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Colibrì T Fire Control System with Erica Thermal Imager for M60A3. Learn more www.leonardocompany.com/en/news-media/eventi-events/bidec...
(South Dakota Air and Space Museum collection, Ellsworth Air Force Base, Rapid City, South Dakota, USA)
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From exhibit signage:
EC-135A Airborne Launch Control System (ALCS)
Top Speed - 610 miles per hour
Crew - 15+
Range - Intercontinental
Payload - No weaponry; 31,000 gallons of fuel
An Airborne "Finger on the Button"
Crammed with electronics, one of three ALCSs from Ellsworth Air Force Base sat ready for takeoff at all times between 1970 and 1991. If an attack on the United States disrupted ground-based launch control sites, this plane's crew - from 30,000 feet in the air - could send nuclear missiles rocketing around the globe. But it was never really a button; crews turned keys to launch the missiles.
Specialists on board could communicate up and down the chain of command, from the President to individual combat crews.
Pumping Fuel at 300 miles per hour
Before it was converted for missile launch, this plane served Ellsworth Air Force Base's B-52 bombers as a flying gas station. Tankers from the 28th Air Refueling Squadron met bombers in midair, connected through the tail boom, and filled the bomber's tanks.
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See info. at:
U.S. Army Warrant Officer Mark Master, 678th Air Defense Artillery Brigade command and control system integrator, graduated the Air Defense Artillery Fire Control Officer (ADAFCO) course at Kirtland Air Force Base in Albuquerque, New Mexico, Feb. 12, 2020. U.S. Army Command Chief Warrant Officer 5 Ray Evans, South Carolina National Guard command chief warrant officer, and U.S. Army Command Chief Warrant Officer 5 Teresa Domeier, U.S. Army National Guard command chief warrant officer, visited Master to recognize his accomplishment. The ADAFCO is a position that was created during Operation Iraqi Freedom to manage multiple battalions of Patriot-operator units and protect friendly assets. The course focused on creating joint force ground-based air defense subject matter experts with a unique ability to communicate with all branches of service and coordinate surface-to-air engagements. Individuals who graduate the course are able to plan missions and design air defense operations to optimize sensor and weapon system placement. (courtesy photo)
+++ DISCLAIMER +++
Nothing you see here is real, even though the conversion or the presented background story might be based on historical facts. BEWARE!
Some background:
The Bell AH-1 SuperCobra is a twin-engined attack helicopter that was developed on behalf of, and primarily operated by, the United States Marine Corps (USMC). The twin Cobra family, itself part of the larger Huey family, includes the AH-1J SeaCobra, the AH-1T Improved SeaCobra, and the AH-1W SuperCobra. The Super Cobra was derived from the single-engine AH-1 Cobra, which had been developed during the mid-1960s as an interim gunship for the U.S. Army. The USMC had quickly taken an interest in the type but sought a twin-engine arrangement for greater operational safety at sea, along with more capable armaments. While initially opposed by the Department of Defense, who were keen to promote commonality across the services, in May 1968, an order for an initial 49 twin-engine AH-1J SeaCobras was issued to Bell. The type entered service during the final months of the US's involvement in the Vietnam War, seeing limited action in the theatre as a result.
The USMC promptly sought greater payload capacity than that provided by the original Sea Cobra; thus the AH-1T, equipped with the dynamic systems of the Model 309 and a lengthened fuselage, was produced by Bell during the 1970s. In the following decade, in response to the denial of funding to procure the Boeing AH-64 Apache attack helicopter, the USMC opted to procure a more capable variant of the AH-1T; equipped with revised fire control systems compatible with new munitions, such as the AGM-114 Hellfire anti-tank missile, the new model, designated AH-1W, commenced delivery in 1986.
In the early 1980s, the Marine Corps sought a new navalized helicopter. Accordingly, it evaluated the Boeing AH-64 Apache attack helicopter as first choice over a two-week period in September 1981, which included shipboard operation tests. Furthermore, various concepts were studied at this time. However, the service's request for funding to purchase the AH-64 was denied by Congress that same year. As an alternative option, the Marines procured a more powerful version of the AH-1T. Other changes included modified fire control systems to carry and fire AIM-9 Sidewinder and AGM-114 Hellfire missiles. The new version, which was funded by Congress, received the AH-1W designation. During March 1986, deliveries of the AH-1W SuperCobra commenced, eventually totaling 179 new-built helicopters along with the upgrading of 43 existing AH-1Ts.
This development also fell into the period when Great Britain was looking for a potential attack helicopter for the British Army, and Western Germany was - together with France - about to mutually develop a new attack helicopter that would in Germany replace the PAH-1, the light Bo 105 helicopter armed with six HOT anti-tank missiles. In 1984, the French and West German governments had issued a requirement for an advanced antitank helicopter, with one variant desired by the French dedicated to the escort and antihelicopter role. As originally planned, both countries would procure a total of 427 helicopters called “Tiger”. The West Germans planned on acquiring 212 models of the anti-tank variant named PAH-2 (Panzerabwehrhubschrauber or "Anti-tank helicopter"), with deliveries starting at the end of 1992. The French wanted 75 HAPs (Hélicoptère d'Appui Protection or "Support and Escort Helicopter") and 140 HACs (Hélicoptère Anti Char or "Anti-Tank Helicopter"), with deliveries starting at the end of 1991 and 1995, respectively. In the meantime, the USA also offered both the AH-1 as well as the more modern AH-64 as alternatives.
Development of the Tiger started during the Cold War, and it was initially intended as a pure anti-tank helicopter platform to be used against a Soviet ground invasion of Western Europe. A joint venture, consisting of Aérospatiale and MBB, was subsequently chosen as the preferred supplier, but in 1986 the development program was already canceled again due to spiraling costs: it had been officially calculated that supplying the German forces with an equivalent number of US-produced McDonnell Douglas AH-64 Apache attack helicopters would have been a considerably cheaper alternative to proceeding with the Tiger’s development, which became a more and more complex project because the helicopter would have to be able to fulfill more roles, and the duty profiles of Germany and France became significantly different. According to statements by the French Defence Minister André Giraud in April 1986, the collaborative effort had become more expensive than an individual national program and was also forecast to take longer to complete.
This opened the door for American proposals even wider, and beyond the state-of-the-art AH-64 Bell proposed a further upgraded two-engine AH-1W. Bell had been working as a private initiative with both the AH-1T+ demonstrator and the AH-1W prototype, and developed a new experimental hingeless rotor system with four composite blades, designed to withstand up to 23 mm rounds and thus greatly improving battlefield survivability. This new main rotor was manually foldable, reduced vibrations and allowed the engine power to be increased, thus greatly improving the SuperCobra’s performance and load capabilities. The twin engine’s power had until then been restricted, but in the AH-1-4BW the power was liberated to full 1,800 shp (1,342 kW), with a reinforced gearbox that could even cope with 2.400 shp. Top speed climbed by 23 mph/37 km/h, rate of climb improved, and the load capability was raised by 1.000 lb (450 kg). The AH-1-4BW was now able to fly a full looping, something the AH-1 had not been able to do before. However, empty weight of this demonstrator helicopter climbed to 12,189 lb (5,534 kg) and the maximum TOW to 18,492 lb (8.391 kg).
Other changes included a different position for the stabilizers further aft, closer to the tail rotor, which furthermore received small end plates to improve directional stability. The modified AH-1W prototype was aptly re-designated “AH-1-4BW” (4BW standing for “4-blade whiskey”), and there were plans to upgrade the type even further with a fully digitalized cockpit to meet contemporary requirements, e.g. for the British Army.
The West-German Bundesluftwaffe’s interest in the “outdated” AH-1 was initially only lukewarm, but when Bell offered to lend the AH-1-4BW prototype for evaluations and as a development mule for the eventual integration of the European HOT missile and indigenous sensors and avionics, a mutual agreement was signed in late 1987 to have the AH-1-4BW tested by the Luftwaffe in the environment where the type would be operated.
The AH-1-4BW prototype (s/n 166 022) was delivered to Manching in Southern Germany in summer 1988 on board of a C-5 Galaxy. It was operated by the Luftwaffe’s Wehrtechnische Dienststelle (WTD, Technical and Airworthiness Center for Aircraft) 61 for two years and successfully made several tests. This program was divided into three “Phases”. “Phase I” included focused on flight characteristics, tactical operations, and mock air-to-air combat against Luftwaffe CH-53s which acted as Mi-24 aggressors. Upon program start the AH-1-4BW received German markings, the registration 98+11, and a new, subdued paint scheme in Luftwaffe colors instead of the original USMC scheme in an overall medium green.
In “Phase I” the AH-1-4BW retained its American weapon systems, as the flight testing did not involve weapon deployment or integration. Instead, dummies or target designators were carried. After these initial tests that lasted almost a year Bell agreed to let the WTD 61 modify the AH-1-4BW further with European avionics to deploy the HOT 3 anti-tank missile, which would be the helicopter’s primal weapon in the German Heeresflieger’s service, since Germany did at that time neither use the similar American TOW nor the more sophisticated AGM-114 Hellfire, even though the German PARS 3 LR missile (also known as TRIGAT-LR: Third Generation AntiTank, Long Range) was already under development since 1988. This upgrade and test program section received the designation “Phase II”. Outwardly, the newly modified AH-1 was recognizable through a different sensor turret in the nose and a modified HOT missile sight for the gunner in the front seat.
In late 1989 the helicopter underwent another modification by WTD 61, which was to test equipment already intended for the PAH-2. Under the trials’ final “Phase III” the AH-1-4BW received a globular fairing on a mast on top of the main rotor, to test the tactical value of observing, identifying, and selecting targets while the helicopter would remain in cover. This sensor mast combined a panoramic IR camera with a targeting sight for anti-tank missiles and the gun turret, and it functionally replaced the standard chin sensor turret (which was brought back to AH-1W standard). Another novel feature was a streamlined, sugar scope-shaped exhaust diffusor with two chambers which guided hot gases upwards into the main rotor’s downwash, as an alternative to the original diffusors which only mixed cold ambient air with the hot efflux. It turned out to be very effective and was subsequently adapted for the Tiger. Other changes included a new hingeless three-blade tail rotor that was supposed to reduce operational noise and frequency issues with the new 4-blade main rotor, and the endplate stabilizers were enlarged to compensate for the huge “eyeball” on top of the main rotor which significantly changed the AH-1’s flight characteristics, especially at high speed.
Further tests of the Phase III SuperCobra lasted until summer 1990 and provided both Bell as well as the Luftwaffe with valuable benchmark data for further weapon system developments. When the lease contract ended in 1991, the AH-1-4BW was sent back to the United States. In the meantime, though, the political situation had changed dramatically. The USSR had ceased to exist, so that the Cold War threat especially in Europe had ended almost overnight after the Aérospatiale/MBB joint venture, now officially called Eurocopter, had signed an agreement in 1989 which financially secured the majority of the Tiger’s pending development through to serial production, including arrangements for two assembly lines to be built at Aerospatiale's Marignane plant and MBB's Donauwörth facility. This eventually saved the Tiger and in 1991 it had become clear that no American attack helicopter would be bought by either Germany or France. Great Britain as another potential European customer also declined the AH-1 and eventually procured the more modern AH-64 in the form of the license-built AgustaWestland Apache.
In 1992, the Eurocopter Group was officially established, and the Tiger moved closer to the hardware stage; this led to considerable consolidation of the aerospace industry and the Tiger project itself. A major agreement was struck in December 1996 between France and Germany that cemented the Tiger's prospects and committed the development of supporting elements, such as a series of new generation missile designs for use by the new helicopter. National political issues continued to affect the prospects of the Tiger, however. A proposed sale of up to 145 Tigers to Turkey proved a source of controversy; Turkey selected the Tiger as the preferred option, but conflicting attitudes between Eurocopter, France and Germany regarding military exports led to Turkey withdrawing its interest. Eventually, Turkey procured AH-1s and started an indigenous attack helicopter program.
However, the AH-1-4BW’s development and its vigorous testing in Germany were not in vain: Lacking a USMC contract, Bell developed this new design into the AH-1Z with its own funds during the 1990s and 2000s. By 1996, the Marines were again prevented from ordering the AH-64: developing a marine version of the Apache would have been expensive and it was likely that the Marine Corps would be its only customer. Instead, the service signed a contract for the upgrading of AH-1Ws into AH-1Zs, which incorporated many elements from the AH-1-4BW.
General characteristics:
Crew: Two (pilot, co-pilot/gunner)
Length: 58 ft 0 in (17.68 m) overall
45 ft 7 in (14 m) for fuselage only
Width: 10 ft 9 in (3.28 m) for stub wings only
Height: 13 ft 9 in (4.19 m)
13 ft 9 in (4.19 m) incl. Phase III sensor mast
Main rotor diameter: 42 ft 8 in (13.00 m)
Airfoil: blade root: DFVLR DM-H3; blade tip: DFVLR DM-H4
Main rotor area: 1,428.9 sq ft (132.75 m2)
Empty weight: 12,189 lb (5,534 kg)
Max. take-off weight: 18,492 lb (8.391 kg)
Powerplant:
2× General Electric T700-401 turboshaft engine, with 1,800 shp (1,342 kW)
Performance:
Maximum speed: 190 kn (220 mph, 350 km/h)
Never exceed speed: 190 kn (220 mph, 350 km/h)
Range: 317 nmi (365 mi, 587 km)
Service ceiling: 12,200 ft (3,700 m)
Rate of climb: 1,620 ft/min (8.2 m/s)
Armament:
1× 20 mm (0.787 in) M197 3-barreled Gatling cannon
in the A/A49E-7 chin turret (750 rounds ammo capacity)
4× hardpoints under the stub wings for a wide range of weapons, including…
- 20 mm (0.787 in) autocannon pods
- Twenty-two round pods with 68 mm (2.68 in) SNEB unguided rockets,
- Nineteen or seven round pods with 2.75” (70 mm) Hydra 70 or APKWS II rockets,
- 5” (127 mm) Zuni rockets – 8 rockets in two 4-round LAU-10D/A launchers
- Up to 8 TOW missiles in two 4-round XM65 missile launchers, on outboard hardpoints, or
up to 8 HOT3
up to 8 AGM-114 Hellfire missiles in 4-round M272 missile launchers, on outboard hardpoint,
- Up to 2 AIM-9 Sidewinder anti-aircraft missiles, launch rails above each outboard hardpoint or
up to 2 Air-to-Air Stinger (ATAS) air-to-air missiles in single launch tubes
The kit and its assembly:
This what-if model was inspired by the real attempts of Bell to sell a twin-engine Cobra variant to Germany as a replacement for the light PAH-1/Bo 105 helicopter, while plans were made to build an indigenous successor together with France which eventually became the PAH-2/Tiger. These proposals fell well into the time frame of the (also) real AH-14BW project, and I imagined that this specific helicopter had been lent to the Luftwaffe for evaluation?
The basis is the Italeri 1:72 AH-1W kit, a solid basis which requires some work, though. And because I had the remains of a French Tigre at hand (which gave its cockpit for my recent JASDF A-2 build) I decided to use some of the leftover parts for something that borders a kitbashing. This includes the 4-blade main and 3-blade tail rotor, and I integrated the Tiger’s scoop-shaped exhaust diffusor behind the main rotor – a tricky task that require a lot of PSR, but the result looks very natural, if not elegant? The Tiger’s end plate stabilizers were used, too, mounted to the AH-1’s trim stabilizers that were mounted further back, as on the real AH-1-4BW.
To change the look even further I decided to add a sensor pod on top of the main rotor, and this required a totally new mechanical solution to hold the latter. Eventually I integrated a sleeve for a fixed metal axis which also holds the sensor ball (from a MisterCraft Westland Lynx – a bit oversized, but suitable for a prototype), and the PAH-2 rotor received an arrangement of levers that hold it in place and still allow it to spin.
The ordnance was also taken from the Italeri Tigre, with HOT quadruple launchers for the outer weapon stations, the inner hardpoints were left empty and I also did not mount the American chaff/flare dispensers on top of the stub wings.
Painting and markings:
The Luftwaffe did a LOT of interesting camouflage experiments in the early Eighties, adopting several standardized schemes for aircraft, but the Heeresflieger were less enthusiastic and retained the overall Gelboliv (RAL 6014) scheme before a three-color camouflage, consisting of two green tones and a dirty black was gradually introduced – even though apparently not in a uniform fashion, because there were variations for the darker shade of green (retaining RAL 6014 or using FS 34079, as on the Luftwaffe Norm ’83 scheme that was applied to Tornado IDSs, RF-4Es, some Starfighters and to the Transall fleet).
My fictional AH-1-4BW would fall into that transitional phase and I decided to give the helicopter an experimental scheme, which was used/tested on early Tornado IDS, consisting of RAL 7021 (Teerschwarz), RAL 7012 (Basaltgrau) and RAL 6014 (Gelboliv) – on aircraft with undersides in RAL 7000 (Silbergrau), but on a helicopter rather as a wraparound scheme. However, inspired by Luftwaffe F-4Fs with a modified Norm ‘72 splinter scheme that added a simple light grey fin to break up the aircrafts’ profile in a side view, I used RAL 7030 (Steingrau) on the tail tip to achieve the same effect, and the light grey was also used, together with Basaltgrau und Gelboliv mottles on the sensor ball – looks a bit like WWII Luftwaffe style, but appeared plausible for the system’s tactical use from behind some ground cover. The cockpit interior became very dark grey, just like the rotor blades, which were adorned with orange warning markings at the tips – seen on some Luftwaffe helicopters instead of classic yellow or red-white-red bands.
The decals were puzzled together from various sources. National markings came from generic Luftwaffe sheets from TL Modellbau, the light blue WTD 61 emblems behind the cockpit were taken from a Peddinghaus decal sheet with early Luftwaffe unit markings. The dayglo panels were created with generic decal material (TL Modellbau, too) and stencils came mostly from a Fujimi AH-1 sheet, procuring German or even multi-language material appeared too tedious and costly.
The photo calibration markings on nose and fins were improvised from black and white decal sheet material, punched out, cut into quarters, and then applied as circles. Adds an experimental touch to the Cobra!
The kit received a light black ink washing and some post-panel-shading, esp. to brighten up the grey and increase the contrast between the camouflage tones, which appeared even more murky after the dayglow stripes had been added. Finally, the Cobra received an overall coat wit matt acrylic varnish, position lights were added/painted, and the sensor ball received sights made from yellow chrome PET foil, simply punched out and fixed into place with some Humbrol Clearfix.
This one took a while to materialize and was more work than one might expect at first glance. But it looks quite cool, esp. the PAH-2/Tiger’s exhaust fairing fits very well into the Cobra’s lines and adds an elegant touch to the helicopter. The “Eye ball” is a bit large, yes, but IMHO acceptable for a prototype or test vehicle. And the livery certainly conveys a German touch.
The new “command and control “ system, Police HQ
One of the most significant changes for Bedfordshire Police during the late 70’s was the construction of a purpose built headquarters at Kempston, Bedford.
This enabled a number of departments to be re-located to the new premises when it opened on 17th October 1978. One of the major benefits of the new building was the implementation of modern technology. The Police National Computer (PNC) had been available to forces for a number of years, but the new facilities meant that this service could be easily accessed by more officers.
As a result of the success of the PNC and the proposed move to new premises, it was decided to purchase a computer based “command and control” system to be based at Kempston HQ.
The new system would list the location and availability of every officer and vehicle throughout the county. Improved communication systems would also allow operators to contact any officers on duty. All emergency calls would be routed to the control room where operators would direct officers to the incident, with each incident and resultant action being logged onto the system.
Three companies tendered to supply the system; Ferranti, Honeywell and Plessey. Honeywell were successful and at a cost of £148,550 the system was purchased and installed at the new HQ. The control room was still based at “The Pines” (the old HQ in Bedford) until 1979 when the new system became operational. The force was one of just seven forces to employ such a system at this time.
You should call 101, the new national non-emergency number, to report crime and other concerns that do not require an emergency response.
Always call 999 in an emergency, such as when a crime is in progress, violence is being used or threatened or there is danger to life.
Alternatively contact independent charity Crimestoppers, anonymously, on 0800 555 111, or online at crimestoppers-uk.org.
At Bedfordshire Police our aim is "fighting crime, protecting the public."
We cover 477 square miles, serve a population of around 550,000 and employ in the region of 1,260 Police Officers, 950 police staff and 120 Police Community Support Officers (PCSOs). For more details about the force, visit our website www.bedfordshire.police.uk
Yes, it has traffic light parts including visors, lenses, pictogram masks, LED modules, tactile drive boxes and more!
New Mexico Museum of Space History
This scene from the highly popular 1995 film, Apollo 13, takes place moments after an oxygen tank exploded in the Service Module. The Guidance, Navigation, and Control ("GNC") Flight Controller warns Flight Director Gene Kranz (played by Ed Harris) that the spacecraft may rotate into “gimbal lock.”
"Gimbal lock" would align two or more gyroscope gimbals and then flip them out of position. The crew would then have to perform the difficult task of realigning the gyro platform using the space sextant, telescope, and computer keyboard you see in this display case. Of note, portions of this unit actually flew on the dramatic Apollo 13 mission in 1970.
Portions of this Primary Guidance, Navigation, and Control System (PGNCS) (pronounced "pings") unit also flew on Apollo 14, 15, 16, as well the three manned Skylab space station missions. The telescope and sextant you can actually look through were used by the astronauts traveling to the Moon on Apollo 14 and 16.
Because of a recall of beryllium metals throughout the government in the 1970s and 1980s for critical defense needs, the existence of a complete Apollo PGNCS, like this, is rare. This is one of only two complete units known to exist. The other is at the Draper Laboratory at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).
The Nano bots attach to the synapses in the brain and transmit the signals direct lt to your visual cortex and bio physical control system and body...mind...functions.
4/24/17 SDOT introduced a new adaptive traffic control system along Mercer Street between 3rd Ave W and I-5 which coordinates the operation of the traffic signals in and around the corridor to help vehicles move more efficiently. The system adapts to varying traffic conditions, such as congestion that may result from sports events, concerts or hour-to-hour traffic volume changes in the area.
The new system is called “SCOOT” which stands for Split Cycle Offset Optimization Technique. It is the first use of this type of adaptive signal system in the city.
“This new system will adjust signal timing based on traffic in and around Mercer in real time. We know Mercer is the busiest corridor in the city,” said SDOT Director Scott Kubly. “SCOOT will help reduce the traffic backups we’ve seen along Mercer and help keep people moving.”
New Mexico Museum of Space History
This scene from the highly popular 1995 film, Apollo 13, takes place moments after an oxygen tank exploded in the Service Module. The Guidance, Navigation, and Control ("GNC") Flight Controller warns Flight Director Gene Kranz (played by Ed Harris) that the spacecraft may rotate into “gimbal lock.”
"Gimbal lock" would align two or more gyroscope gimbals and then flip them out of position. The crew would then have to perform the difficult task of realigning the gyro platform using the space sextant, telescope, and computer keyboard you see in this display case. Of note, portions of this unit actually flew on the dramatic Apollo 13 mission in 1970.
Portions of this Primary Guidance, Navigation, and Control System (PGNCS) (pronounced "pings") unit also flew on Apollo 14, 15, 16, as well the three manned Skylab space station missions. The telescope and sextant you can actually look through were used by the astronauts traveling to the Moon on Apollo 14 and 16.
Because of a recall of beryllium metals throughout the government in the 1970s and 1980s for critical defense needs, the existence of a complete Apollo PGNCS, like this, is rare. This is one of only two complete units known to exist. The other is at the Draper Laboratory at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).
American, and Canadian Airmen assigned to the 962nd Airborne Air Control Squadron, distinguished guests, and surviving family members of the crew of the E-3B Sentry, Airborne Warning and Control System aircraft, call sign "YUKLA 27" gathered for 20th anniversary memorial ceremonies on Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson, Alaska, Tuesday, Sept. 22, 2015. On Elmendorf Air Force Base, Sept. 22, 1995, "YUKLA 27" aircraft from the 962nd Airborne Air Control Squadron encountered a flock of geese and crashed shortly after takeoff on a routine surveillance training sortie, killing all 24 U.S. and Canadian Airmen aboard. (U.S. Air Force photo/Justin Connaher)
An Australian Air Force E-737 Wedgetail, Airborne Warning and Control System, moves into position to receive fuel from a U.S. Air Force KC-135 Stratotanker from the 349th Air Refueling Squadron, McConnell AFB, Kan., over the Joint Pacific Range Complex near Eielson AFB, Alaska June 20, 2012, during Red Flag-Alaska 12-2. Red Flag-Alaska is a Pacific Air Forces-sponsored, joint/coalition, tactical air combat employment exercise which corresponds to the operational capability of participating units. The entire exercise takes place in the Joint Pacific Range Complex over Alaska as well as a portion of Western Canada for a total airspace of more than 67,000 square miles. (Department of Defense photo by U.S. Air Force Tech. Sgt. Michael R. Holzworth/Released)
(South Dakota Air and Space Museum collection, Ellsworth Air Force Base, Rapid City, South Dakota, USA)
----------------------
From exhibit signage:
EC-135A Airborne Launch Control System (ALCS)
Top Speed - 610 miles per hour
Crew - 15+
Range - Intercontinental
Payload - No weaponry; 31,000 gallons of fuel
An Airborne "Finger on the Button"
Crammed with electronics, one of three ALCSs from Ellsworth Air Force Base sat ready for takeoff at all times between 1970 and 1991. If an attack on the United States disrupted ground-based launch control sites, this plane's crew - from 30,000 feet in the air - could send nuclear missiles rocketing around the globe. But it was never really a button; crews turned keys to launch the missiles.
Specialists on board could communicate up and down the chain of command, from the President to individual combat crews.
Pumping Fuel at 300 miles per hour
Before it was converted for missile launch, this plane served Ellsworth Air Force Base's B-52 bombers as a flying gas station. Tankers from the 28th Air Refueling Squadron met bombers in midair, connected through the tail boom, and filled the bomber's tanks.
----------------------
See info. at:
French Armée de l'Air Renault R385h Vigie mobile (Tour de Contrôle mobile / Mobile Air Traffic Control System) of the Brigade Aérienne du Contrôle et de l’Espace (BACE) , Esplanade des Invalides, Paris, July 14, 2009.
As promised... new ass end shot & bokeh.
Oh yeah, new license plate and frame arrived. TCS OFF bitches! I HATE my traction control system!
Camera: Nikon D40 | 35mm prime | f/1.8 | 200 ISO | 2 seconds
Strobist: Nikon SB800 on Camera
American, and Canadian Airmen assigned to the 962nd Airborne Air Control Squadron, distinguished guests, and surviving family members of the crew of the E-3B Sentry, Airborne Warning and Control System aircraft, call sign "YUKLA 27" gathered for 20th anniversary memorial ceremonies on Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson, Alaska, Tuesday, Sept. 22, 2015. On Elmendorf Air Force Base, Sept. 22, 1995, "YUKLA 27" aircraft from the 962nd Airborne Air Control Squadron encountered a flock of geese and crashed shortly after takeoff on a routine surveillance training sortie, killing all 24 U.S. and Canadian Airmen aboard. (U.S. Air Force photo/Justin Connaher)
Mounted on the nearside drivers window pillar on 47742 is the Propelling Advisory Control System (PACS) display unit. This was fitted to all Res 47s that had cab front mounted RCH cables, such as all the later series 47/7s and a few 47/4 machines.
When the locomotive was on the rear of a postal service and it was being controlled from a former Class 307 driving trailer (known as a PCV) the driver would power the train from the 47 following whatever segment of lights were lit at the bottom of the display, which corresponded with the power handle in the PCV. The braking of the train was controlled by the driver in the PCV. This mode of operation was only authorised to a maximum of 40mph on approach to certain locations where mail trains would terminate.
KOSUN drilling rig used solid control system adopts multi-function design, which made the complete solid control system could fulfill requirements of various well depth and all kinds of drilling mud. Each process unit can either work independently or work together. KOSUN machinery manufacturing company can design and assemble the complete system according to customers' requirements.
Structures of Kosun Zj40 drilling solid control system:
No.----- ---------Equipment----------- -------Specification-----------------------Qty./Unit
1----------------Mud tank--------------12000mm×280mm×2200mm------------ 5Sets
2------------Shale shaker--------------------------QZS703---------------------------- 2Sets
3---------------Mud cleaner-------------------------QZS210 ---------------------------1Set
4------------Vacuum degasser ---------------------ZCQ360-180------------------ 1Set
5------------Centrifuge---------------------------LW450×842 -----------------------1Set
6---------------Under liquid sand pump--------------80YZ(S)40-10----------- 1Set
7--------------Pill tank-----------1500mm×1300mm×1250mm----------- 1Set
8---------------Sand pump--------------200SB240-40------------------ 4Sets
9------------Feed pump------------100SB40-20---------------------- 1Set
10--------------Shearing pump---------------JQB6545 ----------1Set
11--------------Hooper------------ SLH150×50 -------------2Sets
12----------------Agitator-------------WNJ5.5 ------------1Set
13------------Agitator------------WNJ7.5------------ 2Sets
14----------Agitator------------WNJ15-------------- 9Sets
Installation of new LED Lighting & Wireless Controls for Hockey Rink, Gymnasium & Field House at the University of Southern Maine
25 - 27 November 2014 ,Nuremberg (Germany)
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‘The Maze’ the underground insulation and climate control system.
© Copyright Brooke Miles / Commonwealth Foundation
A fairly complex picture when you see the all of the components together. On top of the A.L.E. SPMT's is the HIPPS module which monitors the pressure in the pipework on the yellow part.
Part of the traction control system on this enormous A-1-A - A-1-A GE ES44C4, the piston and linkage shown here allow the locomotive to adjust the weight riding on the center, unpowered axle.
This enables the locomotive to add weight to the powered outer axles when there is wheel slip, and distribute its weight more evenly across all three axles when traction is good.
Most ES44 locomotives are of the C - C wheel arrangement, with all axles powered. FEC, with its flat profile, apparently does not need six-axle power.
More info here: locomotive.fandom.com/wiki/GE_ES44C4
French Armée de l'Air Renault R385h Vigie mobile (Tour de Contrôle mobile / Mobile Air Traffic Control System) of the Brigade Aérienne du Contrôle et de l’Espace (BACE) , Esplanade des Invalides, Paris, July 14, 2009.
4/24/17 SDOT introduced a new adaptive traffic control system along Mercer Street between 3rd Ave W and I-5 which coordinates the operation of the traffic signals in and around the corridor to help vehicles move more efficiently. The system adapts to varying traffic conditions, such as congestion that may result from sports events, concerts or hour-to-hour traffic volume changes in the area.
The new system is called “SCOOT” which stands for Split Cycle Offset Optimization Technique. It is the first use of this type of adaptive signal system in the city.
“This new system will adjust signal timing based on traffic in and around Mercer in real time. We know Mercer is the busiest corridor in the city,” said SDOT Director Scott Kubly. “SCOOT will help reduce the traffic backups we’ve seen along Mercer and help keep people moving.”
These are parts of the switch control system for the little hump yard in Springfield yard. I assume they're relays for all of the switches than can be thrown by the operator in the hump tower.
The Soviet-built MiG-23 “Flogger” was designed to replace the widely-used MiG-21. The MiG-23’s advanced radar and fire control system could fire missiles at targets beyond visual range. Variable “swing” wing geometry, similar to that of the General Dynamics F-111 Aardvark, and robust landing gear allowed the MiG-23 to operate from short, remote runways. The pilot could select the wing sweep for low-speed take-off and landing or for supersonic flight.
The MiG-23MS was designed for foreign export and was less capable than domestic Soviet versions. It was equipped with a less sophisticated radar housed in a smaller radome. First delivered in 1973, it was given the NATO code-name “Flogger-E.” More than 5,000 MiG-23s of all types were built.
The US Air Force’s 4477th Test Squadron, the “Red Eagles,” flew this aircraft during Project Constant Peg. This highly classified program provided USAF, Navy, and Marine Corps fighter pilots with realistic combat training against then state-of-the-art Soviet technology. The MiG-23MS “Flogger-E” on display was declassified and transferred to the Museum in February 2017.
Technical Notes (MiG-23MS)
Crew: One
Armament: One twin-barreled 23mm GSh-23L cannon; six air-to-air missiles (mixture of infrared-homing close-range, AA-2 “Atoll” or AA-8 “Aphid”, and medium-range AA-7 “Apex” missiles)
Engine: One Tumansky R-29-300 turbojet of approx. 27,500 lbs thrust
Maximum speed: Approx. Mach 2.4
Wing sweep settings: 16, 45, and 72 degrees; adjustable in flight
French Armée de l'Air Renault Kerax 400 Vigie mobile (Tour de Contrôle mobile / Mobile Air Traffic Control System) of the Escadron de Détection et de Contrôle Mobiles (EDCM), Champs Élysées, Paris, July 14, 2014.
he Air and Missile Defense Planning and Control System (AMDPCS) provides an automated command and control system to integrate air and missile defense planning and operations. Planning and operations functions include radar and weapon systems analysis and emplacement locations based on critical and defended asset lists/prioritization. It also supports intelligence preparation of the battlefield, using information collected by internal AMDPCS subsystems; joint collaboration support for the development of airspace control measures utilized throughout the theater of operations; and logistics management activities, to ensure timely ammunition resupply and reduce repair cycle times.
There are two configurations of AMDPCS (AMDPCS-A and AMDPCS-B), which are deployed with Air Defense Artillery (ADA) batteries, battalions, brigades and U.S. Army Air and Missile Defense Command (AAMDC). AMDPCS is the only system in the Army fleet to provide these capabilities.
Read more at asc.army.mil/web/portfolio-item/air-and-missile-defense-p....
(South Dakota Air and Space Museum collection, Ellsworth Air Force Base, Rapid City, South Dakota, USA)
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From exhibit signage:
EC-135A Airborne Launch Control System (ALCS)
Top Speed - 610 miles per hour
Crew - 15+
Range - Intercontinental
Payload - No weaponry; 31,000 gallons of fuel
An Airborne "Finger on the Button"
Crammed with electronics, one of three ALCSs from Ellsworth Air Force Base sat ready for takeoff at all times between 1970 and 1991. If an attack on the United States disrupted ground-based launch control sites, this plane's crew - from 30,000 feet in the air - could send nuclear missiles rocketing around the globe. But it was never really a button; crews turned keys to launch the missiles.
Specialists on board could communicate up and down the chain of command, from the President to individual combat crews.
Pumping Fuel at 300 miles per hour
Before it was converted for missile launch, this plane served Ellsworth Air Force Base's B-52 bombers as a flying gas station. Tankers from the 28th Air Refueling Squadron met bombers in midair, connected through the tail boom, and filled the bomber's tanks.
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See info. at:
As coastal artillery guns became larger, and their range increased, growing demands were placed on the fire control systems that targeted potential naval targets. By World War II the 16” guns of Battery Townsley and Battery Davis could fire a projectile 25 miles to sea. And there is a lot of sea out there at that range. To be effective the projectile would have to strike its target and that is where the artillery fire control system came into play.
Fire control systems basically sighted targets from multiple vantage points along the shore. The vantage points were connected by baselines of known relationship. The sighting direction from each fire control station was transmitted to a central fire control plotting room where the readings were fed into an analog computer, essentially adjustable arms on a large plotting table (see video). The coordinates of a target ship were updated at 20 second intervals to establish a ship trajectory, A projectile fired by the 16” guns was in the air for about 90 seconds so several intervals of plotting would occur while the load was in flight.
Coastal batteries with smaller weapons could use fire control stations that were relatively close to each other. However, the range of the 16” guns required fire control stations that were quite far apart. In the Bay Area these began down past Pacifica to the south and ranged all the way up to Wildcat in Pt. Reyes. The Hill 640 Military Reservation, located on coastal bluffs just south of Stinson Beach near the intersection of Panoramic Highway and Highway 1, had five fire control stations with each station associated with a different 16” gun installation. The site has fire control stations for completed batteries (Townsley and Davis) and unfinished batteries (129 and 243) plus a fifth fire control station of unknown association. It is interesting that while the fire control stations all belonged to the same era they have different designs. There must be a story behind this circumstance. It is also interesting that targeting information was not shared between the batteries.
Our visit found the fire control stations all grouped together above Highway 1. They seem to be in pretty good shape for structures built 70 years ago.
I am taking these aerial photographs as a volunteer with the Golden Gate National Recreation Area. For more information see kapcris.com/coastaldefenses/
The attached shows a dense section of the summer Milky Way in the constellation of Sagittarius which contains, among other objects, the Lagoon, Trifid & IC 4685 nebulae (at bottom right, upper right and lower left respectively).
Object Details: While the upper bluish part of the smaller Trifid Nebula is dust reflecting the light of stars, and so is aptly known as a reflection nebula; the largest objects in this image, including the lower bright portions of the Trifid, are giant star forming regions known as emission nebulae, composed mainly of hydrogen, much of it is ionized (heated / energized) by radiation from nearby and imbedded stars.
The Lagoon Nebula (a.k.a Messier 8 / NGC 6530) is a massive star-forming region located between 4000 and 5000 light-years from Earth and spanning a region of space 110 by 50 light-years in size. The nebula's glow is due to the extremely hot O & B type stars which make up the scattered open star cluster (i.e. NGC 6530). Having formed from the material of M8, at a 'mere' 2 million years old the cluster is very young (relatively speaking) and has carved out a cavity in this enormous cloud of interstellar dust and gas. The Lagoon can be found just above the spout of the Teapot asterism in Sagittarius and has a visual magnitude of 6 and apparent dimensions of 90 by 40 arc-minutes (i.e. three by one and one-third full moons in apparent width by height), as such it is visible to the naked-eye as a small oval patch of light in reasonably dark skies. Although not rising very high above the horizon from mid-northern latitudes, it is a wonderful object for binoculars and small telescopes. Getting it's name from a 'lagoon-shaped' dusk lane which runs through the center of the nebula, when viewed through a larger instrument from a dark location the interplay of it's hot, bright stars, interstellar dust clouds, and light & dark nebulae can be truly mesmerizing!
The Trifid Nebula (a.k.a. Messier 20 / NGC 6514), is a combination of an emission nebula (bottom), a reflection nebula (top), a dark nebula (trisecting the emission nebula and cataloged as Barnard 85) and an open star cluster. Approximately the same distance from Earth as the Lagoon, M20 spans over 40 light-years in diameter. Extremely young (relatively speaking); at a mere 300,000 years old it is believed to be one of the youngest emission nebulae known. Glowing at magnitude 6.3 with an apparent diameter of 28 arc-minutes (e.g. approximately the size of the full moon), it is visible in binoculars and lies just two degrees from the larger and brighter Lagoon Nebula.
IC 4685 is often overshadowed by it's more prominent neighbors, M8 & M20, and as such it is rarely imaged by itself and more frequently as part of a shot including the Lagoon. This area consists of several individual objects of various types: the top-left 'bulbous-shaped' region, being an emission nebula, is catalogued as IC 1275; the center section (IC 4685 itself, also an emission nebula) is somewhat bisected by a dark nebula, appearing like a sinuous, meandering 'river' running from upper-right to lower-left, it is a cloud of dark obscuring interstellar gas and dust known as Barnard 303; while the brighter 'bow-shaped' portion at the river's lower-left end, emission nebula NGC 6559, has to it's immediate lower left is a somewhat roundish reflection nebula.
Within all these emission nebulae can also be found many smaller, dark objects known as 'Bok globules' - dense clouds of interstellar gas and dust under contraction that can lead to the formation of new stars and planetary systems.
Imaged Details: Taken by Jay Edwards on June 19, 2023 from the scope field of Cherry Springs State Park in PA during CSSP's 2023 summer star party. The image utilized an Orion ED80T CF (i.e. an 80mm, f/6 carbon-fiber, triplet apochromatic refractor) connected to a Televue 0.8x field flattener / focal reducer with an IDAS dual narrowband Hydrogen-alpha / Oxygen III filter and an ASI2600MC Pro camera running at -10 degrees centigrade and controlled by an ASIair running on an IPad Air. Guided by an ASI290MC autoguider / planetary camera in an Orion 60mm, f/4 guidescope; they ride on a Losmandy G-11 mount running a Gemini 2 control system.
This is one of two Losmandy G-11's in my observatory and it was the first time this G-11 mount was away from the observatory I built at my home here in upstate, NY in the past 20 or so years. Since I have two G-11's I am leaving the newer one in my observatory while using this one as a new portable / transportable system for on-the-road events like this summer's CSSP.
Given that I was simply testing out this new imaging rig that weekend, although due to the large brightness difference between the inner portions of the Lagoon Nebula and the fainter nebulosity in the image I would normally use an HDR approach varying the exposure, the data for the attached is a relatively short stack of twenty-one exposures all 3 minutes in length (i.e. 'lights'); so the image only contains a total of 63 minutes of integration time (excluding darks, flats and flat-darks) and was processed in a blend of HOO, SHO & Foraxx palettes using a combination PixInsight and PaintShopPro. As shown here the entire composite has been re-sized down to HD resolution and the bit depth lowered to 8 bits per channel.
A rendering of this data in just an HOO palette (H-alpha assigned to the red channel and OIII to both the green and blue) can be found at the link attached here:
www.flickr.com/photos/homcavobservatory/53012789409/
Having also purchased an IDAS Oxygen III / Sulfur II dual band filter later in the summer, I'm looking forward to trying these types of alternate palettes on some objects I captured the H-a, OIII, and SII data for when I was back at cherry springs state park for the Black Forest Star party in September.
Wishing a Happy Thanksgiving to all who celebrate !
French Armée de l'Air Renault R385h Vigie mobile (Tour de Contrôle mobile / Mobile Air Traffic Control System) of the Brigade Aérienne du Contrôle et de l’Espace (BACE) , Esplanade des Invalides, Paris, July 14, 2009.
American, and Canadian Airmen assigned to the 962nd Airborne Air Control Squadron, distinguished guests, and surviving family members of the crew of the E-3B Sentry, Airborne Warning and Control System aircraft, call sign "YUKLA 27" gathered for 20th anniversary memorial ceremonies on Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson, Alaska, Tuesday, Sept. 22, 2015. On Elmendorf Air Force Base, Sept. 22, 1995, "YUKLA 27" aircraft from the 962nd Airborne Air Control Squadron encountered a flock of geese and crashed shortly after takeoff on a routine surveillance training sortie, killing all 24 U.S. and Canadian Airmen aboard. (U.S. Air Force photo/Justin Connaher)
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New Mexico Museum of Space History
This scene from the highly popular 1995 film, Apollo 13, takes place moments after an oxygen tank exploded in the Service Module. The Guidance, Navigation, and Control ("GNC") Flight Controller warns Flight Director Gene Kranz (played by Ed Harris) that the spacecraft may rotate into “gimbal lock.”
"Gimbal lock" would align two or more gyroscope gimbals and then flip them out of position. The crew would then have to perform the difficult task of realigning the gyro platform using the space sextant, telescope, and computer keyboard you see in this display case. Of note, portions of this unit actually flew on the dramatic Apollo 13 mission in 1970.
Portions of this Primary Guidance, Navigation, and Control System (PGNCS) (pronounced "pings") unit also flew on Apollo 14, 15, 16, as well the three manned Skylab space station missions. The telescope and sextant you can actually look through were used by the astronauts traveling to the Moon on Apollo 14 and 16.
Because of a recall of beryllium metals throughout the government in the 1970s and 1980s for critical defense needs, the existence of a complete Apollo PGNCS, like this, is rare. This is one of only two complete units known to exist. The other is at the Draper Laboratory at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).
Science Museum of Virginia
A submarine is a ship designed to operate and navigate under its own power underwater. A true submarine has self-contained life support, propulsion and buoyancy control systems.
Dutch inventor Cornelius Drebel built the first known submarine in 1620. Built of wood and covered with leather, Drebel's craft carried 12 oarsmen and several passengers below the surface of the Thames in London. Oxygen was supplied by tubes connected to the surface allowing it to stay submerged at shallow depths for hours at a time.
In 1775 David Bushnell, an American engineer, developed a submarine called Turtle. The egg-shaped Turtle was operated by a hand-cranked propeller, employed hand-pumped ballast tanks and had no air supply. It could only remain submerged for about 30 minutes. The Turtle was the first military submarine. Intended for use against the British during the American Revolution, it never succeeded in sinking any target.
In 1800 the American inventor Robert Fulton built a submarine called Nautilus. The Nautilus was shaped much like a modern submarine. Fulton's design included diving planes for horizontal and vertical control and compressed air for life support and ballast control. It was powered underwater by a hand-cranked propeller, and on the surface by a sail.
During the American Civil War, the Confederate Army produced four military submarines. Each was built of iron and powered by a hand-cranked propeller. One of the submarines, the Huntley, attacked the Union's USS Housatanic in 1864. Both vessels sank as a result of the attack.
John P. Holland dramatically advanced the development of submarines. The Irish-American inventor began designing and building submarines in the late 1800s. His submarine, the Holland, was launched in 1898 and employed a gasoline motor for surface cruising and an electric motor for underwater cruising. The Holland became the first U.S. Navy submarine in 1900. John P. Holland's company eventually became the Electric Boat Company, which launched Aluminaut in 1964.
Simon Lake, an American engineer, was also developing the design of the submarine in the late 1800s. In 1887 he launched the Argonaut, the first submarine to operate successfully in the open ocean. Simon Lake sailed the Argonaut from Norfolk, Virginia, to New York in 1898. Towards the end of his life, Lake met J. Louis Reynolds and helped inspire the design of Aluminaut.
Heavier than the C35 automatic and with a slightly different control system that managed to defeat my dad who was used to using the C35 automatic for work so he kept it for a backup that luckily wasn't required.
Both me and my dad are/were 6 footers with hulking big hands but the cameras here were quite simple to open spool film and reset settings - both cameras are in my top 10 of all time classics.
Installation of new LED Lighting & Wireless Controls for Hockey Rink, Gymnasium & Field House at the University of Southern Maine
via John Currin (JC - Ex RNZN) - Google+ Public Posts ift.tt/1KYFIv2
Gangut (Russian: Гангут) was both the lead ship of the Gangut-class dreadnoughts of the Imperial Russian Navy built before World War I and the last of her class to be completed. She was named after the Russian victory over the Swedish Navy in the Battle of Gangut in 1714. She was completed during the winter of 1914–15, but was not ready for combat until mid-1915. Her role was to defend the mouth of the Gulf of Finland against the Germans, who never tried to enter, so she spent her time training and providing cover for minelaying operations. Her crew joined the general mutiny of the Baltic Fleet after the February Revolution and joined the Bolsheviks in 1918. She was laid up in 1918 for lack of manpower and not recommissioned until 1925, by which time she had been renamed Oktyabrskaya Revolutsiya (Russian: Октябрьская революция: October Revolution).
She was reconstructed between 1931 and 1934 with new boilers, fire-control systems and greatly enlarged superstructures. During the Winter War she bombarded Finnish coastal artillery positions one time. Her anti-aircraft armament was greatly reinforced in early 1941, just before Operation Barbarossa. She provided gunfire support against the Germans during the Siege of Leningrad despite being bombed three times and under repair for a year. Retained on active duty after the war she became a training ship in 1954 before being struck off the Navy List in 1956 and slowly scrapped.
Gangut was 180 meters (590 ft) long at the waterline and 181.2 meters (594 ft) long overall. She had a beam of 26.9 meters (88 ft) and a draft of 8.99 meters (29.5 ft), 49 centimeters (1.61 ft) more than designed. Her displacement was 24,800 tonnes (24,400 long tons; 27,300 short tons) at load, over 1,500 t (1,500 long tons; 1,700 short tons) more than her designed displacement of 23,288 t (22,920 long tons; 25,671 short tons).[1]
Gangut 's machinery was built by the Franco-Russian Works. Ten Parsons-type steam turbines drove the four propellers. The engine rooms were located between turrets three and four in three transverse compartments. The outer compartments each had a high-pressure ahead and reverse turbine for each wing propeller shaft. The central engine room had two each low-pressure ahead and astern turbines as well as two cruising turbines driving the two center shafts. The engines had a total designed output of 42,000 shaft horsepower (31,319 kW), but they produced 52,000 shp (38,776 kW) during her sister Poltava's full-speed trials on 21 November 1915 and gave a top speed of 24.1 knots (44.6 km/h; 27.7 mph). Twenty-five Yarrow Admiralty-type small-tube boilers provided steam to the engines at a designed working pressure of 17.5 standard atmospheres (1,770 kPa; 257 psi). Each boiler was fitted with Thornycroft oil sprayers for mixed oil/coal burning. They were arranged in two groups. The forward group consisted of two boiler rooms in front of the second turret, the foremost of which had three boilers while the second one had six. The rear group was between the second and third turrets and comprised two compartments, each with eight boilers. At full load she carried 1,847.5 long tons (1,877.1 t) of coal and 700 long tons (710 t) of fuel oil and that provided her a range of 3,500 nautical miles (6,500 km) at a speed of 10 knots (19 km/h).[2]
Silver laid down board of Gangut
Her main armament consisted of a dozen Obukhovskii 12-inch (305 mm) Pattern 1907 52-caliber guns mounted in four triple turrets distributed the length of the ship. The Russians did not believe that superfiring turrets offered any advantage, discounting the value of axial fire and believing that superfiring turrets could not fire while over the lower turret because of muzzle blast problems. They also believed that distributing the turrets, and their associated magazines, over the length of the ship improved the survivability of the ship. Sixteen 4.7-inch (119 mm) 50-caliber Pattern 1905 guns were mounted in casemates as the secondary battery intended to defend the ship against torpedo boats. She completed with only a single 3-inch (76 mm) 30-caliber Lender anti-aircraft (AA) gun mounted on the quarterdeck. Other AA guns were probably added during the course of World War I, but details are lacking.[3] Conway's says that four 75-millimeter (3.0 in) were added to the roofs of the end turrets during the war.[4] Four 17.7-inch (450 mm) submerged torpedo tubes were mounted with three torpedoes for each tube.[3]
Service[edit]
Gangut was built by the Admiralty Works in Saint Petersburg. Her keel was laid down on 16 June 1909 and she was launched on 22 September 1911. At the end of October 1914, she collided with her sister Poltava which delayed her trials, scheduled for 9 November 1914, to late December 1914.[5] She entered service on 11 January 1915 when she reached Helsingfors and was assigned to the First Battleship Brigade of the Baltic Fleet. Gangut and her sister Sevastopol provided distant cover for minelaying operations south of Liepāja on 27 August, the furthest that any Russian dreadnought ventured out of the Gulf of Finland during World War I. She ran aground on 10 September, but suffered only minor damage. A minor mutiny broke out on 1 November when the executive officer refused to feed the crew the traditional meal of meat and macaroni after coaling.[6] The return of the captain and the issue of a dinner of tinned meat restored order on the ship. On 10–11 November and 6 December Gangut and her sister Petropavlovsk again provided distant cover for minelaying operations. She saw no action of any kind during 1916. Her crew joined the general mutiny of the Baltic Fleet on 16 March 1917, after the idle sailors received word of the February Revolution in Saint Petersburg. The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk required the Soviets to evacuate their base at Helsinki in March 1918 or have them interned by newly independent Finland even though the Gulf of Finland was still frozen over. Gangut and her sisters led the first group of ships on 12 March and reached Kronstadt five days later in what became known as the 'Ice Voyage'.[7]
Oktyabrskaya Revolutsiya in 1934, after her modernization
Gangut was laid up on 9 November 1918 for lack of manpower and was renamed Oktyabrskaya Revolutsiya (Russian: Октябрьская революция: October Revolution) on 27 June 1925 while she was being refitted. She was recommissioned on 23 March 1926 and began a partial reconstruction on 12 October 1931,[8] incorporating the lessons from the earlier modernizations of her sisters Marat and Parizhskaya Kommuna. The tubular tower-mast of Marat was replaced by a larger and sturdier structure with a KDP-6 fire control director, equipped with two 6-meter (20 ft) Zeiss rangefinders positioned on top. The aft superstructure was enlarged and a new structure was built just forward of it, with another KDP-6 director surmounting it, which required the repositioning of the mainmast 9 meters (30 ft) forward. This did not leave enough room for a derrick, as was used on Marat, so two large boat cranes were mounted on each side of the mainmast. Her funnel was curved to the rear rather than angled like Marat. Each turret received Italian 8-meter (26 ft) rangefinders and their roof armor was increased to 152-millimeter (6.0 in) in thickness. A new forecastle was fitted, much like that Marat 's, to improve seakeeping. Six 76.2-millimeter (3.00 in) 34-K anti-aircraft (AA) guns were added, three on the roofs of the fore and aft turrets. All twenty-five of her old boilers were replaced by a dozen oil-fired boilers originally intended for the Borodino-class battlecruiser Izmail. The space saved was used to add another inboard longitudinal watertight bulkhead that greatly improved her underwater protection.[9] Her original Pollen Argo Clock mechanical fire-control computer was upgraded with a copy of a Vickers Ltd fire-control computer, designated AKUR by the Soviets, as well as a copy of a Sperry stable vertical gyroscope.[10] These changes increased her displacement to 26,690 tonnes (26,270 long tons; 29,420 short tons) at full load and her overall length to 184.9 meters (607 ft). Her metacentric height decreased to 1.67 meters (5 ft 6 in) from her designed 1.76 meters (5 ft 9 in) as a result of her enlarged superstructures.[11]
She finished her reconstruction on 4 August 1934.[8] Her participation in the Winter War was limited to a bombardment of Finnish 10-inch (254 mm) coast defense guns on 18 December 1939 at Saarenpää in the Beryozovye Islands before the Gulf of Finland iced over. She failed to inflict any permanent damage before she was driven off by near misses.[12] Oktyabrskaya Revolutsiya sailed to Tallinn shortly after the Soviets occupied Estonia, but she was refitted in February–March 1941 in Kronstadt and her anti-aircraft armament was reinforced. Two twin 76.2-mm 81-K mounts were mounted on her quarter deck. The magazines for these guns were probably situated in the rearmost casemates on each beam, which lost their 120-mm guns and twelve automatic 37-millimeter (1.5 in) 70-K guns were also added, three guns each on the middle turrets and the other six in the fore and aft superstructures. Four twin and four single 12.7-millimeter (0.50 in) DShK machine guns and two AA directors were also fitted. The large cranes were replaced by smaller ones taken from the ex-German heavy cruiser Petropavlovsk to make room for the anti-aircraft guns.[13]
On 22 June 1941 Oktyabrskaya Revolutsiya was in Tallinn when the Germans invaded the Soviet Union, but she was forced to sail for Kronstadt by the advancing Germans. She opened fire on troop positions of the German 18th Army on 8 September from the channel between Leningrad and Kronstadt,[14] and probably landed four 120-millimeter (4.7 in) guns on the following day for use ashore.[13] She was badly damaged on 21 September by three bomb hits on her bow that knocked out two turrets and she was sent to the Ordzhonikidze Yard on 23 October for repairs. The Soviets took advantage of this time to add four more 37-mm 70-K AA guns and another twin 76.2-mm K-81 gun mount between February and April 1942.[15] She was hit again by one heavy and three medium bombs dropped by Heinkel He 111s of KG 4 during the night of 4–5 April.[16] and again by three bombs on 24 April. Her repairs were completed in November 1942, although a quadruple 37-mm 46-K gun mount was added in September. She supported Soviet forces during the Siege of Leningrad, the Leningrad–Novgorod Offensive in January 1944 and the Vyborg–Petrozavodsk Offensive in June 1944. She received a Lend-Lease British Type 279 air-warning radar sometime during 1944. On 22 July 1944 she was awarded the Order of the Red Banner.[15]
She was reclassified as a 'school battleship' on 24 July 1954 and stricken on 17 February 1956. She was slowly scrapped and her hulk still survived in May 1958.[8]
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