View allAll Photos Tagged control_systems
American, and Canadian Airmen assigned to the 962nd Airborne Air Control Squadron, distinguished guests, and surviving family members of the crew of the E-3B Sentry, Airborne Warning and Control System aircraft, call sign "YUKLA 27" gathered for 20th anniversary memorial ceremonies on Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson, Alaska, Tuesday, Sept. 22, 2015. On Elmendorf Air Force Base, Sept. 22, 1995, "YUKLA 27" aircraft from the 962nd Airborne Air Control Squadron encountered a flock of geese and crashed shortly after takeoff on a routine surveillance training sortie, killing all 24 U.S. and Canadian Airmen aboard. (U.S. Air Force photo/Justin Connaher)
An Australian Air Force E-737 Wedgetail, Airborne Warning and Control System, moves into position to receive fuel from a U.S. Air Force KC-135 Stratotanker from the 349th Air Refueling Squadron, McConnell AFB, Kan., over the Joint Pacific Range Complex near Eielson AFB, Alaska June 20, 2012, during Red Flag-Alaska 12-2. Red Flag-Alaska is a Pacific Air Forces-sponsored, joint/coalition, tactical air combat employment exercise which corresponds to the operational capability of participating units. The entire exercise takes place in the Joint Pacific Range Complex over Alaska as well as a portion of Western Canada for a total airspace of more than 67,000 square miles. (Department of Defense photo by U.S. Air Force Tech. Sgt. Michael R. Holzworth/Released)
A USAID delegation led by Mr. Andrew Sisson Director of the USAID Global Development Lab, visited Islamabad Electric Supply Company’s (IESCO) Power Distribution Control Center (PDC) and Zero Point grid substation in Islamabad. He was briefed on USAID Power Distribution Program’s Load Data Improvement Project, which has been implemented countrywide in all DISCOs. The implementation of this project in IESCO, and its impact on its improved operational performance, was explained by the IESCO Chief Executive Officer. The implementation of this project – including installation of smart meters at all IESCO grid substations and the establishment of a new PDC – was made possible through the support of USAID. It has given IESCO a state-of-the-art monitoring and control system and enabled the DISCO to monitor its demand, supply and load shedding in real-time. This was previously done manually in a process that took hours to compile the information; by the time the last piece of information was received, the preceding data was already irrelevant. This project has helped IESCO and other DISCOs almost overcome unscheduled load shedding – a big relief for the DISCO as well as to their consumers. Among the project’s numerous other benefits, it has made the lives of DISCO staff easier.
Sgt. Harland W. McCallum, assistant crew chief of the 963rd Aircraft Maintenance Unit, readies an E-3 Sentry Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS) aircraft for takeoff during Operation Desert Shield.
American, and Canadian Airmen assigned to the 962nd Airborne Air Control Squadron, distinguished guests, and surviving family members of the crew of the E-3B Sentry, Airborne Warning and Control System aircraft, call sign "YUKLA 27" gathered for 20th anniversary memorial ceremonies on Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson, Alaska, Tuesday, Sept. 22, 2015. On Elmendorf Air Force Base, Sept. 22, 1995, "YUKLA 27" aircraft from the 962nd Airborne Air Control Squadron encountered a flock of geese and crashed shortly after takeoff on a routine surveillance training sortie, killing all 24 U.S. and Canadian Airmen aboard. (U.S. Air Force photo/Justin Connaher)
Mounted on the nearside drivers window pillar on 47742 is the Propelling Advisory Control System (PACS) display unit. This was fitted to all Res 47s that had cab front mounted RCH cables, such as all the later series 47/7s and a few 47/4 machines.
When the locomotive was on the rear of a postal service and it was being controlled from a former Class 307 driving trailer (known as a PCV) the driver would power the train from the 47 following whatever segment of lights were lit at the bottom of the display, which corresponded with the power handle in the PCV. The braking of the train was controlled by the driver in the PCV. This mode of operation was only authorised to a maximum of 40mph on approach to certain locations where mail trains would terminate.
Installation of new LED Lighting & Wireless Controls for Hockey Rink, Gymnasium & Field House at the University of Southern Maine
French Armée de l'Air Renault R385h Vigie mobile (Tour de Contrôle mobile / Mobile Air Traffic Control System) of the Brigade Aérienne du Contrôle et de l’Espace (BACE) , Esplanade des Invalides, Paris, July 14, 2009.
Crestron lighting processor, power supply, and terminal blocks for cresnet runs to the keypads. There is also ethernet run between this processor and the main A/V processor to facilitate intersystem communications.
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The U.S. Naval Submarine School hosted a graduation ceremony for students in the FT and STS ‘A’ schools on the U.S. Naval Submarine Base New London, May 19, 2022.
Fire Control Technicians (FT) perform organizational and intermediate level maintenance on submarine combat control systems equipment; operate submarine combat control systems; test submarine combat control systems; operate and maintain combat control systems associated systems; participate in weapons handling functions; and operate and maintain non-tactical computer systems and peripherals.
The Navy STS "A" School offers extensive training in the operation of advanced sonar equipment to quietly track contacts that may be lying beneath the waves. Sea surveillance is essential to navigation, so they will be able to track everything from enemy ships to marine life, while directing the boat accordingly.
U.S. Navy photos by Lauren Laughlin.
A fairly complex picture when you see the all of the components together. On top of the A.L.E. SPMT's is the HIPPS module which monitors the pressure in the pipework on the yellow part.
The Command Arsenal is a compact yet meticulously arranged area that houses the captain’s most prized weapons and equipment.
The Climate Control Section, houses the ship’s environmental regulation systems. Compact yet powerful, this section monitors and adjusts the air quality, temperature, and atmospheric composition throughout the ship.
Captains Bunk, tucked discreetly to one side of the bridge, serves as a private resting area for the ship’s commander.
BioFusion Synthesizer: A cutting-edge device capable of synthesizing nutrient-rich meals and advanced bio-replicating compounds, seamlessly blending food production with life-saving healing solutions to sustain both body and soul.
Both the Captain's Bunk and Command Arsenal are designed with modularity in mind, allowing the sections to be easily removed and replaced with alternative functional modules. The Captain's Bunk can be swapped for additional seating or a tactical planning station, while the Command Arsenal can be replaced with expanded weapon control systems or a specialized communications suite. This adaptability ensures the Amber Shadow can transition seamlessly between missions, whether focusing on diplomacy, exploration, or combat operations.
At the center lies the Command Stations, a raised platform with the captain's chair flanked by two co-pilot seats. Each chair is equipped with holographic displays and ergonomic controls, ensuring the ship can be operated efficiently even in the most chaotic situations. Surrounding the central platform are Bridge Consoles, manned by specialists managing navigation, weapons systems, and communication channels.
Part of the traction control system on this enormous A-1-A - A-1-A GE ES44C4, the piston and linkage shown here allow the locomotive to adjust the weight riding on the center, unpowered axle.
This enables the locomotive to add weight to the powered outer axles when there is wheel slip, and distribute its weight more evenly across all three axles when traction is good.
Most ES44 locomotives are of the C - C wheel arrangement, with all axles powered. FEC, with its flat profile, apparently does not need six-axle power.
More info here: locomotive.fandom.com/wiki/GE_ES44C4
French Armée de l'Air Renault R385h Vigie mobile (Tour de Contrôle mobile / Mobile Air Traffic Control System) of the Brigade Aérienne du Contrôle et de l’Espace (BACE) , Esplanade des Invalides, Paris, July 14, 2009.
These are parts of the switch control system for the little hump yard in Springfield yard. I assume they're relays for all of the switches than can be thrown by the operator in the hump tower.
The Soviet-built MiG-23 “Flogger” was designed to replace the widely-used MiG-21. The MiG-23’s advanced radar and fire control system could fire missiles at targets beyond visual range. Variable “swing” wing geometry, similar to that of the General Dynamics F-111 Aardvark, and robust landing gear allowed the MiG-23 to operate from short, remote runways. The pilot could select the wing sweep for low-speed take-off and landing or for supersonic flight.
The MiG-23MS was designed for foreign export and was less capable than domestic Soviet versions. It was equipped with a less sophisticated radar housed in a smaller radome. First delivered in 1973, it was given the NATO code-name “Flogger-E.” More than 5,000 MiG-23s of all types were built.
The US Air Force’s 4477th Test Squadron, the “Red Eagles,” flew this aircraft during Project Constant Peg. This highly classified program provided USAF, Navy, and Marine Corps fighter pilots with realistic combat training against then state-of-the-art Soviet technology. The MiG-23MS “Flogger-E” on display was declassified and transferred to the Museum in February 2017.
Technical Notes (MiG-23MS)
Crew: One
Armament: One twin-barreled 23mm GSh-23L cannon; six air-to-air missiles (mixture of infrared-homing close-range, AA-2 “Atoll” or AA-8 “Aphid”, and medium-range AA-7 “Apex” missiles)
Engine: One Tumansky R-29-300 turbojet of approx. 27,500 lbs thrust
Maximum speed: Approx. Mach 2.4
Wing sweep settings: 16, 45, and 72 degrees; adjustable in flight
French Armée de l'Air Renault Kerax 400 Vigie mobile (Tour de Contrôle mobile / Mobile Air Traffic Control System) of the Escadron de Détection et de Contrôle Mobiles (EDCM), Champs Élysées, Paris, July 14, 2014.
FD20 is a compact and efficient stand-alone device for Access Control System for offices. Easy installation and flexibility of report generation make this system an ideal office automation tool for time management purposes.
4/24/17 SDOT introduced a new adaptive traffic control system along Mercer Street between 3rd Ave W and I-5 which coordinates the operation of the traffic signals in and around the corridor to help vehicles move more efficiently. The system adapts to varying traffic conditions, such as congestion that may result from sports events, concerts or hour-to-hour traffic volume changes in the area.
The new system is called “SCOOT” which stands for Split Cycle Offset Optimization Technique. It is the first use of this type of adaptive signal system in the city.
“This new system will adjust signal timing based on traffic in and around Mercer in real time. We know Mercer is the busiest corridor in the city,” said SDOT Director Scott Kubly. “SCOOT will help reduce the traffic backups we’ve seen along Mercer and help keep people moving.”
he Air and Missile Defense Planning and Control System (AMDPCS) provides an automated command and control system to integrate air and missile defense planning and operations. Planning and operations functions include radar and weapon systems analysis and emplacement locations based on critical and defended asset lists/prioritization. It also supports intelligence preparation of the battlefield, using information collected by internal AMDPCS subsystems; joint collaboration support for the development of airspace control measures utilized throughout the theater of operations; and logistics management activities, to ensure timely ammunition resupply and reduce repair cycle times.
There are two configurations of AMDPCS (AMDPCS-A and AMDPCS-B), which are deployed with Air Defense Artillery (ADA) batteries, battalions, brigades and U.S. Army Air and Missile Defense Command (AAMDC). AMDPCS is the only system in the Army fleet to provide these capabilities.
Read more at asc.army.mil/web/portfolio-item/air-and-missile-defense-p....
(South Dakota Air and Space Museum collection, Ellsworth Air Force Base, Rapid City, South Dakota, USA)
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From exhibit signage:
EC-135A Airborne Launch Control System (ALCS)
Top Speed - 610 miles per hour
Crew - 15+
Range - Intercontinental
Payload - No weaponry; 31,000 gallons of fuel
An Airborne "Finger on the Button"
Crammed with electronics, one of three ALCSs from Ellsworth Air Force Base sat ready for takeoff at all times between 1970 and 1991. If an attack on the United States disrupted ground-based launch control sites, this plane's crew - from 30,000 feet in the air - could send nuclear missiles rocketing around the globe. But it was never really a button; crews turned keys to launch the missiles.
Specialists on board could communicate up and down the chain of command, from the President to individual combat crews.
Pumping Fuel at 300 miles per hour
Before it was converted for missile launch, this plane served Ellsworth Air Force Base's B-52 bombers as a flying gas station. Tankers from the 28th Air Refueling Squadron met bombers in midair, connected through the tail boom, and filled the bomber's tanks.
----------------------
See info. at:
(South Dakota Air and Space Museum collection, Ellsworth Air Force Base, Rapid City, South Dakota, USA)
----------------------
From exhibit signage:
EC-135A Airborne Launch Control System (ALCS)
Top Speed - 610 miles per hour
Crew - 15+
Range - Intercontinental
Payload - No weaponry; 31,000 gallons of fuel
An Airborne "Finger on the Button"
Crammed with electronics, one of three ALCSs from Ellsworth Air Force Base sat ready for takeoff at all times between 1970 and 1991. If an attack on the United States disrupted ground-based launch control sites, this plane's crew - from 30,000 feet in the air - could send nuclear missiles rocketing around the globe. But it was never really a button; crews turned keys to launch the missiles.
Specialists on board could communicate up and down the chain of command, from the President to individual combat crews.
Pumping Fuel at 300 miles per hour
Before it was converted for missile launch, this plane served Ellsworth Air Force Base's B-52 bombers as a flying gas station. Tankers from the 28th Air Refueling Squadron met bombers in midair, connected through the tail boom, and filled the bomber's tanks.
----------------------
See info. at:
As coastal artillery guns became larger, and their range increased, growing demands were placed on the fire control systems that targeted potential naval targets. By World War II the 16” guns of Battery Townsley and Battery Davis could fire a projectile 25 miles to sea. And there is a lot of sea out there at that range. To be effective the projectile would have to strike its target and that is where the artillery fire control system came into play.
Fire control systems basically sighted targets from multiple vantage points along the shore. The vantage points were connected by baselines of known relationship. The sighting direction from each fire control station was transmitted to a central fire control plotting room where the readings were fed into an analog computer, essentially adjustable arms on a large plotting table (see video). The coordinates of a target ship were updated at 20 second intervals to establish a ship trajectory, A projectile fired by the 16” guns was in the air for about 90 seconds so several intervals of plotting would occur while the load was in flight.
Coastal batteries with smaller weapons could use fire control stations that were relatively close to each other. However, the range of the 16” guns required fire control stations that were quite far apart. In the Bay Area these began down past Pacifica to the south and ranged all the way up to Wildcat in Pt. Reyes. The Hill 640 Military Reservation, located on coastal bluffs just south of Stinson Beach near the intersection of Panoramic Highway and Highway 1, had five fire control stations with each station associated with a different 16” gun installation. The site has fire control stations for completed batteries (Townsley and Davis) and unfinished batteries (129 and 243) plus a fifth fire control station of unknown association. It is interesting that while the fire control stations all belonged to the same era they have different designs. There must be a story behind this circumstance. It is also interesting that targeting information was not shared between the batteries.
Our visit found the fire control stations all grouped together above Highway 1. They seem to be in pretty good shape for structures built 70 years ago.
I am taking these aerial photographs as a volunteer with the Golden Gate National Recreation Area. For more information see kapcris.com/coastaldefenses/
The attached shows a dense section of the summer Milky Way in the constellation of Sagittarius which contains, among other objects, the Lagoon, Trifid & IC 4685 nebulae (at bottom right, upper right and lower left respectively).
Object Details: While the upper bluish part of the smaller Trifid Nebula is dust reflecting the light of stars, and so is aptly known as a reflection nebula; the largest objects in this image, including the lower bright portions of the Trifid, are giant star forming regions known as emission nebulae, composed mainly of hydrogen, much of it is ionized (heated / energized) by radiation from nearby and imbedded stars.
The Lagoon Nebula (a.k.a Messier 8 / NGC 6530) is a massive star-forming region located between 4000 and 5000 light-years from Earth and spanning a region of space 110 by 50 light-years in size. The nebula's glow is due to the extremely hot O & B type stars which make up the scattered open star cluster (i.e. NGC 6530). Having formed from the material of M8, at a 'mere' 2 million years old the cluster is very young (relatively speaking) and has carved out a cavity in this enormous cloud of interstellar dust and gas. The Lagoon can be found just above the spout of the Teapot asterism in Sagittarius and has a visual magnitude of 6 and apparent dimensions of 90 by 40 arc-minutes (i.e. three by one and one-third full moons in apparent width by height), as such it is visible to the naked-eye as a small oval patch of light in reasonably dark skies. Although not rising very high above the horizon from mid-northern latitudes, it is a wonderful object for binoculars and small telescopes. Getting it's name from a 'lagoon-shaped' dusk lane which runs through the center of the nebula, when viewed through a larger instrument from a dark location the interplay of it's hot, bright stars, interstellar dust clouds, and light & dark nebulae can be truly mesmerizing!
The Trifid Nebula (a.k.a. Messier 20 / NGC 6514), is a combination of an emission nebula (bottom), a reflection nebula (top), a dark nebula (trisecting the emission nebula and cataloged as Barnard 85) and an open star cluster. Approximately the same distance from Earth as the Lagoon, M20 spans over 40 light-years in diameter. Extremely young (relatively speaking); at a mere 300,000 years old it is believed to be one of the youngest emission nebulae known. Glowing at magnitude 6.3 with an apparent diameter of 28 arc-minutes (e.g. approximately the size of the full moon), it is visible in binoculars and lies just two degrees from the larger and brighter Lagoon Nebula.
IC 4685 is often overshadowed by it's more prominent neighbors, M8 & M20, and as such it is rarely imaged by itself and more frequently as part of a shot including the Lagoon. This area consists of several individual objects of various types: the top-left 'bulbous-shaped' region, being an emission nebula, is catalogued as IC 1275; the center section (IC 4685 itself, also an emission nebula) is somewhat bisected by a dark nebula, appearing like a sinuous, meandering 'river' running from upper-right to lower-left, it is a cloud of dark obscuring interstellar gas and dust known as Barnard 303; while the brighter 'bow-shaped' portion at the river's lower-left end, emission nebula NGC 6559, has to it's immediate lower left is a somewhat roundish reflection nebula.
Within all these emission nebulae can also be found many smaller, dark objects known as 'Bok globules' - dense clouds of interstellar gas and dust under contraction that can lead to the formation of new stars and planetary systems.
Imaged Details: Taken by Jay Edwards on June 19, 2023 from the scope field of Cherry Springs State Park in PA during CSSP's 2023 summer star party. The image utilized an Orion ED80T CF (i.e. an 80mm, f/6 carbon-fiber, triplet apochromatic refractor) connected to a Televue 0.8x field flattener / focal reducer with an IDAS dual narrowband Hydrogen-alpha / Oxygen III filter and an ASI2600MC Pro camera running at -10 degrees centigrade and controlled by an ASIair running on an IPad Air. Guided by an ASI290MC autoguider / planetary camera in an Orion 60mm, f/4 guidescope; they ride on a Losmandy G-11 mount running a Gemini 2 control system.
This is one of two Losmandy G-11's in my observatory and it was the first time this G-11 mount was away from the observatory I built at my home here in upstate, NY in the past 20 or so years. Since I have two G-11's I am leaving the newer one in my observatory while using this one as a new portable / transportable system for on-the-road events like this summer's CSSP.
Given that I was simply testing out this new imaging rig that weekend, although due to the large brightness difference between the inner portions of the Lagoon Nebula and the fainter nebulosity in the image I would normally use an HDR approach varying the exposure, the data for the attached is a relatively short stack of twenty-one exposures all 3 minutes in length (i.e. 'lights'); so the image only contains a total of 63 minutes of integration time (excluding darks, flats and flat-darks) and was processed in a blend of HOO, SHO & Foraxx palettes using a combination PixInsight and PaintShopPro. As shown here the entire composite has been re-sized down to HD resolution and the bit depth lowered to 8 bits per channel.
A rendering of this data in just an HOO palette (H-alpha assigned to the red channel and OIII to both the green and blue) can be found at the link attached here:
www.flickr.com/photos/homcavobservatory/53012789409/
Having also purchased an IDAS Oxygen III / Sulfur II dual band filter later in the summer, I'm looking forward to trying these types of alternate palettes on some objects I captured the H-a, OIII, and SII data for when I was back at cherry springs state park for the Black Forest Star party in September.
Wishing a Happy Thanksgiving to all who celebrate !
American, and Canadian Airmen assigned to the 962nd Airborne Air Control Squadron, distinguished guests, and surviving family members of the crew of the E-3B Sentry, Airborne Warning and Control System aircraft, call sign "YUKLA 27" gathered for 20th anniversary memorial ceremonies on Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson, Alaska, Tuesday, Sept. 22, 2015. On Elmendorf Air Force Base, Sept. 22, 1995, "YUKLA 27" aircraft from the 962nd Airborne Air Control Squadron encountered a flock of geese and crashed shortly after takeoff on a routine surveillance training sortie, killing all 24 U.S. and Canadian Airmen aboard. (U.S. Air Force photo/Justin Connaher)
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New Mexico Museum of Space History
This scene from the highly popular 1995 film, Apollo 13, takes place moments after an oxygen tank exploded in the Service Module. The Guidance, Navigation, and Control ("GNC") Flight Controller warns Flight Director Gene Kranz (played by Ed Harris) that the spacecraft may rotate into “gimbal lock.”
"Gimbal lock" would align two or more gyroscope gimbals and then flip them out of position. The crew would then have to perform the difficult task of realigning the gyro platform using the space sextant, telescope, and computer keyboard you see in this display case. Of note, portions of this unit actually flew on the dramatic Apollo 13 mission in 1970.
Portions of this Primary Guidance, Navigation, and Control System (PGNCS) (pronounced "pings") unit also flew on Apollo 14, 15, 16, as well the three manned Skylab space station missions. The telescope and sextant you can actually look through were used by the astronauts traveling to the Moon on Apollo 14 and 16.
Because of a recall of beryllium metals throughout the government in the 1970s and 1980s for critical defense needs, the existence of a complete Apollo PGNCS, like this, is rare. This is one of only two complete units known to exist. The other is at the Draper Laboratory at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).
As coastal artillery guns became larger, and their range increased, growing demands were placed on the fire control systems that targeted potential naval targets. By World War II the 16” guns of Battery Townsley and Battery Davis could fire a projectile 25 miles to sea. And there is a lot of sea out there at that range. To be effective the projectile would have to strike its target and that is where the artillery fire control system came into play.
Fire control systems basically sighted targets from multiple vantage points along the shore. The vantage points were connected by baselines of known relationship. The sighting direction from each fire control station was transmitted to a central fire control plotting room where the readings were fed into an analog computer, essentially adjustable arms on a large plotting table (see video). The coordinates of a target ship were updated at 20 second intervals to establish a ship trajectory, A projectile fired by the 16” guns was in the air for about 90 seconds so several intervals of plotting would occur while the load was in flight.
Coastal batteries with smaller weapons could use fire control stations that were relatively close to each other. However, the range of the 16” guns required fire control stations that were quite far apart. In the Bay Area these began down past Pacifica to the south and ranged all the way up to Wildcat in Pt. Reyes. The Hill 640 Military Reservation, located on coastal bluffs just south of Stinson Beach near the intersection of Panoramic Highway and Highway 1, had five fire control stations with each station associated with a different 16” gun installation. The site has fire control stations for completed batteries (Townsley and Davis) and unfinished batteries (129 and 243) plus a fifth fire control station of unknown association. It is interesting that while the fire control stations all belonged to the same era they have different designs. There must be a story behind this circumstance. It is also interesting that targeting information was not shared between the batteries.
Our visit found the fire control stations all grouped together above Highway 1. They seem to be in pretty good shape for structures built 70 years ago.
I am taking these aerial photographs as a volunteer with the Golden Gate National Recreation Area. For more information see kapcris.com/coastaldefenses/
(South Dakota Air and Space Museum collection, Ellsworth Air Force Base, Rapid City, South Dakota, USA)
----------------------
From exhibit signage:
EC-135A Airborne Launch Control System (ALCS)
Top Speed - 610 miles per hour
Crew - 15+
Range - Intercontinental
Payload - No weaponry; 31,000 gallons of fuel
An Airborne "Finger on the Button"
Crammed with electronics, one of three ALCSs from Ellsworth Air Force Base sat ready for takeoff at all times between 1970 and 1991. If an attack on the United States disrupted ground-based launch control sites, this plane's crew - from 30,000 feet in the air - could send nuclear missiles rocketing around the globe. But it was never really a button; crews turned keys to launch the missiles.
Specialists on board could communicate up and down the chain of command, from the President to individual combat crews.
Pumping Fuel at 300 miles per hour
Before it was converted for missile launch, this plane served Ellsworth Air Force Base's B-52 bombers as a flying gas station. Tankers from the 28th Air Refueling Squadron met bombers in midair, connected through the tail boom, and filled the bomber's tanks.
----------------------
See info. at:
Science Museum of Virginia
A submarine is a ship designed to operate and navigate under its own power underwater. A true submarine has self-contained life support, propulsion and buoyancy control systems.
Dutch inventor Cornelius Drebel built the first known submarine in 1620. Built of wood and covered with leather, Drebel's craft carried 12 oarsmen and several passengers below the surface of the Thames in London. Oxygen was supplied by tubes connected to the surface allowing it to stay submerged at shallow depths for hours at a time.
In 1775 David Bushnell, an American engineer, developed a submarine called Turtle. The egg-shaped Turtle was operated by a hand-cranked propeller, employed hand-pumped ballast tanks and had no air supply. It could only remain submerged for about 30 minutes. The Turtle was the first military submarine. Intended for use against the British during the American Revolution, it never succeeded in sinking any target.
In 1800 the American inventor Robert Fulton built a submarine called Nautilus. The Nautilus was shaped much like a modern submarine. Fulton's design included diving planes for horizontal and vertical control and compressed air for life support and ballast control. It was powered underwater by a hand-cranked propeller, and on the surface by a sail.
During the American Civil War, the Confederate Army produced four military submarines. Each was built of iron and powered by a hand-cranked propeller. One of the submarines, the Huntley, attacked the Union's USS Housatanic in 1864. Both vessels sank as a result of the attack.
John P. Holland dramatically advanced the development of submarines. The Irish-American inventor began designing and building submarines in the late 1800s. His submarine, the Holland, was launched in 1898 and employed a gasoline motor for surface cruising and an electric motor for underwater cruising. The Holland became the first U.S. Navy submarine in 1900. John P. Holland's company eventually became the Electric Boat Company, which launched Aluminaut in 1964.
Simon Lake, an American engineer, was also developing the design of the submarine in the late 1800s. In 1887 he launched the Argonaut, the first submarine to operate successfully in the open ocean. Simon Lake sailed the Argonaut from Norfolk, Virginia, to New York in 1898. Towards the end of his life, Lake met J. Louis Reynolds and helped inspire the design of Aluminaut.
French Armée de l'Air Renault R385h Vigie mobile (Tour de Contrôle mobile / Mobile Air Traffic Control System) of the Brigade Aérienne du Contrôle et de l’Espace (BACE) , Esplanade des Invalides, Paris, July 14, 2009.
via John Currin (JC - Ex RNZN) - Google+ Public Posts ift.tt/1KYFIv2
Gangut (Russian: Гангут) was both the lead ship of the Gangut-class dreadnoughts of the Imperial Russian Navy built before World War I and the last of her class to be completed. She was named after the Russian victory over the Swedish Navy in the Battle of Gangut in 1714. She was completed during the winter of 1914–15, but was not ready for combat until mid-1915. Her role was to defend the mouth of the Gulf of Finland against the Germans, who never tried to enter, so she spent her time training and providing cover for minelaying operations. Her crew joined the general mutiny of the Baltic Fleet after the February Revolution and joined the Bolsheviks in 1918. She was laid up in 1918 for lack of manpower and not recommissioned until 1925, by which time she had been renamed Oktyabrskaya Revolutsiya (Russian: Октябрьская революция: October Revolution).
She was reconstructed between 1931 and 1934 with new boilers, fire-control systems and greatly enlarged superstructures. During the Winter War she bombarded Finnish coastal artillery positions one time. Her anti-aircraft armament was greatly reinforced in early 1941, just before Operation Barbarossa. She provided gunfire support against the Germans during the Siege of Leningrad despite being bombed three times and under repair for a year. Retained on active duty after the war she became a training ship in 1954 before being struck off the Navy List in 1956 and slowly scrapped.
Gangut was 180 meters (590 ft) long at the waterline and 181.2 meters (594 ft) long overall. She had a beam of 26.9 meters (88 ft) and a draft of 8.99 meters (29.5 ft), 49 centimeters (1.61 ft) more than designed. Her displacement was 24,800 tonnes (24,400 long tons; 27,300 short tons) at load, over 1,500 t (1,500 long tons; 1,700 short tons) more than her designed displacement of 23,288 t (22,920 long tons; 25,671 short tons).[1]
Gangut 's machinery was built by the Franco-Russian Works. Ten Parsons-type steam turbines drove the four propellers. The engine rooms were located between turrets three and four in three transverse compartments. The outer compartments each had a high-pressure ahead and reverse turbine for each wing propeller shaft. The central engine room had two each low-pressure ahead and astern turbines as well as two cruising turbines driving the two center shafts. The engines had a total designed output of 42,000 shaft horsepower (31,319 kW), but they produced 52,000 shp (38,776 kW) during her sister Poltava's full-speed trials on 21 November 1915 and gave a top speed of 24.1 knots (44.6 km/h; 27.7 mph). Twenty-five Yarrow Admiralty-type small-tube boilers provided steam to the engines at a designed working pressure of 17.5 standard atmospheres (1,770 kPa; 257 psi). Each boiler was fitted with Thornycroft oil sprayers for mixed oil/coal burning. They were arranged in two groups. The forward group consisted of two boiler rooms in front of the second turret, the foremost of which had three boilers while the second one had six. The rear group was between the second and third turrets and comprised two compartments, each with eight boilers. At full load she carried 1,847.5 long tons (1,877.1 t) of coal and 700 long tons (710 t) of fuel oil and that provided her a range of 3,500 nautical miles (6,500 km) at a speed of 10 knots (19 km/h).[2]
Silver laid down board of Gangut
Her main armament consisted of a dozen Obukhovskii 12-inch (305 mm) Pattern 1907 52-caliber guns mounted in four triple turrets distributed the length of the ship. The Russians did not believe that superfiring turrets offered any advantage, discounting the value of axial fire and believing that superfiring turrets could not fire while over the lower turret because of muzzle blast problems. They also believed that distributing the turrets, and their associated magazines, over the length of the ship improved the survivability of the ship. Sixteen 4.7-inch (119 mm) 50-caliber Pattern 1905 guns were mounted in casemates as the secondary battery intended to defend the ship against torpedo boats. She completed with only a single 3-inch (76 mm) 30-caliber Lender anti-aircraft (AA) gun mounted on the quarterdeck. Other AA guns were probably added during the course of World War I, but details are lacking.[3] Conway's says that four 75-millimeter (3.0 in) were added to the roofs of the end turrets during the war.[4] Four 17.7-inch (450 mm) submerged torpedo tubes were mounted with three torpedoes for each tube.[3]
Service[edit]
Gangut was built by the Admiralty Works in Saint Petersburg. Her keel was laid down on 16 June 1909 and she was launched on 22 September 1911. At the end of October 1914, she collided with her sister Poltava which delayed her trials, scheduled for 9 November 1914, to late December 1914.[5] She entered service on 11 January 1915 when she reached Helsingfors and was assigned to the First Battleship Brigade of the Baltic Fleet. Gangut and her sister Sevastopol provided distant cover for minelaying operations south of Liepāja on 27 August, the furthest that any Russian dreadnought ventured out of the Gulf of Finland during World War I. She ran aground on 10 September, but suffered only minor damage. A minor mutiny broke out on 1 November when the executive officer refused to feed the crew the traditional meal of meat and macaroni after coaling.[6] The return of the captain and the issue of a dinner of tinned meat restored order on the ship. On 10–11 November and 6 December Gangut and her sister Petropavlovsk again provided distant cover for minelaying operations. She saw no action of any kind during 1916. Her crew joined the general mutiny of the Baltic Fleet on 16 March 1917, after the idle sailors received word of the February Revolution in Saint Petersburg. The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk required the Soviets to evacuate their base at Helsinki in March 1918 or have them interned by newly independent Finland even though the Gulf of Finland was still frozen over. Gangut and her sisters led the first group of ships on 12 March and reached Kronstadt five days later in what became known as the 'Ice Voyage'.[7]
Oktyabrskaya Revolutsiya in 1934, after her modernization
Gangut was laid up on 9 November 1918 for lack of manpower and was renamed Oktyabrskaya Revolutsiya (Russian: Октябрьская революция: October Revolution) on 27 June 1925 while she was being refitted. She was recommissioned on 23 March 1926 and began a partial reconstruction on 12 October 1931,[8] incorporating the lessons from the earlier modernizations of her sisters Marat and Parizhskaya Kommuna. The tubular tower-mast of Marat was replaced by a larger and sturdier structure with a KDP-6 fire control director, equipped with two 6-meter (20 ft) Zeiss rangefinders positioned on top. The aft superstructure was enlarged and a new structure was built just forward of it, with another KDP-6 director surmounting it, which required the repositioning of the mainmast 9 meters (30 ft) forward. This did not leave enough room for a derrick, as was used on Marat, so two large boat cranes were mounted on each side of the mainmast. Her funnel was curved to the rear rather than angled like Marat. Each turret received Italian 8-meter (26 ft) rangefinders and their roof armor was increased to 152-millimeter (6.0 in) in thickness. A new forecastle was fitted, much like that Marat 's, to improve seakeeping. Six 76.2-millimeter (3.00 in) 34-K anti-aircraft (AA) guns were added, three on the roofs of the fore and aft turrets. All twenty-five of her old boilers were replaced by a dozen oil-fired boilers originally intended for the Borodino-class battlecruiser Izmail. The space saved was used to add another inboard longitudinal watertight bulkhead that greatly improved her underwater protection.[9] Her original Pollen Argo Clock mechanical fire-control computer was upgraded with a copy of a Vickers Ltd fire-control computer, designated AKUR by the Soviets, as well as a copy of a Sperry stable vertical gyroscope.[10] These changes increased her displacement to 26,690 tonnes (26,270 long tons; 29,420 short tons) at full load and her overall length to 184.9 meters (607 ft). Her metacentric height decreased to 1.67 meters (5 ft 6 in) from her designed 1.76 meters (5 ft 9 in) as a result of her enlarged superstructures.[11]
She finished her reconstruction on 4 August 1934.[8] Her participation in the Winter War was limited to a bombardment of Finnish 10-inch (254 mm) coast defense guns on 18 December 1939 at Saarenpää in the Beryozovye Islands before the Gulf of Finland iced over. She failed to inflict any permanent damage before she was driven off by near misses.[12] Oktyabrskaya Revolutsiya sailed to Tallinn shortly after the Soviets occupied Estonia, but she was refitted in February–March 1941 in Kronstadt and her anti-aircraft armament was reinforced. Two twin 76.2-mm 81-K mounts were mounted on her quarter deck. The magazines for these guns were probably situated in the rearmost casemates on each beam, which lost their 120-mm guns and twelve automatic 37-millimeter (1.5 in) 70-K guns were also added, three guns each on the middle turrets and the other six in the fore and aft superstructures. Four twin and four single 12.7-millimeter (0.50 in) DShK machine guns and two AA directors were also fitted. The large cranes were replaced by smaller ones taken from the ex-German heavy cruiser Petropavlovsk to make room for the anti-aircraft guns.[13]
On 22 June 1941 Oktyabrskaya Revolutsiya was in Tallinn when the Germans invaded the Soviet Union, but she was forced to sail for Kronstadt by the advancing Germans. She opened fire on troop positions of the German 18th Army on 8 September from the channel between Leningrad and Kronstadt,[14] and probably landed four 120-millimeter (4.7 in) guns on the following day for use ashore.[13] She was badly damaged on 21 September by three bomb hits on her bow that knocked out two turrets and she was sent to the Ordzhonikidze Yard on 23 October for repairs. The Soviets took advantage of this time to add four more 37-mm 70-K AA guns and another twin 76.2-mm K-81 gun mount between February and April 1942.[15] She was hit again by one heavy and three medium bombs dropped by Heinkel He 111s of KG 4 during the night of 4–5 April.[16] and again by three bombs on 24 April. Her repairs were completed in November 1942, although a quadruple 37-mm 46-K gun mount was added in September. She supported Soviet forces during the Siege of Leningrad, the Leningrad–Novgorod Offensive in January 1944 and the Vyborg–Petrozavodsk Offensive in June 1944. She received a Lend-Lease British Type 279 air-warning radar sometime during 1944. On 22 July 1944 she was awarded the Order of the Red Banner.[15]
She was reclassified as a 'school battleship' on 24 July 1954 and stricken on 17 February 1956. She was slowly scrapped and her hulk still survived in May 1958.[8]
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KOSUN drilling rig used solid control system adopts multi-function design, which made the complete solid control system could fulfill requirements of various well depth and all kinds of drilling mud. Each process unit can either work independently or work together. KOSUN machinery manufacturing company can design and assemble the complete system according to customers' requirements.
New Mexico Museum of Space History
This scene from the highly popular 1995 film, Apollo 13, takes place moments after an oxygen tank exploded in the Service Module. The Guidance, Navigation, and Control ("GNC") Flight Controller warns Flight Director Gene Kranz (played by Ed Harris) that the spacecraft may rotate into “gimbal lock.”
"Gimbal lock" would align two or more gyroscope gimbals and then flip them out of position. The crew would then have to perform the difficult task of realigning the gyro platform using the space sextant, telescope, and computer keyboard you see in this display case. Of note, portions of this unit actually flew on the dramatic Apollo 13 mission in 1970.
Portions of this Primary Guidance, Navigation, and Control System (PGNCS) (pronounced "pings") unit also flew on Apollo 14, 15, 16, as well the three manned Skylab space station missions. The telescope and sextant you can actually look through were used by the astronauts traveling to the Moon on Apollo 14 and 16.
Because of a recall of beryllium metals throughout the government in the 1970s and 1980s for critical defense needs, the existence of a complete Apollo PGNCS, like this, is rare. This is one of only two complete units known to exist. The other is at the Draper Laboratory at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).
French Armée de l'Air Renault R385h Vigie mobile (Tour de Contrôle mobile / Mobile Air Traffic Control System) of the Brigade Aérienne du Contrôle et de l’Espace (BACE) , Esplanade des Invalides, Paris, July 14, 2009.
As coastal artillery guns became larger, and their range increased, growing demands were placed on the fire control systems that targeted potential naval targets. By World War II the 16” guns of Battery Townsley and Battery Davis could fire a projectile 25 miles to sea. And there is a lot of sea out there at that range. To be effective the projectile would have to strike its target and that is where the artillery fire control system came into play.
Fire control systems basically sighted targets from multiple vantage points along the shore. The vantage points were connected by baselines of known relationship. The sighting direction from each fire control station was transmitted to a central fire control plotting room where the readings were fed into an analog computer, essentially adjustable arms on a large plotting table (see video). The coordinates of a target ship were updated at 20 second intervals to establish a ship trajectory, A projectile fired by the 16” guns was in the air for about 90 seconds so several intervals of plotting would occur while the load was in flight.
Coastal batteries with smaller weapons could use fire control stations that were relatively close to each other. However, the range of the 16” guns required fire control stations that were quite far apart. In the Bay Area these began down past Pacifica to the south and ranged all the way up to Wildcat in Pt. Reyes. The Hill 640 Military Reservation, located on coastal bluffs just south of Stinson Beach near the intersection of Panoramic Highway and Highway 1, had five fire control stations with each station associated with a different 16” gun installation. The site has fire control stations for completed batteries (Townsley and Davis) and unfinished batteries (129 and 243) plus a fifth fire control station of unknown association. It is interesting that while the fire control stations all belonged to the same era they have different designs. There must be a story behind this circumstance. It is also interesting that targeting information was not shared between the batteries.
Our visit found the fire control stations all grouped together above Highway 1. They seem to be in pretty good shape for structures built 70 years ago.
I am taking these aerial photographs as a volunteer with the Golden Gate National Recreation Area. For more information see kapcris.com/coastaldefenses/
Old cable control system for opening and closing the cell doors in the block. Built by the Southern Steel Company in Texas. Where else?
Integrated Trailer Brake Control System in the All New 2011 GMC Sierra 3500HD Dually Diesel at DFW Dallas Ft Worth GMC Dealer James Wood GMC Denton and Decatur
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