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La formazione del nostro universo da una "bolla" del multiverso venne proposta da Andrej Linde. Questa teoria, nota come teoria dell'universo a bolle si inquadra bene con la teoria ampiamente accettata dell'inflazione cosmica Il concetto dell'universo a bolle comporta la creazione di universi derivanti dalla schiuma quantistica di un "universo genitore". Alle scale più piccole (quantistiche), la schiuma ribolle a causa di fluttuazioni di energia. Queste fluttuazioni possono creare piccole bolle e wormhole. Se la fluttuazione di energia non è molto grande, un piccolo universo a bolla può formarsi, sperimentare una qualche espansione (come un palloncino che si gonfia), ed in seguito potrebbe contrarsi e sparire dal campo di esistenza. Comunque, se la fluttuazione energetica è maggiore rispetto ad un certo valore critico, si forma un piccolo universo a bolla dall'universo parentale, va incontro ad un'espansione a lungo termine, e permette la formazione sia di materia che di strutture galattiche a grandissima scala. ( Wikipedia)
One important and somewhat surprising property of field theories with spontaneous symmetry breaking is that the lifetime of the universe in an energetically unfavorable metastable vacuum state can be exceptionally long. This phenomenon forms the basis of the first versions of the inflationary universe scenario, according to which inflation takes place from a supercooled metastable vacuum state (“false vacuum”) φ = 0 . This
same phenomenon can lead to a partitioning of the universe into enormous, exponentially long-lived regions in different metastable vacuum states, each corresponding to a different local minimum of the effective potential.
For definiteness, we shall discuss the decay of the vacuum state with φ = 0 in the theory with the Lagrangian:
L(φ) =1/2 * ( ∂μ φ )^2 − V(φ)
where the effective potential V(φ) has a local minimum at φ = 0 and a global minimum at φ = φ0 . Decay of the vacuum state with φ = 0 proceeds via tunneling, with the formation of bubbles of the field φ.
Andrei Linde - “PARTICLE PHYSICS AND INFLATIONARY COSMOLOGY”
Department of Physics, Stanford University
Just gave this bubble a bit of a lift. F/5 makes for clear reflections. Upwards from f/5 there will be a stronger reverse reflection coming, I think, from the inside rear surface.
2013 ETC - Bubbles.
I made my own oilier than your average bubble mix for this. I would have liked a nice sky blue background but the reflections were greater the darker the background was. Hence the fence.
You can not go wrong if you buy some cheap bubble mix or make you one and share the results with kids. During this southern California sunset a man was dipping his net like wand into a bucket and releasing hundreds of bubbles to float over the pier to the joy and pleasure of young and old, boys and girls and photographers too.
Not perfect...but it's my 1st try...Thanks to Peggy. who assisted me in discovering 'the bubble'. Peggy is a peach of a Flickr Friend and went way beyond her time and energy to help me. Thanks Peggy! ; ))
A little soap bubble inside a bigger soap bubble.
This is my first download from my new camera: Nikon D7000.
The D7000 just gives me an extra bit of everything, compared to my D90. Exciting to play with a new camera!
The Bubble Nebula (NGC7635) is one of three shells of gas surrounding the massive star BD 602522, the bright star near the center of the bubble. Energetic radiation from the star ionizes the shell, causing it to glow. This is one of around 300 of the most massive stars in the milky way.
The star is known as a Wolf-Rayet star, which is an O-type star that is nearing the supernova stage. These stars are incredibly hot — from 25,000 to 50,000 Kelvin (about 24,726 degrees Celsius or 44,540 degrees Fahrenheit) and expel their outer layers of gas at tremendous velocities (thousands of kilometers per second).
Image Details: This is a combination of LRGB and Ha. I was unable to use the data from the previous image. Maybe I will figure this out eventually.
I used Pixinsight exclusively for processing this image other than for stacking for which I used DSS as usual.
Luminance: 4x10mins bin 1x1
R: 4x5 mins bin 2x2
G: 4x5 mins bin 2x2
B: 4x5 mins bin 2x2
Ha: 9X15 mins bin 1x1
A synthetic luminance channel was created using pixelmath using the idea described here.
pixinsight.com/tutorials/narrowband/theory/en.html
Even though this is generally done only for Ha, I found good results using this method for Luminance.
R was also combined with ha using the same manner described in the paper above
G and B processed normally.
I had to do some pixelmath trickery to reduce the appearance of seams despite frame adaptation since the Ha and other frames weren't perfectly aligned. That issue is still visible but not too intrusive I hope.
I am satisfied with this image for now.
Camera: QSI 683 ws8
Scope: AT8RC with CCDT67 reducer
Guided with stellarvue SV50 and Orion SSAG as usual
Mount: Astro-physics AP600E as usual
121034 at the limit of operation at the far end of the headshunt at Claydon Loop. It was forming the Branch Line Society's 1Z65 "Bubble & Squeak Tracker" railtour on 9th April 2017.
These are a bit samey so this is the last of these for a while.
This is how I do these soap bubble shots.
I have a piece of curved perpex (I bought a flat sheet and bent it in the bath by pouring boiling water onto it) which I covered in tissue paper. A domed light tent basically.
I have 2 flashguns either side.
I blow the bubbles in from under the side of the perspex using a tube.
I made a loop in a pipe cleaner about 1 cm across. Then I wrapped it around the end of the tube and angled it up and then down. This allows it to catch a good amount of bubble fluid and because of the downward angle of the pipe cleaner it means gravity can still feed the loop even if the blow pipe is angled upwards. This lets me blow large/lots of bubbles. Using just a tube I found I could only blow small or very few bubbles at a time.
This most recent set of bubble photos were taken using a studio flash and plain old washing up liquid and water. The bubble doesn't last very long at all, between 30 and 60 secdonds, but the colours are great! The powerful studio flash allows me to use F/32 and ISO 100 which ensures the sharpest image.