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Villa Yiali Glossa
Property description
Villa Yiali has one air-conditioned bedroom (with extra fold-down bed or cot), and is fully self-contained with kitchen, one bathroom, sitting area, large balcony and private outside space. Enjoying stunning views over the adjacent islands of Skiathos and Evia, the gardens and pool area are a haven of relaxation. In addition, the location at the edge of the village of Glossa means that shops, bakery, cafes and tavernas are within a few minutes walk. Otherwise the beautiful area to the north of Skopelos island is also within easy reach with many walks and trails accessible. The west facing aspect delivers the most breathtaking sunsets from the garden, whilst the sun traverses from the south giving all-day sunshine – the terrace and trees giving shade and cool when required.Glossa is situated on the northwest coast of Skopelos, 10 minutes from the port of Loutraki where the ferry docks from the neighboring island of Skiathos and the nearest airport. The ferry journey is about 25 minutes.
Accommodation description:
Bedrooms:
Bedroom. King sized bed and open traditional beamed ceiling and wooden floors. Air conditioned with dressing area and double access to large balcony. Ample storage, hairdryer, full length mirror, sofa-bed or cot if required. Quality bed linen from M&S
Bathrooms:
Located on the ground floor, with shower cabinet, washbasin and wc. Quality towels and locally made olive oil soap, complimentary gels from L'Occitane and Body Shop provided.
Kitchen:
Whirlpool appliances. Oven and ceramic hob, microwave, fridge freezer. Ample kitchen storage with quality pans, crockery and cutlery. Fully equipped. Laundry machine (detergent provided). Complimentary welcome pack. Tea, coffee, bread, cheese, wine etc.
Living Rooms:
Wooden floor, fold down dining table, open fire place. TV, DVD, iPod dock, WiFi, satellite TV, comfortable furniture. Most living is outdoors and there is a patio table and 6 chairs under a shady verandah, as well as a morning coffee set on the balcony.
Cleaning/Towels/Linen/Maid service:
All towels/beach towels/pool towels and linen provided. The house is cleaned and
changed twice each week. Outside BBQ, pool shower, sunbeds. Don't use valuable luggage space with towels as they are all provided.
Amenities/Facilities:
Barbecue, Private Pool, Garden.
Fridge/Freezer, Hob/Stove, Iron, Microwave, Oven, Washing Machine.
Air Conditioning, Cot, High Chair, Internet Access, Room Fans, Satellite, TV.
Location Type:
Beach, Village.
Important notes on accommodation
This former ‘kalivi’ was painstakingly restored in the traditional village style and is finished to a high standard of craftsmanship. The private garden, pool area and planted terraces provide a ‘home from home’ feel.
We make sure that we provide most kitchen essentials that many rental house lack such as condiments, some spices , sugar, coffee and tea together with our own olive oil for the kitchen. Soap powder, washing up liquid, in fact most kitchen comforts that we feel you shouldn't have to worry about on your holidays.
We also provide all towels including beach towels and pool towels. There are even beach mats and an umbrella available for that inevitable visit to one of Skopelos’s enviable beaches.
If you visit in June / July / August, as a highlight to your stay your holiday price will include dinner for two on one night at the acclaimed Agnanti restaurant (5 minutes walk away). Please ask us for details.
About the area
Accessibility
Glossa is unfortunately not wheelchair friendly due to the steps. However, it is possible to walk (within 10 minutes) from the main road to Villa Yiali with only 1 or 2 inclines and no steps. Parking can be arranged close by. Pets accepted by prior arrangement.
Outside
There is a private garden area approx 400 sq. mtrs. with a swimming pool of 7m by 4m, gently sloping to a depth of 1.6m. Along two sides of the pool are underwater seating areas allowing relaxation and refreshment at the same time. The private gardens are not overlooked and offer stunning views over the Aegean to Skiathos, Pilion, towards Mount Olympus in the north and even towards Athens.
Coast/Beach
The closest beach is at Loutraki, with a few tavernas / cafe’s. This is 10 minutes drive or a pleasant 25 minute downhill walk. Within 20 minutes drive are the beaches on Armenopetra, Elios, Milia, Kastani and Panormos. Glossa enjoys a unique position between both sides of the island, and the famous Mamma Mia church at Aghios Ioanni is only 15 minutes drive, as is the beach at Perivoliou. Buses run about every 2 hours in the high season. Skopelos town and the south of the island are 35 mins away
Special Interest Holidays
We have friends on the island who are running sea kayaking tours for all levels of experience and there are mountain bikes to hire to explore the beautiful deserted tracks that lead through the mountains. With a license and an off-road motorbike you can take a guided trail ride up the mountains, jeep, 4x4 or quad bike, or you can rent a motor boat or yacht or go on a sea fishing trip. Walking, birdwatching, painting and local crafts are all available. Also at the villa we have a telescope for stargazing, which on a balmy summer evening opens up the whole universe.
How to get there
Nearest airport is Skiathos which is 25 minutes by boat from the local port of Loutraki (Glossa). Volos airport is on the mainland then its 2hrs 20 by boat to Glossa. Athens and Thessaloniki both connect through. Out of season there is an air connection from Athens to Skiathos which takes only 25 minutes with Olympic Air. We can advise you on flights and also book you a car at discount rates from a small family company on the island (the car will be waiting for you next to the boat as it docks)
Distances
Glossa town is a traditional hill village with shops, cafe’s, bakeries and tavernas. Villa Yiali is on the edge of the village and all amenities are within 10 minutes walk.
Skopelos Town, the main center of the island is about 35 minutes drive away, from where day trips to Alonissos and the World Marine Park are available. Loutraki (10 mins) has much of archaeological interest, including remains of Roman baths and a hill fort. Ancient ruins remain on Mount Delphi and surrounding areas.
Further Details
Glossa has a selection of tavernas,cafe’s and restaurants including one regarded as the best in the Aegean, a number of local supermarkets, bakeries and butchers. Fish is sold from vans or straight from the port of Glossa (known as Loutraki).
Loutraki also has a number of tavernas on the waterfront, and cafes. We will be happy to help you with recommendations and advise on travel arrangements. We will collect you from the port and lead you to the house, introducing you to the wonderful wood fired bakery and friendly little supermarket on the way and demonstrate all the features of the house before leaving you to relax in this beautiful environment. As the English owners, we live next door! Unlike some villa owners, we do not charge commissions or receive payments from restaurants, car hire companies and the like. Our advice is impartial and geared to the needs of the holidaymaker. During June, July and August we offer an included meal for two at the renowned Agnanti restaurant for one night of your stay. Otherwise we have arrangements to have quality restaurant food delivered to your holiday villa so that you can enjoy the local cuisine without the trouble of leaving your comfortable surroundings.
Booking notes
Please contact us for booking details. A deposit of 20% is required to confirm booking. Deposits received will confirm booking and remainder to be payed 6 weeks in advance of arrival. If you wish to pay in € that isn't a problem we use the National Bank of Greece rates on the day of
booking confirmation and set that as your personal rate so there are no surprises with rate fluctuations. Cancellation will forfeit 10% of the booking cost if it is more than 6 weeks, otherwise the full is payable.
Got this 10,000 BTU A/C for the main living area of our apartment, which joins the 5,500 BTU unit we have in the bedroom.
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This is the first time that I have used the Zeiss Batis lens to photograph the various follies in St.Anne’s Park and I must admit that I am very happy with the results mainly because of the detail captured in the images that I have published online. I am so pleased with the 25mm lens that I have decided to purchase the new 18mm Batis if I can raise the cash. I am also considering the new Sony GM lenses but they may prove to be too expensive for me.
St. Annes is known for its follies, of which there are approximately ten, mainly around the Naniken river. The follies include a Herculanean Temple on a mock-ruined bridge abutment along the Naniken river, which served as a tearoom for the family, a Pompeian Water Temple of Isis on the banks of the duckpond, and the Annie Lee Tower and Bridge near the chestnut walk.
Other follies include Saint Anne's Well beside the duckpond, after which the park gets its name, the Hermitage Bridge, Yew Circle and Fountain (behind the formal walled garden beside the house), rustic cave and bridge, three rustic archways and a rock work feature. A "Druidic Circle" of Giant's Causeway basalt was lost at an earlier stage. An unusual folly is the Roman style viewing tower which stands on the hill overlooking the duckpond. This started out as an observation tower on the roof of the original house. Later, the tower was removed during extensive refurbishment of St. Anne's house in about 1873 and placed in its current location. It is modelled on the Tomb of the Julii at Glanum near St. Rémy in France.
Many of the follies are in a neglected condition at present, with graffiti being an ongoing problem. For example, the Roman style viewing tower is graffiti covered and has been closed for many years. In addition it is completely hidden by mature trees and could only be revealed by felling them, which would be detrimental to the environment of the park. An alternative proposal is that the tower be moved instead to the site of the old rockery, near the junction of James Larkin Road and Mount Prospect Avenue.
In 2010, Dublin City Council, with the support of the Heritage Council, commissioned a strategy by conservation architects (Shaffrey and Associates) for the long-term conservation of these follies, and it is planned to implement this on a phased basis. It is now 2016 and I have visited the park at least twice per year since 2010 and I am convinced that the follies are now in a worse condition than they were back in 2010 and I am not at all sure that they can be saved
A Quick and Dirty Site Interpretation
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The sharp transition, plainly visible in this photo, from heavily eroded sandstone blocks to a wall in almost perfect condition is puzzling. I can only speculate on how this might have come to be, but speculate I will.
It is possible the dividing line marks the depth to which the interior of the temple was filled with fallen debris during antiquity. The debris would have consisted of fragments from the collapsed roof and sections of walls that collapsed inward. Additional debris, soil, for example, would have been fallen on top of the structural debris during the centuries the Temple lay unexcavated. The debris would have covered the walls and protected them from erosion. Wind and rain would have damaged the exposed portions of the walls above the level of the debris fill.
Another possibility is the wall is at least two layers thick. The builders might not have dressed the inner surfaces of the stone blocks as finely as the visible exterior surfaces. The portions of the walls that appear eroded are actually places where the inner layer of stone blocks have fallen away, revealing the rougher interior surfaces of the blocks that form the wall's exterior.
The problem with this explanation is the Temple was built without mortar. It's doubtful the walls would have stood so true for so long if the inner faces of the building blocks were this rough. As a compromise position, perhaps the block's inner surfaces were given a fine finish, though not nearly as smooth as the exterior surfaces. Once the finely finished interior layer disappeared, the inner face of the exterior layer, with its slight imperfections, was exposed to the elements. Over time, wind and rain worked away at the irregular surface, creating the erosion we see here.
That still doesn't explain why the inner layer would have fallen off along such an even line, or why the line is where it is. It's possible later builders removed dressed stone blocks from the interior of the temple for use in other structures, such as the church next to the temple. Obviously, if you were going to remove blocks, you'd start at the top, where the joints between the inner and outer layers were exposed, and work your way down.
Ah, the joys of interpreting an ancient site from thousands of miles away with no data, based solely on speculation, a phenomenon not unknown in the field of archaeology,
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About the Temple of the Moon
In any case, it is generally agreed the Temple of the Moon was built during the time of the Dʿmt Kingdom in the 8th and 7th centuries BC. The D'mt Kingdom preceded the Axumite Kingdom. When and how the transition from the D'mt Kingdom to the Axumite Kingdom occurred has not yet been determined.
According to the Footprint East Africa Handbook 2002: The Travel Guide (7th Edition) by Michael Hodd,
"[Yeha] is believed to have been the main Ethiopian capital during the pre-Axumatic period. . . . Yeha is famous for it amazing rectangular stone temple, the oldest known sacred site in Ethiopia . . . believed to date from 500 BC. According to the German scholar, Heinrich Muller, this temple was built even earlier - possibly 700 - 800 BC.
"The temple base is 18.5 m x 15 m [60' x 49'] and 12 m [39'] high, consisting of only one long room. The roof (probably supported by timber) and west wall are missing. The temple is built of immense dressed sandstone, some up to 3 m [9.8'] long, fitted together without mortar and which appear to have largely escaped erosion."
"The temple is still in relatively good condition because, according to Phillipson, it was probably used as a Christian church for a thousand years after its construction, in the sixth century AD. It is anticipated that other archaeological finds await discovery because the site has not yet been fully dug."
As is often the case in archaeology, opinions about Yeha's significance differ. According to Wikipedia,
"The capital [of the Dʿmt Kingdom] was once thought to have been Yeha, but recent archeologists such as Peter Schmidt believe Yeha is hardly sufficient to qualify as a capital site. He states, "It may have been a major ritual center and, without question, was an important necropolis. But certainly not a capital."
There is also disagreement whether the peoples of the Dʿmt Kingdom were indigenous to northern Ethiopia and Eritriea on the Horn of Africa, or whether they were Sabaean people from the Arabian Peninsula in what is today Yemen. The modern consensus is the Dʿmt Kingdom developed from indigenous roots, but was also influenced by Sabaean culture from across the Red Sea.
Measurements: 11" tall x 6" wide
Condition: Excellent condition. Near Mint. No cracks, chips, scratches, damage or repairs. Please refer to all photos for this great Antique Chinese Vase. Used only for private display.
***stand not included.
Manufactured: Jingdezhen China
Description: This is a beautifully hand crafted Antique Imperial Fine China Handled Dragon Gourd Vase with Qianlong Qing mark. Featuring an intricately detailed colorful design with many dragons and an iron red embossed base color. A double gourd shaped oviform body. Several depictions of five toed dragons. Historically, the dragon was the symbol of the Emperor of China. The 5-clawed dragon was assigned to the Son of Heaven.
With generous high relief design encompasing the vase, it has a splayed foot and is finely painted. The neck is flanked by a set of stylized dragon handles with a blossom curled mouth.
Centered on the unglazed base is the embossed raised zhuanshu mark (archaic seal script) of the Qianlong emperor, Hongli.
清代 Qing Dynasty, 乾隆 Qianlong
Qianlong reign marked vases of this highly complex and exquisitely composed design are in many important private and museum collections. For a similar vase from the Qing Court collection preseved in the Palace Museum, Beijing, see The Complete Collection of Treasures of the Palace Museum. Porcelains with Cloisonne Enamel Decoration and Famille Rose Decoration, Hong Kong, 1999, pl.85; also illustrated in Fire and Colour. Imperial Kiln Porcelain of Qing Dynasty from The Palace Museum Collection Vol.2, Macao, 2011, pl.93.
Made with the finest of white clay in Coucou ( kaolin ).
Perfect for any collector or for practical use.
***We will ship anywhere. Sizes are approximate.
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Note: Color of item might deviate slightly in comparison to the original article due to differences in computer monitors and different lighting conditions. Please read description of color. I personally inspect and clean each item before it posts on ebay. It will be well-packaged in bubble wrap and/or packing peanuts...etc., to withstand ordinary travel without damage.
International Buyers wait for an accurate invoice to be generated as eBay requires an estimated shipping quote to be included in all listings.
Payments must be made within 3 days. There are no returns on this item. Period make is estimated and not guaranteed.
Photos are taken to represent each item as clearly and thoroughly as possible. Please review each carefully and take into consideration all details as much as possible when purchasing.
Information:
Qianlong 1736-95
The Yongzheng emperor nominated his fourth son, Hongli, meaning ‘Great Successor’, as his heir and he ruled from 1736 to 1796 as the Qianlong or ‘eminent sovereign’ emperor. He had been a great favorite of his grandfather, the Kangxi emperor, with whom he would go hunting as a boy. Some say that the Kangxi emperor chose Yongzheng as his successor so that he would eventually be succeeded by his grandson, although that would seem a rather risky prospect, as the Yongzheng emperor had ten sons (though only four survived into adulthood).
When Qianlong was on the throne China was flourishing, but as he left the throne it was beginning to decline. The long reign of the Qianlong emperor (who retired in 1796, three years before his death) may be considered the height of the Qing. Though his Ten Great Campaigns were not all as successful as he claimed, he brought much of Central Asia under Qing rule, vastly increasing the size of his empire. The costs of his campaigns were met by an increase in cultivated land, with new crops, such as maize and peanuts, being grown and with firm controls on revenue collection. Well versed in Chinese culture, the Qianlong emperor is supposed to have written essays and as many as 42,000 poems. He developed the imperial collection, commissioning paintings and artefacts from Chinese and foreign artists, as well as collecting ancient Chinese objects and ordering the cataloguing of palace paintings and calligraphy.
Like his grandfather Kangxi, the Qianlong emperor made five great tours of inspection of southern China, reversing the tradition of the Ming emperors who only left the Forbidden City to visit the imperial altars but did not venture outside Peking. His daily routine was described in detail by the Jesuit priest Fr Benoist. He rose at six, ate alone at eight (his meal taking about 15 minutes) and then read reports and memorials, discussing them with his ministers. He held an audience for newly appointed officials and had another brief solitary meal at two. Then he would read, write verse or paint and perhaps take some 'light refreshment' before bed. Unlike the Chinese, the Qianlong emperor took milk in his tea, with special herds of dairy cows providing the Manchu imperial family with milk. A menu for one of his meals in 1754 included a dish of fat chicken, boiled duck and bean curd, swallows’ nests and shredded smoked duck, smoked chicken, shredded stewed chicken, Chinese cabbage, salted duck and pork, bamboo-shoot steamed dumplings, rice cakes with honey and side dishes of pickled aubergine, pickled cabbage and cucumbers in soy sauce
In the 60th year of his reign (1796), the Qianlong Emperor enthroned his son and became overlord for four years. In the 4th year of the Jiaqing reign (1799) the Qianlong Emperor died at age 89.
During this period the archaic zhuanshu seal mark is by far the most common, largely ousting the regular kaishu script. It is thought that the few genuine kaishu marks dates to the two first years of the reign before the official seal mark of the Qianlong period becomes standardized by an official decree. Seal marks are often written in iron-red but under glaze blue or gilt can occur as well as incised, stamped or molded in relief.
History of the Dragon Well:
The Dragon Well is located in the Fenghuang Mountain, the southwest of West lake. With green mountains, clear spring, verdant trees and quite environment, it is a natural scenic spot with wild flavor in the West Lake Tourist Zone.
The Dragon Well consists of Dragon well Village, Dragon Well Temple and Dragon Well Tea. Their names all originated from the Dragon Well Spring. The spring is one of the three famous springs. The spring comes from the rock and its water is clean and free from pollution. Legend said that the well was connected with the sea in which a dragon lived. Hence the well got its name.
Besides the sweet and clean water, the scenery of the Dragon Well is quiet and refined. Surrounded by the green mountains, the place is overflowing with vigor.
In 1761,the emperor Qianlong in the Qing Dynasty visited here. Facing the beautiful scenery, he was really keen on it and wrote five characters "the best among mountain and river" at the spot. He visited all the Eight Scenes of Dragon Well and gave eight beautiful titles to them. They are respectively GuoxiTing, Dixinzhao, Yipianyun, Fenghuangling, Fangyuan'an, Longhongjian, Shenyunshi, Cuifengge. These names have been known from generation to generation. Even in the scenic spots, you can find the handwriting of Emperor QianLong.
Locomotives in this condition today are hard to come by, especially still bearing the original BR Brunswick green paint job, this paintwork actually dating from a repaint job at BR Crewe Works in 1967, just before the loco was shipped to Canada. I couldn't resist one more visit to Shildon to capture this fine locomotive before its imminent cosmetic restoration into LNER condition. Looking for all like a 1960s BR scene with the Gresley 'A4' awaiting attention on shed, 60010 'Dominion of Canada' is seen in the yard at Shildon on 20th October 2012.
© Copyright Gordon Edgar - No unauthorised use
A central air conditioner not cooling a home can be due to various issues. In the state of Florida, it can be very hot, to a point where it is dangerous to be in your home if your AC isn’t producing enough cool air. That’s why you need to make sure that you check out the following...
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This nice house at the end of 123rd Avenue West was once the location of an NP section house at Shortline Park, where their Duluth Shortline connected with the DM&IR's Spirit Lake Branch. I'm on the NP grade looking towards Elys Peak. The new double track CN mainline will run between the fence and house, easily explaining why CN bought it. The current grade is directly behind the house in a cut.
Another negative in not great condition.
This time we have what is thought to be Class 40 D399 heading North on the 1S57 Royal Scot from Euston to Glasgow Central. The two LMS coaches at the front of the train must have been added to strengthen the train so maybe a Summer Saturday.
No date or location, I suspect somewhere between 1962 and 1965.
Image from a negative in my collection taken by an unknown photographer.
Biennalist :
Biennalist is an Art Format commenting on active biennials and managed cultural events through artworks.Biennalist takes the thematics of the biennales and similar events like festivals and conferences seriously, questioning the established structures of the staged art events in order to contribute to the debate, which they wish to generate.
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links about Biennalist :
Thierry Geoffroy/Colonel:
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thierry_Geoffroy
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_Room_(art)
www.emergencyrooms.org/formats.html
—--Biennale from wikipedia —--
The Venice International Film Festival is part of the Venice Biennale. The famous Golden Lion is awarded to the best film screening at the competition.
Biennale (Italian: [bi.enˈnaːle]), Italian for "biennial" or "every other year", is any event that happens every two years. It is most commonly used within the art world to describe large-scale international contemporary art exhibitions. As such the term was popularised by Venice Biennale, which was first held in 1895. Since the 1990s, the terms "biennale" and "biennial" have been interchangeably used in a more generic way - to signify a large-scale international survey show of contemporary art that recurs at regular intervals but not necessarily biannual (such as triennials, Documenta, Skulptur Projekte Münster).[1] The phrase has also been used for other artistic events, such as the "Biennale de Paris", "Kochi-Muziris Biennale", Berlinale (for the Berlin International Film Festival) and Viennale (for Vienna's international film festival).
Characteristics[edit]
According to author Federica Martini, what is at stake in contemporary biennales is the diplomatic/international relations potential as well as urban regeneration plans. Besides being mainly focused on the present (the “here and now” where the cultural event takes place and their effect of "spectacularisation of the everyday"), because of their site-specificity cultural events may refer back to,[who?] produce or frame the history of the site and communities' collective memory.[2]
The Great Exhibition in The Crystal Palace in Hyde Park, London, in 1851, the first attempt to condense the representation of the world within a unitary exhibition space.
A strong and influent symbol of biennales and of large-scale international exhibitions in general is the Crystal Palace, the gigantic and futuristic London architecture that hosted the Great Exhibition in 1851. According to philosopher Peter Sloterdijk,[3][page needed] the Crystal Palace is the first attempt to condense the representation of the world in a unitary exhibition space, where the main exhibit is society itself in an a-historical, spectacular condition. The Crystal Palace main motives were the affirmation of British economic and national leadership and the creation of moments of spectacle. In this respect, 19th century World fairs provided a visual crystallization of colonial culture and were, at the same time, forerunners of contemporary theme parks.
The Venice Biennale as an archetype[edit]
The structure of the Venice Biennale in 2005 with an international exhibition and the national pavilions.
The Venice Biennale, a periodical large-scale cultural event founded in 1895, served as an archetype of the biennales. Meant to become a World Fair focused on contemporary art, the Venice Biennale used as a pretext the wedding anniversary of the Italian king and followed up to several national exhibitions organised after Italy unification in 1861. The Biennale immediately put forth issues of city marketing, cultural tourism and urban regeneration, as it was meant to reposition Venice on the international cultural map after the crisis due to the end of the Grand Tour model and the weakening of the Venetian school of painting. Furthermore, the Gardens where the Biennale takes place were an abandoned city area that needed to be re-functionalised. In cultural terms, the Biennale was meant to provide on a biennial basis a platform for discussing contemporary art practices that were not represented in fine arts museums at the time. The early Biennale model already included some key points that are still constitutive of large-scale international art exhibitions today: a mix of city marketing, internationalism, gentrification issues and destination culture, and the spectacular, large scale of the event.
Biennials after the 1990s[edit]
The situation of biennials has changed in the contemporary context: while at its origin in 1895 Venice was a unique cultural event, but since the 1990s hundreds of biennials have been organized across the globe. Given the ephemeral and irregular nature of some biennials, there is little consensus on the exact number of biennials in existence at any given time.[citation needed] Furthermore, while Venice was a unique agent in the presentation of contemporary art, since the 1960s several museums devoted to contemporary art are exhibiting the contemporary scene on a regular basis. Another point of difference concerns 19th century internationalism in the arts, that was brought into question by post-colonial debates and criticism of the contemporary art “ethnic marketing”, and also challenged the Venetian and World Fair’s national representation system. As a consequence of this, Eurocentric tendency to implode the whole word in an exhibition space, which characterises both the Crystal Palace and the Venice Biennale, is affected by the expansion of the artistic geographical map to scenes traditionally considered as marginal. The birth of the Havana Biennial in 1984 is widely considered an important counterpoint to the Venetian model for its prioritization of artists working in the Global South and curatorial rejection of the national pavilion model.
International biennales[edit]
In the term's most commonly used context of major recurrent art exhibitions:
Adelaide Biennial of Australian Art, South Australia
Asian Art Biennale, in Taichung, Taiwan (National Taiwan Museum of Fine Arts)
Athens Biennale, in Athens, Greece
Bienal de Arte Paiz, in Guatemala City, Guatemala[4]
Arts in Marrakech (AiM) International Biennale (Arts in Marrakech Festival)
Bamako Encounters, a biennale of photography in Mali
Bat-Yam International Biennale of Landscape Urbanism
Beijing Biennale
Berlin Biennale (contemporary art biennale, to be distinguished from Berlinale, which is a film festival)
Bergen Assembly (triennial for contemporary art in Bergen, Norway)www.bergenassembly.no
Bi-City Biennale of Urbanism\Architecture, in Shenzhen and Hong Kong, China
Bienal de Arte de Ponce in Ponce, Puerto Rico
Biënnale van België, Biennial of Belgium, Belgium
BiennaleOnline Online biennial exhibition of contemporary art from the most promising emerging artists.
Biennial of Hawaii Artists
Biennale de la Biche, the smallest biennale in the world held at deserted island near Guadeloupe, French overseas region[5][6]
Biwako Biennale [ja], in Shiga, Japan
La Biennale de Montreal
Biennale of Luanda : Pan-African Forum for the Culture of Peace,[7] Angola
Boom Festival, international music and culture festival in Idanha-a-Nova, Portugal
Bucharest Biennale in Bucharest, Romania
Bushwick Biennial, in Bushwick, Brooklyn, New York
Canakkale Biennial, in Canakkale, Turkey
Cerveira International Art Biennial, Vila Nova de Cerveira, Portugal [8]
Changwon Sculpture Biennale in Changwon, South Korea
Dakar Biennale, also called Dak'Art, biennale in Dakar, Senegal
Documenta, contemporary art exhibition held every five years in Kassel, Germany
Estuaire (biennale), biennale in Nantes and Saint-Nazaire, France
EVA International, biennial in Limerick, Republic of Ireland
Göteborg International Biennial for Contemporary Art, in Gothenburg, Sweden[9]
Greater Taipei Contemporary Art Biennial, in Taipei, Taiwan
Gwangju Biennale, Asia's first and most prestigious contemporary art biennale
Havana biennial, in Havana, Cuba
Helsinki Biennial, in Helsinki, Finland
Herzliya Biennial For Contemporary Art, in Herzliya, Israel
Incheon Women Artists' Biennale, in Incheon, South Korea
Iowa Biennial, in Iowa, USA
Istanbul Biennial, in Istanbul, Turkey
International Roaming Biennial of Tehran, in Tehran and Istanbul
Jakarta Biennale, in Jakarta, Indonesia
Jerusalem Biennale, in Jerusalem, Israel
Jogja Biennale, in Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Karachi Biennale, in Karachi, Pakistan
Keelung Harbor Biennale, in Keelung, Taiwan
Kochi-Muziris Biennale, largest art exhibition in India, in Kochi, Kerala, India
Kortrijk Design Biennale Interieur, in Kortrijk, Belgium
Kobe Biennale, in Japan
Kuandu Biennale, in Taipei, Taiwan
Lagos Biennial, in Lagos, Nigeria[10]
Light Art Biennale Austria, in Austria
Liverpool Biennial, in Liverpool, UK
Lofoten International Art Festival [no] (LIAF), on the Lofoten archipelago, Norway[11]
Manifesta, European Biennale of contemporary art in different European cities
Mediations Biennale, in Poznań, Poland
Melbourne International Biennial 1999
Mediterranean Biennale in Sakhnin 2013
MOMENTA Biennale de l'image [fr] (formerly known as Le Mois de la Photo à Montréal), in Montreal, Canada
MOMENTUM [no], in Moss, Norway[12]
Moscow Biennale, in Moscow, Russia
Munich Biennale, new opera and music-theatre in even-numbered years
Mykonos Biennale
Nakanojo Biennale[13]
NGV Triennial, contemporary art exhibition held every three years at the National Gallery of Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
October Salon – Belgrade Biennale [sr], organised by the Cultural Center of Belgrade [sr], in Belgrade, Serbia[14]
OSTEN Biennial of Drawing Skopje, North Macedonia[15]
Biennale de Paris
Riga International Biennial of Contemporary Art (RIBOCA), in Riga, Latvia[16]
São Paulo Art Biennial, in São Paulo, Brazil
SCAPE Public Art Christchurch Biennial in Christchurch, New Zealand[17]
Prospect New Orleans
Seoul Biennale of Architecture and Urbanism
Sequences, in Reykjavík, Iceland[18]
Shanghai Biennale
Sharjah Biennale, in Sharjah, UAE
Singapore Biennale, held in various locations across the city-state island of Singapore
Screen City Biennial, in Stavanger, Norway
Biennale of Sydney
Taipei Biennale, in Taipei, Taiwan
Taiwan Arts Biennale, in Taichung, Taiwan (National Taiwan Museum of Fine Arts)
Taiwan Film Biennale, in Hammer Museum, Los Angeles, U.S.A.
Thessaloniki Biennale of Contemporary Art [el], in Thessaloniki, Greece[19]
Dream city, produced by ART Rue Association in Tunisia
Vancouver Biennale
Visayas Islands Visual Arts Exhibition and Conference (VIVA ExCon) in the Philippines [20]
Venice Biennale, in Venice, Italy, which includes:
Venice Biennale of Contemporary Art
Venice Biennale of Architecture
Venice Film Festival
Vladivostok biennale of Visual Arts, in Vladivostok, Russia
Whitney Biennial, hosted by the Whitney Museum of American Art, in New York City, NY, USA
Web Biennial, produced with teams from Athens, Berlin and Istanbul.
West Africa Architecture Biennale,[21] Virtual in Lagos, Nigeria.
WRO Biennale, in Wrocław, Poland[22]
Music Biennale Zagreb
[SHIFT:ibpcpa] The International Biennale of Performance, Collaborative and Participatory Arts, Nomadic, International, Scotland, UK.
—---Venice Biennale from wikipedia —
The Venice Biennale (/ˌbiːɛˈnɑːleɪ, -li/; Italian: La Biennale di Venezia) is an international cultural exhibition hosted annually in Venice, Italy by the Biennale Foundation.[2][3][4] The biennale has been organised every year since 1895, which makes it the oldest of its kind. The main exhibition held in Castello, in the halls of the Arsenale and Biennale Gardens, alternates between art and architecture (hence the name biennale; biennial).[5][6][7] The other events hosted by the Foundation—spanning theatre, music, and dance—are held annually in various parts of Venice, whereas the Venice Film Festival takes place at the Lido.[8]
Organization[edit]
Art Biennale
Art Biennale
International Art Exhibition
1895
Even-numbered years (since 2022)
Venice Biennale of Architecture
International Architecture Exhibition
1980
Odd-numbered years (since 2021)
Biennale Musica
International Festival of Contemporary Music
1930
Annually (Sep/Oct)
Biennale Teatro
International Theatre Festival
1934
Annually (Jul/Aug)
Venice Film Festival
Venice International Film Festival
1932
Annually (Aug/Sep)
Venice Dance Biennale
International Festival of Contemporary Dance
1999
Annually (June; biennially 2010–16)
International Kids' Carnival
2009
Annually (during Carnevale)
History
1895–1947
On April 19, 1893, the Venetian City Council passed a resolution to set up an biennial exhibition of Italian Art ("Esposizione biennale artistica nazionale") to celebrate the silver anniversary of King Umberto I and Margherita of Savoy.[11]
A year later, the council decreed "to adopt a 'by invitation' system; to reserve a section of the Exhibition for foreign artists too; to admit works by uninvited Italian artists, as selected by a jury."[12]
The first Biennale, "I Esposizione Internazionale d'Arte della Città di Venezia (1st International Art Exhibition of the City of Venice)" (although originally scheduled for April 22, 1894) was opened on April 30, 1895, by the Italian King and Queen, Umberto I and Margherita di Savoia. The first exhibition was seen by 224,000 visitors.
The event became increasingly international in the first decades of the 20th century: from 1907 on, several countries installed national pavilions at the exhibition, with the first being from Belgium. In 1910 the first internationally well-known artists were displayed: a room dedicated to Gustav Klimt, a one-man show for Renoir, a retrospective of Courbet. A work by Picasso "Family of Saltimbanques" was removed from the Spanish salon in the central Palazzo because it was feared that its novelty might shock the public. By 1914 seven pavilions had been established: Belgium (1907), Hungary (1909), Germany (1909), Great Britain (1909), France (1912), and Russia (1914).
During World War I, the 1916 and 1918 events were cancelled.[13] In 1920 the post of mayor of Venice and president of the Biennale was split. The new secretary general, Vittorio Pica brought about the first presence of avant-garde art, notably Impressionists and Post-Impressionists.
1922 saw an exhibition of sculpture by African artists. Between the two World Wars, many important modern artists had their work exhibited there. In 1928 the Istituto Storico d'Arte Contemporanea (Historical Institute of Contemporary Art) opened, which was the first nucleus of archival collections of the Biennale. In 1930 its name was changed into Historical Archive of Contemporary Art.
In 1930, the Biennale was transformed into an Ente Autonomo (Autonomous Board) by Royal Decree with law no. 33 of 13-1-1930. Subsequently, the control of the Biennale passed from the Venice city council to the national Fascist government under Benito Mussolini. This brought on a restructuring, an associated financial boost, as well as a new president, Count Giuseppe Volpi di Misurata. Three entirely new events were established, including the Biennale Musica in 1930, also referred to as International Festival of Contemporary Music; the Venice Film Festival in 1932, which they claim as the first film festival in history,[14] also referred to as Venice International Film Festival; and the Biennale Theatro in 1934, also referred to as International Theatre Festival.
In 1933 the Biennale organized an exhibition of Italian art abroad. From 1938, Grand Prizes were awarded in the art exhibition section.
During World War II, the activities of the Biennale were interrupted: 1942 saw the last edition of the events. The Film Festival restarted in 1946, the Music and Theatre festivals were resumed in 1947, and the Art Exhibition in 1948.[15]
1948–1973[edit]
The Art Biennale was resumed in 1948 with a major exhibition of a recapitulatory nature. The Secretary General, art historian Rodolfo Pallucchini, started with the Impressionists and many protagonists of contemporary art including Chagall, Klee, Braque, Delvaux, Ensor, and Magritte, as well as a retrospective of Picasso's work. Peggy Guggenheim was invited to exhibit her collection, later to be permanently housed at Ca' Venier dei Leoni.
1949 saw the beginning of renewed attention to avant-garde movements in European—and later worldwide—movements in contemporary art. Abstract expressionism was introduced in the 1950s, and the Biennale is credited with importing Pop Art into the canon of art history by awarding the top prize to Robert Rauschenberg in 1964.[16] From 1948 to 1972, Italian architect Carlo Scarpa did a series of remarkable interventions in the Biennale's exhibition spaces.
In 1954 the island San Giorgio Maggiore provided the venue for the first Japanese Noh theatre shows in Europe. 1956 saw the selection of films following an artistic selection and no longer based upon the designation of the participating country. The 1957 Golden Lion went to Satyajit Ray's Aparajito which introduced Indian cinema to the West.
1962 included Arte Informale at the Art Exhibition with Jean Fautrier, Hans Hartung, Emilio Vedova, and Pietro Consagra. The 1964 Art Exhibition introduced continental Europe to Pop Art (The Independent Group had been founded in Britain in 1952). The American Robert Rauschenberg was the first American artist to win the Gran Premio, and the youngest to date.
The student protests of 1968 also marked a crisis for the Biennale. Student protests hindered the opening of the Biennale. A resulting period of institutional changes opened and ending with a new Statute in 1973. In 1969, following the protests, the Grand Prizes were abandoned. These resumed in 1980 for the Mostra del Cinema and in 1986 for the Art Exhibition.[17]
In 1972, for the first time, a theme was adopted by the Biennale, called "Opera o comportamento" ("Work or Behaviour").
Starting from 1973 the Music Festival was no longer held annually. During the year in which the Mostra del Cinema was not held, there was a series of "Giornate del cinema italiano" (Days of Italian Cinema) promoted by sectorial bodies in campo Santa Margherita, in Venice.[18]
1974–1998[edit]
1974 saw the start of the four-year presidency of Carlo Ripa di Meana. The International Art Exhibition was not held (until it was resumed in 1976). Theatre and cinema events were held in October 1974 and 1975 under the title Libertà per il Cile (Freedom for Chile)—a major cultural protest against the dictatorship of Augusto Pinochet.
On 15 November 1977, the so-called Dissident Biennale (in reference to the dissident movement in the USSR) opened. Because of the ensuing controversies within the Italian left wing parties, president Ripa di Meana resigned at the end of the year.[19]
In 1979 the new presidency of Giuseppe Galasso (1979-1982) began. The principle was laid down whereby each of the artistic sectors was to have a permanent director to organise its activity.
In 1980, the Architecture section of the Biennale was set up. The director, Paolo Portoghesi, opened the Corderie dell'Arsenale to the public for the first time. At the Mostra del Cinema, the awards were brought back into being (between 1969 and 1979, the editions were non-competitive). In 1980, Achille Bonito Oliva and Harald Szeemann introduced "Aperto", a section of the exhibition designed to explore emerging art. Italian art historian Giovanni Carandente directed the 1988 and 1990 editions. A three-year gap was left afterwards to make sure that the 1995 edition would coincide with the 100th anniversary of the Biennale.[13]
The 1993 edition was directed by Achille Bonito Oliva. In 1995, Jean Clair was appointed to be the Biennale's first non-Italian director of visual arts[20] while Germano Celant served as director in 1997.
For the Centenary in 1995, the Biennale promoted events in every sector of its activity: the 34th Festival del Teatro, the 46th art exhibition, the 46th Festival di Musica, the 52nd Mostra del Cinema.[21]
1999–present[edit]
In 1999 and 2001, Harald Szeemann directed two editions in a row (48th & 49th) bringing in a larger representation of artists from Asia and Eastern Europe and more young artists than usual and expanded the show into several newly restored spaces of the Arsenale.
In 1999 a new sector was created for live shows: DMT (Dance Music Theatre).
The 50th edition, 2003, directed by Francesco Bonami, had a record number of seven co-curators involved, including Hans Ulrich Obrist, Catherine David, Igor Zabel, Hou Hanru and Massimiliano Gioni.
The 51st edition of the Biennale opened in June 2005, curated, for the first time by two women, Maria de Corral and Rosa Martinez. De Corral organized "The Experience of Art" which included 41 artists, from past masters to younger figures. Rosa Martinez took over the Arsenale with "Always a Little Further." Drawing on "the myth of the romantic traveler" her exhibition involved 49 artists, ranging from the elegant to the profane.
In 2007, Robert Storr became the first director from the United States to curate the Biennale (the 52nd), with a show entitled Think with the Senses – Feel with the Mind. Art in the Present Tense.
Swedish curator Daniel Birnbaum was artistic director of the 2009 edition entitled "Fare Mondi // Making Worlds".
The 2011 edition was curated by Swiss curator Bice Curiger entitled "ILLUMInazioni – ILLUMInations".
The Biennale in 2013 was curated by the Italian Massimiliano Gioni. His title and theme, Il Palazzo Enciclopedico / The Encyclopedic Palace, was adopted from an architectural model by the self-taught Italian-American artist Marino Auriti. Auriti's work, The Encyclopedic Palace of the World was lent by the American Folk Art Museum and exhibited in the first room of the Arsenale for the duration of the biennale. For Gioni, Auriti's work, "meant to house all worldly knowledge, bringing together the greatest discoveries of the human race, from the wheel to the satellite," provided an analogous figure for the "biennale model itself...based on the impossible desire to concentrate the infinite worlds of contemporary art in a single place: a task that now seems as dizzyingly absurd as Auriti's dream."[22]
Curator Okwui Enwezor was responsible for the 2015 edition.[23] He was the first African-born curator of the biennial. As a catalyst for imagining different ways of imagining multiple desires and futures Enwezor commissioned special projects and programs throughout the Biennale in the Giardini. This included a Creative Time Summit, e-flux journal's SUPERCOMMUNITY, Gulf Labor Coalition, The Invisible Borders Trans-African Project and Abounaddara.[24][25]
The 2017 Biennale, titled Viva Arte Viva, was directed by French curator Christine Macel who called it an "exhibition inspired by humanism".[26] German artist Franz Erhard Walter won the Golden Lion for best artist, while Carolee Schneemann was awarded a posthumous Golden Lion for Lifetime Achievement.[27]
The 2019 Biennale, titled May You Live In Interesting Times, was directed by American-born curator Ralph Rugoff.[28]
The 2022 edition was curated by Italian curator Cecilia Alemani entitled "The Milk of Dreams" after a book by British-born Mexican surrealist painter Leonora Carrington.[29]
The Biennale has an attendance today of over 500,000 visitors.[30][31][32]
Role in the art market[edit]
When the Venice Biennale was founded in 1895, one of its main goals was to establish a new market for contemporary art. Between 1942 and 1968 a sales office assisted artists in finding clients and selling their work,[33] a service for which it charged 10% commission. Sales remained an intrinsic part of the biennale until 1968, when a sales ban was enacted. An important practical reason why the focus on non-commodities has failed to decouple Venice from the market is that the biennale itself lacks the funds to produce, ship and install these large-scale works. Therefore, the financial involvement of dealers is widely regarded as indispensable;[16] as they regularly front the funding for production of ambitious projects.[34] Furthermore, every other year the Venice Biennale coincides with nearby Art Basel, the world's prime commercial fair for modern and contemporary art. Numerous galleries with artists on show in Venice usually bring work by the same artists to Basel.[35]
Central Pavilion and Arsenale[edit]
The formal Biennale is based at a park, the Giardini. The Giardini includes a large exhibition hall that houses a themed exhibition curated by the Biennale's director.
Initiated in 1980, the Aperto began as a fringe event for younger artists and artists of a national origin not represented by the permanent national pavilions. This is usually staged in the Arsenale and has become part of the formal biennale programme. In 1995 there was no Aperto so a number of participating countries hired venues to show exhibitions of emerging artists. From 1999, both the international exhibition and the Aperto were held as one exhibition, held both at the Central Pavilion and the Arsenale. Also in 1999, a $1 million renovation transformed the Arsenale area into a cluster of renovated shipyards, sheds and warehouses, more than doubling the Arsenale's exhibition space of previous years.[36]
A special edition of the 54th Biennale was held at Padiglione Italia of Torino Esposizioni – Sala Nervi (December 2011 – February 2012) for the 150th Anniversary of Italian Unification. The event was directed by Vittorio Sgarbi.[37]
National pavilions[edit]
Main article: National pavilions at the Venice Biennale
The Giardini houses 30 permanent national pavilions.[13] Alongside the Central Pavilion, built in 1894 and later restructured and extended several times, the Giardini are occupied by a further 29 pavilions built at different periods by the various countries participating in the Biennale. The first nation to build a pavilion was Belgium in 1907, followed by Germany, Britain and Hungary in 1909.[13] The pavilions are the property of the individual countries and are managed by their ministries of culture.[38]
Countries not owning a pavilion in the Giardini are exhibited in other venues across Venice. The number of countries represented is still growing. In 2005, China was showing for the first time, followed by the African Pavilion and Mexico (2007), the United Arab Emirates (2009), and India (2011).[39]
The assignment of the permanent pavilions was largely dictated by the international politics of the 1930s and the Cold War. There is no single format to how each country manages their pavilion, established and emerging countries represented at the biennial maintain and fund their pavilions in different ways.[38] While pavilions are usually government-funded, private money plays an increasingly large role; in 2015, the pavilions of Iraq, Ukraine and Syria were completely privately funded.[40] The pavilion for Great Britain is always managed by the British Council[41] while the United States assigns the responsibility to a public gallery chosen by the Department of State which, since 1985, has been the Peggy Guggenheim Collection.[42] The countries at the Arsenale that request a temporary exhibition space pay a hire fee per square meter.[38]
In 2011, the countries were Albania, Andorra, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, China, Congo, Costa Rica, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czechia and Slovakia, Denmark, Egypt, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Haiti, Hungary, Iceland, India, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Korea, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Mexico, Moldova, Montenegro, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, San Marino, Saudi Arabia, Serbia, Singapore, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Syrian Arab Republic, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States of America, Uruguay, Venezuela, Wales and Zimbabwe. In addition to this there are two collective pavilions: Central Asia Pavilion and Istituto Italo-Latino Americano. In 2013, eleven new participant countries developed national pavilions for the Biennale: Angola, Bosnia and Herzegowina, the Bahamas, Bahrain, the Ivory Coast, Kosovo, Kuwait, the Maldives, Paraguay, Tuvalu, and the Holy See. In 2015, five new participant countries developed pavilions for the Biennale: Grenada,[43] Republic of Mozambique, Republic of Seychelles, Mauritius and Mongolia. In 2017, three countries participated in the Art Biennale for the first time: Antigua & Barbuda, Kiribati, and Nigeria.[44] In 2019, four countries participated in the Art Biennale for the first time: Ghana, Madagascar, Malaysia, and Pakistan.[45]
As well as the national pavilions there are countless "unofficial pavilions"[46] that spring up every year. In 2009 there were pavilions such as the Gabon Pavilion and a Peckham pavilion. In 2017 The Diaspora Pavilion bought together 19 artists from complex, multinational backgrounds to challenge the prevalence of the nation state at the Biennale.[47]
The Internet Pavilion (Italian: Padiglione Internet) was founded in 2009 as a platform for activists and artists working in new media.[48][49][50] Subsequent editions were held since,[51] 2013,[51] in conjunction with the biennale.[52]
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وینسVenetsiya
art umjetnost umění kunst taideτέχνη művészetList ealaínarte māksla menasartiKunst sztuka artăumenie umetnost konstcelfקונסטարվեստincəsənətশিল্প艺术(yìshù)藝術 (yìshù)ხელოვნებაकलाkos duabアートಕಲೆសិល្បៈ미(misul)ສິນລະປະകലकलाအတတ်ပညာकलाකලාවகலைఆర్ట్ศิลปะ آرٹsan'atnghệ thuậtفن (fan)אומנותهنرsanat artist
venice biennale Venezia Venedig biennalen Bienal_de_Venecia Venise Venecia Bienalo Bienal Biënnale Venetië Veneza Μπιενάλε της Βενετίας ヴェネツィ ア・ビエンナーレ 威尼斯双年展 Venedik Bienali Venetsian biennaali Wenecji biennial #venicebiennale #venicebiennial biennalism
Veneziako Venecija Venècia Venetië Veneetsia Venetsia VenedigΒ ενετία Velence Feneyjar Venice Venēcija Venezja Venezia Wenecja VenezaVeneția Venetsiya Benátky Benetke Fenisוועניס Վենետիկ ভেনি স威尼斯 威尼斯 ვენეციისવે નિસवेनिसヴ ェネツィアವೆನಿಸ್베니스வெனிஸ்వెనిస్เวนิซوینس Venetsiya Italy italia
--------key words
headband protest fashion protestfashion artistic intervention performance artformat action installation critical critic critique institutional critic choregraphy scenography
#venicebiennale #biennalist #artformat #biennale #artbiennale #biennial
#BiennaleArte2024 #artformat
Douglaston Historic District, Douglaston, Queens, New York City, New York, United States
Date: 1906
Architect: Wilbur S. Knowles Original Owner: Solomon Mayer Type: Freestanding house
Style: Arts and Crafts/Colonial Revival Structure/material: Frame with wood shingle siding
Notable building features: Hipped roof with overhanging eaves; stucco-covered chimney with brick coping; hipped dormers; round, projecting bay at corner; wrap-around porch, partially enclosed, with Doric columns, central pediment, brick steps, and wood railings; multi-paned entrance vestibule (added after 1962); first-story oriel.
Alterations: Most windows are non-historic replacements; bases of porch and conservatory covered with concrete; through-the-wall air conditioners; chimney covered with stucco after 1962.
Related structure on lot: Attached, rear conservatory with polygonal plan and monitor roof, added in 1916; matching two-car garage, entered from Shore Road, contemporary with the house.
Notable site features: Mature trees; stucco-covered retaining walls with brick coping; brick garden walls with cast concrete balusters; brick steps and posts; cobblestone-framed sidewalks, driveway and curbs.
INTRODUCTION
The Douglaston Historic District contains more than 600 houses set along landscaped streets on a mile-long peninsula extending into Little Neck Bay, at the northeastern edge of Queens adjoining Nassau County.
Its history over the past four centuries ranges from a native American settlement to an eighteenth-century farm, a nineteenth-century estate called Douglas Manor, and an early twentieth-century planned suburb, also called Douglas Manor.
The Douglaston Historic District encompasses the entire Douglas Manor suburban development, plus several contiguous blocks. Most of the houses in the proposed district date from the early- to mid-twentieth century, while a few survive from the nineteenth century, and one from the eighteenth century.
The landscape includes many impressive and exotic specimen trees planted on the mid-nineteenth-century estate, as well as a great white oak, located at 233 Arleigh Road, believed to be 600 years old.
Douglaston's location on a peninsula jutting into Flushing Bay at the eastern border of Queens County is an important factor in establishing the character of the district. The very early buildings surviving in the district include the c.1735 Van Wyck House, the c. 1819 Van Zandt manor house (expanded in the early twentieth century for use as the Douglaston Club), and the Greek Revival style c. 1848-50 Benjamin Allen House.
Much of the landscaping, including the specimen trees, survives from the estate of Douglas Manor, established by George Douglas and maintained by his son William Douglas.
Most of the houses in the historic district were built as part of the planned suburb of Douglas Manor, developed by the Rickert-Finlay Company, that was part of the residential redevelopment of the Borough of Queens following its creation and annexation to the City of Greater New York in 1898.
A set of covenants devised by the Rickert-Finlay Company helped assure a carefully planned environment, including a shorefront held in common, winding streets following the topography of the peninsula, and single-family houses ranging in size from substantial mansions along Shore Road on the west to more modest cottages closer to Udalls Cove on the east.
The houses of the historic district, which are representative of twentieth-century residential architecture, were designed in a variety of styles including the many variants of the Colonial Revival, many houses in the English manner incorporating Tudor Revival, English cottage, and Arts and Crafts motifs, as well as the Mediterranean Revival. In most cases, they were designed by local Queens architects, including over a dozen who lived in Douglaston itself.
The district includes three houses of the Craftsman type pioneered by Gustav Stickley. Eight of the houses in the district were designed by Josephine Wright Chapman, one of America's earliest successful women architects, and they constitute an important body of her work.
The Douglaston Historic District survives today as an important example of an early twentieth-century planned suburb adapted to the site of a nineteenth-century estate. The stylistically varied suburban residences, the distinctive topography, the landscaped setting, and the winding streets create a distinct sense of place and give the district its special character.
HISTORICAL AND ARCHITECTURAL BACKGROUND OF THE DOUGLASTON HISTORIC DISTRICT
Native American and Colonial antecedents
The Native American presence on the Little Neck peninsula today known as Douglaston included the Matinecoc,1 one of a group on western Long Island linked by culture and language to others in the area surrounding Manhattan Island (including the Nayack, Marechkawieck, Canarsee, Rockaway, and Massapequa). A number of finds from those settlements have been identified at various sites on the peninsula.2 The Matinecoc, who fanned the peninsula and apparently also produced wampum, were summarily evicted in the 1660s by Thomas Hicks, later Judge Hicks, in what has been described as the only such seizure of property recorded in Flushing town records. In the 1930s, according to local histories, a Matinecoc burial ground was destroyed to make way for a widening of Northern Boulevard, and the remains reinterred in the cemetery of Zion Church.3
The property seized by Thomas Hicks in the 1660s passed through the hands of several of his family members, and several subsequent sales to other families, before being acquired in 1813 by Wynant Van Zandt. In 1819 Van Zandt bought an adjoining farm from the Van Wyck family. Both tracts had been farmed during the eighteenth century. The Van Wycks built and lived in a shorefront house which still stands (the Cornelius Van Wyck House, at 126 West Drive aka 37-04 Douglaston Parkway, a designated New York City landmark).
Nineteenth-century country seat: Wynant Van Zandt. George and William Douglas, and Douglas Manor
Wynant Van Zandt (1767-1831) kept his property in agricultural use. Unlike his predecessors, mostly local formers, Van Zandt was a prominent New York City merchant, active in New York civic affairs. As a city alderman, Van Zandt served as chairman, starting in 1803, of the building committee for City Hall, and in 1804 as chairman of a committee on water supply, among other duties. Van Zandt established his Queens County property as a country estate, and built himself a manor, or country seat, in 1819; the building survives, with additions, as the Douglaston Club.
In May 1835, following Wynant Van Zandt's death, George Douglas acquired the estate from Robert B. Van Zandt; the deed identifies Van Zandt as a "farmer" and Douglas as a "gentleman."5 One obituary, in the Flushing Journal Weekly, described Douglas as "what the world would call an eccentric man."6 Another, in the New York Evening Post, described him as a wealthy young man from Scotland, who during a fifteen-year stay in Europe "collected some very valuable pictures," and later turned to philanthropy.7
Douglas's son, William Proctor Douglas, inherited the property after his father's death in 1862. The younger Douglas served as vice-commodore of the New York Yacht Club in 1871-74. During his tenure, Douglas Manor became a center for New York society yachting and polo. In later years, Douglas rented out the estate house to a variety of well-connected tenants, including European royalty.8
In 1869, Douglas hired landscape architect William McMillen to, in the words of McMillen's daughter, "superintend the Estate, improve driveways, and lay out plantings and trees and ornamental shrubs."9 McMillen was later associated with Frederick Law Olmsted and his work on the park system in Buffalo, New York.10 Although McMillen spent six years working on the estate, it is not known exactly what he undertook for Douglas. From turn-of-the-century photographs and other records analyzed in a landscape history undertaken in 1994, it appears that under Douglas's
ownership the landscape was characterized by "an informal 'English' look...with English ivy, winterberry, Boston ivy and wisteria."11
It was also during Douglas's tenure that a number of exotic specimen trees were planted on the property. Local histories suggest a connection with Samuel Parsons (1819-1906), a pioneer horticulturist with a nursery in Flushing; Parsons owned land near the Douglas Estate. The trees have been a distinguishing characteristic of Douglas Manor since William Douglas's day.12
Early suburban subdivision
Although the suburban development called Douglas Manor dates from 1906, William Douglas apparently attempted a suburban subdivision half a century earlier south of Douglas Manor. The dominant force propelling development was the gradual extension of the Long Island Railroad, which ran as far as Flushing until 1866 (with stage coach connections for points east), when its extension to Great Neck opened. Even in the 1850s, anticipating the railroad's extension to the Little Neck peninsula, William Douglas had subdivided part of his property (the area today known as "the Hill").
Douglas donated land for the railroad's right of way, and later, according to local histories, relocated one of his farm buildings to be used as a railroad station, asking in exchange that the new village be called "Douglaston" (instead of Marathon, a competing name).13 He named a number of new streets after the abundant trees on his property (Pine, Poplar, Willow, Cherry).
The Rickert-Finlav Realty Company
Besides the three early surviving houses already mentioned (the Van Wyck House, the Douglaston Club, and the Allen House), almost all the rest of the houses in the historic district were built as part of the early twentieth-century planned suburb of Douglas Manor, named for Douglas's estate, laid out by the Rickert-Finlay Realty Company. The redevelopment of Douglas Manor was part of the vast transformation of much of the newly created Borough of Queens into new residential neighborhoods. In 1906, the year Rickert-Finlay bought Douglas Manor, several major transportation projects to speed connections between Manhattan and Queens were underway: the Pennsylvania Railroad and Long Island Railroad tunnels under the East River, and the Queensborough Bridge at 59th Street.14 According to the Real Estate Record and Guide of that year:
The development of numerous farms into building lots and the erection of hundreds of new buildings have necessarily advanced the value of real estate in that section of Greater New York. It is said that more than 8,000 new apportionments have been made in the Borough of Queens during 1906, and that considerably more than 10,000 acres of land have been cut up into lots....
Chief among the new developments cited:
Title has just been taken to the Douglass [sic] homestead of about 180 acres by the Douglass Manor Co. This will probably be the highest class development on the island. It has a mile of water front and most magnificent shade trees. This property will be subdivided immediately.16
The Rickert-Finlay Realty Company, which bought Douglas Manor, was active in real-estate development in Queens and Nassau Counties in the early years of the century, buying up large farms and estates on the north shore of Long Island, preferably those with attractive topographical features, and subdividing them into new suburban communities. Their projects included Norwood in Long Island City, Broadway-Flushing in Flushing, Bellcourt in Bayside, Douglas Manor in Douglaston, and Westmoreland in Little Neck.17 By 1908, the company, with offices at 45 West 34th Street in Manhattan,18 was advertising itself as "The Largest Developers of Real Estate in Queens Borough ~ over 10,000 lots within the limits of New York City."19
The company's typical strategy for selecting development sites was described by E.J. Rickert in a 1914 article in Architecture and Building: "It was selected because it was on high ground, with a splendid outlook . . . and only four blocks from a railway station. It was . . . noted for the magnificent row of maples and lindens, nearly a mile long, extending through the entire property."20 The company then developed each tract according to a formula based on past successes. E.J. Rickert described the progression of the firm's ideas:
The first property developed was Bellcourt in Bayside, which was improved along the same lines as had heretofore prevailed on Long Island — that is, gravel sidewalks were laid, streets were graded and shade trees were set out, no other improvements being made. In the sale of Bellcourt, however, it was found that there was a demand for better improvements, and, consequently, when Douglas Manor was developed, cement sidewalks were laid, macadam roads were built and trees and hedges were set out. Broadway-Flushing and Westmoreland, which came next, were developed to about the same extent as Douglas Manor, all then being considered the best improved properties on Long Island.
The next development, Kensington, saw the addition of complete "sanitary sewer system, water mains and underground conduit for street lighting."
The new suburb of Douglas Manor
The qualities of the nineteenth-century Douglas Manor on which the Rickert-Finlay development capitalized included its hilly topography, its mile-long waterfront accessible to the entire narrow peninsula, and its lush plantings, especially the specimen trees planted during Douglas's tenure. The development also based its new road system on the major farm roads already in place, which became West, East, and Centre [Center] Drives.23
The company then established a series of protective covenants to guarantee a certain manner of development and density within the new suburb. In an era pre-dating the adoption of zoning regulations,24 the character of a new development could be guaranteed in no other way.
The covenants affected the architectural character of the houses only peripherally — by prohibiting flat roofs, thereby encouraging a more romantic roofline. Instead, they focused on the kind and size of houses and the nature of the landscaping of the new development. They required all houses to be single-family residences, with the sole exception of the Douglaston Club (commercial uses and two-family buildings and flats were specifically prohibited). They encouraged an economically mixed development, with a boulevard of substantial mansions along the Shore Road waterfront, while smaller, less expensive houses would predominate on the peninsula's east. (Such conditions were guaranteed by requiring houses of a certain cost and lots of a certain size). A verdant landscape was ensured by requiring houses to be set back 20 feet, leaving room for greenery, and by prohibiting fences and encouraging hedges, creating vistas not of individual, fenced-off gardens, but rather of a continuous, green, park-like, landscaped environment.
Rickert-Finlay went even further, taking steps to protect that environment and shape the community's social character by creating, in 1906, the Douglas Manor Association. Its stated objectives were the creation and maintenance of a club house to promote "social intercourse" among the residents, and to preserve and protect the development's physical amenities, including the roads, parks, shorefront, and plantings.26
Selling Douglas Manor
Promotional brochures prepared by Rickert-Finlay characterized the new neighborhood as a private community of houses, nestled in a landscape similar to Central Park, surrounded with a mile of shorefront, just blocks from each home.27
Douglas Manor's convenience to Midtown Manhattan via the Long Island Railroad was compared favorably to subway commutation to new Bronx neighborhoods. The commute was touted at "only 33 Minutes to Manhattan, 52 Trains a Day," and predicted to become "20 Minutes to Herald Square, when Pennsylvania-Long Island Tunnels are completed." The neighborhood was just three blocks from the Douglaston station, itself very near the Long Island Sound, "being the only station on the line near enough to the Sound to bring the shore front within easy walking distance. "28 The history and character of the old Douglas estate were emphasized, especially the trees planted by Douglas: "Scotch Holly, Magnolia, Japanese Maidenhair, Chinese Cypress, European Beech, Scarlet Maple, Horse Chestnut, Tulip, Lime, evergreens... Even Central Park does not possess a greater variety of rare trees....
" This park-like effect would be "preserved and increased by setting out hedges along winding roads, following the natural contour of the land as much as possible.... The shore drive, curving along the bay for over a mile, will be made the finest boulevard on Long Island." To all these suburban advantages, Douglas Manor also boasted the services provided by the City of New York: "city water, stone sidewalks, macadamized streets" and the "full benefit of all departments of the city government, including schools, water, police and fire protection."
From 1906 through the Depression, several hundred houses were erected in Douglas Manor, following the plan suggested by the Rickert-Finlay covenants. In general, the lots along Shore Road on the west were developed first, with larger, more substantial houses, followed by the more modest
homes to the east towards Udalls Cove. Property owners often acquired lots adjacent to those on which their houses were built to accommodate more generous lawns or gardens. The mile-long waterfront remained undeveloped, held in common by the Douglas Manor Association. The large caliper specimen trees planted in Douglas's day remained in place. The grounds of the various houses were separated by perimeter hedges only — no fences. Two smaller lots formed by irregular street intersections were planted as small parks, maintained by the Association. Together, the parks, commonly held shorefront, specimen trees, and hedged gardens created something close to Rickert-Finlay's version of Central Park, surrounded by water, with several hundred houses nestled in the landscape.
The Architecture of the Douglaston Historic District
The architectural styles of the over 600 houses and some 150 related structures (mostly garages) in the historic district reflect three centuries of Douglaston's built history. From the eighteenth-century colonial Van Wyck House, to the early nineteenth-century Van Zandt House and mid-nineteenth-century Allen House, to the twentiethth-century suburban houses of the Rickert-Finlay development, to the additions of the post-World War II period, they tell the story of the development of this part of eastern Queens, part of the larger developmental story of New York City and the country as a whole.
The Cornelius Van Wyck House, at 126 West Drive, survives as the oldest extant house in the district, and one of the oldest in New York City (it is a designated New York City landmark). Built c.1735 for an early Dutch settler as a farmstead, the house reflects eighteenth-century New York colonial styles. Douglas, who transformed the farm to Douglas Manor, is said to have used the house as an "entrance lodge to his estate.w29 In 1907, one year after the acquisition of the Manor by the Rickert-Finlay Company, the Douglaston Country Club enlarged the building for use as a clubhouse. In 1921, the Van Wyck House passed back into use as a single-family residence, and its owner, E.N. Wicht, hired Frank J. Forster, designer of Colonial Revival and Tudor Revival style houses in the new Douglas Manor development, to restore it to its original Dutch Colonial appearance.
The Wynant Van Zandt House, at 600 West Drive, reflects both the older and the newer history of Douglaston. Built in 1819 as a home for Wynant Van Zandt, it was significantly altered after 1906 for use as the Douglaston Club, but still reflects some of the character of Van Zandt's original two-story Greek Revival manor house.
The Benjamin P. Allen House (a/k/a the Allen-Beville House, a designated New York City landmark) at 29 Center Drive, built c. 1848-50, is another rare Queens farm house. Predominately Greek Revival in style, it also shows the influence of the newly fashionable Italianate style, especially in its cornices and brackets.
Almost all the other buildings in the district date from the twentieth century, and the greater number of them from its first three decades, when Douglas Manor was developed by the Rickert-Finlay Company. Douglas Manor is a contemporary of several other planned communities in New York City, notably Fieldston in the Bronx and Forest Hill Gardens in Queens, all three of which began as subdivisions in the first decade of die century, and blossomed in the late teens and twenties. Like them, Douglas Manor was developed with houses based on historic styles of the past.
The first few decades of the century constituted a period of ferment and development in the design of American single-family houses. The epoch has been characterized as "a resurgence of individualism and an indulgence in residential architecture, a reaction to the standardization of the previous two decades. Fanciful cottages in fairy-tale styles were part of that image."30 In some ways, that approach is a logical continuation of late nineteenth-century architectural eclecticism, characterized in the 1890s as "rampant eclecticism in all fields of life and taste, of triumphant individualism, when authority sits so lightly on men's interests and lives; in this age of archaeology, when the different periods of history are made to live again in our imagination. "31 At the same time, residential architecture was affected by notions of progress and efficiency, and a drive toward simplicity and sanitary conveniences in home design.
Rickert-Finlay's protective covenants left the architectural character of the buildings almost entirely in the hands of owners and architects, requiring only that building roofs not be flat.32 The result was a collection of early twentieth-century eclectic residential styles, ranging from grand Colonial Revival mansions on the Shore Road waterfront, to picturesque Tudor Revival or Mediterranean Revival houses or houses in the English cottage manner or Colonial Revival houses on the blocks between West and East Drives, to modest cottages near Udalls Cove. Houses were sited in harmony with the topography, which tends to get hillier in the southeastern section of the peninsula.
One Douglas Manor architect, Alfred Scheffer, expressed his point of view in an article published in 1929. He described the Tudor Revival house he designed for himself at 216 Beverly-Road — a particularly useful indication of both the architect's and the client's point of view. Tellingly, the very first observation he makes is about the siting of the house, overlooking Long Island Sound: "The water is only a stone's throw — of a conservative marksman — from our front door and the second floor bay window has a certain suggestion of the forecastle deck of a ship, for the intervening land and highway are quite lost to sight and I can get a fine sense of sailing the seas, when I stand there." Only then does he turn to the formal style of the design, and sums up in a sentence the attitude of his day towards historically-inspired styles: "The construction is quite definitely in the English manner although / was not concerned with making it exact or authentic [emphasis added]
Scheffer then lists the elements that make his house "English": "stucco and halftimber walls with slate roof . . . The substantial chimney of common brick is typical of many English country houses. . . . The main entrance doorway of the house, at the end of a narrow flagstone walk, forms a Gothic arch of oak timber, framing a paneled oak door with iron straps and two small leaded glass windows, the effect completed by a semi-circular stone stoop. Beside the door is a lantern of pierced wrought-iron in the shape of an inverted tunnel, with wrought-iron bracket." Clearly it is details like the paneled oak door and leaded glass windows which give the house the English "effect" Scheffer wanted. But when he turns to describing the interior, practical matters take precedence: "The interior of the house was designed to take full advantage of our gorgeous outlook over the water."
Historical details are listed — "The walls are of rough English hand finished plaster" - but so are the "built-in bookshelves," "built-in comer cabinets," and "convenient and numerous closets and the very large closet and bathroom which join the master bedroom and add much to its convenience." "The interior of the house," concludes Scheffer," will probably grow from year to year. Things will be taken out and others put in until eventually, it comes near to realizing my mental image of what it ought to be. Already, I think, it has the liveable quality which is most essential of all."33
The majority of houses in the historic district reflect a variety of styles, loosely adapted by architects like Frank Scheffer, typical of suburban residential architecture across the country. The predominant style is the Colonial Revival in several variants, ranging in date from c.1910 to the present. Most are of frame construction with shingle and/or clapboard siding. Besides a generic Colonial Revival style, the district has such distinctive variations as the Dutch Colonial Revival, New England Colonial Revival, and Cape Cod Colonial Revival. Colonial Revival houses of brick, or frame with brick facing, often have a more formal neo-Georgian appearance. The English manner, the other major stylistic mode, is expressed with Tudor Revival, English cottage, or Arts and Crafts details. These houses, too, are often of frame construction with stucco facing and brick and/or stone trim. The Mediterranean Revival style was also popular.
These houses usually have stucco facing and tile roofs. The district also has a handful of houses of the Craftsman type pioneered by Gustav Stickley. Suburban houses of the type found in the district were judged by their picturesque qualities. The Architectural Forum, for instance, featured a Douglas Manor house by Frank Forster, the same architect who restored the Van Wyck House to something approaching its original Dutch colonial appearance. The writer praised Forster's "excellent use of half-timber in connection with brick or stucco," but more importantly his "rare skill in grouping, which creates a picturesque and architectural composition, wholly unaffected or exaggerated and involving no sacrifice in the matter of interior planning to secure this effect."
An additional group of houses in the historic district, on the south side of Bay Street, predates the Douglas Manor development by several years. Designed c.1900, they are excellent examples of the Colonial Revival and Queen Anne styles popular at the end of the nineteenth century.
Playing an important role in the historic district are the many related garage structures, often designed in architectural styles compatible with the houses they serve. Some were constructed originally as carriage houses and stables, often with residential accommodations, and later converted for garage use. By about 1920, the automobile had supplanted the horse, and garages were built as freestanding structures, some with chauffeur's quarters at the second story, usually situated close to a side or rear lot line. By the late 1920s, some houses were constructed with attached garages, or garages were constructed later, atttached to earlier houses. After World War II, many houses were built with basement garages, while other earlier houses were modified to provide basement garages.
The Douglas Manor Architects
A few prominent New York City architects with Manhattan offices received commissions in the new neighborhood; however, the vast majority of Douglas Manor houses were designed by local Queens and Brooklyn architects, and a surprisingly large number by architects who themselves lived in Douglas Manor or had offices nearby.35
Among the better known firms from outside the neighborhood who worked in the historic district, Buchman & Fox, architects of many Manhattan office buildings, designed 1008 Shore Road, a substantial Colonial Revival mansion overlooking the Bay. George Keister, whose practice included churches, hotels and Broadway theaters, designed 24 Knollwood Avenue, an Arts and Crafts style house, and 104 Hollywood Avenue, a Colonial Revival house. Diego DeSuarez, who planned villa gardens at both La Pietra, outside Florence, and Vizcaya, outside Miami, designed a one-story Mediterranean fantasy at 231 Beverly Road. Lionel Moses, of the firm of McKim, Mead & White, designed a house in the English cottage manner at 1102 Shore Road overlooking Little Neck Bay. The architectural firm of McKim, Mead & White is credited with the formal French Renaissance Revival style house at 4 Ardsley Road. Dating from 1919, it is constructed of hollow terra-cotta block, a form of fireproof construction, and faced with stucco.36
Architects from Brooklyn and Queens represented in the historic district include Arthur H. Allen, an architect very active in Forest Hills (a Colonial Revival house at 217 Ridge Road); Philip Resnyk (Tudor Revival, English cottage manner, and Colonial Revival houses on Warwick, Beverly, Grosvenor, Hollywood, Knollwood, Richmond, Kenmore, Richmond and Manor); Benjamin Dreisler (an Arts and Crafts/Colonial Revival house at 243 Forest Road); Louis Feldman (English cottage type houses at 211 and 217 Forest Road); J. Sarsfield Kennedy (a Tudor Revival house at 369 Beverly Road and a grand English bungalow/Arts and Crafts house at 1114 Shore Road), and Shampan & Shampan (a Colonial Revival house at 110 Arleigh).
Almost 60 of the over 600 houses in the historic district, built in the first decades of the century, are known to be the work of fourteen Douglaston architects.37 Alfred Scheffer, whose views are quoted above, designed at least ten, most in the Colonial Revival style or English cottage manner with Tudor Revival or Arts and Crafts detail.
John C.W. Cadoo designed at least sixteen houses, mostly Colonial Revival in style. Frank Forster designed at least three houses, one Colonial Revival, the others in the English cottage manner, as well as overseeing the restoration of the eighteenth-century Van Wyck House. Albert Humble designed at least ten houses, most in the Colonial Revival style.
Josephine Wright Chapman
Eight houses in the historic district are known to have been designed in the 1910s and 1920s by one of America's earliest successful women architects, Josephine Wright Chapman (1867-?). Chapman was professionally active from 1892 to 1927, but little is known about her education or commissions.
She pursued her interest in a career in architecture over opposition from her family, working from 1892 to 1897 as a draftsman in the office of Boston architect Clarence H. Blackall. Very few academically trained women became architects in the last two decades of the nineteenth century, and Chapman may have entered the profession as an apprentice.
By 1898 she was listed in the Boston City Directory as an architect, and developed a successful practice, despite the rejection of her application for membership in the American Institute of Architects.
Chapman's first major project was the New England Building at the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo in 1901. Other known work includes the Craigie Arms Apartments (1897) in Cambridge, Mass., the Episcopal Church in Leominster, Mass., and the Women's Clubs in Worcester and Lynn, Mass.
In 1905, Chapman began to devote herself to the design of houses. She preferred the "English type," long, low and rambling, with gables and timber and plaster detailing. In 1907 she moved to New York, where she was listed in directories as an architect until 1925. Among her few published works was a sixteen-story apartment building on Park Avenue, described as demonstrating "the feminine idea of correct planning . . .and many innovations were to be introduced."
While in New York, she also received the commission for Hillandale, an Italian Renaissance style villa in Washington, D.C., built 1922-25. In the words of historian Gwendolyn Wright: "Neither Chapman's early public success in Boston nor her conversion to professional pursuit more appropriate for a woman qualified her for coverage in the architectural press.
But her career was remarkable, for few women had the financial independence to experiment with their own offices."
Chapman's known Douglaston houses, which date from 1909 to 1917, are in the historic district's two prevalent stylistic modes — five Colonial Revival and three in the English cottage manner.
They share picturesque silhouetttes with rooflines that feature gambrel or gabled roofs with hipped or shed dormers, and exposed brick chimneys; and distinctive entry and porch details, including one with Tuscan columns, one with a pointed-arch batten door, and one with a panelled entrance with side-lights and transom.
The Craftsman style houses
Several Craftsman style houses, including No. 122 Arleigh Road, 140 Prospect Avenue, and 111 Hollywood Avenue, may be one of the largest such collections in any New York City neighborhood.
Furniture designer Gustav Stickley of Rochester, New York, created the Craftsman architectural movement and disseminated it throughout the country via his Craftsman magazine.
The Craftsman aesthetic drew on the English Arts and Crafts movement, California Mission design, Japanese architecture, and Native American design, and was supported by an ideology influenced by concepts of socialism, the nobility of work, and the value of manual training.
Stickley developed his interest in architecture in the years 1902-05, initially as a way of creating the proper environment for his furniture. He hired architect Harvey Ellis to help develop a Craftsman architecture, and the Craftsman magazine began publishing prototype houses initially designed by Ellis, encouraging the public to take them as models for their own homes.
The published houses included floor plans, sketches, renderings of room schemes, elevations, and descriptions of appropriate rugs, fabrics, furniture, and color schemes. Stickley then encouraged his readers to alter the plans to suit local conditions.
In 1909, Stickley became involved in the actual construction of houses when he organized the Craftsman Building Company, which constructed houses in New Jersey and on Long Island.
The company was active for just under a year; the exact number of houses built is unknown. Most "Craftsman" houses were built by contractors using Craftsman plans.
The Craftsman house embodies a number of characteristics in its exterior. It is generally designed to take advantage of its site and views. Picturesque in its composition, it incorporates an "honest" expression of its materials and structure.
It makes use of exposed or emphasized structural elements, especially a broad, overhanging roof, often supported by large, open rafters extending beyond the eaves.
There may be wooden elements including curved roofs, or exotic piled capitals. Often such houses include pergolas, porches, balconies or verandas. Windows are grouped together to create large openings.
Craftsman houses use a variety of materials, preferably local. Stonework is often textured and ornamental, with variegated colors and shapes. Other common materials include clinker brick, and stucco, often mixed with rough sand or bits of glass.
Historical and Architectural Introduction
No. 111 Hollywood Road was designed by the Craftsman architects in 1914.55 The interior follows the Craftsman aesthetic, while the exterior borrows the distinctive eyebrow window and brick Tudor arched entrance from neighboring houses.
No. 122 Arleigh Road corresponds to Craftsman plan number 70, a "Ten-Room House for Town or Country Life" published originally in the Craftsman in July 1909 and again in More Craftsman Homes. Its horizontal orientation, large living porch, emphasis on structural elements including low, spreading, overhanging eaves and extended rafters, and central entrance and symmetrical facade with grouped windows, all reflect the Craftsman mold.
No. 140 Prospect Road correspond to Craftsman plan number 85, a "Small Two-Story Cement House with Recessed Porch and Balcony," published originally in the Craftsman in March 1910 and again in More Craftsman Homes. Its low-pitched roof revealing the rafters, porch and balcony, decorative use of structural elements, and grouping of windows and openings, all fit the Craftsman aesthetic.
A number of other houses in the historic district reflect the Craftsman aesthetic, even though they do not follow published Craftsman plans.
Prominent residents and later history
The first residents to move into the new Douglas Manor development, in 1907, were "the Misses Butler, of Flushing." They were followed by a number of newspapermen including "Mr. Mayer, World cartoonist, on Shore Road and Knollwood Ave.," "George C. Minor, of the New York Herald" on West Drive and Knollwood, and "Arthur Greaves, city editor of the New York Times" on West Drive, as well as a Mr. Slater of Manhattan and a Mr. Burtis, "manager of the Brooklyn branch of Swift & Co."56 Country Life in America the following year showed houses for sale in Douglas Manor priced at $8500 and $10,000.
Over the years, the historic district has attracted many famous residents, including a number of people in theater and the arts. Besides the above mentioned Herbert Mayer, cartoonist for The World, and architect Elbert McGran Jackson, who also illustrated covers for the Saturday Evening Post, artists included Percy Crosby, author of the "Skippy" comic strip; Robbie Robinson, another
illustrator for the Saturday Evening Post, Norwegian born sculptor Trygve Hammer, whose house is at 329 Forest Road,59 and satirist George Grosz.
Douglaston's location on the Long Island Rail Road, which made it convenient to the Astoria Studios in Long Island City, an early movie center, attracted many actors in the days before the ascendancy of Hollywood.
Residents have included Ginger Rogers, Hedda Hopper, Richard Dix, Ward Bond, Bonita Granville, Clifton Webb, Arthur Treacher, Jack Donahue, and William Collier Sr., as well as Ziegfeld Follies star Margaret Corry.
Other notable residents have included author Ring Lardner, as well as Olympic swimmer Annette Kellerman, tennis pro John McEnroe, Jr., and pianist Claudio Arrau.
Douglaston resident Anne E. Hayes was one of the first women to attend Cornell University's medical school, and later became a clothing designer.
In the half century since the end of World War II, the Douglaston Historic District has seen numerous houses altered or demolished, and much new construction. Some of the new houses have maintained the scale and repeated the materials and styles of earlier houses; others have not.
They have ranged in style from ranch houses to modern versions of the Colonial Revival. Overall, however, the Douglaston Historic District survives, maintaining much of its original architectural character as a planned suburban community, as well as rare surviving reminders of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, and significant landscape features including the commonly-held waterfront, specimen trees, and generous landscaping.
All create a distinct sense of place, recalling a significant period in the history of Queens.
- From the 1997 NYCLPC Historic District Designation Report
Originally the vines were hops and virginsbower (woodland clematis); but river grape volunteered and went a little crazy.
Air conditioner contactor NOK3-1P30A
Specification
Parameter
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Gallery
Nonarc air conditioner contactor NOK3-1P30A
This series contactor is mainly applicable to a line of AC 50Hz or 60Hz, rated working voltage up to 600V and rated working current up to 60A, used to close or and to...
ENGLISH :
I dedicate this series to Moroccan women. I want them to know all the good that I think of them! I do not comment, I just want you to read between the "images"
it’s hot! but we’re also supposed to have intermittent heavy showers roll by for the next few days.
wish they would fix the damn air conditioner!
need breakfast
taken: 09/25/2007
Of five tiny windows on the first floor, two are keyhole-shaped. The third floor gets nonwindows, much larger.
Two air conditioners are on elevated platforms. One is behind a latticed barrier and the other is nakedly, embarrassingly visible.
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In downtown Leavenworth, Kansas, on April 1st, 2022, a commercial building (erected 1888 according to the Leavenworth County government's online parcel search tool) at the southeast corner of South 3rd Street and Cherokee Street.
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Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names terms:
• Leavenworth (2036674)
• Leavenworth (county) (2000711)
Art & Architecture Thesaurus terms:
• air conditioners (300135620)
• arches (300000994)
• commercial buildings (300005147)
• cracks (300209168)
• exterior walls (300002523)
• lattices (300163920)
• light bluish gray (300129759)
• paint (coating) (300015029)
• platforms (general) (300375665)
• remodeling (300135427)
• sidewalks (300003893)
• stucco (300014966)
• vents (outlets) (300002943)
• windows (300002944)
Wikidata items:
• 1 April 2022 (Q69306386)
• 1880s in architecture (Q60996911)
• 1888 in architecture (Q2810684)
• April 1 (Q2510)
• April 2022 (Q61313054)
• Kansas City-Overland Park-Kansas City, MO-KS Combined Statistical Area (Q111496508)
• Treaty with the Delawares, 1854 (Q111530447)
• Treaty with the Kansa, 1825 (Q111541683)
twitter.com/Memoire2cite #mémoire2cité #Ville #Architecture #Logementsocial #saintetienne #Beaulieu l'1 des six 1er #Grandensemble de FRANCE mise à l’étude dès 1950. Il débute en 1953 & comprend 1221 lgts, un groupe scolaire et 35 boutiques.Des parrains prestigieux et l’élite de l’architecture stéphanoise Hur/Gouyon/Farat www.twitter.com/Memoire2cite En ce milieu de décennie, le grand ensemble de Beaulieu à Saint-Etienne fête coup sur coup deux anniversaires symboliques : 2015 est l’année du soixantenaire de sa livraison, alors qu’avant cela 2013 correspond aux dix ans de l’obtention de son label Patrimoine du XXe siècle. Ce label inscrit Beaulieu dans un processus de valorisation patrimoniale par l’architecture, et le place ainsi en terrain laboratoire pour une réflexion sur la patrimonialisation des grands ensembles (Pouvreau, 2011 ; Kaddour, 2013).Cette labellisation n’est toutefois pas la seule démarche de valorisation patrimoniale et mémorielle conduite pour Beaulieu et les grands ensembles voisins : les années 2000 voient s’y multiplier les entreprises visant à identifier et valoriser d’une part les singularités architecturales et urbaines de Beaulieu, et d’autre part les récits de vie contrastés de différents groupes d’habitants des grands ensembles. La somme de ces entreprises patrimoniales et mémorielles, près d’une dizaine, conforte l’idée d’exemplarité des Quartiers sud-est de Saint-Étienne. D’autant plus que, dans l’histoire des grands ensembles français, ces Quartiers sont particulièrement précurseurs : Beaulieu est l’un des plus vieux de France, tandis que son voisin Montchovet est un pionnier de la politique de la Ville, puis de la rénovation urbaine et des travaux de deuil par le recueil de mémoires qui accompagnent cette dernière.Si l’on se place dans une perspective d’analyse des jeux d’acteurs, représentations et stratégies conditionnant les processus de fabrication du patrimoine, suivant en cela les approches traditionnellement menées par la géographie sociale (Gravari-Barbas, 2002 ; Veschambre, 2007 ; Hertzog, 2011), il est possible de s’interroger ici plus spécifiquement sur la place laissés aux mémoires plurielles d’habitants dans la définition et la valorisation de ce qui fait patrimoine dans les grands ensembles du sud-est de Saint-Étienne. La particularité de cette réflexion réside dans le fait de la placer au cœur de la rénovation urbaine qui fait l’actualité des grands ensembles.Les informations analysées ici ont été recueillies par une recherche documentaire (revue de presse, consultation d’archives administratives et de documents techniques), par la réalisation d’entretiens avec des représentants des différentes institutions et associations impliquées (directeurs successifs de l’organisme d’HLM, techniciens du service Urbanisme de la Ville, travailleurs sociaux et enseignants) ainsi qu’avec des habitants, et par des observations sur site (transformations spatiales).Un retour sur la livraison et l’évolution des Quartiers sud-est permettra dans un premier temps de donner la contextualisation nécessaire à la compréhension de ce qui se joue aujourd’hui. Cet historique permettra d’insérer ensuite dans l’épaisseur et la dynamique du temps long un inventaire espéré exhaustif des initiatives réalisées depuis le lancement de la rénovation urbaine par les différents acteurs institutionnels et associatifs. Cet inventaire est réalisé à partir d’une définition large de la notion de patrimoine, prise dans ses différentes acceptions notariale, immobilière et culturelle. Ces éléments contextuels et factuels collectés, il s’agira enfin, dans le dernier tiers de cette présentation, de les confronter et de les mettre en cohérence afin de proposer une interprétation sur ce qui fait patrimoine dans les grands ensembles du sud-est de Saint-Etienne. Cela permettra une réflexion sur la place que les mémoires plurielles d’habitants y tiennent.
Quartiers sud-est de Saint-Étienne : des grands ensembles contrastés, des habitants divers
6Cette première partie a pour objet de présenter les grands ensembles du sud-est de Saint-Étienne. Pour cela, il est nécessaire de prendre le temps d’en faire un historique. Il s’agit notamment, en plus de donner les éléments urbains et économiques propres à l’agglomération stéphanoise dans la grande région lyonnaise, de s’intéresser aux acteurs de la vie de ces grands ensembles depuis leur construction, en présentant les principales actions menées par les institutions gestionnaires, et en identifiant les principales catégories sociales d’habitants ayant successivement occupé les lieux. Au niveau des sources, cet historique s’appuie sur les travaux existants, complétés par des études techniques (dont le dossier de candidature au Grand projet de ville - GPV), une revue de presse et des entretiens avec les gestionnaires. L’expression est tirée du film La crise du logement, 1954, réalisation Roger Montéran, Maryse Barbu (...)Les cinq autres sont : Angers (677 logements), Boulogne-Billancourt (800 logements), Bron-Parilly ( (...)
Au lendemain de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, la ville de Saint-Étienne se voit surnommée Capitale des taudis1 en raison des taux élevés de surpeuplement et d’insalubrité de son parc de logements. Cette crise du logement débute avec l’important développement industriel du XIXe siècle et la fulgurante croissance démographique qui l’accompagne : de 25 000 personnes après la Révolution française, la population stéphanoise passe à plus de 190 000 dans les années 1930. Or, la construction d’habitations par le patronat ne suit pas, les compagnies minières et métallurgiques se contentant de laisser les ouvriers se loger dans l’existant et les immeubles des artisans. Comme dans nombre de villes françaises, c’est la construction de grands ensembles au début des années 1950 qui permet de porter un coup décisif à cette crise tenace. La ville présente la particularité d’abriter l’un des six premiers grands ensembles de France : imaginé à partir de 1949, Beaulieu est construit entre 1953 et 1955 dans le cadre du plan national dit Courant2, et compte 1 262 logements HLM modernes et confortables. Il n’est que la première opération d’un plan plus vaste qui, pour ce qui concerne le seul sud-est de la ville, amène à la production de plus de 6 000 logements, dans les grands ensembles de Beaulieu II - Marandinière (1957-1959), Beaulieu III - Montchovet (1962-1965), Beaulieu IV - la Palle (1967-1970) et dans celui de la Métare en copropriété (1962-1974, voir illustration 1).C’est plus particulièrement sur les grands ensembles de Beaulieu et Montchovet, mitoyens, que l’attention va ici porter. Leurs formes divergent, puisque le premier compte 19 barres et une tour formant un ensemble urbain particulièrement soigné (illustration 2), alors que le second (1 266 logements) est composé de huit barres, certaines très imposantes, implantées simplement parallèlement ou perpendiculairement les unes aux autres. Montchovet présente simplement une population plus jeune, du fait de plus grands appartements ; il (...)
9Leurs occupations initiales (Vant, 1974 ; Blanc, Bonilla, Tomas, 2003) sont par contre significativement proches, puisqu’ils accueillent tous deux très majoritairement des ouvriers de l’industrie (principalement qualifiés) et des fonctionnaires, soit des catégories sociales que l’on qualifierait aujourd’hui de moyennes (illustration 3)3. La crise du logement est en effet telle à Saint-Étienne que les demandes d’HLM émanent de catégories sociales très variées, et, pour les grands ensembles, l’office municipal gestionnaire sélectionne les locataires suivant leur solvabilité. Les plus pauvres des demandeurs de logements HLM, ainsi que les immigrés et familles originaires du Maghreb, quand ils sont accueillis, le sont dans des opérations de taille plus réduite, formant un habitat spécifique (Logements de première nécessité, Programmes sociaux de relogement, opération Million…). Autrement, ils occupent le parc de logements vieilli, insalubre ou précaire de la ville.
En 1979, 46 % des nouveaux arrivants sont étrangers. Les chefs de ménages étrangers représentent à (...)L’acuité du questionnement local se voit par ailleurs accru par le contexte national puisque, paral (...) « L’office doit conserver un caractère social mais néanmoins, il ne peut pas accueillir n’importe q (...) « Quand la Muraille de Chine s’éveillera », Hebdo, 2 novembre 1983.Cette occupation sociale des grands ensembles du sud-est de Saint-Étienne dure jusque dans la deuxième moitié des années 1970, à partir de laquelle Montchovet voit sa population se paupériser, suivant des mécanismes connus (Dubet F., Lapeyronnie D., 1992 ; Blanc J.-N., Bonilla M., Tomas F., 2003) : les catégories les plus aisées commencent à quitter Montchovet dès le milieu des années 1970, la suite de leur parcours résidentiel les menant vers l’achat d’un nouveau logement (ailleurs dans la ville puis dans le périurbain qui se développe) ; une partie des ménages restant sur place se voit quant à elle petit à petit frappée par la crise socio-économique et le chômage qui touchent durement l’agglomération. Le cas stéphanois présente toutefois la particularité de connaître un processus exacerbé, avec une politique ethnique affichée sans détour. À partir du milieu des années 1970, Montchovet accueillent en effet quelques ménages d’origine étrangère, venant du logement spécifique ou des quartiers insalubres du centre-ville en voie de résorption4. Un choix s’impose alors aux gestionnaires de Montchovet (Ville et office) : encourager le mouvement de paupérisation et d’« ethnicisation » ou le freiner5. La municipalité d’union de la gauche (1977-1983) tente de résister à ces évolutions en préparant avec les associations d’habitants une réhabilitation de Montchovet, retenue par l’État dans le cadre de la procédure Développement social des quartiers (DSQ, François Mitterand se rendant même lui-même à Montchovet pour une visite express), visant à maintenir les catégories moyennes dans le grand ensemble6. Mais la municipalité RPR-UDF élue à la suite (1983) réoriente le projet, avec d’une part un volet bâti axé non plus principalement sur les logements mais sur une réhabilitation lourde des façades (isolation colorée, percées et démolition très partielle), et d’autre par un volet social expérimentant une gestion ségrégative de la ville. Montchovet se voit en effet attribuer une fonction d’accueil de familles d’origine maghrébine et aux revenus peu élevés. Le maire affirme : « au risque de choquer, je dirais que vouloir l’intégration à tout prix est un non-sens car personne ne la veut d’un côté comme de l’autre […]. En revanche, je crois que vouloir faciliter les petits regroupements par ethnie serait préférable »7. La paupérisation de la population de Montchovet va grandissant tout au long des années 1980 et 1990, avec pour corollaire les problèmes sociaux et de gestion qui en font un « quartier sensible », le plus dur de la ville : précarité (98,3 % d’allocataires en 1996, taux de chômage de 34,3 %), échec scolaire, multiplication des actes d’incivilité et de délinquance (incendies nombreux de véhicules, agressions dont l’une tourne au drame), forte vacance de logements (68 % d’occupation totale en 1996)...La dévalorisation de Montchovet est telle qu’en 1995, à peine plus de dix ans après la signature de la convention DSQ, le maire fraîchement élu (Parti radical), ex-adjoint à l’urbanisme du maire précédent, fait de la démolition de l’immeuble symbole du quartier la première grande décision de son mandat. Cette barre, le bâtiment A surnommé Muraille de Chine du fait de ses 250 mètres de long environ, de ses seize niveaux dans sa partie la plus haute et de ses 526 logements à sa livraison, est démolie le 27 mai 2000 Le maire justifie cette démolition par un triple argumentaire : le rejet de l’immeuble par les Stéphanois (qu’il lit dans la vacance), la déconcentration des populations en difficulté (même si environ 70 % des locataires sont in fine relogés dans le grand ensemble et ses voisins) et l’échec des réhabilitations menées jusqu’ici. L’évènement est fortement médiatisé, à l’échelle locale mais aussi nationale, puisque le ministre de la Ville Claude Bartolone vient à Montchovet tenir un discours signifiant que cette démolition par implosion, la première d’une série ayant lieu en 2000, marque un tournant dans le traitement des grands ensembles, avec passage à la rénovation urbaine.Affirmation basée sur des entretiens avec le personnel de l’organisme d’hlm, les responsables de l’ (...) « Beaulieu – le Rond-Point. Une importante opération de réhabilitation », Pendant que Montchovet glisse dans les difficultés, le grand ensemble voisin de Beaulieu connaît une évolution discrète et tranquille, voyant simplement sa population vieillir mais garder un caractère assez mixte8. Et au moment même où la Muraille de Chine est démolie s’achève à Beaulieu une réhabilitation (façade, parties communes, implantation d’ascenseurs) qui donne toute satisfaction aux locataires si l’on en croit la presse9 et le taux de vacance faible.Ainsi, à l’entrée dans le nouveau millénaire et un demi-siècle après leur lancement, le contraste dans l’occupation sociale et les actions entreprises par les gestionnaires entre Beaulieu et Montchovet montre que les grands ensembles du sud-est de Saint-Étienne constituent des héritages alors dans des situations et des perspectives très variées. C’est dans ce contexte qu’au long des années 2000 des opérations de valorisation se développent tous azimuts dans et pour les grands ensembles stéphanois.Valorisation de patrimoine(s) dans les grands ensembles : processus polyphonique, voire cacophonique.Cette deuxième partie a pour objet d’inventorier et de présenter les différentes initiatives de valorisation de patrimoines dans les grands ensembles du sud-est de Saint-Etienne, plus finement que cela n’a été fait en introduction. Deux éléments qualifient cet inventaire. D’une part, la notion de patrimoine est ici prise dans ses différentes acceptions, afin de viser l’exhaustivité. D’autre part, une attention particulière est bien sûr portée aux démarches à l’initiative d’habitants, ou en impliquant. Des entretiens avec les instigateurs des différentes démarches ont été conduits afin de saisir leurs tenants et aboutissants.La démolition de la Muraille de Chine ouvre la voie à un projet plus large encore. Soucieux d’enrayer le processus de dévalorisation de Montchovet, qui commence à s’étendre à certains immeubles des grands ensembles voisins (la Marandinière et la Palle), l’organisme d’HLM propriétaire, avec le soutien financier de la Ville, confie dès 2000 à l’urbaniste Loïc Josse la mission de définir un schéma directeur pour une intervention sur la totalité des grands ensembles HLM du sud-est (soit les grands ensembles HLM de Montchovet, Beaulieu, la Marandinière et la Palle). Les moyens de conduire cette intervention sur ce qui sera dénommé désormais les Quartiers sud-est sont trouvés d’abord dans un Grand projet de ville (2001), puis dans une convention ANRU (2005). Le schéma prévoit aussi l’implantation d’équipements privés (zone d’activité) et publics (piscine m (...)Dans le détail et pour la partie habitat10, les travaux mis en œuvre comprennent d’abord la démolition des plus grands immeubles (environ 500 logements, illustration 5), principalement à Montchovet (où il ne reste aujourd’hui plus qu’un sixième des logements initiaux) ; ensuite la reconstruction d’une douzaine d’immeubles de taille plus modeste, de statuts variés (HLM, locatif privé, propriété) et répondant à des demandes actuelles (développement durable, accès des logements sur l’extérieur avec des terrasses, etc.), ainsi que d’un lotissement de maisons mitoyennes ; enfin la réhabilitation des immeubles conservés, avec entretien courant des appartements et parties communes, à Beaulieu notamment.La stratégie d’intervention sur le spatial est à ranger du côté de la communication, puisqu’il s’agit de changer l’image des grands ensembles via un remodelage profond. L’objectif, quant à lui, se situe du côté du peuplement, avec trois dimensions. Il s’agit d’abord de déconcentrer les familles en difficulté (Montchovet). Des efforts sont aussi déployés pour maintenir sur place les habitants les plus aisés restés à Beaulieu ou ailleurs, avec notamment des travaux d’adaptation des logements au vieillissement des populations. Il s’agit enfin de tenter d’attirer dans des logements neufs des populations de profils sociaux plus élevés que ceux d’une partie des familles en place, soit les plus aisés des demandeurs HLM en termes de revenus, ainsi que des catégories moyennes (dans les logements privés). En espérant ensuite qu’une osmose s’opère entre immeubles anciens et les immeubles nouveaux, et populations anciennes et populations nouvelles. Le programme stéphanois est de ce point de vue exemplaire de ce qui se passe dans d’autres grands ensembles en France (Stébé, 2010 ; Donzelot, 2012).Ce programme est inscrit dans le Plan stratégique de patrimoine de l’organisme, soit un document qui, pour l’ensemble du parc, prévoit les interventions à mener dans le cadre d’une gestion pour les années voire les décennies à venir. Le terme de patrimoine est ainsi utilisé ici par l’organisme dans un sens immobilier et notarial : l’organisme fait in fine de la valorisation de patrimoine.Mais si l’on prend le terme dans son sens culturel, d’autres opérations de valorisation de patrimoine(s) sont menées durant la même décennie, selon trois étapes. Celles-ci impliquent toutes, d’une façon ou d’une autre, des habitants.
Ricoeur P., 2000. La mémoire, l’histoire, l’oubli. Paris, Le Seuil, p. 577.Passages en italiques extraits d’un entretien avec l’ex-directeur de l’école primaire de Montchovet (...) École Montchovet et collège Jean-Dasté Saint-Etienne, 1999. Murmures de Muraille. Les textes sont trop longs pour être reproduits ici, et il est difficile d’en extraire des parties (...)Tout d’abord, l’annonce de la démolition de la Muraille de Chine engendre une série d’initiatives à ranger du côté du « travail de deuil, par lequel nous nous détachons des objets perdus de l'amour et de la haine »11. Ce sont en premier lieu l’école primaire et le collège situés tout à côté de la Muraille qui, constatant le malaise suscité chez les enfants par la démolition à venir, conduisent un travail de photographie, de dessin et d’écriture afin de permettre de « mettre des mots sur des maux », les enseignants instigateurs ayant identifiés des « traumatismes » causés par l’annonce de la démolition12. Les dessins (illustration 6), poèmes et récits réalisés, publiés en 1999 dans le livre Murmures de Muraille13 grâce aux moyens du Réseau d’éducation prioritaire, content principalement la douleur de voir l’immeuble disparaître, la crainte qu’inspire aux enfants la perte à venir des repères et habitudes, et une colère envers les décideurs engageant la démolition14.
« En 1971, […] dans ce quartier, j’habitais un appartement de 5 pièces, plus la cuisine ; un logeme (...)« Je me souviens du lieu de prière avec les hommes tous en djellabas blanches, qui se pressaient po (...)« C’est de la rancœur et de la haine que j’éprouve en écrivant ces quelques lignes. Montchovet rest (...) Présentation du film sur la pochette du DVD.Le 27 mai 2000, 13h : démolition d’un immeuble moderne baptisé Muraille de Chine, 2002, réalisation Je (...)Entretien avec l’ex-directeur de l’image du film, 16 février 2010. Le maire refuse d’être interviewé.Quelques semaines avant la démolition de l’immeuble, c’est cette fois-ci avec des adultes qu’un travail similaire est mené, sans moyen, à l’initiative des associations et structures socioculturelles. Dans le cadre d’une « fête » de quartier, les désormais anciens locataires sont invités à présenter et partager leurs souvenirs, notamment en les inscrivant sur de larges feuilles apposées sur les murs de l’école primaire. Ces feuilles ont été depuis perdues, mais en 2008, un dispositif semblable est reconduit, à l’occasion de la démolition d’un autre immeuble dans le même secteur. Aux dires des habitants présents lors des deux manifestations, les propos formulés sont sensiblement les mêmes. Ils sont cette fois-ci consignés par le centre social et reproduit dans un petit dossier papier 14 juin 2008, rue Pierre-Loti, 40 ans de souvenirs. Ils portent surtout sur le vivre-ensemble dans ce grand ensemble depuis l’uniformisation de la population, avec des récits de faits, pour certains anecdotiques, jugés positifs (la découverte du confort dans ces immeubles15, l’entraide entre voisins amis, les jeux d’enfants, les festivités et rites musulmans16) ou négatifs (la délinquance, le sentiment d’abandon par les pouvoirs publics, le traumatisme de la rénovation urbaine dans le quartier17). En somme, comme dans le cas de Murmures de Muraille, ces témoignages consignés et diffusés sont des éléments visibles d’une mémoire partagée d’un vivre-ensemble (communautaire), et d’une mémoire de difficultés quotidiennes et de luttes. Ces mémoires constituent un patrimoine immatériel. Enfin, quelques années après la démolition de l’immeuble, la mémoire d’anciens locataires est à nouveau sollicitée lorsque l’Opéra-Théâtre de la Ville de Saint-Étienne, qui dispose d’une Unité de production audiovisuelle, prend l’initiative de réaliser un film documentaire de 32 minutes sur « la réussite de la construction, l’échec de la restauration »18 et les raisons de la démolition de la Muraille de Chine19. L’équipe est animée par une double volonté de « garder une trace, puisque c’était un immeuble très singulier de Saint-Étienne » et de « traiter du ressenti de cette perte chez ses habitants »20. Le film prend le parti de s’appuyer très majoritairement sur des interviews. Les témoins sont toutefois principalement des locataires de la première heure21, si bien que ce sont donc surtout les premières années qui sont contées, avec la modernité de l’immeuble et la découverte du confort. Une place est toutefois laissée aussi à des récits de la lutte pour l’équipement du quartier (à sa livraison, pendant le DSQ) et contre sa relégation (pendant les années les plus difficiles).Ensuite, après ce travail de deuil, de recueil de témoignages et de valorisation de mémoires, une autre forme de valorisation de patrimoine culturel survient en 2003, avec la labellisation Patrimoine du XXe siècle de Beaulieu par le ministère de la Culture et de la Communication, en raison de ses spécificités bâties (forme organique de la composition, adaptation au relief, travail sur les parcs et jardins) et historiques (caractère pionnier, apport au quotidien domestique). Celles-ci sont identifiées depuis la fin des années 1980 par des travaux de l’École d’architecture et de l’Université de Saint-Étienne. Direction des Affaires culturelles de la Ville de Saint-Étienne.Enfin, deux ans après, à l’occasion du cinquantenaire du grand ensemble (2005), Saint-Étienne Ville d’art et d’histoire22, chargé de la valorisation et l’animation du patrimoine stéphanois, réalise un projet intitulé Beaulieu, patrimoine urbain du XXe siècle, comprenant, outre la pose de la plaque-label, la pose d’une signalétique patrimoniale, l’édition d’un ouvrage sur l’histoire et les spécificités bâties du site et la reconstitution d’un appartement des années 1950 proposé à la visite. Ce dernier est réalisé avec l’aide d’habitants installés depuis l’origine : ils donnent ou prêtent la quasi-totalité des objets exposés, et font part de souvenirs qui permettent d’en concevoir le discours de visite. Celui-ci porte sur la découverte du confort moderne permise par les grands ensembles, sur le quotidien domestique dans les années 1950 (activités féminines, masculines, des enfants), mais également sur l’architecture et l’urbanisme des Trente glorieuses. L’école primaire de Beaulieu participe quant à elle à ce cinquantenaire, avec la réalisation d’un petit film documentaire et d’animation sur la naissance du quartier. Le propos porte sur la crise du logement et la forme bâtie originale de Beaulieu.Une plaquette d’information produite par la Ville (n.d.) associe d’ailleurs ces deux aspects : à cô (...)Ainsi, le lien établi entre les différentes acceptions du terme de patrimoine (culturelle et notariale-immobilière)23 permet de conforter le constat fait en introduction d’une « patrimonialisation » des grands ensembles du sud-est de Saint-Étienne. Ce processus de « patrimonialisation » est complexe, car polyphonique : les nombreuses actions croisées, émanent d’acteurs très variés, de la puissance publique (État, Ville) aux associations d’habitants, en passant par des institutions comme l’organisme d’HLM, les écoles ou les équipements socioculturels de quartier. Mais le processus est aussi assez cacophonique. En effet, pour chacun de ces acteurs, les motivations sont variables et le patrimoine à valoriser ne recouvre pas les mêmes éléments. Ces éléments peuvent même être contradictoires voire hermétiques les uns par rapport aux autres. Par exemple, les mémoires des premiers locataires ayant connu la mixité sociale diffèrent de celles des derniers locataires de Montchovet ayant connu le « ghetto ». De même, les locataires sont globalement peu sensibles au patrimoine architectural tel que le valorisent la DRAC et Saint-Étienne Ville d’art et d’histoire (si l’on en croit le profil des visiteurs – majoritairement des Stéphanois d’autres quartiers, et des scolaires).La complexité du processus global de « patrimonialisation » comme les contradictions entre les démarches), n’est pas problématique en elle-même, et tendrait plutôt à être une richesse. Mais elle ne permet pas de comprendre au premier abord les tenants et aboutissants de la « patrimonialisation ». C’est donc à l’identification de ceux-ci que les lignes suivantes vont s’attacher, dans le but de mieux cerner la place et le rôle que les démarches habitantes tiennent et jouent dans la patrimonialisation.Récupération, instrumentalisation et délaissement des paroles des locataires : mémoire du mouvement HLM contre mémoires d’habitants La contextualisation historique, la présentation des acteurs et enjeux des démarches de valorisation de patrimoines et le recueil de matériaux réalisés permettent à présent, dans cette dernière partie, de donner du sens à cette association cacophonique entre grand ensemble et patrimoine, en en fournissant des clés d’explication. L’image peut être celle d’un « système » complexe (la « patrimonialisation »), dont les composantes (acteurs, motivations, initiatives) ont été démontées plus haut, et qu’il s’agit à présent de remonter pour en comprendre la logique d’ensemble. Puisqu’il s’agit d’un processus global de (re)valorisation, donc d’un bénéfice espéré, on peut se demander à qui profitent la « patrimonialisation » et les différentes démarches de valorisation qui la compose, dans leur cohérence d’ensemble éventuelle ? La réflexion doit porter en particulier sur la « patrimonialisation » de Beaulieu, puisque Montchovet n’existe presque plus.Dans une logique chère à la géographie sociale, celle du « renversement de l’ordre des facteurs » (Rochefort, 1982), c’est plus particulièrement autour de la question du peuplement (Morel-Journel, Sala-Pala, 2011) qu’une interprétation va être ici proposée, puisque, comme montré précedement, cette question est au cœur de l’histoire et de l’actualité des grands ensembles, et donc au cœur de leur « patrimonialisation ». Lire à ce sujet : Collectif, 2010. 1945-1975. Une histoire de l’habitat. 40 ensembles « Patrimoine (...) Etoiles de Jean Renaudie à Villetaneuse, Serpentin d’Emile Aillaud à Pantin, cité de l’Etoile de Ge (...) Toutes les citations de ce paragraphe sont des propos du directeur de l’organisme d’HLM propriétair (...)Ce qui, l’histoire le montre, peut être un effet de certaines politiques et lois.La « patrimonialisation » des ensembles de logements sociaux est généralement associée à des initiatives de préservation du bâti, principalement en raison de son exemplarité architecturale24. Mais ces initiatives apparaissent souvent aux organismes d’HLM comme discordantes avec les logiques de gestion, en particulier l’adaptation du bâti à la vie qui continue (évolutions sociales, vieillissement du cadre physique, etc.). Des cas nombreux, en région parisienne notamment25, montrent que les organismes ne souhaitent en effet généralement pas voir leurs immeubles mis « sous cloche »26. Toutefois, cette réticence à la « muséification » ne signifie pas insensibilité à l’architecture et aux spécificités du bâti. Au contraire, dans le cas de Beaulieu à Saint-Étienne, l’organisme paye même la pose de la plaque-label Patrimoine du XXe siècle (label sans incidence juridique ni exigence de restauration), et affirme avoir tenu à « faire des greffes qui vont dans le sens initial » lors des réhabilitations de 2000 et 2006 (matériaux, couleurs et modénatures des façades et des ascenseurs et passerelles construits, références aux années 1950 dans les fresques peintes). Mais ce respect de l’architecture moderne tient plus au fait que cette dernière a été l’outil, le signe et la matérialisation d’un projet sociopolitique lui-même moderne. Via ce que l’on nomme le « mouvement HLM », il s’agissait d’offrir un logement décent et confortable au plus grand nombre. Beaulieu, groupe HLM parmi les plus anciens produits sur le territoire stéphanois, est pour l’organisme propriétaire un symbole de l’institution et de ses missions. Occupé aujourd’hui encore par une population relativement mixte, il représente plus précisément un emblème et la mémoire de l’idée initiale d’un habitat social pour tous, et non pour les seuls démunis27 comme a pu le devenir Montchovet par exemple.Mais la démarche de valorisation des spécificités de Beaulieu par l’organisme va plus loin encore. D’une part son architecture adaptée à la colline sert de modèle pour la reconstruction (en cours) du grand ensemble de la Marandinière (200 logements) situé sur la colline voisine (jeu de symétrie inversée, illustration 7), et d’autre part une imitation de sa relative mixité sociale est tentée avec le découpage de cette nouvelle opération en statuts variés (locatif privé et public, accession sociale à la propriété). Beaulieu est ainsi un point d’appui, y compris donc au sens topographique, pour la « reconquête » du reste du parc de grands ensembles qui a connu une paupérisation de sa population. Ce grand ensemble est ainsi pour l’organisme et la Ville un modèle refondateur pour les Quartiers sud-est remodelés et reconstruits.En somme, un retour aux origines du mouvement HLM est tenté. Ce sont ce rapport au passé et cette sollicitation d’une « identité » du mouvement HLM qui donnent du corps à l’idée de patrimoine. Ainsi replacée dans la perspective des logiques de gestion par l’organisme HLM et ses partenaires institutionnels, la « patrimonialisation » des Quartiers sud-est apparaît donc à la fois comme l’expression des logiques qui ont porté la production de logements sociaux, et le levier de mise en cohérence de stratégies de réhabilitation matérielle et symbolique des grands ensembles du sud-est.Cette démarche de construction et de valorisation d’un patrimoine et d’une mémoire du mouvement HLM se développe contre la construction et la valorisation d’autres patrimoines et mémoires, notamment ceux des habitants. Le terme de « contre » est ici à prendre dans ses deux sens, à commencer par celui de proximité. En effet, cette « patrimonialisation » peut s’alimenter des démarches valorisant les témoignages et mémoires des plus anciens locataires, ceux ayant connu les premières heures des grands ensembles de Beaulieu et Montchovet et l’occupation initiale mixte à laquelle les gestionnaires tentent de revenir. De ce fait, l’organisme est partenaire de toutes les actions renvoyant au contexte de construction de Beaulieu et aux années de sa jeunesse (comme de celle des autres grands ensembles). L’appartement reconstitué des années 1950 avec son mobilier de catégories ouvrières et moyennes et son discours de visite signalant en creux l’occupation mixte initiale en est une bonne illustration : l’organisme met l’appartement à disposition et paye les travaux pour les murs et sols. D’autres actions allant dans le même sens comme l’ouvrage ou les films sur la construction de Beaulieu reçoivent un soutien bienveillant de l’organisme d’HLM. Il est possible de parler ici de récupération, voire en quelque sorte d’instrumentalisation.Le partenariat avec l’organisme, ou son soutien, permettent aux témoignages et mémoires d’habitants de la première heure (principalement locataires de Beaulieu et catégories moyennes et ouvrières) d’être recueillis et valorisés dans des supports soignés, durables et réalisés avec des moyens significatifs : des films, un ouvrage et l’appartement reconstitué des années 1950. Ce qui n’est pas le cas d’autres témoignages et mémoires d’habitants, en particulier ceux des locataires les plus pauvres et arrivés récemment. Car la démarche de valorisation d’une mémoire du mouvement HLM se développe en effet contre les mémoires d’habitants, c’est-à-dire aussi en opposition à ces dernières. Les mémoires qui ne renvoient pas à une occupation mixte ne bénéficient pas ou très peu du soutien de l’organisme d’HLM ou de la Ville, puisque le discours qu’elles produisent est discordant par rapport au discours institutionnel. Les récits de vie communautaire et dans la précarité d’habitants de Montchovet devenu « ghetto », et plus encore les récits de lutte face aux institutions pour l’équipement du quartier ou contre les démolitions, s’expriment alors dans des supports éphémères et réalisés sans moyen : prise de parole lors de « fêtes », impression de paroles sur support papier simple diffusées dans un cercle très restreint. Ces mémoires ne sont alors posées et exposées dans l’espace et le débat publics que de manière très discrète, ce qui ne peut les faire accéder à un statut de patrimoine pour d’autres acteurs que les seuls (ex)locataires concernés.Foret C., 1993, Valorisation et dévalorisation dans la ville : le musée urbain Tony Garnier ou la r (...)Gay G., 2008, « De Firminy-Vert à Le Corbusier Ville : la construction d’un patrimoine paradoxal », (...)Pour conclure, ce cas stéphanois rappelle que la « patrimonialisation » générale constatée en France touche aussi les marges de la ville. Le mouvement n’est pas neuf et a déjà été analysé pour la cité Tony Garnier à Lyon28 ou Firminy-Vert29 (Loire) par exemple. Chacun de ces cas montre à quel point le processus est complexe, avec notamment des acteurs nombreux (gestionnaires, institutions culturelles, habitants plus – Lyon – ou moins – Firminy – moteurs ou considérés…) et des motivations et finalités variées (culturelles, économiques, symboliques, etc.). Saint-Étienne n’échappe pas à cette complexité. Il a donc d’abord fallu s’attacher ici à trouver du sens à la démarche d’ensemble menée dans les Quartiers sud-est. L’analyse dans l’épaisseur historique a permis d’expliciter une entreprise globale portée par l’organisme propriétaire : Beaulieu, emblème de l’idée initiale d’un habitat social pour tous (et non pour les seuls démunis), est consolidé et imposé comme modèle pour la réhabilitation, dans ses aspects matériel et juridique, des grands ensembles paupérisés. C’est cette recherche de l’état initial qui donne le plus de sens à la « patrimonialisation », processus de valorisation tant symbolique que matériel.Une fois ce préalable posé, l’analyse a permis de montrer que cette démarche d’ensemble fait une place inégale aux différentes mémoires : celles des plus anciens locataires, aux profils ouvriers ou de catégories moyennes, sont recueillies et valorisées, alors que celles des habitants les plus précaires sont délaissées. Ainsi, les catégories d’habitants les plus populaires des Quartiers sud-est (pour partie significative d’origine maghrébine), fragilisées par la précarité, contraintes de faire face au relogement (et donc implicitement à la déconsidération de leur habitat par les institutions gestionnaires et l’opinion publique), voient aussi leur place dans la société questionnée dans le domaine symbolique par la thématique patrimoniale. Ces catégories sociales ne laissent pas ou peu de traces, alors que le champ mémoriel et patrimonial est pourtant bel et bien ouvert dans les quartiers populaires. Ce constat formulé à partir du cas stéphanois est partagé par les sociologues et géographes développant des analyses et perspectives de réflexion autour du droit au patrimoine, du caractère socialement sélectif de la construction du patrimoine et de la participation de ce dernier aux systèmes des inégalités (Veschambre, 2007, 2008 ; Pinçon-Charlot, Pinçon, 2007). Haut de page Bibliographie
Des DOI (Digital Object Identifier) sont automatiquement ajoutés aux références par Bilbo, l'outil d'annotation bibliographique d'OpenEdition.
Les utilisateurs des institutions abonnées à l'un des programmes freemium d'OpenEdition peuvent télécharger les références bibliographiques pour lesquelles Bilbo a trouvé un DOI.
Blanc J-N., Bonilla M., Tomas F., 2003. Les grands ensembles, une histoire qui continue. Saint-Étienne, Publications de l'Université de Saint-Étienne, 260 p. Donzelot J. (dir.), 2012. A quoi sert la rénovation urbaine. Paris, PUF, 237 p.
DOI : 10.3917/puf.donze.2012.01 Dubet F., Lapeyronnie D., 1992. Les quartiers d’exil. Paris, Le Seuil, 251 p.
Gravari-Barbas M., 2002. Le patrimoine territorial. Construction patrimoniale, construction territoriale : vers une gouvernance patrimoniale ? Angers, Cahiers de l’ESO. Hertzog A., 2011. Les géographes et le patrimoine. EchoGéo [En ligne], 18 | 2011, mis en ligne le 05 décembre 2011. URL : echogeo.revues.org/12840 ; DOI : 10.4000/echogeo.12840
DOI : 10.4000/echogeo.12840 Kaddour R., 2013. Quand le grand ensemble devient patrimoine : réflexion à partir de cas exemplaires en région stéphanoise. Thèse de doctorat de géographie, Université Jean Monnet de Saint-Etienne. Morel Journel C., Sala Pala V., 2011. Le peuplement, catégorie montante des politiques urbaines néolibérales ? Métropoles [En ligne], 10. URL : metropoles.revues.org/4536 Pinçon M., Pinçon-Charlot M., 2007. Les ghettos du Gotha. Comment la bourgeoisie défend ses espaces. Paris, Le Seuil, 294 p. Pouvreau B., 2011. Faut-il ‘patrimonialiser’ les grands ensembles ? Métropolitiques, URL : www.metropolitiques.eu/Faut-il-patrimonialiser-les-grands...
Ricoeur P., 2000. La mémoire, l’histoire, l’oubli. Paris, Le Seuil, 689 p. Rochefort R., 1982. Réflexions liminaires sur la géographie sociale. In D. Noin (Coord.), Actes du colloque de géographie sociale, Lyon, 1982, p. 11-15. Stébé J.-M., 2010. La crise des banlieues. Paris, Presses universitaires de France, 127 p. Thomas E., 1992. Politiques urbaines et transformations socio-spatiales, l’exemple stéphanois 1977-1991. Thèse de doctorat de géographie, Université de Saint-Étienne, 438 p. Vant A., 1974. Les grands ensembles du sud-est de Saint-Etienne : essai de géographie sociale. Saint-Étienne, CIER-SR, dossier n° 9, 78 p. Veschambre V., 2002. Une mémoire urbaine socialement sélective, réflexions à partir de l’exemple d’Angers. Les Annales de la recherche urbaine, n° 92, p. 65-74.
DOI : 10.3406/aru.2002.2458 Veschambre V., 2007. Patrimoine : un objet révélateur des évolutions de la géographie et de sa place dans les sciences sociales. Les annales de géographie, n° 656, Paris, Armand Colin, p. 361-381.
DOI : 10.3917/ag.656.0361 Veschambre V., 2008. Traces et mémoires urbaines. Rennes, Presses Universitaires de Rennes, 315 p.
DOI : 10.4000/books.pur.42988 Notes L’expression est tirée du film La crise du logement, 1954, réalisation Roger Montéran, Maryse Barbut et Geneviève Cortier. Les cinq autres sont : Angers (677 logements), Boulogne-Billancourt (800 logements), Bron-Parilly (2 600 logements), Le Havre (1 400 logements) et Pantin (800 ogements). Montchovet présente simplement une population plus jeune, du fait de plus grands appartements ; il accueille d’ailleurs à sa livraison les familles agrandies de Beaulieu. En 1979, 46 % des nouveaux arrivants sont étrangers. Les chefs de ménages étrangers représentent à cette date 40 % des chefs de ménages de Montchovet, contre moins de 3 % en 1972 (Thomas, 1992). L’acuité du questionnement local se voit par ailleurs accru par le contexte national puisque, parallèlement, la réforme du logement de 1977 et ses effets, notamment ceux de l’Aide personnelle au logement, participent à paupériser la population du logement social en général et des grands ensembles réhabilités en particulier : l’augmentation des loyers liée aux travaux est, dans le budget des familles, absorbée par l’APL pour les ménages qui y ont droit, mais fait de fait fuir les familles les plus aisées qui ne peuvent y prétendre (Blanc J-N., Bonilla M., et Tomas F., 2003). « L’office doit conserver un caractère social mais néanmoins, il ne peut pas accueillir n’importe qui et se transformer en cité de l’Abbé Pierre ou en asile de nuit », affirme notamment l’élu président de l’office HLM. Compte-rendu du CA de l’office, 3 janvier 1979.
« Quand la Muraille de Chine s’éveillera », Hebdo, 2 novembre 1983.Affirmation basée sur des entretiens avec le personnel de l’organisme d’hlm, les responsables de l’Amicale des locataires, mais aussi des observations et une pratique du terrain. Les statistiques n’ayant pas pu être obtenues auprès de l’organisme.« Beaulieu – le Rond-Point. Une importante opération de réhabilitation », La Tribune-Le Progrès, 15 décembre 1999.
Le schéma prévoit aussi l’implantation d’équipements privés (zone d’activité) et publics (piscine municipale, espaces publics…).
Ricoeur P., 2000. La mémoire, l’histoire, l’oubli. Paris, Le Seuil, p. 577.Passages en italiques extraits d’un entretien avec l’ex-directeur de l’école primaire de Montchovet, 14 janvier 2009. École Montchovet et collège Jean-Dasté Saint-Etienne, 1999. Murmures de Muraille. Imprimerie Sud-Offset, La Ricamarie, 91 p. Les textes sont trop longs pour être reproduits ici, et il est difficile d’en extraire des parties sans leur enlever leur cohérence. Ce poème donne toutefois un aperçu : « La Muraille va exploser, Il va y avoir de la fumée, Les gens vont tous déménager, La Muraille va se vider. Il n’y aura plus les cris des enfants, Qui sont tous les jours accompagnés par leur maman. Le marché ne sera plus rempli par les clients. Que va alors devenir le quartier maintenant, Sans les parents et leurs enfants ? La Muraille va exploser, Va-t-on laisser la moitié ? Ou le quart de la moitié ? C’est à vous de le demander. Car c’est vous qui y habitez. Qu’envisagez-vous de faire Pour que le quartier puisse vous plaire ? Il ne faut surtout pas se taire Car Montchovet nous est cher ».« En 1971, […] dans ce quartier, j’habitais un appartement de 5 pièces, plus la cuisine ; un logement que j’ai qualifié d’emblée comme l’un des meilleurs de Saint-Étienne. Les pièces étaient confortables, lumineuses, grandes et propres ».« Je me souviens du lieu de prière avec les hommes tous en djellabas blanches, qui se pressaient pour rentrer chez eux afin de prendre le repas du soir. Qu’après la rupture du jeûne, les pères se retrouvaient dans un local du gymnase Georges-Puillet autour d’un café ou d’un thé pour passer la soirée. Que pour la fête de l’Aïd, on se levait avec le soleil pour aller faire la prière de ce jour de fête au lieu de culte. Chacun arrivant avec des friandises diverses qui étaient ensuite partagées entre les participants, sans oublier les enfants qui étaient à l’extérieur ».« C’est de la rancœur et de la haine que j’éprouve en écrivant ces quelques lignes. Montchovet restera une légende gravée dans mon cœur ».
Présentation du film sur la pochette du DVD. le 27 mai 2000, 13h : démolition d’un immeuble moderne baptisé Muraille de Chine, 2002, réalisation Jean-Claude Parayre, Esplanade Opéra-Théâtre de Saint-Etienne, 32 minutes.
Entretien avec l’ex-directeur de l’image du film, 16 février 2010. Le maire refuse d’être interviewé. Direction des Affaires culturelles de la Ville de Saint-Étienne. Une plaquette d’information produite par la Ville (n.d.) associe d’ailleurs ces deux aspects : à côté d’images de travaux et de dessins des nouvelles constructions figure un encadré sur la labellisation Patrimoine du XXe siècle de Beaulieu. Lire à ce sujet : Collectif, 2010. 1945-1975. Une histoire de l’habitat. 40 ensembles « Patrimoine du XXe siècle ». Paris, Beaux arts éditions, 96 p. Comité des Grands prix nationaux de l’architecture, 2008. Faut-il protéger les grands ensembles ? Rapport de la Direction de l’Architecture et du Patrimoine, 125 p. Etoiles de Jean Renaudie à Villetaneuse, Serpentin d’Emile Aillaud à Pantin, cité de l’Etoile de Georges Candilis à Bobigny. Toutes les citations de ce paragraphe sont des propos du directeur de l’organisme d’HLM propriétaire de Beaulieu.Ce qui, l’histoire le montre, peut être un effet de certaines politiques et lois.Foret C., 1993, Valorisation et dévalorisation dans la ville : le musée urbain Tony Garnier ou la ré-invention d’une cité HLM, Rapport pour leministère de l’Equipement et du Logement, 186 p. Gay G., 2008, « De Firminy-Vert à Le Corbusier Ville : la construction d’un patrimoine paradoxal », dans : Guillot Xavier (dir.), Firminy, Le Corbusier en héritage, Saint-Etienne, Publications de l'Université de Saint-Etienne, pp. 133-153. Veschambre V., 2000, « Firminy-Vert et le ‘site Le Corbusier’ : vers une esthétisation du grand ensemble ? », Cahiers de la Méditerranée, n°60, juin, pp. 133-156.
This is the 2nd Supra i have spotted recently and am so delighted to see this in immaculate condition. Looks great in blue colour and wish all Supra's like this is in same good condition. No front pictures as it was up against a barrier.
Registration Number
H830YYL
Make
TOYOTA
Model
SUPRA TURBO AUTO
Year of manufacture
1991
Engine size (cc)
2954
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1979 Renault Gordini R1326 ( USA specs), 1647 cc Hemi, engine type 843-13, 109 HP, Bosh- L –Jetronic injection, factory air conditioning and power steering. “Decouverable” sliding fabric electric roof over stainless steel structure.
History:
The chassis and most of the running gear came from the Renault 12, while the 1647 cc 108 PS (79 kW; 95 hp) 843-Type engine in the more powerful R17 TS and R17 Gordini models was derived from the engine in the Renault 16 X. The R17 Gordini was to be the last model to bear the Amedee Gordini name fitted for USA with the 843-13 Hemi engine with 1647 cc. Though the mechanicals of the cars were derived from other Renaults, the body was completely new.
Please check the car and driver test for the R17 gordini at:
forums.vwvortex.com/showthread.php?5770450-JD%92s-archive...
Motosport:
Renault abandoned plans to contest the World Rally Championship which it won in 1973. Instead, the factory developed a high-performance version of the 17 coupé at the Alpine Competition Factory which used many of the A110 bits to compete in "selected" European events. The Gordini-developed engine had two twin-choke Webers, a hot cam, an 11.5 compression ratio, big valves and tuned extractor exhaust system. The body was very light, featured fibreglass doors, boot and bonnet panels, plus plastic windows and a stripped interior. The factory said the car's weight was lowered by more than 25 percent.
Its most famous outing was the "Press on Regardless" WRC in the United States, in Michigan, 1974. The Rally was the USA section of the World Rally Championship. The car that won the rally was a Renault 17 Gordini driven byJean-Luc Thérier and Christian Deiferrer, with a similar car coming third.
This car:
I bought this car in California on April 2012. An extensive restoration took place at my shop located in Miami were my friend Alberto Cordero, a former mechanical engineer from Renault, retired after 42 years working with the company, comes to help me with the restoration of the car. He was the chief mechanic of Juan Manuel Fangio a famous Argentinean race driver who won 5 times the F1 championship and Alberto was at the 84 hs of Nurburgring with the first Renault model derived from the AMC rambler named “Torino 380 W” who gets the third place in that race on 1969.
The car was abandoned in a yard and the last registration proving the car was running was back in 1997.
The car was straight, with only surface rust and off course a not running car.
We start the restoration from the ground up, the car was completely disassembled, body was take it to the bare metal, epoxy primed and painted in its original black color. Gordini stripes and logos were drawn by myself and plotted in 3M vinyl with the original scheme color.
All interior of the cabin, floor, panels, back and engine compartment was fitted with anti-rattle-sound/heat auto adhesive insulation with aluminum foil.
The carpet is a velour German carpet, Burgundy color with leather sewed trims.
I have owned the same model back in Argentina in 1979 so I was completely familiar with the car, and after owning more than 60 high end cars in my life, I always remember the R17 as an outstanding performer, economical yet powerful and beautiful car.
The outstanding design of the “petal” seats, the sliding electric roof that leaves the car completely open, the pillar less design makes this car shine out of the crowd not only now 35 years later, but back in his own era. The feeling you will have driving the car with the roof open will be better than in a convertible car, no wind noise at all.
All parts replaced in the car are original parts coming from France, Argentina, Israel, Puerto Rico, USA.
All suspension, power steering, brakes, hoses,fittings, etc. has been replaced. Engine was with original 45,000 miles, we disassembled the engine, head, valves, gaskets, replaced all necessary parts to meet the original compression specs with 150 PSI on each of the 4 cylinders.
All Bosch –L- Jetronic was overhauled, new sensors, valves, vacuums, switches, electric fuel pump, new injectors, etc. were replaced for original parts, most of them from Germany and others locally as the R17 share most of the injection parts with the BMW 2002 TTI.
The antipollution system was restored at his original state, overhauled air pump, new vacuums, valves, sensors, brand new catalyzer.
New original windshield was fitted to replace the scratched one in the car, new upgraded upholstery in German leather as the original car was fitted with grey cloth. The petal front seat is articulated and adjustable on the sides and behind the knees for firm support as a sport car should be. Is hard to think that 35 years ago this outstanding design on the seats are still bringing one of the most comfortable position that I have had in most top of the line cars.
The car runs perfect, as a brand new car!!!, all electric and electronic components are in 100% working order, the Air conditioning was upgraded with a new Sanden compressor, new condenser, new hoses, blows at 10° Celsius (50 Fahrenheit degrees) as per original specs.
All around upgraded LED lights fitted in back up, brake light, directional lamps. New 4 halogen YELLOW headlights with 45-70w halogen lamps.
Original vintage CIBIE fog lights with covers as the Rally version.
Pioneer stereo with hand free Bluetooth phone and 4 stereo speakers.
The car is fitted with disc brakes at front wheels and drum at the rear wheels with a servo booster and brake limiter valve with weight sensor.
All weather trims were replaced with brand new weather strips.
I have published this car at the Amicale R15 R17 website, you will see the comments on the most important website dedicated at Renault 15 and 17 and you could check the comments of my fellow members about the car on
amicale-r15-r17.forumpro.fr/t6019-restauration-1326-alberto
Also, there is a link I have pusblished with the process of the restoration of this car. You will be amazed of the job we have performed on this car to bring it back to life.Please follow this link with 140 PICTURES:
plus.google.com/photos/105876176090498194630/albums/57689...
I just got this vertical air conditioner, a Whirlpool rebadged as a RCA for the Canadian market. A few years before, they were marketed as RCA Victor. Models from about 1972 and later were made by Westinghouse.
First look at the lifesize cutout of China Girl, from Disney's Oz the Great and Powerful. She arrived in perfect condition, despite a large crease in the corner of the shipping container (a large corrugated cardboard envelope). The cutout is part of a large printed corrugated cardboard poster, which was 28'' H x 23'' W. It was easy to remove the cutout from the poster, then setup the built-in easel in the back, that allows the cutout to free stand. The graphics at the top of the poster is very attractive, and at some point I may cut it off the poster so I can put it up on a wall.
The easel works well, and the cutout is very stable free standing. At 20'' high, she is a little taller than the 19'' Limited Edition China Girl doll from the Disney Store, who is actually 18.5'' high free standing, and 19.5'' high supported by the custom doll stand.
The image on the cutout is very well printed and China Girl looks beautiful. However, due to the resolution of the original image from the movie, when viewed closeup the image is a little fuzzy and pixelated. Also, the image isn't as bright or saturated in color as would be a photograph or lithograph. Finally, the white paper over the corrugated cardboard is not thick enough to completely hide the corrugation of the cardboard backing. These are minor quibbles, and I am very satisfied with the quality of the cutout, and think she is well worth the cost.
China Girl - Disney's Oz the Great and Powerful Lifesize Standup Poster
By Advanced Graphics (Layton, UT)
Available at AllPosters.Com
$19.99
Purchased 2013-04-08
Received 2013-04-12
Product Information:
China Girl - Disney's Oz the Great and Powerful Lifesize Standup Poster
Item #: 9373428
Size: 20 x 6.5 in
Product Type: Stand Up
About the Product
Entertaining and unique, this stand up is printed on heavy cardboard with a built-in easel base. The item is free standing and easy to assemble. C'mon, what party wouldn't be more fun with a stand up?