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Electronic components have a number of electrical terminals or leads. These leads connect to other electrical components, often over wire, to create an electronic circuit with a particular function (for example an amplifier, radio receiver, or oscillator). Basic electronic components may be packaged discretely, as arrays or networks of like components, or integrated inside of packages such as semiconductor integrated circuits, hybrid integrated circuits, or thick film devices.
"man vs woman (complicated) relationship ".
A complicated relationship results when a partner isn't sure what they want or wants to part ways. A partner may have trouble communicating their feelings because they don't want to hurt the other. Understanding a complicated relationship includes learning potential problems contributing to the issue.
omg i just realized my fish tank is perfectly in one of the mirrors. LOVE
Pentax ME Super / 400 iso
fujifilm superia
Italy, pizza, “Portobello”, thin pizza with a golden brown crusty border, outside crunchy, inside soft, topped with pizza sauce, buffalo mozzarella & grated Appenzeller cheese, Portobello mushrooms, rosemary.
Italian Pizza should be baked at temperatures between 360°C - 575°F & 426°C - 800°F, best in a pizza wood-fired brick oven by placing them on the very hot oven stone floor. If the oven dome has the above mentioned baking temperature, the oven floor will typically be cooler than that temperature.
📌...This very tasty variant of the brown mushroom came from America via the Netherlands to Europe, also known as a “Grill-Mushroom”.
The Portobello becomes a giant mushroom thanks to a special cultivation method. The mushroom has a large cap measuring 6 to 12 cm in size with a small stalk. The fins on the underside of the hat are brown in colour & clearly visible. The flesh is brown & very firm good for grilling, without the stalk also for stuffing & baked in the oven, also great as a tempura etc. etc.
📌…. a little slice of Italian pizza history..............
Etymologically, the term “Picea or Piza” first appeared in the Neapolitan dialect around the year 1000 & meant something like "push, jolt" & thus probably referred to the hand movement when lifting the pizza with a pizza turning peel out of the oven.
Tomatoes were first introduced to Italy from South America in 1522. At first the tomato was believed by the poorer peasants to be poisonous, fortunately they farmers overcame their doubts about tomatoes in the 17th century & started adding it to the bread dough,…focaccia was created & became the "gran, gran, gran mother" of today's pizzas.
Mozzarella had become available in Italy after water buffalos were imported from India in the 7th century, but its popularity grew very slowly until the last half of the 18th century. Like the growing acceptance of tomatoes, mozzarella cheese was slowly gaining ground too. But the cheese & tomatoes did not meet on a pizza until 1889 when Don Raffaele Esposito, an Italian tavern owner developed a pizza featuring tomatoes, mozzarella cheese & basil, components bearing the colours of the Italian flag. He named it "Pizza Margherita", after the Queen of Italy, Margherita Teresa Giovanni.
Italy unified in 1861, King Umberto I & Queen Margherita visited Naples in 1889, legend has it that the traveling pair became bored with their steady diet of French haute cuisine & asked for an assortment of pizzas from the city’s Pizzeria Brandi.
In the late half of the 19th century, Italians migrated to North-America & with them their pizza bread recipe from Naples, replicating their trusty, crusty pizzas in New York & other American cities, relatively quickly, the flavours & aromas of pizza began to intrigue also non-Italians.
Beginning of the 20th century, Italian immigrants begun to open their own bakeries & were selling besides groceries as well pizza. The first documented United States pizzeria was Gennaro Lombardi’s, licensed to sell pizza in 1905 on Spring Street in Manhattan, a part known as “Little Italy” Lombardi’s, is still in operation today, however, no longer at its 1905 site, but has the same oven as it did originally. Pizza as we know & the world likes took the United States by storm before it became popular in its native Italy
Especially in the 50th, pizza’s popularity in the United States boomed & no longer seen as an Italian folkloric treat, it was increasingly identified as fast & fun food. Regional, decidedly non-Neapolitan variations emerged, eventually including California-gourmet pizzas topped with anything from barbecued chicken to smoked salmon.
Post-war pizza finally reached Italy & beyond their borders also influenced by the starting tourism. Like blue jeans, rock & roll, fast food etc. the Italians & the rest of the world picked up on pizza just because it was "Americano"…easy to eat, fast & tasty.
📍 …So actually pizza the way we like it is an "Italo-American" creation.
I personally like the pizza thin with a nice crunchy crust, fresh & hot with the particular flavour only a pizza right out of a pizza wood-fired brick oven has, sprinkled with a little oregano & a drizzle of Calabrian native olive oil, …but there is a pizza for each & everyone's age, taste & favours.
👉…One World one Dream,
🙏...Danke, Xièxie 谢谢, Thanks, Gracias, Merci, Grazie, Obrigado, Arigatô, Dhanyavad, Chokrane to you & over
17 million visits in my photostream with countless motivating comments
Black Beacon
1913-1915 the RFC established an airfield and experimental site for weapons and aircraft testing
1918-1924 the site was largely dormant.
1924-1939 Used by the Aeroplane and Armament Experimental Establishment (A&AEE) mainly for bomb and machine gun testing.
1935 Radar Research led by Robert Watson Watt.
1939-1945 Secret testing of radar, weapons and electronic warfare.
1953-1971 Atomic Weapons Research Establishment (AWRE) Testing of nuclear weapon components. Included construction of the pagoda blast buildings.
1971 the military withdrew.
1993 National Trust acquired the land to be nature reserve and historic site.
Aerial view of pagodas, bunkers and buildings on Orford Ness on the coast of Suffolk
Belgian Air Component General Dynamics F-16AM Fighting Falcon FA-70 from 349 Squadron based at Kleine Brogel on static display at RIAT 2017. The special scheme celebrates the 75th anniversary of the 349th Squadron.
drums crowned by tapering domes were deliberately scored to resemble candles, thus manifesting a certain aesthetic and religious attitude.Why are onion domes predominant in Russian architecture?
soumis il y a 3 ans par res3k
Does it have any connection to similar domes in mosques?
Onion domes are predominant in Russian architecture because they became an important stylistic component of Russian Orthodox church design. According to what I have read, the dome's importance comes from symbolic and technical aspects. Russian onion domes have complex symbolic associations, from the classic "vault of heaven" to their appearance as tongues of flame, recalling the holy spirit. On the technical side, you have the often repeated theory that the domes were an adaptation to the climate, especially Russia's heavy snowfalls. The wooden construction of the onion dome would also have been a plus for Russian architects, was this material was in greater supply than the stone necessary for traditional, byzantine-style dome construction.One final reason for the predominance of the onion dome in Russian architecture: the origin of the dome and the associations that come with its origin. Russian church architecture, which features the dome most prominently out of all, is heavily influenced by Byzantine architecture. As Orthodox Christianity was the predominant religion, it follows that Russian builders sought to emulate the styles of the center of Orthodox Christianity, namely Constantinople. This architectural tradition places high importance on centrally-planned, domed spaces. This architectural tradition was combined in Russia with the native wooden-building traditions that have much in common with Scandinavia. These traditions stressed complex, creative wooden constructions with strong vertical components such as steeply pitching roofs and elaborate frameworks. The onion dome is a product of the combination of these two traditions. One source, an examination of the origin of the domes by S. V. Zagraevsky, argues that the domes were a Russian development in the 13th to 14th centuries along these lines--that Russian carpenters, skilled in complex woodwork from both building construction and shipbuilding (alluding to Rus's Scandinavian roots) developed the onion dome independently in order to fulfill the need for domes over Byzantine-influenced churches using wooden construction. This form of dome becomes widespread in the medieval period, thus cementing itself into "tradition" and becoming an essential part of Russian architecture.Note on sources and origins: like always, the story is far more complex than can be presented, and I would invite an expert on Russian culture to step in. The origins of the onion dome are shrouded as no original wooden domes from the period survive and scholars are forced to work from written and illustrative documentary evidence, which is open to varied interpretation. What I have read also presents two conflicting stories: that onion domes were a product of Indian and Byzantine sources that combined in the Islamic world, or that they were the products of independent developments that settled on the onion shape to suit their own technical or symbolic needs and which are only distantly connected to other similar designs in Central Europe, Russia, the Middle East, India. What is conclusive is that the widespread use of these domes dates back at least to the 12th-13th centuries. On sources, the most recent source on onion domes in English that I found (thanks to wiki) was Forms of the domes of the ancient Russian temples. Other works, such as National Elements in Russian Architecture and The Origin and the Distribution of the Bulbous Dome date back to the 1940s, but provide good insight into wooden dome architecture (note: these are JSTOR links). The wiki article on the Onion dome has a good introduction on these domes and has a list of sources, although many of them are in Russian.
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[–]intangible-tangerine 1 point il y a 3 ans*
This is a story which begins with early Slavic Christian Religious architecture, which exerted a strong influence on secular architecture on the region. I'm just going to generalise and use 'church' here for all buildings used for Christian religious services, not bothering to distinguish between churches and basilicas and cathedrals and so forth as I don't wish to over complicate matters.
When the Kievan Rus, a confederation of Slavic tribes living in parts of modern day Russia, Belarus and Ukraine, were gradually Christianised from the mid 8th to the early 11th c. they were primarily influenced by missions from the Byzantine Church and so they adapted the Byzantine dome for their own church architecture. However, whereas Byzantine Churches usually featured a large central dome, as can be seen with the most famous example, the Hagia Sophia these early medieval Slavic churches feature several smaller domes with the characteristic bulging onion shape, see the Cathedral of Saint Sophia in Novgorod built in the late 11th c. which may be due to some influence from earlier Slavic pagan architectural styles that are lost to us. Perhaps reflecting earlier buildings with multiple tower structures or bulged roofs.
This onion dome hasn't been completely dominant through all of the history of Russian and Eastern European Christian architecture, during the later medieval period a fashion for pointed roofs emerged, such as that of the 15th c. Spasskaya Tower in Moscow. Nevertheless the onion domed towers continued to be built alongside these. Sometimes the two styles were used simultaneously as seen with this early 16 th church at Ostrov, near Moscow where a pointed roof is topped off with a small dome.
... and so this story continues, waves of architectural fashions such as 17th c Ukrainian Baroque and 19th c Neo-Classical Byzantine sweep through the region, some of which typically incorporate onion domes and some of which don't, but it never disappears from the architects' tool kits. Because it was associated so strongly with the original conversion of the Keivan Rus, regarded as the common ancestor culture of Russia Ukraine and Belarus, it was had strong connotations of connecting later structures to this past and tying them in with a narrative of distinctive Russian/Slavic identity.
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True or not an architect once told me that the shape was heavily influenced by Russian climatology, with significant quantities of snow along the year this shape prevents the snow to accumulate on the roofs hence they would not collapse under the snow weight.You seem to be downvoted as a non-historian, but the hypothesis if very plausible. Initially church architecture in Russia was obviously very influenced by the Byzantine architecture, and domes were either egg-shaped, or even flatter than that (modern reconstruction of the Pirogoshcha Church of Our Lavy in Kiev, Ukraine)). But then in Russia they were quickly replaced by so called "helmet domes" (example: Dormition Cathedral in Vladimir, Russia). And it is this transition that might have been indeed influenced by the simple snow factor.
Starting as of XIII and for sure by XVI century helmet domes gradually evolved into onion domes. I don't know why it happened. Maybe, in a way, it "just happened", because all styles tend to evolve somewhere, and it does not always happen for particular reason, or serve a particular purpose.
I am not quite sure I can endorse what intangible-tangerine said in the comment nearby about secular architecture being an example here. Secular architecture in Russia was overwhelmingly wooden, and the only major type of brick "domes" that evolved from wooden domes is the tent roof church, which was quite popular for a while, but was then officially prohibited in XVII century for some reason, and allowed only for construction of bell-towers. It is rather uncomfortable to make a roundish dome, be it egg-, helmet-, or onion-shape one out of wood (even though it is technically possible). I am also not aware of any evidence for pre-Christian, or secular round dome-like structures in Russian architecture.As for pagan temples, it looks like Slavic pagan shrines were almost always located outdoors. While among Western Slavs some temples might have apparently existed, for some reason in modern reconstructions they are always depicted quite squarish in design (but here I am not sure, as the whole topic of Slavic Paganism is a rather sketchy one, due to a strong influence from romantic neo-pagan groups).
[+]Centurion521 nombre de points du commentaire sous la limite (11 enfants)
www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/1gb89y/why_are_on...
An onion dome (Russian: луковичная глава, lúkovichnaya glava; compare Russian: лук, luk, "onion") is a dome whose shape resembles an onion. Such domes are often larger in diameter than the drum upon which they sit, and their height usually exceeds their width. These bulbous structures taper smoothly to a point.It is the predominant form for church domes in Russia (mostly on Russian Orthodox churches) and in Bavaria, Germany (German: Zwiebelturm (literally "onion tower"), plural: Zwiebeltürme, mostly on Catholic churches), but can also be found regularly across Austria, northeastern Italy, Eastern Europe, Mughal India, the Middle East and Central Asia.
Other types of Eastern Orthodox cupolas include helmet domes (for example, those of the Saint Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod and of the Assumption Cathedral in Vladimir), Ukrainian pear domes (Saint Sophia Cathedral in Kiev), and Baroque bud domes (St. Andrew's Church in Kiev).Art historians disagree on when and why onion domes became a typical feature of Russian architecture. Byzantine churches and architecture of Kievan Rus were characterized by broader, flatter domes without a special framework erected above the drum. In contrast to this ancient form, each drum of a Russian church is surmounted by a special structure of metal or timber, which is lined with sheet iron or tiles.By the end of the nineteenth century, most Russian churches from before the Petrine period had bulbous domes. The largest onion domes were erected in the seventeenth century in the area around Yaroslavl, incidentally famous for its large onions. Quite a few had more complicated bud-shaped domes, whose form derived from Baroque models of the late seventeenth century. Pear-shaped domes are usually associated with Ukrainian Baroque, while cone-shaped domes are typical for Orthodox churches of Transcaucasia.Russian icons painted before the Mongol invasion of Rus do not feature churches with onion domes. Two highly venerated pre-Mongol churches that have been rebuilt—the Assumption Cathedral and the Cathedral of St. Demetrius in Vladimir—display golden helmet domes. Restoration work on several other ancient churches revealed some fragments of former helmet-like domes below newer onion cupolasPrior to the eighteenth century, the Russian Orthodox Church did not assign any particular symbolism to the exterior shape of a church.[10] Nevertheless, onion domes are popularly believed to symbolise burning candles. In 1917, noted religious philosopher Prince Yevgeny Trubetskoy argued that the onion shape of Russian church domes may not be explained rationally. According to Trubetskoy, drums crowned by tapering domes were deliberately scored to resemble candles, thus manifesting a certain aesthetic and religious attitude.[11] Another explanation has it that the onion dome was originally regarded as a form reminiscent of the edicula (cubiculum) in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem. Onion domes often appear in groups of three, representing the Holy Trinity, or five, representing Jesus Christ and the Four Evangelists. Domes standing alone represent Jesus. Vasily Tatischev, the first to record such interpretation, disapproved of it emphatically. He believed that the five-domed design of churches was propagated by Patriarch Nikon, who liked to compare the central and highest dome with himself and four lateral domes with four other patriarchs of the Orthodox world. There is no other evidence that Nikon ever held such a view.brightly painted: their colors may informally symbolise different aspects of religion. Green, blue, and gold domes are sometimes held to represent the Holy Trinity, the Holy Spirit, and Jesus, respectively. Black ball-shaped domes were once popular in the snowy north of Russia.
A few good stamping components china pictures I discovered:
5. midnight_and_extremely_cold
Image by Jim Surkamp
Ambrose Ranson Remembers Jefferson County in the 1840s & 1850s Part two
youtu.be/sKyR3ZLv55I TRT: 8:16
civilwarscholars.com/?p=11948 2436 words
This is taken from one...
Read more about Cool Stamping Components China photos
(Source from Chinese Rapid Prototyping Blog)
The magnificent Ja Vonne Hatfield, as seen grooving along on the 18th street overpass in Potrero Hill, San Francisco.
Gear
www.facebook.com/waynegrivellartandphotography
A personal account of how and why I started shooting the night:
Para el Reto de noviembre de Beads Perles tenemos que elaborar tres componentes sueltos, que posteriormente pudieran ser montados para formar una joya.
Como todavía no me he olvidado de los pendientes de la reina, he hecho estas tres piezas de aire renacentista, con cabus de 8, rocalla y perlas.
Haré otro trío si alguna idea más termina de tomar cuerpo.
Kissimmee, Florida - 01/30/10
One from the archives. I really thought I had already posted this...
This is a 1937 Chevrolet Custom Coupe. It sold for $62,000 at the Mecum Collector Car Auction last January.
This is the description from the Mecum catalog:
Gorgeous Deep Burgundy exterior coupled with a Beige interior * All steel body was built from ground up with top quality craftsmanship and components * Built strictly as a "First Place" show winner * Turbo 400 transmission * 454 CI * Full Corvette suspension with front and rear disc brakes * Interior includes: ultra soft no expense spared leather and real wood accents * PS, PB, tilt, and air * Full gauges * The undercarriage is just as spectacular as the exterior and interior * Ready to show and win or drive and enjoy
WATERS SURROUNDING THE KOREAN PENINSULA (March 31, 2016) An MH-53E Sea Dragon helicopter attached to Helicopter Mine Countermeasures Squadron (HM) 14 prepares to land aboard a Republic of Korea Navy Wonson-class minelayer ROKS Wonson (MLS 560) during exercise Foal Eagle, March 31. Foal Eagle is a series of joint and combined field training exercises conducted by Combined Forces Command (CFC) and U.S. Forces Korea (USFK) ground, air, naval and special operations component commands. (U.S. Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 1st Class Nick Scott/Released).
Oostmalle, 5 August 1983.
The Belgian Air Component has 4 Piper L21B Super Cubs in use for towing military gliders of the Air Cadets. They are based at Goetsenhoven, east of Brussels.
Six were acquired in 1975, all former Netherlands Air Force. Two were written off. Between 2000 and 2002 the remaining four (LB01, 02, 03 and 05) were almost completely rebuilt. They received a new fuselage, wing and engine.
The photos were taken at Oostmalle, a Cold War reserve base near Antwerpen.
LB01 is former Dutch R-113 and 54-2403.
The original photo was part of my album The Rock Garden of Chandigarh and taken with my iPhone 5s. This was part of an exhibit at Sheboygan's John Michael Kohler Art Center.
Photofox's Surreal Skies component was used to create this image. I do read a lot of science fiction.
Leyland's subsidiary in Denmark, DAB, produced at least 11 RHD articulated chassis for the British market in 1980-81 and these were bodied utilising a very high proportion of Leyland National body components. Four saw service on a trial basis in Sheffield with South Yorkshire PTE (2007-2010) over an extended period (3-4 years?) from about mid-1980. These were bodied at the Leyland National factory in Workington.
Seven were bought by British Airways in 1981 for inter-terminal passenger transfer at London Heathrow (C305-C311). These were bodied by Charles Roe in Leeds, but looked very similar to the Workington built units.
Two of the Workington built Leyland-DAB articulated buses are in the hands of UK preservationists.
Multiple integrated circuits at the heart of Europe’s space missions, etched together onto a single piece of silicon.
This 20 cm-diameter wafer contains 35 replicas of five different space chips, each incorporating up to about 10 million transistors or basic circuit switches.
Laid down within a microchip, these designs endow a space mission with the ability to perform various specialised tasks such as data handling, communications processing or attitude control.
To save money on the high cost of fabrication, various chips designed by different companies and destined for multiple ESA projects are crammed onto the same silicon wafers, etched into place at specialised semiconductor manufacturing plants.
Once tested for functionality, the chips on the wafer are chopped up and packaged for use, then mounted on printed circuit boards for connection with other microelectronic components aboard a satellite.
Since 2002, ESA’s Microelectronics section has maintained a catalogue of ‘building blocks’ for chip designs, known as Intellectual Property cores, available to European industry through ESA licence.
More information: www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Engineering_Technology/M...
Credit: ESA-Guus Schoonewille
Thank you to all who view, favorite, and comment...
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Please respect my copyright and do not use this image on any business or personal website, blog site, facebook page, pinterest, or other media without my written permission.
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Imagine Peace
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peace takes work
war takes lives
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If everyone demanded peace instead of another television set, then there'd be peace.
- John Lennon
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Peace is always beautiful
- Walt Whitman
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Olympus OM-2N, Zuiko 50 mm f/1.8, KODAK Color Plus 200 ASA
Scanner EPSON V600 - 2400 dpi
1877 Santo Saccomanno fece
Il monumento, datato 1877, fu eretto per disposizione di Giovanni Battista Noli Da Costa, alla memoria del patrizio portoghese Faustino Antonio Da Costa che, morendo a Genova ottuagenario, lasciò erede il figlio adottivo. Non presenta complesse allegorie, ma una scena di compianto d’intonazione realista. L’erede è rappresentato intento a contemplare per un’ultima volta, con espressione di memore affetto, la salma del vecchio che, deposta sul sarcofago, a breve sarà chiusa nel sepolcro.
SANTO SACCOMANNO (Genova 1833 - 1914)
Dopo avere seguito i corsi di Varni all'Accademia Ligustica, Saccomanno intraprese l'attività di scultore, alternando ritrattistica e scultura funeraria. Partito da un sobrio realismo di ascendenza romantica (Tomba Chiarella, 1872), ne radicalizzò la componente analitica, sortendo talvolta effetti di crudo verismo (Tomba De Costa, 1877) e arrivando addirittura a definire le lacrime della figura dolente nella Tomba Nicolò Lavarello (1890). Quest'ultima è una variante sul tema del "Sonno Eterno"- già proposto nella Tomba Carlo Erba (1883) e nella Tomba Acquarone (1899) - uno dei più adatti ad esprimere la pessimistica concezione della morte di Saccomanno.
www2.comune.genova.it/portal/template/viewTemplate?templa...
it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cimitero_monumentale_di_Staglieno
genovacultura.org/evento/cimitero-di-staglieno-il-realism...
One West Palm is an 826,500 SF (76,800 m2) mixed-use complex comprised of two towers and a podium with retail, amenities and parking structure for 637 cars. A mixed-use tower at the southwest corner of the site along Quadrille Boulevard contains 200,000 SF of Class A office space, and a 200-key hotel while a residential tower with 186 apartments rises above the northeast corner along North Dixie Highway. The ground floor contains shops and restaurants that line North Dixie Highway and Fourth Street while smaller apartments line the intermediate podium floors and shield the parking. Separate drop-offs allow independent arrival to the office and hotel tower and residential tower.
The upper levels of the podium contain a conference center with ballroom, an event space that doubles as competition sized tennis courts, a fitness center with indoor lap pool, and spa and treatment rooms. Amenities are connected to the office, hotel, and residential cores. The complex has independent residential and hotel pool decks at the top of the podium and an open roof deck that allows high level views to be enjoyed to the south and east.
The two towers are set diagonally on the site facing the southeast view to the water and Palm Beach. The position takes advantage of favorable view corridors while maximizing bay views for all uses. The buildings are composed as a series of prisms that create an abstract vertical city of cubic components. The mosaic-like composition breaks up the scale of the towers. The podium repeats that geometry in a smaller scale and introduces green walls that result in a vertical garden that conceals the garage.
Credit for the data above is given to the following websites:
arquitectonica.com/architecture/project/one-west-palm/
www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/one-west-palm-tower-i/2...
© All Rights Reserved - you may not use this image in any form without my prior permission.
Radom, 25 August 2018
The Belgian F-16 demo is the best in Europe, in my opinion. What a powerfull display! Pilot 'Vador' beat his Polish, Greek and Turkish colleagues at Radom.
Some cool turning parts images:
Pont Alexandre III
Image by David McA Photographs
A long exposure shot of the Seine at the Pont Alexandre III, a wonderfully ornate bridge more than the Seine by the Grand Palais in Paris.
I liked the way that the low evening sun lit up the gilded parts of the...
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(Posted by a Precision Machining China Manufacturer)
One of Webb’s most complex instrument modes is with the MIRI Medium Resolution Spectrometer (MRS). The MRS is an integral-field spectrograph, which provides spectral and spatial information simultaneously for the entire field of view. The spectrograph provides three-dimensional ‘data cubes’ in which every pixel in an image contains a unique spectrum. Such spectrographs are extremely powerful tools to study the composition and kinematics of astronomical objects, as they combine the benefits of both traditional imaging and spectroscopy.
“The MRS is designed to have a spectral resolving power (observed wavelength divided by the smallest detectable wavelength difference) of about 3,000. That is high enough to resolve key atomic and molecular features in a variety of environments. At the highest redshifts, the MRS will be able to study hydrogen emission from the first galaxies. At lower redshifts, it will probe molecular hydrocarbon features in dusty nearby galaxies and detect the bright spectral fingerprints of elements such as oxygen, argon, and neon that can tell us about the properties of ionized gas in the interstellar medium. Closer to home, the MRS will produce maps of spectral features due to water ice and simple organic molecules in giant planets in our own solar system and in planet-forming disks around other stars.
“In order to cover the wide 5 to 28 micron wavelength range as efficiently as possible, the MRS integral field units are broken up into twelve individual wavelength bands, each of which must be calibrated individually. Over the past few weeks, the MIRI team (a large international group of astronomers from the USA and Europe) has been focusing primarily on calibrating the imaging components of the MRS. They want to ensure that all twelve bands are spatially well aligned with each other and with the MIRI Imager, so that it can be used to place targets accurately into the smaller MRS field of view. We show some early test results from this alignment process, illustrating the image quality achieved in each of the twelve bands using observations of the bright K giant star HD 37122 (located in the southern sky near the Large Magellanic Cloud).
“Once the spatial alignment and image quality of the several bands are well characterized, the MIRI team will prioritize calibrating the spectroscopic response of the instrument. This step will include determining the wavelength solution and spectral resolution throughout each of the twelve fields of view using observations of compact emission-line objects and diffuse planetary nebulae ejected by dying stars. We show the exceptional spectral resolving power of the MRS with a small segment of a spectrum obtained from recent engineering observations of the active galactic nucleus at the core of Seyfert galaxy NGC 6552. Once these basic instrument characteristics are established, it will be possible to calibrate MRS so that it is ready to support the wealth of Cycle 1 science programs due to start in a few short weeks.”
Read more: blogs.nasa.gov/webb/2022/06/16/webbs-mid-infrared-spectro...
This image: This portion of the MIRI MRS wavelength range shows engineering calibration data obtained of the Seyfert galaxy NGC 6552 (red line) in the constellation Draco. The strong emission feature is due to molecular hydrogen, with an additional weaker feature nearby. The blue line shows a lower spectral resolution Spitzer IRS spectrum of a similar galaxy for comparison. The Webb test observations were obtained to establish the wavelength calibration of the spectrograph. Credit: NASA, ESA, and the MIRI Consortium.
en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Quantum_theory_of_observation/Quant...
Quantum theory of observation - Thierry Dugnolle
Quantum physics for dummies
Fundamental principles and concepts
Examples of measurements
Entanglement
General theory of measurement
The forest of destinies
The appearance of relative classical worlds in the quantum Universe
Quantum entanglement is the fundamental concept to explain the reality of observation.
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Wave-particle duality
Is light a flow of particles or a wave phenomenon ? Light rays could be particle paths and they were regarded thus by Newton in his Optics. Light reflection in a mirror is then naturally interpreted with the hypothesis that particles of light, or photons, are like bouncing balls. Nevertheless Huygens argued that this phenomenon and others were better interpreted with the hypothesis that light rays are perpendicular lines to wave fronts.
Photography gives an evidence of the existence of particles of light, for traces left by light are always like impacts of particles.
But if light is made of particles how can we explain interference patterns such as those found by Young and Fresnel ? Interference is always interference between waves. It seems there can not be any interference with particles. An interference pattern is an experimental evidence that light is a wave phenomenon. It is confirmed by Maxwell's theory of electomagnetism, which defines light as an electromagnetic wave.
That light be made of particles is not contradicted by the existence of interference patterns. Here is what we can see if we look at how an interference pattern appears on a photographic plate (see photo - animated in original publication)
The wave phenomenon, interference, results from impacts of particles.
The superposition principle gives a very direct explanation of wave-particle duality. Any physical system is a particle or a system of particles, but these behave sometimes like waves because they can be in many places at the same time. The wave of a particle or of a system of particles determines its diffuse presence.
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Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
seop.illc.uva.nl/entries/qt-entangle/
1. Quantum Entanglement
In 1935 and 1936, Schrödinger published a two-part article in the Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society in which he discussed and extended an argument by Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen. The Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) argument was, in many ways, the culmination of Einstein’s critique of the orthodox Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics and was designed to show that the theory is incomplete. (See the entries on the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen argument in quantum theory and the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics.)
In classical mechanics the state of a system is essentially a list of the system’s properties — more precisely, it is the specification of a set of parameters from which the list of properties can be reconstructed: the positions and momenta of all the particles comprising the system (or similar parameters in the case of fields).
The dynamics of the theory specifies how properties change in terms of a law of evolution for the state. In a letter to Max Born, Wolfgang Pauli characterized this mode of description of physical systems as a ‘detached observer’ idealization (see The Born-Einstein Letters, Born, 1992; p. 218).
On the Copenhagen interpretation, such a description is not possible for quantum systems. Instead, the quantum state of a system should be understood as a catalogue of what an observer has done to the system and what has been observed, and the import of the state then lies in the probabilities that can be inferred (in terms of the theory) for the outcomes of possible future observations on the system.
Einstein rejected this view and proposed a series of arguments to show that the quantum state is simply an incomplete characterization of a quantum system. The missing parameters are sometimes referred to as ‘hidden parameters’ or ‘hidden variables.’
It should not be supposed that Einstein’s notion of a complete theory included the requirement that the theory should be deterministic. Rather, he required certain conditions of separability and locality for composite systems consisting of separated component systems: each component system separately should be characterized by its own properties (its own ‘being-thus,’ as Einstein put it — ‘So-sein’ in German), and it should be impossible to alter the properties of a distant system instantaneously (or the probabilities of these properties) by acting on a local system.
In later analyses, notably in Bell’s argument for the nonlocality of quantum correlations, it became apparent that these conditions, suitably formulated as probability constraints, are equivalent to the requirement that statistical correlations between separated systems should be reducible to probability distributions over common causes (deterministic or stochastic) in the sense of Reichenbach. (See the entries on Bell’s theorem and Reichenbach’s common cause principle.)