developers' interests. Over the next four years, his proposal was struck down, debated, revised, and reintroduced to Congress many times before being passed and signed into creation.
In September, 1964, after several years of debate, President Lyndon B. Johnson signed Pub.L. 88–590, which established Canyonlands National Park as a new national park. Bates Wilson became the first superintendent of the new park and is often referred to as the "Father of Canyonlands."
The Colorado River and Green River combine within the park, dividing it into three districts called the Island in the Sky, the Needles, and the Maze. The Colorado River flows through Cataract Canyon below its confluence with the Green River.
The Island in the Sky district is a broad and level mesa in the northern section of the park, between the Colorado and Green rivers. The district has many viewpoints overlooking the White Rim, a sandstone bench 1,200 feet (370 m) below the Island, and the rivers, which are another 1,000 feet (300 m) below the White Rim.
The Needles district is located south of the Island in the Sky, on the east side of the Colorado River. The district is named for the red and white banded rock pinnacles which are a major feature of the area. Various other naturally sculpted rock formations are also within this district, including grabens, potholes, and arches. Unlike Arches National Park, where many arches are accessible by short to moderate hikes, most of the arches in the Needles district lie in backcountry canyons, requiring long hikes or four-wheel drive trips to reach them.
The Ancestral Puebloans inhabited this area and some of their stone and mud dwellings are well-preserved, although the items and tools they used were mostly removed by looters. The Ancestral Puebloans also created rock art in the form of petroglyphs, most notably on Newspaper Rock along the Needles access road.
The Maze district is located west of the Colorado and Green rivers. The Maze is the least accessible section of the park, and one of the most remote and inaccessible areas of the United States.
A geographically detached section of the park located north of the Maze district, Horseshoe Canyon contains panels of rock art made by hunter-gatherers from the Late Archaic Period (2000-1000 BC) pre-dating the Ancestral Puebloans. Originally called Barrier Canyon, Horseshoe's artifacts, dwellings, pictographs, and murals are some of the oldest in America. The images depicting horses date from after 1540 AD, when the Spanish reintroduced horses to America.
Since the 1950s, scientists have been studying an area of 200 acres (81 ha) completely surrounded by cliffs. The cliffs have prevented cattle from ever grazing on the area's 62 acres (25 ha) of grassland. According to the scientists, the site may contain the largest undisturbed grassland in the Four Corners region. Studies have continued biannually since the mid-1990s. The area has been closed to the public since 1993 to maintain the nearly pristine environment.
Mammals that roam this park include black bears, coyotes, skunks, bats, elk, foxes, bobcats, badgers, ring-tailed cats, pronghorns, desert bighorn sheep, and cougars. Desert cottontails, kangaroo rats and mule deer are commonly seen by visitors.
At least 273 species of birds inhabit the park. A variety of hawks and eagles are found, including the Cooper's hawk, the northern goshawk, the sharp-shinned hawk, the red-tailed hawk, the golden and bald eagles, the rough-legged hawk, the Swainson's hawk, and the northern harrier. Several species of owls are found, including the great horned owl, the northern saw-whet owl, the western screech owl, and the Mexican spotted owl. Grebes, woodpeckers, ravens, herons, flycatchers, crows, bluebirds, wrens, warblers, blackbirds, orioles, goldfinches, swallows, sparrows, ducks, quail, grouse, pheasants, hummingbirds, falcons, gulls, and ospreys are some of the other birds that can be found.
Several reptiles can be found, including eleven species of lizards and eight species of snake (including the midget faded rattlesnake). The common kingsnake and prairie rattlesnake have been reported in the park, but not confirmed by the National Park Service.
The park is home to six confirmed amphibian species, including the red-spotted toad, Woodhouse's toad, American bullfrog, northern leopard frog, Great Basin spadefoot toad, and tiger salamander. The canyon tree frog was reported to be in the park in 2000, but was not confirmed during a study in 2004.
Canyonlands National Park contains a wide variety of plant life, including 11 cactus species,[34] 20 moss species, liverworts, grasses and wildflowers. Varieties of trees include netleaf hackberry, Russian olive, Utah juniper, pinyon pine, tamarisk, and Fremont's cottonwood. Shrubs include Mormon tea, blackbrush, four-wing saltbush, cliffrose, littleleaf mountain mahogany, and snakeweed
Cryptobiotic soil is the foundation of life in Canyonlands, providing nitrogen fixation and moisture for plant seeds. One footprint can destroy decades of growth.
According to the Köppen climate classification system, Canyonlands National Park has a cold semi-arid climate ("BSk"). The plant hardiness zones at the Island in the Sky and Needles District Visitor Centers are 7a with an average annual extreme minimum air temperature of 4.0 °F (-15.6 °C) and 2.9 °F (-16.2 °C), respectively.
The National Weather Service has maintained two cooperative weather stations in the park since June 1965. Official data documents the desert climate with less than 10 inches (250 millimetres) of annual rainfall, as well as hot, mostly dry summers and cold, occasionally wet winters. Snowfall is generally light during the winter.
The station in The Neck region reports an average January temperature of 29.6 °F and an average July temperature of 79.3 °F. Average July temperatures range from a high of 90.8 °F (32.7 °C) to a low of 67.9 °F (19.9 °C). There are an average of 45.7 days with highs of 90 °F (32 °C) or higher and an average of 117.3 days with lows of 32 °F (0 °C) or lower. The highest recorded temperature was 105 °F (41 °C) on July 15, 2005, and the lowest recorded temperature was −13 °F (−25 °C) on February 6, 1989. Average annual precipitation is 9.33 inches (237 mm). There are an average of 59 days with measurable precipitation. The wettest year was 1984, with 13.66 in (347 mm), and the driest year was 1989, with 4.63 in (118 mm). The most precipitation in one month was 5.19 in (132 mm) in October 2006. The most precipitation in 24 hours was 1.76 in (45 mm) on April 9, 1978. Average annual snowfall is 22.8 in (58 cm). The most snowfall in one year was 47.4 in (120 cm) in 1975, and the most snowfall in one month was 27.0 in (69 cm) in January 1978.
The station in The Needles region reports an average January temperature of 29.7 °F and an average July temperature of 79.1 °F.[44] Average July temperatures range from a high of 95.4 °F (35.2 °C) to a low of 62.4 °F (16.9 °C). There are an average of 75.4 days with highs of 90 °F (32 °C) or higher and an average of 143.6 days with lows of 32 °F (0 °C) or lower. The highest recorded temperature was 107 °F (42 °C) on July 13, 1971, and the lowest recorded temperature was −16 °F (−27 °C) on January 16, 1971. Average annual precipitation is 8.49 in (216 mm). There are an average of 56 days with measurable precipitation. The wettest year was 1969, with 11.19 in (284 mm), and the driest year was 1989, with 4.25 in (108 mm). The most precipitation in one month was 4.43 in (113 mm) in October 1972. The most precipitation in 24 hours was 1.56 in (40 mm) on September 17, 1999. Average annual snowfall is 14.4 in (37 cm). The most snowfall in one year was 39.3 in (100 cm) in 1975, and the most snowfall in one month was 24.0 in (61 cm) in March 1985.
National parks in the Western US are more affected by climate change than the country as a whole, and the National Park Service has begun research into how exactly this will effect the ecosystem of Canyonlands National Park and the surrounding areas and ways to protect the park for the future. The mean annual temperature of Canyonlands National Park increased by 2.6 °F (1.4 °C) from 1916 to 2018. It is predicted that if current warming trends continue, the average highs in the park during the summer will be over 100 °F (40 °C) by 2100. In addition to warming, the region has begun to see more severe and frequent droughts which causes native grass cover to decrease and a lower flow of the Colorado River. The flows of the Upper Colorado Basin have decreased by 300,000 acre⋅ft (370,000,000 m3) per year, which has led to a decreased amount of sediment carried by the river and rockier rapids which are more frequently impassable to rafters. The area has also begun to see an earlier spring, which will lead to changes in the timing of leaves and flowers blooming and migrational patterns of wildlife that could lead to food shortages for the wildlife, as well as a longer fire season.
The National Park Service is currently closely monitoring the impacts of climate change in Canyonlands National Park in order to create management strategies that will best help conserve the park's landscapes and ecosystems for the long term. Although the National Park Service's original goal was to preserve landscapes as they were before European colonization, they have now switched to a more adaptive management strategy with the ultimate goal of conserving the biodiversity of the park. The NPS is collaborating with other organizations including the US Geological Survey, local indigenous tribes, and nearby universities in order to create a management plan for the national park. Right now, there is a focus on research into which native plants will be most resistant to climate change so that the park can decide on what to prioritize in conservation efforts. The Canyonlands Natural History Association has been giving money to the US Geological Survey to fund this and other climate related research. They gave $30,000 in 2019 and $61,000 in 2020.
A subsiding basin and nearby uplifting mountain range (the Uncompahgre) existed in the area in Pennsylvanian time. Seawater trapped in the subsiding basin created thick evaporite deposits by Mid Pennsylvanian. This, along with eroded material from the nearby mountain range, became the Paradox Formation, itself a part of the Hermosa Group. Paradox salt beds started to flow later in the Pennsylvanian and probably continued to move until the end of the Jurassic. Some scientists believe Upheaval Dome was created from Paradox salt bed movement, creating a salt dome, but more modern studies show that the meteorite theory is more likely to be correct.
A warm shallow sea again flooded the region near the end of the Pennsylvanian. Fossil-rich limestones, sandstones, and shales of the gray-colored Honaker Trail Formation resulted. A period of erosion then ensued, creating a break in the geologic record called an unconformity. Early in the Permian an advancing sea laid down the Halgaito Shale. Coastal lowlands later returned to the area, forming the Elephant Canyon Formation.
Large alluvial fans filled the basin where it met the Uncompahgre Mountains, creating the Cutler red beds of iron-rich arkose sandstone. Underwater sand bars and sand dunes on the coast inter-fingered with the red beds and later became the white-colored cliff-forming Cedar Mesa Sandstone. Brightly colored oxidized muds were then deposited, forming the Organ Rock Shale. Coastal sand dunes and marine sand bars once again became dominant, creating the White Rim Sandstone.
A second unconformity was created after the Permian sea retreated. Flood plains on an expansive lowland covered the eroded surface and mud built up in tidal flats, creating the Moenkopi Formation. Erosion returned, forming a third unconformity. The Chinle Formation was then laid down on top of this eroded surface.
Increasingly dry climates dominated the Triassic. Therefore, sand in the form of sand dunes invaded and became the Wingate Sandstone. For a time climatic conditions became wetter and streams cut channels through the sand dunes, forming the Kayenta Formation. Arid conditions returned to the region with a vengeance; a large desert spread over much of western North America and later became the Navajo Sandstone. A fourth unconformity was created by a period of erosion.
Mud flats returned, forming the Carmel Formation, and the Entrada Sandstone was laid down next. A long period of erosion stripped away most of the San Rafael Group in the area, along with any formations that may have been laid down in the Cretaceous period.
The Laramide orogeny started to uplift the Rocky Mountains 70 million years ago and with it, the Canyonlands region. Erosion intensified and when the Colorado River Canyon reached the salt beds of the Paradox Formation the overlying strata extended toward the river canyon, forming features such as The Grabens. Increased precipitation during the ice ages of the Pleistocene quickened the rate of canyon excavation along with other erosion. Similar types of erosion are ongoing, but occur at a slower rate.
Utah is a landlocked state in the Mountain West subregion of the Western United States. It borders Colorado to its east, Wyoming to its northeast, Idaho to its north, Arizona to its south, and Nevada to its west. Utah also touches a corner of New Mexico in the southeast. Of the fifty U.S. states, Utah is the 13th-largest by area; with a population over three million, it is the 30th-most-populous and 11th-least-densely populated. Urban development is mostly concentrated in two areas: the Wasatch Front in the north-central part of the state, which is home to roughly two-thirds of the population and includes the capital city, Salt Lake City; and Washington County in the southwest, with more than 180,000 residents. Most of the western half of Utah lies in the Great Basin.
Utah has been inhabited for thousands of years by various indigenous groups such as the ancient Puebloans, Navajo, and Ute. The Spanish were the first Europeans to arrive in the mid-16th century, though the region's difficult geography and harsh climate made it a peripheral part of New Spain and later Mexico. Even while it was Mexican territory, many of Utah's earliest settlers were American, particularly Mormons fleeing marginalization and persecution from the United States via the Mormon Trail. Following the Mexican–American War in 1848, the region was annexed by the U.S., becoming part of the Utah Territory, which included what is now Colorado and Nevada. Disputes between the dominant Mormon community and the federal government delayed Utah's admission as a state; only after the outlawing of polygamy was it admitted in 1896 as the 45th.
People from Utah are known as Utahns. Slightly over half of all Utahns are Mormons, the vast majority of whom are members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), which has its world headquarters in Salt Lake City; Utah is the only state where a majority of the population belongs to a single church. A 2023 paper challenged this perception (claiming only 42% of Utahns are Mormons) however most statistics still show a majority of Utah residents belong to the LDS church; estimates from the LDS church suggests 60.68% of Utah's population belongs to the church whilst some sources put the number as high as 68%. The paper replied that membership count done by the LDS Church is too high for several reasons. The LDS Church greatly influences Utahn culture, politics, and daily life, though since the 1990s the state has become more religiously diverse as well as secular.
Utah has a highly diversified economy, with major sectors including transportation, education, information technology and research, government services, mining, multi-level marketing, and tourism. Utah has been one of the fastest growing states since 2000, with the 2020 U.S. census confirming the fastest population growth in the nation since 2010. St. George was the fastest-growing metropolitan area in the United States from 2000 to 2005. Utah ranks among the overall best states in metrics such as healthcare, governance, education, and infrastructure. It has the 12th-highest median average income and the least income inequality of any U.S. state. Over time and influenced by climate change, droughts in Utah have been increasing in frequency and severity, putting a further strain on Utah's water security and impacting the state's economy.
The History of Utah is an examination of the human history and social activity within the state of Utah located in the western United States.
Archaeological evidence dates the earliest habitation of humans in Utah to about 10,000 to 12,000 years ago. Paleolithic people lived near the Great Basin's swamps and marshes, which had an abundance of fish, birds, and small game animals. Big game, including bison, mammoths and ground sloths, also were attracted to these water sources. Over the centuries, the mega-fauna died, this population was replaced by the Desert Archaic people, who sheltered in caves near the Great Salt Lake. Relying more on gathering than the previous Utah residents, their diet was mainly composed of cattails and other salt tolerant plants such as pickleweed, burro weed and sedge. Red meat appears to have been more of a luxury, although these people used nets and the atlatl to hunt water fowl, ducks, small animals and antelope. Artifacts include nets woven with plant fibers and rabbit skin, woven sandals, gaming sticks, and animal figures made from split-twigs. About 3,500 years ago, lake levels rose and the population of Desert Archaic people appears to have dramatically decreased. The Great Basin may have been almost unoccupied for 1,000 years.
The Fremont culture, named from sites near the Fremont River in Utah, lived in what is now north and western Utah and parts of Nevada, Idaho and Colorado from approximately 600 to 1300 AD. These people lived in areas close to water sources that had been previously occupied by the Desert Archaic people, and may have had some relationship with them. However, their use of new technologies define them as a distinct people. Fremont technologies include:
use of the bow and arrow while hunting,
building pithouse shelters,
growing maize and probably beans and squash,
building above ground granaries of adobe or stone,
creating and decorating low-fired pottery ware,
producing art, including jewelry and rock art such as petroglyphs and pictographs.
The ancient Puebloan culture, also known as the Anasazi, occupied territory adjacent to the Fremont. The ancestral Puebloan culture centered on the present-day Four Corners area of the Southwest United States, including the San Juan River region of Utah. Archaeologists debate when this distinct culture emerged, but cultural development seems to date from about the common era, about 500 years before the Fremont appeared. It is generally accepted that the cultural peak of these people was around the 1200 CE. Ancient Puebloan culture is known for well constructed pithouses and more elaborate adobe and masonry dwellings. They were excellent craftsmen, producing turquoise jewelry and fine pottery. The Puebloan culture was based on agriculture, and the people created and cultivated fields of maize, beans, and squash and domesticated turkeys. They designed and produced elaborate field terracing and irrigation systems. They also built structures, some known as kivas, apparently designed solely for cultural and religious rituals.
These two later cultures were roughly contemporaneous, and appear to have established trading relationships. They also shared enough cultural traits that archaeologists believe the cultures may have common roots in the early American Southwest. However, each remained culturally distinct throughout most of their existence. These two well established cultures appear to have been severely impacted by climatic change and perhaps by the incursion of new people in about 1200 CE. Over the next two centuries, the Fremont and ancient Pueblo people may have moved into the American southwest, finding new homes and farmlands in the river drainages of Arizona, New Mexico and northern Mexico.
In about 1200, Shoshonean speaking peoples entered Utah territory from the west. They may have originated in southern California and moved into the desert environment due to population pressure along the coast. They were an upland people with a hunting and gathering lifestyle utilizing roots and seeds, including the pinyon nut. They were also skillful fishermen, created pottery and raised some crops. When they first arrived in Utah, they lived as small family groups with little tribal organization. Four main Shoshonean peoples inhabited Utah country. The Shoshone in the north and northeast, the Gosiutes in the northwest, the Utes in the central and eastern parts of the region and the Southern Paiutes in the southwest. Initially, there seems to have been very little conflict between these groups.
In the early 16th century, the San Juan River basin in Utah's southeast also saw a new people, the Díne or Navajo, part of a greater group of plains Athabaskan speakers moved into the Southwest from the Great Plains. In addition to the Navajo, this language group contained people that were later known as Apaches, including the Lipan, Jicarilla, and Mescalero Apaches.
Athabaskans were a hunting people who initially followed the bison, and were identified in 16th-century Spanish accounts as "dog nomads". The Athabaskans expanded their range throughout the 17th century, occupying areas the Pueblo peoples had abandoned during prior centuries. The Spanish first specifically mention the "Apachu de Nabajo" (Navaho) in the 1620s, referring to the people in the Chama valley region east of the San Juan River, and north west of Santa Fe. By the 1640s, the term Navaho was applied to these same people. Although the Navajo newcomers established a generally peaceful trading and cultural exchange with the some modern Pueblo peoples to the south, they experienced intermittent warfare with the Shoshonean peoples, particularly the Utes in eastern Utah and western Colorado.
At the time of European expansion, beginning with Spanish explorers traveling from Mexico, five distinct native peoples occupied territory within the Utah area: the Northern Shoshone, the Goshute, the Ute, the Paiute and the Navajo.
The Spanish explorer Francisco Vázquez de Coronado may have crossed into what is now southern Utah in 1540, when he was seeking the legendary Cíbola.
A group led by two Spanish Catholic priests—sometimes called the Domínguez–Escalante expedition—left Santa Fe in 1776, hoping to find a route to the California coast. The expedition traveled as far north as Utah Lake and encountered the native residents. All of what is now Utah was claimed by the Spanish Empire from the 1500s to 1821 as part of New Spain (later as the province Alta California); and subsequently claimed by Mexico from 1821 to 1848. However, Spain and Mexico had little permanent presence in, or control of, the region.
Fur trappers (also known as mountain men) including Jim Bridger, explored some regions of Utah in the early 19th century. The city of Provo was named for one such man, Étienne Provost, who visited the area in 1825. The city of Ogden, Utah is named for a brigade leader of the Hudson's Bay Company, Peter Skene Ogden who trapped in the Weber Valley. In 1846, a year before the arrival of members from the Church of Jesus Christ of latter-day Saints, the ill-fated Donner Party crossed through the Salt Lake valley late in the season, deciding not to stay the winter there but to continue forward to California, and beyond.
Members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, commonly known as Mormon pioneers, first came to the Salt Lake Valley on July 24, 1847. At the time, the U.S. had already captured the Mexican territories of Alta California and New Mexico in the Mexican–American War and planned to keep them, but those territories, including the future state of Utah, officially became United States territory upon the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, February 2, 1848. The treaty was ratified by the United States Senate on March 10, 1848.
Upon arrival in the Salt Lake Valley, the Mormon pioneers found no permanent settlement of Indians. Other areas along the Wasatch Range were occupied at the time of settlement by the Northwestern Shoshone and adjacent areas by other bands of Shoshone such as the Gosiute. The Northwestern Shoshone lived in the valleys on the eastern shore of Great Salt Lake and in adjacent mountain valleys. Some years after arriving in the Salt Lake Valley Mormons, who went on to colonize many other areas of what is now Utah, were petitioned by Indians for recompense for land taken. The response of Heber C. Kimball, first counselor to Brigham Young, was that the land belonged to "our Father in Heaven and we expect to plow and plant it." A 1945 Supreme Court decision found that the land had been treated by the United States as public domain; no aboriginal title by the Northwestern Shoshone had been recognized by the United States or extinguished by treaty with the United States.
Upon arriving in the Salt Lake Valley, the Mormons had to make a place to live. They created irrigation systems, laid out farms, built houses, churches, and schools. Access to water was crucially important. Almost immediately, Brigham Young set out to identify and claim additional community sites. While it was difficult to find large areas in the Great Basin where water sources were dependable and growing seasons long enough to raise vitally important subsistence crops, satellite communities began to be formed.
Shortly after the first company arrived in the Salt Lake Valley in 1847, the community of Bountiful was settled to the north. In 1848, settlers moved into lands purchased from trapper Miles Goodyear in present-day Ogden. In 1849, Tooele and Provo were founded. Also that year, at the invitation of Ute chief Wakara, settlers moved into the Sanpete Valley in central Utah to establish the community of Manti. Fillmore, Utah, intended to be the capital of the new territory, was established in 1851. In 1855, missionary efforts aimed at western native cultures led to outposts in Fort Lemhi, Idaho, Las Vegas, Nevada and Elk Mountain in east-central Utah.
The experiences of returning members of the Mormon Battalion were also important in establishing new communities. On their journey west, the Mormon soldiers had identified dependable rivers and fertile river valleys in Colorado, Arizona and southern California. In addition, as the men traveled to rejoin their families in the Salt Lake Valley, they moved through southern Nevada and the eastern segments of southern Utah. Jefferson Hunt, a senior Mormon officer of the Battalion, actively searched for settlement sites, minerals, and other resources. His report encouraged 1851 settlement efforts in Iron County, near present-day Cedar City. These southern explorations eventually led to Mormon settlements in St. George, Utah, Las Vegas and San Bernardino, California, as well as communities in southern Arizona.
Prior to establishment of the Oregon and California trails and Mormon settlement, Indians native to the Salt Lake Valley and adjacent areas lived by hunting buffalo and other game, but also gathered grass seed from the bountiful grass of the area as well as roots such as those of the Indian Camas. By the time of settlement, indeed before 1840, the buffalo were gone from the valley, but hunting by settlers and grazing of cattle severely impacted the Indians in the area, and as settlement expanded into nearby river valleys and oases, indigenous tribes experienced increasing difficulty in gathering sufficient food. Brigham Young's counsel was to feed the hungry tribes, and that was done, but it was often not enough. These tensions formed the background to the Bear River massacre committed by California Militia stationed in Salt Lake City during the Civil War. The site of the massacre is just inside Preston, Idaho, but was generally thought to be within Utah at the time.
Statehood was petitioned for in 1849-50 using the name Deseret. The proposed State of Deseret would have been quite large, encompassing all of what is now Utah, and portions of Colorado, Idaho, Nevada, Wyoming, Arizona, Oregon, New Mexico and California. The name of Deseret was favored by the LDS leader Brigham Young as a symbol of industry and was derived from a reference in the Book of Mormon. The petition was rejected by Congress and Utah did not become a state until 1896, following the Utah Constitutional Convention of 1895.
In 1850, the Utah Territory was created with the Compromise of 1850, and Fillmore (named after President Fillmore) was designated the capital. In 1856, Salt Lake City replaced Fillmore as the territorial capital.
The first group of pioneers brought African slaves with them, making Utah the only place in the western United States to have African slavery. Three slaves, Green Flake, Hark Lay, and Oscar Crosby, came west with this first group in 1847. The settlers also began to purchase Indian slaves in the well-established Indian slave trade, as well as enslaving Indian prisoners of war. In 1850, 26 slaves were counted in Salt Lake County. Slavery didn't become officially recognized until 1852, when the Act in Relation to Service and the Act for the relief of Indian Slaves and Prisoners were passed. Slavery was repealed on June 19, 1862, when Congress prohibited slavery in all US territories.
Disputes between the Mormon inhabitants and the federal government intensified after the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints' practice of polygamy became known. The polygamous practices of the Mormons, which were made public in 1854, would be one of the major reasons Utah was denied statehood until almost 50 years after the Mormons had entered the area.
After news of their polygamous practices spread, the members of the LDS Church were quickly viewed by some as un-American and rebellious. In 1857, after news of a possible rebellion spread, President James Buchanan sent troops on the Utah expedition to quell the growing unrest and to replace Brigham Young as territorial governor with Alfred Cumming. The expedition was also known as the Utah War.
As fear of invasion grew, Mormon settlers had convinced some Paiute Indians to aid in a Mormon-led attack on 120 immigrants from Arkansas under the guise of Indian aggression. The murder of these settlers became known as the Mountain Meadows massacre. The Mormon leadership had adopted a defensive posture that led to a ban on the selling of grain to outsiders in preparation for an impending war. This chafed pioneers traveling through the region, who were unable to purchase badly needed supplies. A disagreement between some of the Arkansas pioneers and the Mormons in Cedar City led to the secret planning of the massacre by a few Mormon leaders in the area. Some scholars debate the involvement of Brigham Young. Only one man, John D. Lee, was ever convicted of the murders, and he was executed at the massacre site.
Express riders had brought the news 1,000 miles from the Missouri River settlements to Salt Lake City within about two weeks of the army's beginning to march west. Fearing the worst as 2,500 troops (roughly 1/3rd of the army then) led by General Albert Sidney Johnston started west, Brigham Young ordered all residents of Salt Lake City and neighboring communities to prepare their homes for burning and evacuate southward to Utah Valley and southern Utah. Young also sent out a few units of the Nauvoo Legion (numbering roughly 8,000–10,000), to delay the army's advance. The majority he sent into the mountains to prepare defenses or south to prepare for a scorched earth retreat. Although some army wagon supply trains were captured and burned and herds of army horses and cattle run off no serious fighting occurred. Starting late and short on supplies, the United States Army camped during the bitter winter of 1857–58 near a burned out Fort Bridger in Wyoming. Through the negotiations between emissary Thomas L. Kane, Young, Cumming and Johnston, control of Utah territory was peacefully transferred to Cumming, who entered an eerily vacant Salt Lake City in the spring of 1858. By agreement with Young, Johnston established the army at Fort Floyd 40 miles away from Salt Lake City, to the southwest.
Salt Lake City was the last link of the First Transcontinental Telegraph, between Carson City, Nevada and Omaha, Nebraska completed in October 1861. Brigham Young, who had helped expedite construction, was among the first to send a message, along with Abraham Lincoln and other officials. Soon after the telegraph line was completed, the Deseret Telegraph Company built the Deseret line connecting the settlements in the territory with Salt Lake City and, by extension, the rest of the United States.
Because of the American Civil War, federal troops were pulled out of Utah Territory (and their fort auctioned off), leaving the territorial government in federal hands without army backing until General Patrick E. Connor arrived with the 3rd Regiment of California Volunteers in 1862. While in Utah, Connor and his troops soon became discontent with this assignment wanting to head to Virginia where the "real" fighting and glory was occurring. Connor established Fort Douglas just three miles (5 km) east of Salt Lake City and encouraged his bored and often idle soldiers to go out and explore for mineral deposits to bring more non-Mormons into the state. Minerals were discovered in Tooele County, and some miners began to come to the territory. Conner also solved the Shoshone Indian problem in Cache Valley Utah by luring the Shoshone into a midwinter confrontation on January 29, 1863. The armed conflict quickly turned into a rout, discipline among the soldiers broke down, and the Battle of Bear River is today usually referred to by historians as the Bear River Massacre. Between 200 and 400 Shoshone men, women and children were killed, as were 27 soldiers, with over 50 more soldiers wounded or suffering from frostbite.
Beginning in 1865, Utah's Black Hawk War developed into the deadliest conflict in the territory's history. Chief Antonga Black Hawk died in 1870, but fights continued to break out until additional federal troops were sent in to suppress the Ghost Dance of 1872. The war is unique among Indian Wars because it was a three-way conflict, with mounted Timpanogos Utes led by Antonga Black Hawk fighting federal and Utah local militia.
On May 10, 1869, the First transcontinental railroad was completed at Promontory Summit, north of the Great Salt Lake. The railroad brought increasing numbers of people into the state, and several influential businessmen made fortunes in the territory.
Main article: Latter Day Saint polygamy in the late-19th century
During the 1870s and 1880s, federal laws were passed and federal marshals assigned to enforce the laws against polygamy. In the 1890 Manifesto, the LDS Church leadership dropped its approval of polygamy citing divine revelation. When Utah applied for statehood again in 1895, it was accepted. Statehood was officially granted on January 4, 1896.
The Mormon issue made the situation for women the topic of nationwide controversy. In 1870 the Utah Territory, controlled by Mormons, gave women the right to vote. However, in 1887, Congress disenfranchised Utah women with the Edmunds–Tucker Act. In 1867–96, eastern activists promoted women's suffrage in Utah as an experiment, and as a way to eliminate polygamy. They were Presbyterians and other Protestants convinced that Mormonism was a non-Christian cult that grossly mistreated women. The Mormons promoted woman suffrage to counter the negative image of downtrodden Mormon women. With the 1890 Manifesto clearing the way for statehood, in 1895 Utah adopted a constitution restoring the right of women's suffrage. Congress admitted Utah as a state with that constitution in 1896.
Though less numerous than other intermountain states at the time, several lynching murders for alleged misdeeds occurred in Utah territory at the hand of vigilantes. Those documented include the following, with their ethnicity or national origin noted in parentheses if it was provided in the source:
William Torrington in Carson City (then a part of Utah territory), 1859
Thomas Coleman (Black man) in Salt Lake City, 1866
3 unidentified men at Wahsatch, winter of 1868
A Black man in Uintah, 1869
Charles A. Benson in Logan, 1873
Ah Sing (Chinese man) in Corinne, 1874
Thomas Forrest in St. George, 1880
William Harvey (Black man) in Salt Lake City, 1883
John Murphy in Park City, 1883
George Segal (Japanese man) in Ogden, 1884
Joseph Fisher in Eureka, 1886
Robert Marshall (Black man) in Castle Gate, 1925
Other lynchings in Utah territory include multiple instances of mass murder of Native American children, women, and men by White settlers including the Battle Creek massacre (1849), Provo River Massacre (1850), Nephi massacre (1853), and Circleville Massacre (1866).
Beginning in the early 20th century, with the establishment of such national parks as Bryce Canyon National Park and Zion National Park, Utah began to become known for its natural beauty. Southern Utah became a popular filming spot for arid, rugged scenes, and such natural landmarks as Delicate Arch and "the Mittens" of Monument Valley are instantly recognizable to most national residents. During the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s, with the construction of the Interstate highway system, accessibility to the southern scenic areas was made easier.
Beginning in 1939, with the establishment of Alta Ski Area, Utah has become world-renowned for its skiing. The dry, powdery snow of the Wasatch Range is considered some of the best skiing in the world. Salt Lake City won the bid for the 2002 Winter Olympics in 1995, and this has served as a great boost to the economy. The ski resorts have increased in popularity, and many of the Olympic venues scattered across the Wasatch Front continue to be used for sporting events. This also spurred the development of the light-rail system in the Salt Lake Valley, known as TRAX, and the re-construction of the freeway system around the city.
During the late 20th century, the state grew quickly. In the 1970s, growth was phenomenal in the suburbs. Sandy was one of the fastest-growing cities in the country at that time, and West Valley City is the state's 2nd most populous city. Today, many areas of Utah are seeing phenomenal growth. Northern Davis, southern and western Salt Lake, Summit, eastern Tooele, Utah, Wasatch, and Washington counties are all growing very quickly. Transportation and urbanization are major issues in politics as development consumes agricultural land and wilderness areas.
In 2012, the State of Utah passed the Utah Transfer of Public Lands Act in an attempt to gain control over a substantial portion of federal land in the state from the federal government, based on language in the Utah Enabling Act of 1894. The State does not intend to use force or assert control by limiting access in an attempt to control the disputed lands, but does intend to use a multi-step process of education, negotiation, legislation, and if necessary, litigation as part of its multi-year effort to gain state or private control over the lands after 2014.
Utah families, like most Americans everywhere, did their utmost to assist in the war effort. Tires, meat, butter, sugar, fats, oils, coffee, shoes, boots, gasoline, canned fruits, vegetables, and soups were rationed on a national basis. The school day was shortened and bus routes were reduced to limit the number of resources used stateside and increase what could be sent to soldiers.
Geneva Steel was built to increase the steel production for America during World War II. President Franklin D. Roosevelt had proposed opening a steel mill in Utah in 1936, but the idea was shelved after a couple of months. After the attack on Pearl Harbor, the United States entered the war and the steel plant was put into progress. In April 1944, Geneva shipped its first order, which consisted of over 600 tons of steel plate. Geneva Steel also brought thousands of job opportunities to Utah. The positions were hard to fill as many of Utah's men were overseas fighting. Women began working, filling 25 percent of the jobs.
As a result of Utah's and Geneva Steels contribution during the war, several Liberty Ships were named in honor of Utah including the USS Joseph Smith, USS Brigham Young, USS Provo, and the USS Peter Skene Ogden.
One of the sectors of the beachhead of Normandy Landings was codenamed Utah Beach, and the amphibious landings at the beach were undertaken by United States Army troops.
It is estimated that 1,450 soldiers from Utah were killed in the war.
Fujifilm X-T1, XF18-135mmF3.5-5.6 R LM OIS WR, RAW / Iridient & Lightroom 5.5
Fuji X Secrets workshops
Read the X-Pert Corner blog.
New books:
Die Fujifilm X-E2. 100 Profitipps
For Processing BW Film - Not For Drinking!
The FPP’s new Caffenol Developer for Black and White Processing at home! CUP O’ JOE is a powder solution in a handy pouch that when mixed with water produces 1 Liter of BW Home Developing solution that will process up to 4 rolls of 35mm, 120 or 8 4x5 sheets of BW film.
filmphotographystore.com/products/darkroom-supplies-caffe...
IN ENGLISH BELOW THE LINE
Ja fa uns mesos que volia provar algun sistema de revelat invers "casolà" per a pel·licula en blanc i negre. M'explico: el revelat invers (reversal en anglès) és aquell que aconsegueix positius directes a la pel·licula. S'anomena així perque tota pel·licula primer cal revelar-la com a negatiu, i dins del propi revelat, posteriorment es capgira el que es negatiu per positiu, tant en color com en blanc i negre. El revelat invers en color és el anomenat E6 i l'he fet alguna vegada sense problemes, amb "kits" comercials.
Per al revelat invers en blanc i negre també hi ha "kits" comercials, però amb l'afegit que alguns dels liquids, en especial el "bleach" o blanquejador son especialment toxics i perillosos. Però molt, eh (permanganat potassic i sobretot dicromat potassic, a sobre barrejats amb acid sulfuric).
Per això he estat experimentant amb diversos procesos "reversal" alternatius amb quimics menys angoixants (també s'han de tractar amb cura, però el mateix es pot dir de tota la resta de química fotogràfica). He provat variacions del més comentat, basat en disolucions de peroxid d'hidrogen (aigua oxigenada) a 40º, però els resultats foren decebedors, de pobres a nuls. En el cas que em mig funcionà, la pel·licula quedà plena de taques i marques.
Finalment vaig provar un altre procés basat en un doble bany blanquejador: clorur ferric primer, i amoniac després. I funciona!!! Amb bons resultats a la primera i tot a temperatura ambient de 20º!
En primer lloc faig servir un revelador normal de blanc i negre, però força potent, en aquest cas HC110 però en dilució A, la més concentrada, i durant 8 minuts. Després d'un bany d'aigua, ve la sol·lució de clorur ferric 1+1 (reaprofitable), un altre bany d'aclarit, el amoniac 4+1 (força concentrat), un seguent bany d'aclarit, i finalment una solució de metabisulfit de sodi de 30 gr. x litre (i de nou aclarit amb aigua).
En aquest punt, cal fer una cosa que tot el sentit del fotograf analogic li diu que no, i és obrir el tanc de revelat i exposar la pel·licula directament a la llum d'una bombeta incandescent una bona estona, ben be un minut. Fins i tot millor treure la pel·licula de l'espiral per a exposar-la be. El blanquejador ha dissolt les parts ja revelades, pel que ara només queden les sals de plata no exposades amb la càmera. Es veu clarament que està bé si s'aprecien les imatges ja en positiu però força palides. A mi em varen quedar més aviat grogues perquè no vaig fer un bany prou intents després del clorur ferric, que ho tenyeix tot de groc (però amb més rentat queden més blanques). A partir d'aqui es pot fer la resta del procés amb llum. Només resta tornar a revelar la pel·licula amb revelador normal i corrent, rentar i finalment fixar-ho com sempre.
La intenció final de revelar invers no és tant obtenir diapositives en blanc i negre, sino pel·licules de 8mm i 16mm que pugui projectar en pantalla com es feia abans. I vaig pel bon camí!
Aqui teniu el video que m'ha servit per aprendre aquest procés, gracies a Analog Resurgence (que ho explica amb detall):
www.youtube.com/watch?v=vlYVI31WnIw&t=535s
=====================================
I've been wanting to try some "homemade" reverse developing process for black and white film for a few months now. Let me explain: the reverse development is one that achieves direct positives in the film. It is called so because every film must first be developed as a negative, and later in the process itself, what is negative is chemically reversed for positive, both in color and in black and white. The reverse color proces is called E6 and I have done it once without problems, with commercial kits.
There are also commercial kits for black and white reverse development, but with the addition that some of the liquids, especially the bleach, are particularly toxic and dangerous. And I mean a lot (potassium permanganate and especially potassium dichromate, mixed with sulfuric).
So I've been experimenting with various alternative reversal processes with less distressing chemicals (they also need to be handled with care, but the same can be said for all other photographic chemistry). I have tried variations of the most discussed, based on hot solutions of hydrogen peroxide (oxygenated water) at 40º C, but the results were disappointing, from poor to nil. In the case that half worked for me, the film was full of spots and marks.
Finally I tried another process based on a double bleach bath: ferric chloride first, then ammonia. And it works!!! With good results the first time and all at an ambient temperature of 20º C!
First I use a normal black and white developer, but quite powerful, in this case HC110 but in dilution A, the most concentrated, and for 8 minutes. After a stop bath, comes the ferric chloride solution 1+1 (reusable), a long rinse bath, ammonia solution 4+1 (highly concentrated and also reusable), another long rinse bath, and finally a solution of sodium metabisulphite of 30 gr. x liter of water (and again rinsed with water).
At this point, you have to do something that all the analog photographer's sense tells you not to do, and that is to open the developer tank and expose the film directly to the light of an incandescent bulb for a long time, well a minute . Even better to remove the film from the spiral to expose it well. The bleach has dissolved the parts already revealed, so now only the silver salts not exposed to the camera remain. It is clearly seen that it is good if you appreciate the images already in positive but quite pale. They were rather yellow for me because I didn't take a bath enough times after the ferric chloride, which dyes everything yellow (but with more washing they become whiter). From here you can do the rest of the process with light. All that remains is to develop the film again with normal developer, stop bath and finally fix and wash it as usual.
The ultimate intention of reverse developing is not so much to get black and white slides, but 8mm and 16mm film that you can project on the screen as it was done before. And I'm on the right track!
Here is the video that helped me learn this process, thanks to Analog Resurgence (which explains it in detail):
The Film Photography Project now brings you D96 B/W negative developer. Long used in the motion picture industry as the standard B/W developer, but previously only available in very large quantities. We now have it available in powder to make 1 US Gallon.
D96 is a lower contrast film developer with the ability to increase the contrast by increasing your developing times or agitation. We have tested this developer with not only cinema films like X2 (Eastman Double-X), ORWO Cinema Films and FPP LOW ISO BW, but with standard B/W films like Kodak Tri-X. T-Max and Ilford FP4 an HP5 films.
too many days of grey and gloomy skies. Toronto downtown
self developed, kodak t-max 400
t-max developer 1+4, 6:45 minutes at 23C
Kathy Toth || Toronto Graffiti Archive || Instagram
*SOLASTALGIA*
"As opposed to nostalgia--the melancholia or homesickness experienced by individuals when separated from a loved home--solastalgia is the distress that is produced by environmental change impacting on people while they are directly connected to their home environment."
The Packard Plant is one of those places that almost everyone knows, or has heard of or seen in the media. It's been used as backdrop for almost every major documentary made about the city of Detroit, and the people who live there hate it.
However most photographers who visit have it on ther list of places to visit, and it's large enough you can causally spend the whole day there like I did with a few people I met on the internet. This was back in 2012 when it was still run by scrappers and was being actively taken down for scrap. The next year it was bought by a sleezy Pervian developer who did nothing with it for under $400k.... 1 Million sq.ft of space.
Much of it has been taken down since the bridge section collapsed over Grand River.
All of these photos shot on a 35mm Viviat Wide and Slim.