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Graffiti (plural; singular graffiti or graffito, the latter rarely used except in archeology) is art that is written, painted or drawn on a wall or other surface, usually without permission and within public view. Graffiti ranges from simple written words to elaborate wall paintings, and has existed since ancient times, with examples dating back to ancient Egypt, ancient Greece, and the Roman Empire (see also mural).

Graffiti is a controversial subject. In most countries, marking or painting property without permission is considered by property owners and civic authorities as defacement and vandalism, which is a punishable crime, citing the use of graffiti by street gangs to mark territory or to serve as an indicator of gang-related activities. Graffiti has become visualized as a growing urban "problem" for many cities in industrialized nations, spreading from the New York City subway system and Philadelphia in the early 1970s to the rest of the United States and Europe and other world regions

"Graffiti" (usually both singular and plural) and the rare singular form "graffito" are from the Italian word graffiato ("scratched"). The term "graffiti" is used in art history for works of art produced by scratching a design into a surface. A related term is "sgraffito", which involves scratching through one layer of pigment to reveal another beneath it. This technique was primarily used by potters who would glaze their wares and then scratch a design into them. In ancient times graffiti were carved on walls with a sharp object, although sometimes chalk or coal were used. The word originates from Greek γράφειν—graphein—meaning "to write".

The term graffiti originally referred to the inscriptions, figure drawings, and such, found on the walls of ancient sepulchres or ruins, as in the Catacombs of Rome or at Pompeii. Historically, these writings were not considered vanadlism, which today is considered part of the definition of graffiti.

The only known source of the Safaitic language, an ancient form of Arabic, is from graffiti: inscriptions scratched on to the surface of rocks and boulders in the predominantly basalt desert of southern Syria, eastern Jordan and northern Saudi Arabia. Safaitic dates from the first century BC to the fourth century AD.

Some of the oldest cave paintings in the world are 40,000 year old ones found in Australia. The oldest written graffiti was found in ancient Rome around 2500 years ago. Most graffiti from the time was boasts about sexual experiences Graffiti in Ancient Rome was a form of communication, and was not considered vandalism.

Ancient tourists visiting the 5th-century citadel at Sigiriya in Sri Lanka write their names and commentary over the "mirror wall", adding up to over 1800 individual graffiti produced there between the 6th and 18th centuries. Most of the graffiti refer to the frescoes of semi-nude females found there. One reads:

Wet with cool dew drops

fragrant with perfume from the flowers

came the gentle breeze

jasmine and water lily

dance in the spring sunshine

side-long glances

of the golden-hued ladies

stab into my thoughts

heaven itself cannot take my mind

as it has been captivated by one lass

among the five hundred I have seen here.

Among the ancient political graffiti examples were Arab satirist poems. Yazid al-Himyari, an Umayyad Arab and Persian poet, was most known for writing his political poetry on the walls between Sajistan and Basra, manifesting a strong hatred towards the Umayyad regime and its walis, and people used to read and circulate them very widely.

Graffiti, known as Tacherons, were frequently scratched on Romanesque Scandinavian church walls. When Renaissance artists such as Pinturicchio, Raphael, Michelangelo, Ghirlandaio, or Filippino Lippi descended into the ruins of Nero's Domus Aurea, they carved or painted their names and returned to initiate the grottesche style of decoration.

There are also examples of graffiti occurring in American history, such as Independence Rock, a national landmark along the Oregon Trail.

Later, French soldiers carved their names on monuments during the Napoleonic campaign of Egypt in the 1790s. Lord Byron's survives on one of the columns of the Temple of Poseidon at Cape Sounion in Attica, Greece.

The oldest known example of graffiti "monikers" found on traincars created by hobos and railworkers since the late 1800s. The Bozo Texino monikers were documented by filmmaker Bill Daniel in his 2005 film, Who is Bozo Texino?.

In World War II, an inscription on a wall at the fortress of Verdun was seen as an illustration of the US response twice in a generation to the wrongs of the Old World:

During World War II and for decades after, the phrase "Kilroy was here" with an accompanying illustration was widespread throughout the world, due to its use by American troops and ultimately filtering into American popular culture. Shortly after the death of Charlie Parker (nicknamed "Yardbird" or "Bird"), graffiti began appearing around New York with the words "Bird Lives".

Modern graffiti art has its origins with young people in 1960s and 70s in New York City and Philadelphia. Tags were the first form of stylised contemporary graffiti. Eventually, throw-ups and pieces evolved with the desire to create larger art. Writers used spray paint and other kind of materials to leave tags or to create images on the sides subway trains. and eventually moved into the city after the NYC metro began to buy new trains and paint over graffiti.

While the art had many advocates and appreciators—including the cultural critic Norman Mailer—others, including New York City mayor Ed Koch, considered it to be defacement of public property, and saw it as a form of public blight. The ‘taggers’ called what they did ‘writing’—though an important 1974 essay by Mailer referred to it using the term ‘graffiti.’

Contemporary graffiti style has been heavily influenced by hip hop culture and the myriad international styles derived from Philadelphia and New York City Subway graffiti; however, there are many other traditions of notable graffiti in the twentieth century. Graffiti have long appeared on building walls, in latrines, railroad boxcars, subways, and bridges.

An early graffito outside of New York or Philadelphia was the inscription in London reading "Clapton is God" in reference to the guitarist Eric Clapton. Creating the cult of the guitar hero, the phrase was spray-painted by an admirer on a wall in an Islington, north London in the autumn of 1967. The graffito was captured in a photograph, in which a dog is urinating on the wall.

Films like Style Wars in the 80s depicting famous writers such as Skeme, Dondi, MinOne, and ZEPHYR reinforced graffiti's role within New York's emerging hip-hop culture. Although many officers of the New York City Police Department found this film to be controversial, Style Wars is still recognized as the most prolific film representation of what was going on within the young hip hop culture of the early 1980s. Fab 5 Freddy and Futura 2000 took hip hop graffiti to Paris and London as part of the New York City Rap Tour in 1983

Commercialization and entrance into mainstream pop culture

Main article: Commercial graffiti

With the popularity and legitimization of graffiti has come a level of commercialization. In 2001, computer giant IBM launched an advertising campaign in Chicago and San Francisco which involved people spray painting on sidewalks a peace symbol, a heart, and a penguin (Linux mascot), to represent "Peace, Love, and Linux." IBM paid Chicago and San Francisco collectively US$120,000 for punitive damages and clean-up costs.

In 2005, a similar ad campaign was launched by Sony and executed by its advertising agency in New York, Chicago, Atlanta, Philadelphia, Los Angeles, and Miami, to market its handheld PSP gaming system. In this campaign, taking notice of the legal problems of the IBM campaign, Sony paid building owners for the rights to paint on their buildings "a collection of dizzy-eyed urban kids playing with the PSP as if it were a skateboard, a paddle, or a rocking horse".

Tristan Manco wrote that Brazil "boasts a unique and particularly rich, graffiti scene ... [earning] it an international reputation as the place to go for artistic inspiration". Graffiti "flourishes in every conceivable space in Brazil's cities". Artistic parallels "are often drawn between the energy of São Paulo today and 1970s New York". The "sprawling metropolis", of São Paulo has "become the new shrine to graffiti"; Manco alludes to "poverty and unemployment ... [and] the epic struggles and conditions of the country's marginalised peoples", and to "Brazil's chronic poverty", as the main engines that "have fuelled a vibrant graffiti culture". In world terms, Brazil has "one of the most uneven distributions of income. Laws and taxes change frequently". Such factors, Manco argues, contribute to a very fluid society, riven with those economic divisions and social tensions that underpin and feed the "folkloric vandalism and an urban sport for the disenfranchised", that is South American graffiti art.

Prominent Brazilian writers include Os Gêmeos, Boleta, Nunca, Nina, Speto, Tikka, and T.Freak. Their artistic success and involvement in commercial design ventures has highlighted divisions within the Brazilian graffiti community between adherents of the cruder transgressive form of pichação and the more conventionally artistic values of the practitioners of grafite.

Graffiti in the Middle East has emerged slowly, with taggers operating in Egypt, Lebanon, the Gulf countries like Bahrain or the United Arab Emirates, Israel, and in Iran. The major Iranian newspaper Hamshahri has published two articles on illegal writers in the city with photographic coverage of Iranian artist A1one's works on Tehran walls. Tokyo-based design magazine, PingMag, has interviewed A1one and featured photographs of his work. The Israeli West Bank barrier has become a site for graffiti, reminiscent in this sense of the Berlin Wall. Many writers in Israel come from other places around the globe, such as JUIF from Los Angeles and DEVIONE from London. The religious reference "נ נח נחמ נחמן מאומן" ("Na Nach Nachma Nachman Meuman") is commonly seen in graffiti around Israel.

Graffiti has played an important role within the street art scene in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), especially following the events of the Arab Spring of 2011 or the Sudanese Revolution of 2018/19. Graffiti is a tool of expression in the context of conflict in the region, allowing people to raise their voices politically and socially. Famous street artist Banksy has had an important effect in the street art scene in the MENA area, especially in Palestine where some of his works are located in the West Bank barrier and Bethlehem.

There are also a large number of graffiti influences in Southeast Asian countries that mostly come from modern Western culture, such as Malaysia, where graffiti have long been a common sight in Malaysia's capital city, Kuala Lumpur. Since 2010, the country has begun hosting a street festival to encourage all generations and people from all walks of life to enjoy and encourage Malaysian street culture.

The modern-day graffitists can be found with an arsenal of various materials that allow for a successful production of a piece. This includes such techniques as scribing. However, spray paint in aerosol cans is the number one medium for graffiti. From this commodity comes different styles, technique, and abilities to form master works of graffiti. Spray paint can be found at hardware and art stores and comes in virtually every color.

Stencil graffiti is created by cutting out shapes and designs in a stiff material (such as cardboard or subject folders) to form an overall design or image. The stencil is then placed on the "canvas" gently and with quick, easy strokes of the aerosol can, the image begins to appear on the intended surface.

Some of the first examples were created in 1981 by artists Blek le Rat in Paris, in 1982 by Jef Aerosol in Tours (France); by 1985 stencils had appeared in other cities including New York City, Sydney, and Melbourne, where they were documented by American photographer Charles Gatewood and Australian photographer Rennie Ellis

Tagging is the practice of someone spray-painting "their name, initial or logo onto a public surface" in a handstyle unique to the writer. Tags were the first form of modern graffiti.

Modern graffiti art often incorporates additional arts and technologies. For example, Graffiti Research Lab has encouraged the use of projected images and magnetic light-emitting diodes (throwies) as new media for graffitists. yarnbombing is another recent form of graffiti. Yarnbombers occasionally target previous graffiti for modification, which had been avoided among the majority of graffitists.

Theories on the use of graffiti by avant-garde artists have a history dating back at least to the Asger Jorn, who in 1962 painting declared in a graffiti-like gesture "the avant-garde won't give up"

Many contemporary analysts and even art critics have begun to see artistic value in some graffiti and to recognize it as a form of public art. According to many art researchers, particularly in the Netherlands and in Los Angeles, that type of public art is, in fact an effective tool of social emancipation or, in the achievement of a political goal

In times of conflict, such murals have offered a means of communication and self-expression for members of these socially, ethnically, or racially divided communities, and have proven themselves as effective tools in establishing dialog and thus, of addressing cleavages in the long run. The Berlin Wall was also extensively covered by graffiti reflecting social pressures relating to the oppressive Soviet rule over the GDR.

Many artists involved with graffiti are also concerned with the similar activity of stenciling. Essentially, this entails stenciling a print of one or more colors using spray-paint. Recognized while exhibiting and publishing several of her coloured stencils and paintings portraying the Sri Lankan Civil War and urban Britain in the early 2000s, graffitists Mathangi Arulpragasam, aka M.I.A., has also become known for integrating her imagery of political violence into her music videos for singles "Galang" and "Bucky Done Gun", and her cover art. Stickers of her artwork also often appear around places such as London in Brick Lane, stuck to lamp posts and street signs, she having become a muse for other graffitists and painters worldwide in cities including Seville.

Graffitist believes that art should be on display for everyone in the public eye or in plain sight, not hidden away in a museum or a gallery. Art should color the streets, not the inside of some building. Graffiti is a form of art that cannot be owned or bought. It does not last forever, it is temporary, yet one of a kind. It is a form of self promotion for the artist that can be displayed anywhere form sidewalks, roofs, subways, building wall, etc. Art to them is for everyone and should be showed to everyone for free.

Graffiti is a way of communicating and a way of expressing what one feels in the moment. It is both art and a functional thing that can warn people of something or inform people of something. However, graffiti is to some people a form of art, but to some a form of vandalism. And many graffitists choose to protect their identities and remain anonymous or to hinder prosecution.

With the commercialization of graffiti (and hip hop in general), in most cases, even with legally painted "graffiti" art, graffitists tend to choose anonymity. This may be attributed to various reasons or a combination of reasons. Graffiti still remains the one of four hip hop elements that is not considered "performance art" despite the image of the "singing and dancing star" that sells hip hop culture to the mainstream. Being a graphic form of art, it might also be said that many graffitists still fall in the category of the introverted archetypal artist.

Banksy is one of the world's most notorious and popular street artists who continues to remain faceless in today's society. He is known for his political, anti-war stencil art mainly in Bristol, England, but his work may be seen anywhere from Los Angeles to Palestine. In the UK, Banksy is the most recognizable icon for this cultural artistic movement and keeps his identity a secret to avoid arrest. Much of Banksy's artwork may be seen around the streets of London and surrounding suburbs, although he has painted pictures throughout the world, including the Middle East, where he has painted on Israel's controversial West Bank barrier with satirical images of life on the other side. One depicted a hole in the wall with an idyllic beach, while another shows a mountain landscape on the other side. A number of exhibitions also have taken place since 2000, and recent works of art have fetched vast sums of money. Banksy's art is a prime example of the classic controversy: vandalism vs. art. Art supporters endorse his work distributed in urban areas as pieces of art and some councils, such as Bristol and Islington, have officially protected them, while officials of other areas have deemed his work to be vandalism and have removed it.

Pixnit is another artist who chooses to keep her identity from the general public. Her work focuses on beauty and design aspects of graffiti as opposed to Banksy's anti-government shock value. Her paintings are often of flower designs above shops and stores in her local urban area of Cambridge, Massachusetts. Some store owners endorse her work and encourage others to do similar work as well. "One of the pieces was left up above Steve's Kitchen, because it looks pretty awesome"- Erin Scott, the manager of New England Comics in Allston, Massachusetts.

Graffiti artists may become offended if photographs of their art are published in a commercial context without their permission. In March 2020, the Finnish graffiti artist Psyke expressed his displeasure at the newspaper Ilta-Sanomat publishing a photograph of a Peugeot 208 in an article about new cars, with his graffiti prominently shown on the background. The artist claims he does not want his art being used in commercial context, not even if he were to receive compensation.

Territorial graffiti marks urban neighborhoods with tags and logos to differentiate certain groups from others. These images are meant to show outsiders a stern look at whose turf is whose. The subject matter of gang-related graffiti consists of cryptic symbols and initials strictly fashioned with unique calligraphies. Gang members use graffiti to designate membership throughout the gang, to differentiate rivals and associates and, most commonly, to mark borders which are both territorial and ideological.

Graffiti has been used as a means of advertising both legally and illegally. Bronx-based TATS CRU has made a name for themselves doing legal advertising campaigns for companies such as Coca-Cola, McDonald's, Toyota, and MTV. In the UK, Covent Garden's Boxfresh used stencil images of a Zapatista revolutionary in the hopes that cross referencing would promote their store.

Smirnoff hired artists to use reverse graffiti (the use of high pressure hoses to clean dirty surfaces to leave a clean image in the surrounding dirt) to increase awareness of their product.

Graffiti often has a reputation as part of a subculture that rebels against authority, although the considerations of the practitioners often diverge and can relate to a wide range of attitudes. It can express a political practice and can form just one tool in an array of resistance techniques. One early example includes the anarcho-punk band Crass, who conducted a campaign of stenciling anti-war, anarchist, feminist, and anti-consumerist messages throughout the London Underground system during the late 1970s and early 1980s. In Amsterdam graffiti was a major part of the punk scene. The city was covered with names such as "De Zoot", "Vendex", and "Dr Rat". To document the graffiti a punk magazine was started that was called Gallery Anus. So when hip hop came to Europe in the early 1980s there was already a vibrant graffiti culture.

The student protests and general strike of May 1968 saw Paris bedecked in revolutionary, anarchistic, and situationist slogans such as L'ennui est contre-révolutionnaire ("Boredom is counterrevolutionary") and Lisez moins, vivez plus ("Read less, live more"). While not exhaustive, the graffiti gave a sense of the 'millenarian' and rebellious spirit, tempered with a good deal of verbal wit, of the strikers.

I think graffiti writing is a way of defining what our generation is like. Excuse the French, we're not a bunch of p---- artists. Traditionally artists have been considered soft and mellow people, a little bit kooky. Maybe we're a little bit more like pirates that way. We defend our territory, whatever space we steal to paint on, we defend it fiercely.

The developments of graffiti art which took place in art galleries and colleges as well as "on the street" or "underground", contributed to the resurfacing in the 1990s of a far more overtly politicized art form in the subvertising, culture jamming, or tactical media movements. These movements or styles tend to classify the artists by their relationship to their social and economic contexts, since, in most countries, graffiti art remains illegal in many forms except when using non-permanent paint. Since the 1990s with the rise of Street Art, a growing number of artists are switching to non-permanent paints and non-traditional forms of painting.

Contemporary practitioners, accordingly, have varied and often conflicting practices. Some individuals, such as Alexander Brener, have used the medium to politicize other art forms, and have used the prison sentences enforced on them as a means of further protest. The practices of anonymous groups and individuals also vary widely, and practitioners by no means always agree with each other's practices. For example, the anti-capitalist art group the Space Hijackers did a piece in 2004 about the contradiction between the capitalistic elements of Banksy and his use of political imagery.

Berlin human rights activist Irmela Mensah-Schramm has received global media attention and numerous awards for her 35-year campaign of effacing neo-Nazi and other right-wing extremist graffiti throughout Germany, often by altering hate speech in humorous ways.

In Serbian capital, Belgrade, the graffiti depicting a uniformed former general of Serb army and war criminal, convicted at ICTY for war crimes and crimes against humanity, including genocide and ethnic cleansing in Bosnian War, Ratko Mladić, appeared in a military salute alongside the words "General, thank to your mother". Aleks Eror, Berlin-based journalist, explains how "veneration of historical and wartime figures" through street art is not a new phenomenon in the region of former Yugoslavia, and that "in most cases is firmly focused on the future, rather than retelling the past". Eror is not only analyst pointing to danger of such an expressions for the region's future. In a long expose on the subject of Bosnian genocide denial, at Balkan Diskurs magazine and multimedia platform website, Kristina Gadže and Taylor Whitsell referred to these experiences as a young generations' "cultural heritage", in which young are being exposed to celebration and affirmation of war-criminals as part of their "formal education" and "inheritance".

There are numerous examples of genocide denial through celebration and affirmation of war criminals throughout the region of Western Balkans inhabited by Serbs using this form of artistic expression. Several more of these graffiti are found in Serbian capital, and many more across Serbia and Bosnian and Herzegovinian administrative entity, Republika Srpska, which is the ethnic Serbian majority enclave. Critics point that Serbia as a state, is willing to defend the mural of convicted war criminal, and have no intention to react on cases of genocide denial, noting that Interior Minister of Serbia, Aleksandar Vulin decision to ban any gathering with an intent to remove the mural, with the deployment of riot police, sends the message of "tacit endorsement". Consequently, on 9 November 2021, Serbian heavy police in riot gear, with graffiti creators and their supporters, blocked the access to the mural to prevent human rights groups and other activists to paint over it and mark the International Day Against Fascism and Antisemitism in that way, and even arrested two civic activist for throwing eggs at the graffiti.

Graffiti may also be used as an offensive expression. This form of graffiti may be difficult to identify, as it is mostly removed by the local authority (as councils which have adopted strategies of criminalization also strive to remove graffiti quickly). Therefore, existing racist graffiti is mostly more subtle and at first sight, not easily recognized as "racist". It can then be understood only if one knows the relevant "local code" (social, historical, political, temporal, and spatial), which is seen as heteroglot and thus a 'unique set of conditions' in a cultural context.

A spatial code for example, could be that there is a certain youth group in an area that is engaging heavily in racist activities. So, for residents (knowing the local code), a graffiti containing only the name or abbreviation of this gang already is a racist expression, reminding the offended people of their gang activities. Also a graffiti is in most cases, the herald of more serious criminal activity to come. A person who does not know these gang activities would not be able to recognize the meaning of this graffiti. Also if a tag of this youth group or gang is placed on a building occupied by asylum seekers, for example, its racist character is even stronger.

By making the graffiti less explicit (as adapted to social and legal constraints), these drawings are less likely to be removed, but do not lose their threatening and offensive character.

Elsewhere, activists in Russia have used painted caricatures of local officials with their mouths as potholes, to show their anger about the poor state of the roads. In Manchester, England, a graffitists painted obscene images around potholes, which often resulted in them being repaired within 48 hours.

In the early 1980s, the first art galleries to show graffitists to the public were Fashion Moda in the Bronx, Now Gallery and Fun Gallery, both in the East Village, Manhattan.

A 2006 exhibition at the Brooklyn Museum displayed graffiti as an art form that began in New York's outer boroughs and reached great heights in the early 1980s with the work of Crash, Lee, Daze, Keith Haring, and Jean-Michel Basquiat. It displayed 22 works by New York graffitists, including Crash, Daze, and Lady Pink. In an article about the exhibition in the magazine Time Out, curator Charlotta Kotik said that she hoped the exhibition would cause viewers to rethink their assumptions about graffiti.

From the 1970s onwards, Burhan Doğançay photographed urban walls all over the world; these he then archived for use as sources of inspiration for his painterly works. The project today known as "Walls of the World" grew beyond even his own expectations and comprises about 30,000 individual images. It spans a period of 40 years across five continents and 114 countries. In 1982, photographs from this project comprised a one-man exhibition titled "Les murs murmurent, ils crient, ils chantent ..." (The walls whisper, shout and sing ...) at the Centre Georges Pompidou in Paris.

In Australia, art historians have judged some local graffiti of sufficient creative merit to rank them firmly within the arts. Oxford University Press's art history text Australian Painting 1788–2000 concludes with a long discussion of graffiti's key place within contemporary visual culture, including the work of several Australian practitioners.

Between March and April 2009, 150 artists exhibited 300 pieces of graffiti at the Grand Palais in Paris.

Spray paint has many negative environmental effects. The paint contains toxic chemicals, and the can uses volatile hydrocarbon gases to spray the paint onto a surface.

Volatile organic compound (VOC) leads to ground level ozone formation and most of graffiti related emissions are VOCs. A 2010 paper estimates 4,862 tons of VOCs were released in the United States in activities related to graffiti.

In China, Mao Zedong in the 1920s used revolutionary slogans and paintings in public places to galvanize the country's communist movement.

Based on different national conditions, many people believe that China's attitude towards Graffiti is fierce, but in fact, according to Lance Crayon in his film Spray Paint Beijing: Graffiti in the Capital of China, Graffiti is generally accepted in Beijing, with artists not seeing much police interference. Political and religiously sensitive graffiti, however, is not allowed.

In Hong Kong, Tsang Tsou Choi was known as the King of Kowloon for his calligraphy graffiti over many years, in which he claimed ownership of the area. Now some of his work is preserved officially.

In Taiwan, the government has made some concessions to graffitists. Since 2005 they have been allowed to freely display their work along some sections of riverside retaining walls in designated "Graffiti Zones". From 2007, Taipei's department of cultural affairs also began permitting graffiti on fences around major public construction sites. Department head Yong-ping Lee (李永萍) stated, "We will promote graffiti starting with the public sector, and then later in the private sector too. It's our goal to beautify the city with graffiti". The government later helped organize a graffiti contest in Ximending, a popular shopping district. graffitists caught working outside of these designated areas still face fines up to NT$6,000 under a department of environmental protection regulation. However, Taiwanese authorities can be relatively lenient, one veteran police officer stating anonymously, "Unless someone complains about vandalism, we won't get involved. We don't go after it proactively."

In 1993, after several expensive cars in Singapore were spray-painted, the police arrested a student from the Singapore American School, Michael P. Fay, questioned him, and subsequently charged him with vandalism. Fay pleaded guilty to vandalizing a car in addition to stealing road signs. Under the 1966 Vandalism Act of Singapore, originally passed to curb the spread of communist graffiti in Singapore, the court sentenced him to four months in jail, a fine of S$3,500 (US$2,233), and a caning. The New York Times ran several editorials and op-eds that condemned the punishment and called on the American public to flood the Singaporean embassy with protests. Although the Singapore government received many calls for clemency, Fay's caning took place in Singapore on 5 May 1994. Fay had originally received a sentence of six strokes of the cane, but the presiding president of Singapore, Ong Teng Cheong, agreed to reduce his caning sentence to four lashes.

In South Korea, Park Jung-soo was fined two million South Korean won by the Seoul Central District Court for spray-painting a rat on posters of the G-20 Summit a few days before the event in November 2011. Park alleged that the initial in "G-20" sounds like the Korean word for "rat", but Korean government prosecutors alleged that Park was making a derogatory statement about the president of South Korea, Lee Myung-bak, the host of the summit. This case led to public outcry and debate on the lack of government tolerance and in support of freedom of expression. The court ruled that the painting, "an ominous creature like a rat" amounts to "an organized criminal activity" and upheld the fine while denying the prosecution's request for imprisonment for Park.

In Europe, community cleaning squads have responded to graffiti, in some cases with reckless abandon, as when in 1992 in France a local Scout group, attempting to remove modern graffiti, damaged two prehistoric paintings of bison in the Cave of Mayrière supérieure near the French village of Bruniquel in Tarn-et-Garonne, earning them the 1992 Ig Nobel Prize in archeology.

In September 2006, the European Parliament directed the European Commission to create urban environment policies to prevent and eliminate dirt, litter, graffiti, animal excrement, and excessive noise from domestic and vehicular music systems in European cities, along with other concerns over urban life.

In Budapest, Hungary, both a city-backed movement called I Love Budapest and a special police division tackle the problem, including the provision of approved areas.

The Anti-social Behaviour Act 2003 became Britain's latest anti-graffiti legislation. In August 2004, the Keep Britain Tidy campaign issued a press release calling for zero tolerance of graffiti and supporting proposals such as issuing "on the spot" fines to graffiti offenders and banning the sale of aerosol paint to anyone under the age of 16. The press release also condemned the use of graffiti images in advertising and in music videos, arguing that real-world experience of graffiti stood far removed from its often-portrayed "cool" or "edgy'" image.

To back the campaign, 123 Members of Parliament (MPs) (including then Prime Minister Tony Blair), signed a charter which stated: "Graffiti is not art, it's crime. On behalf of my constituents, I will do all I can to rid our community of this problem."

In the UK, city councils have the power to take action against the owner of any property that has been defaced under the Anti-social Behaviour Act 2003 (as amended by the Clean Neighbourhoods and Environment Act 2005) or, in certain cases, the Highways Act. This is often used against owners of property that are complacent in allowing protective boards to be defaced so long as the property is not damaged.

In July 2008, a conspiracy charge was used to convict graffitists for the first time. After a three-month police surveillance operation, nine members of the DPM crew were convicted of conspiracy to commit criminal damage costing at least £1 million. Five of them received prison sentences, ranging from eighteen months to two years. The unprecedented scale of the investigation and the severity of the sentences rekindled public debate over whether graffiti should be considered art or crime.

Some councils, like those of Stroud and Loerrach, provide approved areas in the town where graffitists can showcase their talents, including underpasses, car parks, and walls that might otherwise prove a target for the "spray and run".

Graffiti Tunnel, University of Sydney at Camperdown (2009)

In an effort to reduce vandalism, many cities in Australia have designated walls or areas exclusively for use by graffitists. One early example is the "Graffiti Tunnel" located at the Camperdown Campus of the University of Sydney, which is available for use by any student at the university to tag, advertise, poster, and paint. Advocates of this idea suggest that this discourages petty vandalism yet encourages artists to take their time and produce great art, without worry of being caught or arrested for vandalism or trespassing.[108][109] Others disagree with this approach, arguing that the presence of legal graffiti walls does not demonstrably reduce illegal graffiti elsewhere. Some local government areas throughout Australia have introduced "anti-graffiti squads", who clean graffiti in the area, and such crews as BCW (Buffers Can't Win) have taken steps to keep one step ahead of local graffiti cleaners.

Many state governments have banned the sale or possession of spray paint to those under the age of 18 (age of majority). However, a number of local governments in Victoria have taken steps to recognize the cultural heritage value of some examples of graffiti, such as prominent political graffiti. Tough new graffiti laws have been introduced in Australia with fines of up to A$26,000 and two years in prison.

Melbourne is a prominent graffiti city of Australia with many of its lanes being tourist attractions, such as Hosier Lane in particular, a popular destination for photographers, wedding photography, and backdrops for corporate print advertising. The Lonely Planet travel guide cites Melbourne's street as a major attraction. All forms of graffiti, including sticker art, poster, stencil art, and wheatpasting, can be found in many places throughout the city. Prominent street art precincts include; Fitzroy, Collingwood, Northcote, Brunswick, St. Kilda, and the CBD, where stencil and sticker art is prominent. As one moves farther away from the city, mostly along suburban train lines, graffiti tags become more prominent. Many international artists such as Banksy have left their work in Melbourne and in early 2008 a perspex screen was installed to prevent a Banksy stencil art piece from being destroyed, it has survived since 2003 through the respect of local street artists avoiding posting over it, although it has recently had paint tipped over it.

In February 2008 Helen Clark, the New Zealand prime minister at that time, announced a government crackdown on tagging and other forms of graffiti vandalism, describing it as a destructive crime representing an invasion of public and private property. New legislation subsequently adopted included a ban on the sale of paint spray cans to persons under 18 and increases in maximum fines for the offence from NZ$200 to NZ$2,000 or extended community service. The issue of tagging become a widely debated one following an incident in Auckland during January 2008 in which a middle-aged property owner stabbed one of two teenage taggers to death and was subsequently convicted of manslaughter.

Graffiti databases have increased in the past decade because they allow vandalism incidents to be fully documented against an offender and help the police and prosecution charge and prosecute offenders for multiple counts of vandalism. They also provide law enforcement the ability to rapidly search for an offender's moniker or tag in a simple, effective, and comprehensive way. These systems can also help track costs of damage to a city to help allocate an anti-graffiti budget. The theory is that when an offender is caught putting up graffiti, they are not just charged with one count of vandalism; they can be held accountable for all the other damage for which they are responsible. This has two main benefits for law enforcement. One, it sends a signal to the offenders that their vandalism is being tracked. Two, a city can seek restitution from offenders for all the damage that they have committed, not merely a single incident. These systems give law enforcement personnel real-time, street-level intelligence that allows them not only to focus on the worst graffiti offenders and their damage, but also to monitor potential gang violence that is associated with the graffiti.

Many restrictions of civil gang injunctions are designed to help address and protect the physical environment and limit graffiti. Provisions of gang injunctions include things such as restricting the possession of marker pens, spray paint cans, or other sharp objects capable of defacing private or public property; spray painting, or marking with marker pens, scratching, applying stickers, or otherwise applying graffiti on any public or private property, including, but not limited to the street, alley, residences, block walls, and fences, vehicles or any other real or personal property. Some injunctions contain wording that restricts damaging or vandalizing both public and private property, including but not limited to any vehicle, light fixture, door, fence, wall, gate, window, building, street sign, utility box, telephone box, tree, or power pole.

To help address many of these issues, many local jurisdictions have set up graffiti abatement hotlines, where citizens can call in and report vandalism and have it removed. San Diego's hotline receives more than 5,000 calls per year, in addition to reporting the graffiti, callers can learn more about prevention. One of the complaints about these hotlines is the response time; there is often a lag time between a property owner calling about the graffiti and its removal. The length of delay should be a consideration for any jurisdiction planning on operating a hotline. Local jurisdictions must convince the callers that their complaint of vandalism will be a priority and cleaned off right away. If the jurisdiction does not have the resources to respond to complaints in a timely manner, the value of the hotline diminishes. Crews must be able to respond to individual service calls made to the graffiti hotline as well as focus on cleanup near schools, parks, and major intersections and transit routes to have the biggest impact. Some cities offer a reward for information leading to the arrest and prosecution of suspects for tagging or graffiti related vandalism. The amount of the reward is based on the information provided, and the action taken.

When police obtain search warrants in connection with a vandalism investigation, they are often seeking judicial approval to look for items such as cans of spray paint and nozzles from other kinds of aerosol sprays; etching tools, or other sharp or pointed objects, which could be used to etch or scratch glass and other hard surfaces; permanent marking pens, markers, or paint sticks; evidence of membership or affiliation with any gang or tagging crew; paraphernalia including any reference to "(tagger's name)"; any drawings, writing, objects, or graffiti depicting taggers' names, initials, logos, monikers, slogans, or any mention of tagging crew membership; and any newspaper clippings relating to graffiti crime.

Divorced Dating by Joy Kelen

Divoced Dating is a special divorce dating site or app for people dating after divorce. Divorced singles can find and meet divorced single mom or men for elite dating without effort. Join this divorce dating site now and find love again. www.divorceddating.net/

Date night 1993 by James Zheutlin

From an old scanned photo. www.youtube.com/user/lejaz/videos

Skate Date by *iku*

16 4

(2001) Barbie All Around Home Afternoon Snack Playset by A Thousand Splendid Dolls

BOX DATE: 2001

MANUFACTURER: Mattel

SPECIAL FEATURES: Rotating table

PERSONAL FUN FACT: This little All Around Afternoon Snack Playset was a fixture in our dolly setups as kids. Colleen and I were given a bunch of Barbie playsets for Christmas 2004. My Auntie Kim and Uncle Ray (Mom's best friends) surprised us with them around that holiday season. I remember we got a slew of different sets--a pool, Sea Splashin' Barbie and Kelly, this snack set, and more! I'm guessing they found them all for super cheap at a discount place, like Ocean State Job Lot. I thought it was super sweet, considering that Auntie Kim used to give Colleen a hard time about still playing with Barbies as a teenager. I guess by that point, she accepted the interest and was supportive. Even after all these years, I'm still so appreciative of the gesture. Anything with doll food is always a win for me and Colleen. The compact nature of this set was particularly appealing. I liked that the other side was a plain set of shelves. I would often butt this set up against the designated living room space in our makeshift dolly home. That way, I could use the shelves in the living room. I thought that this looked so sweet in our kitchen. The food on top can be flipped over to reveal a different set of snacks. Honestly, I would have preferred it if the table top had a plain side, since I didn't think it was realistic for food to always be out.

Rolex Submariner Date by ByBBR

3 2

This image is taken from United States Naval Medical Bulletin Vol. 13, Nos. 1-4, 1919 by Medical Heritage Library, Inc.

Go to the Book with image in the Internet Archive

Title: United States Naval Medical Bulletin Vol. 13, Nos. 1-4, 1919

Creator: U.S. Navy. Bureau of Medicine and Surgery

Publisher:

Sponsor:

Contributor:

Date: 1919

Language: eng

Table of Contents

Number 1

PREFACE vii

FRONTISPIECE:

Thomas Henry Huxley.

SPECIAL ARTICLES:

Heart sounds and their value.

By Lieutenant Commander H. A. Hare, Med. Corps, U. S. N. R. F. . 1

Eliminating the epileptic from the navy.

By Lieutenant L. E. Bisch, Med. Corps, U. S. N. R. F 6

The use of serum in lobar pneumonia.

By Lieutenant E. W. Gould, Med. Corps, U. S. N. R. F., and Lieutenant

M. Shaweker, Med. Corps, U. S. N 16

Diagnosis and treatment of pneumonia and empyema.

By Commander F. A. Asserson, Med. Corps., U. S. N., and Lieutenant W.

L. Rathbun, Med. Corps, U. S. N. R. F 26

Development of specific serum therapy in pneumonia.

By Lieutenant W. R. Redden, Med. Corps, U. S. N 36

Flatfoot.

By Lieutenant Commander L. R. G. Crandon, Med. Corps, U. S.N. R. F 43

Treatment of flat feet.

By Lieutenant (J. G.) S. B. Burk, Med. Corps, U. S. N. R. F 46

Ear protection.

By Commander G. B. Trible and Lieutenant S. S. Watkins, Med.

Corps, U. S. N 48

HISTORICAL.

Thomas Henry Huxley (1825-1895).

By Lieutenant Commander F. J. B. Cordeiro, Med. Corps, U. S.N., Ret 61

EDITORIAL.

Accuracy. —Military titles and military behavior. —Shell shock. 71

SUGGESTED DEVICES:

Typhoid prophylaxis cards.

By Lieutenant Commander R. B. Henry, Med. Corps, U. S. N 77

A SURGICAL DRESSING TRAY FOR SHIPS.

By Lieutenant M. J. Price. Med. Corps, U. S. N 78

A USEFUL FLYTRAP.

By Lieutenant H. V. Hughens, Med. Corps, U. S. N 80

Scale for measuring flatfoot.

By Lieutenant (J. G.) B. Dunham, Med. Corps, U. S. N R. F 82

CLINICAL NOTES:

A CASE OF STATUS LYMPHATICUS

By Lieutenant E. L. Rice, Med. Corps, U. S. N 85

Some practical and theoretical considerations.

By Lieutenant Commander J. J. A. McMullin, Med. Corps, U. S. N. 87

Pain in right hypochondrium and pernicious anemia.

By Lieutenant Commander H. M. Stenhouse, Med. Corps, U. S. N.. 89

Perforating wound of intestine and mesentery.

By Lieutenant G. G. Ross, Med. Corps, U. S. N. R. F 93

Treatment of scarlet fever.

By Lieutenant Commander W. C. Newton, Med. Corps, U. S. N. R. F. 94

Illustrative cases of atypical acute abdominal conditions.

By Lieutenant Commander G. D. Hale and Lieutenant J. C. Adams, Med.

Corps, U. S. N 95

Varieties of hypersusceptibility.

By Lieutenant L. K. McCafferty, Med. Corps, U. S. N 98

Varix simulating inguinal hernia.

By Lieutenant E. J. Cummings, Med. Corps, U. S.N 103

Appendicitis and ruptured meso-appendix artery.

By Lieutenant F. H. Bowman, Med. Corps, U. S. N 104

Unusual wound contamination.

By Lieutenant E. A. Stephens, Med. Corps, U. S. N 105

Subluxation of vertebra by muscular action.

By Commander I. S. K. Reeves and Lieutenant M. K. Miller, Med. Corps,

U.S.N 107

Fracture of the skull.

By Lieutenant Commander R. I. Longabaugh, Med. Corps, U. S. N.. 108

Report of case of stenosis of Wharton's duct.

By Lieutenant J. A. Halpin, Med. Corps, U. S. N 108

PROGRESS IN MEDICAL SCIENCES:

General medicine. —Status lymphaticus. —Epidemic of intestinal infection.

—New pathology of syphilis 111

Mental and nervous diseases. —Temperament and psychosis. War neuroses.

—Traumatic and emotional psychosis. —War neuroses. —Instinct distortion 117

Surgery. —Fascial transplants. —Chloralose as a general anesthetic 131

Military, legal and industrial. —Treatment of mustard-gas poisoning.

—Conference on medico-military administration. —Illegitimacy in Norway.

—Prevention of blindness.- —Aniline poisoning. —Immigration

statistics. —Preservation of fruit.—Economic and financial assistance given

by the United States 133

REPORTS:

SURGICAL EXPERIENCES AT THE FRONT.

By Lieutenant G. G.Ross, Med. Corps, U. S.N. R. F 145

Details of transport service.

By Lieutenant Commander R. I. Longabaugh, Med. Corps, U. S. N.. 149

Plan of a regimental field hospital.

By Lieutenant Commander C. B. Camerer, Med. Corps, U. S. N 156

The preparation of blood stain at the U. S. Naval Medical School.

By Lieutenant Commander G. F. Clark, Med. Corps, and Chief Pharmacist's

Mate L. F. Shabek, U. S. N 157

Preparation of identification tags.

By Lieutenant Commander R. H. Laning, Med. Corps, U. S. N 157

A death following salvarsan.

By Lieutenant R. C. Christiansen, Med. Corps, U. S. N 158

Sanitary report on the Island of Corfu.

By Lieutenant Commander H. Shaw, Med. Corps, U. S. N 163

The march and the shoe.

By Lieutenant Commander W. L. Mann, Med. Corps, U. S. N 164

Tuberculin test in young adults.

By Lieutenant E. Moody, Med. Corps, U. S. N. R. F., and Lieutenant C.

F. Carter, Med. Corps, U. S. N 165

Bed screens in barracks.

By Commander P. S. Rossiter, Med. Corps, U. S. N 167

Influenza on a naval transport.

By Lieutenant W. F. McAnally, Med. Corps, U. S. N 168

The treatment of chancroids and the prevention of buboes.

By Lieutenant G. W. Millett, Med. Corps, U. S. N 170

Record of the navy recruiting station, Pittsburgh, Pa.

By Lieutenant C. C. Ammerman, Med. Corps, U. S. N. R. F 171

Strength of the navy 172

BOOK NOTICES 173

NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS 175

Number 2

PREFACE v

SPECIAL ARTICLES:

The pathology of pneumonia accompanying influenza.

By Lieutenants (J. G.) E. W. Goodpasture and F. L. Burnett, Medical

Corps, U. S. N. R. F 177

Mental examination of recruits.

By Lieutenant L. E. Bisch, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 198

Treatment of military offenders.

By Lieutenant Commander A. L. Jacoby, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F..

229

Extraction of metallic foreign bodies.

By E. Robin, Medecin I ere Classe 237

New methods in amputations and prosthesis of the lower limbs.

By Lieutenant Commander R. G. LeConte, Medical Corps, U.S.N. R.F.. 244

Education and sanitation aboard ship.

By Commander W. S. Pugh, Medical Corps, U. S. N 254

HISTORICAL:

Jean Dominique Larrey 267

Extract from a surgical memoire by Baron Larrey.

Translated by Captain G. A. Lung, Medical Corps, U. S. N 275

EDITORIAL:

The lesson of job's war horse 283

SUGGESTED DEVICES:

Sanitary drinking fountain.

By Lieutenant Commander D. S. Hillis, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F. .

287

Clinical charts in health records.

By lieutenant (J. G.) J. J. Cancelmo, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F. .

287

System of clinical records.

By Captain W. B. Grove, Medical Corps, U. S. N., and Lieutenant G. B.

Crow, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F... 288

A DRESSING FOR WOUNDS.

By Lieutenant Commander C. W. C. Bunker, Medical Corps, U. S. N. 291

CLINICAL NOTES:

Abdominal wounds from hand grenade.

By Lieutenant J. M. Emmett, Medical Corps, U. S. N 293

Fracture of spine of tibia.

By Lieutenant Commander G. G. Ross, Medical Corps, U.S.N. R.F... 294

Fracture of pelvis.

By Lieutenant Commander G. G. Ross, Medical Corps, U. S. N . R. F . . .

295

Chronic rheumatism cured by appendectomy.

By Lieutenant R. H. Michels, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 296

A CASE OF MYELOID LEUKEMIA.

By Lieutenant E. R. Ryan, Medical Corps, U. S. N 297

Pericardiotomy.

By Lieutenant Commander L. R. G. Crandon, Medical Corps, U. S. N.R. F

299

A CASE OF KERATOSIS PLANTARIS.

By Lieutenant J. M. Perret, Medical Corps, U.S.N 300

Influenza with unusual complications.

By Lieutenant (J. G.) F. G. Folken, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F.. 301

PROGRESS IN MEDICAL SCIENCES:

General medicine. —Diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis of malaria in Brioni

— Epidemic lethargic encephalitis— Encephalitis lethargica — Syphilitic

aortitis —The pathology of the streptococcal pneumonias of Army camps— The

venereal problem and the war—The cocaine habit.

Surgery. —Sterilization of wounds by electro-ions — Abscess of thyroid following

septico-pyemia from otitis —Acute perforations of the abdominal viscera— The

use of paraffin for drainage in surgery — Surgical technic in orthopedic

surgery 307-320

Pathology, bacteriology, and animal parasitology. —Laboratory diagnosis—Detection

of spirochetes— Gonococcus infections 321

Eye, ear, nose and throat. —Tests for malingering in defective hearing

— Ocular anaphylaxis 334

NOTES AND COMMENTS:

The third resuscitation commission. — Lecture course at Great Lakes,

Ill.—A department of physical training —The Germans and the scientific workers

of Lille—Physical education — Transportation of sick and wounded — Traumatic

rupture of the spleen—Officer-material school at Princeton — Wanted, a

diagnosis 337

REPORTS:

Hospital administration.

By Captain G. A. Lung, Medical Corps, U. S. N 347

Removal of wounded from U. S. S. "Northern Pacific."

By Commander E. H. H. Old, Medical Corps, U. S. N 349

On board a torpedoed transport.

By Lieutenant Commander E. E. Curtis, Medical Corps, U.S.N 351

Influenza at the U. S. Naval Hospital, Washington, D. C.

By Rear Admiral R. M. Kennedy, Medical Corps, U. S. N 355

Notes on post-influenzal pneumonia.

By Lieutenant (J. G.) A. M. Burgess, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F., and

Phar. Mate E. J. Staff, U. S. N. R. F 356

Diphtheria at the U. S. Naval Academy.

By Lieutenant J. E. Houghton, Medical Corps, U. S. N., and Lieutenant

(J. G.) D. G. Richey, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 359

Influenza at Pensacola.

By Lieutenants J. M. Perret, and C. M. Shaar, Medical Corps, TJ. S. N .

. 365

Training school for nurses in Haiti.

By Chief Nurse L. D. Jordan, U. S. N 378

Observation of candidates for the listener's school.

By Lieutenant F. B. Galbraith, Medical Corps, U. S. N 380

BOOK NOTICES 391

UNITED STATES NAVAL MEDICAL SCHOOL LABORATORIES.

Additions to pathological collections 393

NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS 394

Number 3

PREFACE VII

SPECIAL ARTICLES :

Preventive medicine at training camps and stations.

By Captain C. E. Riggs, Medical Corps, U. S. N 395

With marines in France.

By Lieutenant F. E. Locy, Medical Corps, U. S. N 417

Bone grafts.

By Lieutenant Commander E. M. Foote, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 433

Internal derangements or knee joints.

By Lieutenant ( J. G.) C. F. Painter, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 442

Clinical manifestations of tropical sprue.

By Lieutenant Commander E. J. Wood, Medical Corps, U. S. N.R. F 449

Isolation and cultivation of Pfeiffer's bacillus.

By Lieutenant DeW. G. Rlchey, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 453

Nervous element in aviation.

By Lieutenant G. U. Pillmore, Medical Corps, U. S. N 458

Administration of the U. S. Hospital Ship Solace.

By Commander E. E. H. Old, Medical Corps, U. S. N 478

HISTORICAL :

Devices and uniforms of the Navy Medical Corps 505

EDITORIAL :

The reform of funerals —The apotheosis of dungarees 515

IN MEMORIAM :

Henry G. Beyer.

By Lieutenant (T.) P. J. Waldner, Medical Corps, U. S. N 521

Washington Berry Grove.

By Lieutenant Commander L. M. Schmidt, Medical Corps, U. S. N_ 522

SUGGESTED DEVICES :

Improvised mess tables.

By Captain H. C. Curl, Medical Corps, U. S. N 1 525

Apparatus for submersion cases.

By Captain G. F. Freeman, Medical Corps, U. S. N 525

Recording dental operations.

By Lieutenant W. F. Murdy, Dental Corps, U. S. N 527

CLINICAL NOTES :

Rupture of the esophagus.

By Lieutenant Commander L. Sheldon, Medical Corps, U. S. N 529

Anthrax cured by vaccine.

By Lieutenant (J. G.) J. K. Leasure, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 581

Foreign body in antrum.

By Lieutenant J. B. Greene, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 534

Traumatic rupture of kidney.

By Lieutenant Commander P. H. Bowman. Medical Corps, U. S. N., and

Lieutenant Commander H. D. Meeker, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 536

Thrombosis of popliteal vein.

By Lieutenant C. A. Frink, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 538

Alopecia Universalis.

By Captain A. R. Alfred, Medical Corps, U. S. N 539

Operations for rupture of kidney and spleen.

By Lieutenant C. O. Tanner, Medical Corps, U. S. N 539

Traumatic aneurism : Five cases.

By Lieutenant Commander F. H. Bowman, Medical Corps, U. S. N. and

Lieutenant Commander H. D. Meeker, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 541

A DEATH FROM SALVARSAN.

By Lieutenant E. F. Crofutt, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 543

Perforation of Meckel's diverticulum.

By Lieutenant W. F. Pearce, Medical Corps, U. S. N 546

Syphiloma of cererrum.

By Lieutenants A. W. Hoaglund and P. F. Prioleau, Medical Corps, U. S.

N 547

Extra-genital chancre.

By Lieutenant Commander C. B. Camerer and Lieutenant J. R. Poppen,

Medical Corps, U. S. N 551

Chancre of the thumb.

By Lieutenant (J. G.) L. Herman, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F. 553

Typhoid fever with severe complications.

By Lieutenant F. N. Martin, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 554

Cholangitis following influenza.

By Lieutenant R. S. Reeves, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 557

Diphtheria complicating fractured mandible.

By Lieutenant (J. G.) J. B. Goodall, Dental Corps, U. S. N. R. F. 559

PROGRESS IN MEDICAL SCIENCES :

General medicine. —Tests of physical efficiency — Malaria as a military

problem —Anthelmintics as tested on earthworms —New treatment of bichloride

poisoning —Corpeus luteum and vomiting of pregnancy 561

Surgery. —Post-operative parotitis —The empyema problem — Skin disinfection

by picric acid — Reconstructive surgery of the hand and forearm 573

Pathology, bacteriology, and animal parasitology. — Bacteriology of

tuberculous kidneys — Hermann-Perutz reaction — Experiments with virus of

grippe 578

Eye, ear, nose, and throat.— Perineural anesthesia for surgery of maxillary

sinus —Intraocular pressure and tonometry 5S2

NOTES AND COMMENTS :

Transmission of venereal disease may constitute assault — Interdepartmental

Social Hygiene Board— Sir Charles Wyndham —Harvard surgical unit— Retail

druggists and quack remedies — School of Hygiene, Johns Hopkins University —

Legal decision re vaccination —American merchant marine —Meningococci in blood

—Radium conservation —Andre Chantemesse 585

REPORTS :

The U. S. hospital ship "Comfort."

By Captain A. W. Dunbar, Medical Corps, U. S. N. 591

Voyage of the U. S. S. "Leviathan."

By Commander F. A. Asserson, Medical Corps, U. S. N 602

Ship life in Constantinople.

By Lieutenant Commander E. P. Huff, Medical Corps, U. S. N 605

A record ship.

By Lieutenant Commander A. E. Lee, Medical Corps, U. S. N 609

U. S. Naval Air Station, Pauillac, France.

By Lieutenant Commander H. A. Garrison, Medical Corps, U. S. N 611

U. S. Naval Air Station, Rockaway Beach, L. I.

By Lieutenant ( J. G. ) A. A. Shadday, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 616

Increase of weight under service conditions.

By Lieutenant H. Halstead and Lieutenant (J. G.) E. A. Mallon, Medical

Corps, U. S. N. R. F 620

Poisoning by trinitrotoluol.

By Lieutenant (J. G.) A. Saska, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 624

The marine shoe.

By Lieutenant Commander W. L. Mann, Medical Corps, U. S. N__ 625

X-RAY WORK AT A NAVAL HOSPITAL.

By Lieutenant C. H. Jennings, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 628

Dental work at the navy yard, New York.

By Lieutenant Commander R. Barber, Dental Corps, U. S. N 631

Dental work at the navy yard, Mare Island, Cal.

By Lieutenant Commander J. L. Brown, Dental Corps, U. S. N 632

BOOK NOTICES 633

NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS 635

Number 4

PREFACE .. vii

SPECIAL ARTICLES :

Report on the influenza epidemic.

By the Staff of the U. S. Naval Hospital, Philadelphia 837

Infectious and contagious diseases. Virgin Islands, 1918.

By Lieutenant E. Peterson, Medical Corps, U. S. N 682

Naval ambulance trains in Great Britain.

By Captain P. L. Pleadwell, Medical Corps, U. S. N 706

Bone surgery.

By Lieutenant Commander A. L. Clifton, Medical Corps, U. S. N__ 718

An epidemic of mumps.

By Lieutenant Commander R. B. H. Gradwohl, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F.

; Lieutenant C. F. Carter, Medical Corns, U. S. N. ; Lieutenant W. S. Barcus

and Lieutenant (J. G.) H. L. Fougerousse, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F. 723

Constitutional inferiority in the Navy.

By Lieutenant T. A. Ratliff, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 728

Acute early appendicitis.

By Lieutenant Commander H. E. Jenkins. Medical Corps, U. S. N., and

Lieutenant L. A. Will, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 733

Extra-genital chancres.

By Lieutenant .T. M. Perret, Medical Corps. U. S. N. R. F 736

Incubation and choice of antigens in the Wassermann reaction.

By Lieutenant E. D. Hitchcock, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 740

HISTORICAL:

The practice of medicine in Europe during the Middle Ages 747

EDITORIAL : Intangible damage—The "Attitude of the Bureau"

775

IN MEMORIAM :

Abraham Jacobi (1830-1919) 781

SUGGESTED DEVICES :

The construction of animal cages.

By Lieutenant Commander G. F. Clark, Medical Corps, U. S. N 783

A ROTARY TOOTHBRUSH.

By Lieutenant Commander H. E. Harvey, Dental Corps, U. S. N_ 783

Equipment of battle dressing station storerooms.

By Commander W. S. Pugh, Medical Corps, U. S..N 786

CLINICAL NOTES :

Poisoning by bay rum containing wood alcohol.

By Lieutenant N. S. Betts, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 791

Arsenic poisoning following the use of novarsenobenzol.

By Lieutenant C. M. Burchflel, Medical Corps, U. S. N 795

Death following arsphenamine. Page.

By Lieutenant A. Goetsch, Medical Corps, U. S. N 797

High temperature in influenza.

By Lieutenant (J. G.) P. M. Williams, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 799

Voiding of a bullet from the bladder.

By Lieutenant Commander F. H. Bowman, Medical Corps, U. S. N . 799

Depressed fracture of frontal bone.

By Lieutenant A. W. Hoagland, Medical Corps. U. S. N 800

Colon ptosis.

By Lieutenant G. U. Plllmore, Medical Corps, U. S. N 801

Ideal tonsil operation.

By Lieutenant Commander A. H. Robnett, Medical Corps,

U. S. N 06

PROGRESS IN MEDICAL SCIENCES :

General medicine. — Bacillus botulinus poisoning 800

Surgery.—Pathological possibilities of neglected gallstone disease 811

Hygiene and sanitation. — Historical Inquiry into the efficacy of lime

juice for the prevention and cure of scurvy —The ship's water supply 813

Pathology, bacteriology, and animal parasitology. — Vaccine treatment

of filarial lymphangitis in British Guiana —Blood destroying substance in

ascarls lumbrlcoldes 817

Chemistry and pharmacy. —New titration method for the determination of

uric acid in urine — Modifications of Benedict's and Folin's quantitative sugar

methods—Food ingestion and energy transformations with special reference to the

stimulating effect of nutrients —Nutritive factors In animal tissues 819

Eye, ear, nose, and throat. —Methylene blue in purulent discharge from

the eye socket—Prophylactic use of pitultrin in nose and throat operations

under general and local anesthesia —Colloidal manganese in gonorrheal

ophthalmia —Hemorrhage following the removal of the tonsils and its treatment

821

NOTES AND COMMENTS:

The devastation of France— Peking Medical School —Vaccination in California

— Internal decoration of hospitals —Interallied conference on medical aspects

of aviation —U. S. Interdepartmental Social Hygiene Board—War Risk Insurance

Bureau —Boy Scouts — Legal control of motion pictures — Influenza statistics,

Great Lakes,

111— Sixth Division, Bureau of Navigation 823

REPORTS :

Naval railway battery in France.

By Lieutenant Commander C. S. Stephenson, Medical Corps, U. S. Navy 831

Submarine Division Five.

By Lieutenant Commander E. W. Brown, Medical Corps, U. S. N. 846

Preparation of antihuman amboceptor.

By Lieutenant Commander G. F. Clark, Medical Corps, U. S. N., and Chief

Pharmacist's Mate A. J. Mouton, U. S. N 853

Psychiatric work among recruits.

By Lieutenant F. L. McDaniel, Medical Corps, U. S. N 854

Bacteriological experiments with acriflavine.

By Lieutenant H. B. LaFavre. Medical Corps, U. S. N 858

Acriflavine In The Treatment Of Gonorrhea.

By Lieutenant C. M. Burchflel, Medical Corps. U. S. N 869

The army bedside x-ray unit.

By Lieutenant H. R. Coleman, Medical Corps, U. S. N 866

Hospital service in Haiti.

By Lieutenant Commander H. F. Lawrence, Medical Corps, U. S. N 869

Organization of the U. S. naval hospital, Charleston, S. C.

By Commander W. M. Garton and Lieutenant Commander G. W. Calver,

Medical Corps, U. S. N 876

BOOK NOTICES 897

NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS 901

INDEX 903

If you have questions concerning reproductions, please contact the Contributing Library.

Note: The colors, contrast and appearance of these illustrations are unlikely to be true to life. They are derived from scanned images that have been enhanced for machine interpretation and have been altered from their originals.

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58026 Hither Green Depot 1997 by Milz37080

Date TBC

Basildon by Dundee City Archives

Date: 1959

Ref: DCC-SA0317

Mala Compra Beach by Dean Mahlstedt

Date: April 24, 2021

Location: Mala Compra Beach - Palm Coast, Florida (Flagler County)

NOTE: This 36-acre park overlooks the longest exposed outcropping of coquina rock, monuments of spectacular sculpting created by the rising sea 5,000 years ago on the Florida East Coast.

High Street by Dundee City Archives

Date: 1960s

Ref: DCC-SA0989

Christmas changed date by Sophie Downs

31 4

Best gift ever 9/12 🎄thx Lzzy

Unkown man by Mémoires Anciennes

Date: c. 1860

Photographer: ?

Location: USA

Format: 9th plate (ambrotype)

Oatmeal coconut date balls by Le living and co

Oatmeal date balls

Visit www.lelivingandco.blogspot.ca for more info!

Please credit me (Lelivingandco) for the photograph and link to my blog : lelivingandco.blogspot.ca

date night by diana deaver

3 4

my new favorite dress.

i think i will attempt to wear it all weekend, and see what happens.

the boy flies back to nyc to record for a month at 6:00 monday morning. we went out for dinner and ice cream tonight. now he's packing, and i'm pretending that he's just playing a game where he sees how many of his things will fit in a suit case at once.

dress: new favorite thrifted quarter find. (tucson of course :)

under-skirt: vintage from brooklyn.

belt: thrifted in brooklyn

shoes: never-worn vintage granny shoes from tucson goodwill!!

more diana blabber

Perfect Date... by Chiara Bertelli

4 3

Dafne and Aidan...

Found Kodachrome Slide by Thomas Hawk

date stamped on slide July 1978

date palm by nuframe

4 11

Jeanette by Delphine Smith

profile daiting.icu/61101

Found Kodachrome Slide by Thomas Hawk

date stamped on slide September 1964

Found Kodachrome Slide by Thomas Hawk

12 3

date stamped on slide October 1967

Atlas Details: FA Transformer Date: 12/22/1967 by SDASM Archives

PictionID:44400243 - Title:Atlas Details: FA Transformer Date: 12/22/1967 - Catalog:14_011269 - Filename:14_011269.TIF - - - - Image from the Convair/General Dynamics Astronautics Atlas Negative Collection. The processing, cataloging and digitization of these images has been made possible by a generous National Historical Publications and Records grant from the National Archives and Records Administration---Please Tag these images so that the information can be permanently stored with the digital file.---Repository: San Diego Air and Space Museum

Lindsey by Delphine Smith

1 1

profile daiting.icu/43602

Date Night by Bwana Bert

3 5

'Wish the people would switch off the lights so that we can continue our chat in private'

Date night by Angel Jimenez

6 1

date breakfast bars by deb

Date Breakfast Squares on smittenkitchen.com

Found Kodachrome Slide by Thomas Hawk

date stamped on slide October 1963

Future Date by Jason Cook

Spotted in the Annex.

Welcoming Apple by Moon Rouge

18 53

She is tender, sweet, and beautiful!

I decided to keep her name, her rosy cheeks and round face, she is like sweet apple!

Thank you so very much, Bianca to let me adopt her!

coffee by Lisa Davis

Dream Date PJ by The Doll Cafe

Found Ektachrome Slide -- Ambuclao Dam, Philippines by Thomas Hawk

13 2

date stamped on slide July 1970

Carolyn by Delphine Smith

profile daiting.icu/29349

(2001) Concert Date Ken Outfit by A Thousand Splendid Dolls

BOX DATE: 2001

MANUFACTURER: Mattel

MISSING ITEMS: Shoes, binoculars, 2 tickets

PERSONAL FUN FACT written by my sister: This is one of our favorite outfits we have for guy dolls. I mean, it's so trendy. The shirt is totally like something Shelly would wear. Actually, I remember her using this shirt on my Cool Tops Kevin doll when we were kids when he was playing Francie aka Sarah's brother "Charlie." (Kevin also played Pet Pals Skipper's boyfriend Fred and Riley's (Fashion Pajamas Ashley) boyfriend Ivan.) I think Kevin wore these as Ivan too...I used this a lot on guy dolls too. This is one of our most played with outfits purely because we like the shirt so much. Mostly, I think of it as belonging to Chandler, my 1992 My First Ken doll. I don't know if I got this shirt around the time I started playing with him most of the time as my main character instead of Leroy (Water Jewel Magic Aladdin). I don't remember Leroy really wearing it, so it's possible I only got it after he was phased out of our stories for Chandler (who unlike Leroy had a lot of guy doll friends). It is also probable that I had it well before Chandler but, as it's not Leroy's kind of top--wrong cut and color scheme--I didn't play with it much until Chandler came along.

The Date Farmers by petalum

7 4

The Date Farmers are back in town with an amazing art show at Upper Playground's Fifty24SF Gallery. Fillmore @ Haight St. The gallery space is upstairs from their smaller street side gallery. It's a great show. Check it out if you have the chance.

The show is up from Nov 1, 2007 - Nov 30, 2007

Date or photosession? by Mor

due date day! by gillian

40 weeks.

july 20, 2010.

my due date :)

1st Date Night by iesha mint

the date farmers by petalum

6 4

dating in malta by Yenni Benz

dating in malta

maltadating.net/

Date night by Tammi Player

10 3

Found Ektachrome Slide by Thomas Hawk

date stamped on slide January 1966

Photo-0005 by Carl Urvil Laurence Bautista

Date: Feb. 9, 2018

Save the Date by Sara Marie

7 1

Save the date yo!

Done by Summit Studios

Abram Mahomet by State Library of New South Wales

Date of Birth: 2.10.1882

Date of Enlistment: 4.1918

Trade or Calling: Hawker

Born in or near what Town: Bombay India

Address prior to Enlistment: Narrabri

Rank, Number, Battalion, Distinctions: Pte no.10 GSR

Casualties and where:

Name & Address of Next of Kin: Kate Mahomet Sydney (Wife)

Name and last address of Father:

www.acmssearch.sl.nsw.gov.au/search/itemDetailPaged.cgi?i...

Ponta Delgada, Azores = botanical gardens = date palm by Rossendale 2016

10 8

Date palm on the Azores

Hans Ulrich Mølmann (1715-1778) by Municipal Archives of Trondheim

Format: Fotopositiv

Dato / Date: 1759 (maleriet), 1897 (avfotograferingen)

Kunstner / Artist: Peter Wichmann (1706-1769)

Fotograf / Photographer: Erik Olsen (1835-1920)

Sted / Place: Trondheim

Oppdatert / Update: 31.08.2018 [Lenke til Geni]

Store Norske Leksikon: Hans Ulrich Mølmann (1715-1778)

Geni: Hans Ulrich Mølmann (1715-1778)

Wikipedia: Peter Wichmann (1706-1769)

Eier / Owner Institution: Trondheim byarkiv, The Municipal Archives of Trondheim

Arkivreferanse / Archive reference: Tor.H41.B41.F3028

Merknad: Fra utstillingen i anledning Trondhjems 900-årsjubileum i 1897.

Utstillingstekst i Trondhjems 900 Aars Jubilæum: Katalog for Den Historiske Udstilling i Trondhjem 1897:

595. Mølmann, Hans Ulrich, f. 29/9 1714 i Trondhjem, d. smsteds 3/5 1778, Søn af Thomas Mølmann (f. 1686, d. 1762) og Stinchen Christensdtr. Tyrholm; 1749 - 78 Lagmand i Trondhjem, titulær Stiftamtmand og Generaltoldforvalter.

Eiede en betydelig Formue, navnlig i faste Eiendomme, hvoriblandt Arildsløkken, begge Rotvoldgaardene, Gjølme i Orkedalen og Mostadmarken Jernværk. G. 22/1 1750 m. Gudlov Hveding. Hans Hustru, der var en myndig og forfængelig Dame, fik sin Mand til at opføre "Harmonien"s nuværende Gaard paa Torvet, hvilken blev færdig 1770. Dette ledede imidlertid til, at Geheimeraadinde Schøller i 1774 - 1776 opførte en endnu større Bygning, den nuværende Stiftsgaard (jfr. No. 522). Over Porten paa Harmonien sees endnu Mølmanns, hans Hustrus og deres Datters initialer,

S.A. H.U.M. C.M.

Anno G.H. 1770

d.e.: Hans Ulrich Mølmann, Gudlov Hveding, Stinchen Anna Cathrine Mølmann. Mølmanns Svigersøn General, Grev C. J. W. Schmettow arvede efter ham Gaarden, som ved hans Død i 1821 videre gik over til hans Svigersøn Hofraad Hans Collin. I 1825 blev den kjøbt af Klubselskabet Harmonien. Hvordan Gaarden saa ud i 1835, kan sees af No. 194.

OM., Brystbill. i fuld Størr., sign. paa Bagsiden: P. Wichmann fecit 1759. * Fabrikeier Th. Hansen.

Hans Ulrich Mølmann, født 29. september 1715, fødested Trondheim, Sør-Trøndelag, død 3. mai 1778, dødssted Trondheim. Forretningsmann og industrigründer. Foreldre: Kjøpmann Thomas Mølmann (1686–1762) og Christiane (“Stinchen”) Christensdatter Tyrholm (ca. 1690–1727). Gift 22.1.1750 med Golla Gudlov Hveding (1722–99), datter av by- og rådstueskriver, justisråd Jens Hveding (1691–1758) og Elisabeth Maria Herdal (1700–75). Morbror til Catharina Lysholm (1744–1815) og Henrik Meincke (1746–1827); svoger til Hilmar Meincke (1710–71); svigerfar til Carl Jacob Waldemar riksgreve von Schmettow (1744–1821).

Hans Ulrich Mølmann var en stor forretningsmann og fremsynt industrigründer. Han fremstår som en for nåtiden merkelig blanding av forretningsmann og embetsmann. Han var også eier av et prektig byhus, senere kjent som Harmonien, i Trondheim.

Mølmann tilhørte en rik trondhjemsk patrisierfamilie av flensburgsk opprinnelse. Han fikk sin grunnutdannelse ved Trondheim katedralskole og forlot 1735 hjembyen og ble immatrikulert ved Københavns universitet. Her hadde han Ludvig Holberg som privatlærer, men avla aldri noen eksamen.

Etter en lengre reise i Europa vendte Mølmann hjem og overtok deler av farens forretning. Han var en dyktig forretningsmann og gjorde antakelig en av sine beste investeringer da han 1749 sammen med broren Bernt, Hilmar Meincke og Hans Horneman overtok tollforpaktningen i Trondheim, Kristansund og Molde mot en årlig avgift på 32 000 riksdaler. Mølmann var selskapets leder og fikk tittelen generaltollforvalter.

Tollforpaktningen var svært lønnsom, og Mølmann og hans kompanjonger, som utgjorde hans familie og nærmeste venner, var Trondheims mest kapitalsterke gruppe. De investerte på stadig nye områder og grunnla 1752 et sukkerraffineri, som fikk privilegium på produksjon av sukker i Trondhjems stift med Nordlandene. Bedriften var, foruten bergverkene, det største industrielle foretak nordafjells. Mølmann eide også parter i Røros kobberverk, og 1757 tok han opp driften ved Mostadmarken jernverk, som lenge hadde ligget øde.

I tillegg til å være en dynamisk forretningsmann var Mølmann også embetsmann. Han hadde kongens løfte på lagmannsembetet i Trondheim ved første embetsskifte. 1748 døde lagmann Paul Dons, og Mølmann ble 1749 utnevnt til lagmann. Da han ikke var jurist, krevde dette spesiell godkjennelse. I den forbindelse betalte han 1000 riksdaler til oppføring av Vår Frue Kirkes tårn i København. Han brukte imidlertid lang tid før han tiltrådte, og kongen befalte ham til slutt å ta fatt på sin dommergjerning.

I likhet med mange andre borgere i Trondheim fikk Mølmann rangtitler. 1748 ble han kammerråd, 1750 justisråd, noe senere etatsråd og 1768 konferenseråd. Han fikk rang i samme rangklasse som stiftsbefalingsmenn 1776, men regnet med tilbakevirkende kraft fra 1770.

Mølmann var utvilsomt en selvbevisst herre, men han var også dyktig, og kongen befalte ham 1770 å komme med forslag til næringslivets forbedring. Han eide betydelige landeiendommer, blant annet lystgårdene Arildsløkken vest for Trondheim og Rotvold øst for byen, samt storgården Gjølme i Orkdal og en mengde skoggårder.

Mølmann bygde et prektig palé ved Torget i Trondheim. Huset stod ferdig 1770, og interiørene var praktfullt utsmykket, blant annet med fargerike stukkarbeider i rokokko og kakkelovner fra Mostadmarken jernverk. En sal var avsatt til lagtingets forhandlinger. Paleet gikk i arv til svigersønnen, og fra 1825 tilhørte det Klubselskabet Harmonien. Huset ble totalskadet av brann 1942. Det har vært antatt at Mølmann var sterkt påvirket av sin hustru da han bestemte seg for å oppføre huset ved Trondheims torg, men det er klart at det var han som var byggherre.

Mølmann hadde kun en datter, Christiane (“Stinchen”), som tre måneder etter farens død ble gift med Carl Jacob Waldemar riksgreve von Schmettow. Greven drev svigerfarens virksomheter videre, men mye av formuen gikk tapt for arvingene i krisen under og etter Napoleonskrigene.

Kilder og litteratur

O. Schmidt: biografi i NBL1, bd. 9, 1940

A. Øveraas: Våre minnetavler, Trondheim 1952

O. Schmidt: Klubselskabet Harmonien 1813–1963, Trondheim 1962

T. Bratberg: Trondheim byleksikon, Trondheim 1996

I. Bull: De trondhjemske handelshusene på 1700-tallet,Trondheim 1998

Portretter m.m.

Maleri (brystbilde) av P. Wichmann, 1759; p.e

Kilde: Store Norske Leksikon, artikkelforfatter Terje Bratberg

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