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St. Helens was established as a river port on the Columbia River in the 1840s. In 1853, the Pacific Mail Steamship Company tried to make the city their only stop on the Columbia River.[7] Portland's merchants boycotted this effort, and the San Francisco steamship Peytona helped break the impasse.[7]
St. Helens was incorporated as a city in 1889.[8]
The Lewis and Clark Expedition passed through and camped in the area that is now St. Helens on the night of November 5, 1805 while on their way to the Pacific Ocean. While here the party encountered Native Americans and Clark observed "low rockey clifts".[9]
Geography
U.S. Route 30 passes through the city.[10]
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 5.51 square miles (14.27 km2), of which, 4.53 square miles (11.73 km2) is land and 0.98 square miles (2.54 km2) is water.[1]
Neighborhoods
Columbia Heights is a formerly separate populated place that is within the city limits of St. Helens.[11][12]
Demographics
Columbia County Court House (1906)
Historical population
Census Pop. %±
1890 220 —
1900 258 17.3%
1910 743 188.0%
1920 2,220 198.8%
1930 3,994 79.9%
1940 4,304 7.8%
1950 4,711 9.5%
1960 5,022 6.6%
1970 6,212 23.7%
1980 7,064 13.7%
1990 7,535 6.7%
2000 10,019 33.0%
2010 12,883 28.6%
Est. 2012 12,910 0.2%
Sources:[4][13][14][15][16][17]
2010 census
As of the census[2] of 2010, there were 12,883 people, 4,847 households, and 3,243 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,843.9 inhabitants per square mile (1,098.0/km2). There were 5,154 housing units at an average density of 1,137.7 per square mile (439.3/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 90.3% White, 0.6% African American, 1.6% Native American, 1.3% Asian, 0.3% Pacific Islander, 1.3% from other races, and 4.5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6.1% of the population.
There were 4,847 households of which 38.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.5% were married couples living together, 14.3% had a female householder with no husband present, 6.1% had a male householder with no wife present, and 33.1% were non-families. 26.1% of all households were made up of individuals and 9.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.59 and the average family size was 3.11.
The median age in the city was 34 years. 27.6% of residents were under the age of 18; 9% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 29.9% were from 25 to 44; 23.3% were from 45 to 64; and 10.2% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49.8% male and 50.2% female.
2000 census
As of the census[4] of 2000, there were 10,019 people, 3,722 households, and 2,579 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,305.6 people per square mile (889.3/km²). There were 4,032 housing units at an average density of 927.8 per square mile (357.9/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 92.74% White, 0.34% African American, 1.68% Native American, 0.63% Asian, 0.15% Pacific Islander, 1.35% from other races, and 3.11% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.05% of the population. 21.5% were of German, 10.9% English, 9.5% Irish and 9.3% American ancestry according to Census 2000.
There were 3,722 households out of which 39.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.5% were married couples living together, 12.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.7% were non-families. 24.2% of all households were made up of individuals and 7.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.65 and the average family size was 3.12.
City Hall
In the city the population was spread out with 30.2% under the age of 18, 9.0% from 18 to 24, 31.7% from 25 to 44, 19.6% from 45 to 64, and 9.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females there were 98.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.2 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $40,648, and the median income for a family was $45,548. Males had a median income of $39,375 versus $26,725 for females. The per capita income for the city was $17,237. About 8.7% of families and 11.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16.5% of those under age 18 and 4.6% of those age 65 or over.
Tourism
The town is home to sets of many films. These include the Disney Channel television film Halloweentown, and the film adaptation of Stephanie Meyer's novel Twilight.[18]
Last night as I was cooking dinner I found a place to pause because I saw the potential of this building. It had rained earlier in the day, after a rain a mist frequently forms in the valley to the west. Although this is an HDR averaging the 5 exposures it's pretty much what was in the viewfinder. It's the second night in a row I stopped dinner for sunset.
I think on average I drank at least 4 cups a tea a day in India. I really dont like milk in my tea and it was always such a shock to everyone. Even when you say black tea in India they still load it with sugar...I went back to her house a few days after this and the first thing she said to me was "black tea?"
SERVICE: C - … Slightly below average
It was pleasant, but slow. What gets it downgraded was that no one could figure out how to serve me a glass or bottle of wine.
I was at al Macarone only because I was killing time while waiting for my lawyer to acknowledge the fax I sent at the place next door. I wasn’t in a good mood and a glass of wine would have been nice to take the edge off.
Bottles of wine were on top of one counter. There was a poster advertising the wine on the wall. It came as a complete shock to anyone that they even had wine. Then they couldn’t answer how much it was or figure out how to ring it up. Really?
So I settled for a cola, the sugar rush amplifying that afternoon's anxiety.
Average preschool teacher to student ratio in Irvine: 11.8
Police to resident ratio in Irvine: unknown. But very reassuring.
"The average human has a horse power output around 1/10 of a average horse."
-- See comments by stemag1 (scroll down)
"Horse packing--using horses (and sometimes mules) as a form of conveyance for supplies and goods--was once a cornerstone of human transportation. Filled with precisely drawn illustrations and written instructions on the many types of required hitches, cordage, ropes, splices, and knots, this practical guide expertly covers all aspects of a formerly commonplace skill. It includes fine explanations of general packing rules and background on pack organization; records of endurance; the diseases that can strike pack animals and how to avoid them; cargo slinging; and much more. For anyone interested in the storied history of pack transportation, or for those who still travel with pack animals and want to d
DAY 2 And the FINALE of The American Speedfest Weekend at Brands Hatch showcasing some impressive and High Powered Machinery Ready to do Battle out on Track to see who can become the Victor of each of their Respective Classes. Lets see what Happened and Who was the First to Cross the Finish line to take Victory.
Angelo American Formula 5000's-(Race 2 Results)
With A Very Fast Paced and Quick Qualifying Session Yesterday it was time for the Drivers to head out and take part in their Race to see who could achieve Victory.
In First Place and taking the Victory was (Greg Thornton) in his Chevron B24 with a Best Lap Time of 47.660 and an Average Speed of 88.84mph. An Incredible Victory for A Top Class Driver in Formula 5000 Racing.
In Second Place was (Neil Glover) in his Chevron B37 with a Lap Time of 48.128 and an Average Speed of 87.96mph. Another Class Example of How to Handle to Torque and Power Output of these V8 Monsters.
Finally In Third Place was (Mark Campfield) in his Chevron B24 with A Lap Time of 48.227 and an Average Speed of 86.31mph. Very Fast Paced and A Fantastic Effort By Mark to Stay in Tight Amongst The Leading Two Cars.
A Brilliant Display of Driving and Skill shown by the Angelo American Formula 5000's Drivers and Some Incredible Racing to Watch.
Congratulations to Greg, Neil and Mark for putting on one Hell of a Race and to all the other Drivers Racing as well.
Bernie's Sports and V8's-(Race 3 Results)
Bernie's V8'S Showcasing some of the Best V8 Machinery from the Past 30 Years. During Qualifying a Very Fierce Battle was Taking Place at the Front of the Grid but Lets See Who came out Victorious Amongst the Competitors.
In First Place was (James Plant) in his Austin Healey 106 with A Lap Time of 53.293 with an Average Speed of 79.92mph around the Indy Circuit. A fantastic British Car being Driven Hard for the Victory was a Wonderful site to be hold. An Incredible Drive by James.
In Second Place was (Simon Cripps) in his MGB V8 Roaster with A Lap Time of 53.398 and an Average Speed of 79.97mph. Incredibly Fast and Very Close to James in Terms of Pace. A Super Driver and a very Super Car to go with it.
In Third Place was (Michael Saunders) in his Ford MK1 Escort Mexico with A Lap Time of 53.280 and an Average Speed of 79.67mph. A Mighty Drive by Michael to Achieve that Third Place with some Good Battles taking place thought the Field. A Very Well Done to Michael.
A Brilliant End to The Bernie's V8's at Brands Hatch and some Super Driving from James Simon and Michael with all Three of them Being very Close to One Another Thought the Race. Congratulations on the Victories and a Very Well Done to everyone Else for also Putting on some Fantastic Battles thought the Pack.
Legends Cars Championship-(Race 6 Result)
The Little Pocket Rockets were back again for Another Day of Exciting Racing on the Indy Circuit. With Qualifying Yesterday Showing a very Packed Grid Lets See who Managed to take that All important Victory that Will Decide the Winner.
In First Place was (John Mickel) in his Legend Ford Coupe with A Lap Time of 55.997 and an Average Speed of 76.05mph. A Storming Drive by John showcasing what it Really Means to be a Legends Car Driver with his Incredible Skills and Determination Lap after Lap.
In Second Place was (Miles Rudman) in his Legend 34 Coupe with a Lap Time of 55.82 and an Average Speed of 75.98mph. A String and Very Quick Drive from Miles Keeping Pace with John and making sure he did not get away easily with that Victory. Fantastic Drive.
In Third Place was (Will Gibson) in his Ford Coupe 34 with A Lap time of 55.361 with an Average Speed of 75.97mph. An Awesome Drive from Will to Keep up with both Miles and John and to see his Car flying Around the Circuit was a Truly Spectacular site as was the rest of the field. Well Done Will.
An Awesome Day of Legends Racing showcasing a lot of High Speed Battle's Thought the Field and Some Very Competitive Racing This Year between Drivers. Good Luck in the Championship all And Keep Working Hard to Achieve Greatness this Season.
NASCAR Whelan Euro Series-(Race 2 Result-Pro)
Euro NASCAR-Pro was up Next and after putting on a Thunderous thunderous Display Yesterday in Qualifying it was time to see what Each Driver could do during the Race and who would be brave enough to make those all important overtakes to take the Victory in Euro NASCAR.
In First Place was (Loris Hezemans) in his Ford Mustang -Hendricks Motorsport) with A Lap Time of 50.145 and an Average Speed of 70.29mph. Amazing Speed and a very Tricky Circuit to Race in a Nascar Congratulations Loris on a Stunning Victory.
In Second Place was (Gianmarco Ercoli) in his Chevrolet Camaro-CAAL Racing with a Lap Time of 50.174 and An Average Speed of 70.26mph. Another Very Quick and Fantastic Drive from Gian to Grab Second Place and a Good Example of Fast Paced Car Control. Congratulations Gian.
In Third Place was (Sebastiaan Bleekemolen) in his Ford Mustang-Team Bleekemolen with A Lap Time of 50.519 and an Average Speed of 70.24mph. Fantastic to see all three drivers really going for it and pushing their machinery to it limits as well as seeing them race in such close formation during the Race. Congratulations Sebastiaan a Very well Deserved Third Place.
An Amazing Set of Victories in Euro NASCAR PRO showcasing some of he Best Drivers from Around the world competing for as Victory and the eventual Championship Win. Good Luck Everybody and Keep Racing Hard all Year Long.
Euro NASCAR 2 Series-(Race 2 Result 2)
Euro NASCAR 2 was up next and Some Young Rookies shown Yesterday In Qualifying just What They have in them to be Promoted to NASCAR Pro as well as some new faces joining the Series. After Qualifying Yesterday lets see how the Drivers Did and Who Took the Victory.
In First Place was (Tobias Dauenhauer) in his Ford Mustang-Hendricks Motorsport with A Lap Time Of 50.242 and an Average Speed of 85.46mph. Congratulations Tobias a very well controlled and Fast Race Pace from you to take the Overall Victory.
In Second Place was (Simon Pilate) in his Chevrolet Camero-DF1 Racing with a Lap Time of 50.209 and An Average Speed of 85.12mph. A Very Quick and Capable Drive from Simon showcasing some very quick Car Control at High Speed and keep the Race right up to Tobias in First Showing just how Competitive Driving one of these cars is. Congratulations Simon.
In Third Place was (Advait Deodhar) in his Ford Mustang-CAAL Racing with A Lap Time of 50.328 and an Average Speed of 85.07mph. A Mighty Drive and a Very Strong Mind seen while Watching Advait Race showing his True Potential during the Race and Keeping up well with both Second and First Placed Drivers. Congratulations Advait.
A Super End to the Day of Euro NASCAR Racing and seeing both Pro and Class 2 Races really showed just how Capable thease Cars are. Congratulations to al of the Drivers as well as the Top Three Drivers from Each Class. Good luck In the Remainder of Your Season. And Remember Go Big or Go Home.
Pick Up Truck Championship-(Race 2 Result)
Pick Up Trucks were up next and from Yesterdays High Speed Qualifying it was shaping up to be A Race that would be Fought very Fiercely Between drivers for the Victory. With Light Weight Space Frames and A Lot of Horse Power Under the Bonnet it was time to see who was the Bravest and the Fastest Around the Indy Circuit. Lets See what Happened.
In First Place was (George Turiccki) in his Pickup Truck 2000 with A Lap Time of 52.606 and an Average Speed of 63.76mph. Really Fast From George and Leaving most of the Field in the Dust with his Experience and Driving Skills behind the Wheel of His Pickup Truck. Congratulations George. A Well Deserved Victory.
In Second Place was (Allen Cooper) in his Pickup Truck 2000 with A Lap Time Of 52.808 and an Average Speed of 63.73mph. Allen Keeping very close with the Leader George thought the Race and constantly was putting pressure on him right up to the end. An Awesome Drive from Allen and a very well controlled Pickup out there. Congratulations Allen.
In Third Place was (Reece Jones) in his Pickup Truck 2000 with A Lap Time of 52.784mph and an Average Speed of 52.784mph. Incredible Drive Reece showing a Very Determined Mind and a Focus that could be seen within his Driving Ability. Congratulations Reece.
Pickup Truck Racing Showcasing some of the Best of Speedfest at Brands Hatch with The Top Three in George Allen and Reece being so close together towards the end of the Race. Congratulations to all of the other Drivers who also showed some Fantastic Fighting thought the Field. Keep Working Hard and Good luck in the Rest Of The Season.
Speedfest Silhouettes-(Race 2 Result)
The FINALE To the Weekend had to be the Mighty Fast and Quick action Paced Speedfest Silhouettes showing off some of the fastest Machinery on track with Modified Aero and very Fast Determined Drivers. During a Lightening Fast Qualifying Session Yesterday Let's see who is going to be the one taking home the victory and Tasting that Champagne at the End of The Day.
In First Place was (Ray Harris) in his Ginetta G40R with a Lap Time of 50.721 and an Average Speed of 73.71mph. A Lightening Fast Drive from Ray to take the Victory and that Ginetta was looking very Beautiful out on track indeed. Congratulations Ray.
In Second Place was (Mike Thurley) in his Ginetta G40 with A Lap Time Of 51.086 and an Average Speed of 73.57mph around the Indy Circuit. Very Fast and Right on the Heels of Ray in his much more Powerful R Variant. An Incredible Charge for Victory Mike and a Sterling Drive. Congratulations Mike.
In Third Place was (Ian Hales) in his Vauxhall Tigra with A Lap Time of 51.199 and An Average Speed of 73.45mph. A Super Effort and Drive from Ian and his Skill behind the wheel is what Really Helped put that Car into Third Place A Well Deserved Position. Congratulations Ian.
Super Silhouettes showing some very Determined and Quick Drivers out there and the Incredible Cars that they have built and Race are a true sight to be hold. Congratulations to Ray, Mike and Ian for putting on some superb Driving skills thought the Race as well as to all the other Drivers fighting it out thought the field. Good Luck in the season and Looking forward to seeing who can Take the Championship Crown.
This Brings an End to American Speedfest8 at Brands Hatch for
the 2021 Season. Another Year of Hight Speed High Action and Adrenalin Filled American Racing. Congratulations to all of the Race Winners and Participants in this Years Speedfest and I look forward to Seeing you all do Battle Again Next Year. Until then........GO BIG OR GO HOME.
Your average tofu scramble with onion, garlic, a little curry, but instead of fried potatoes this time, I added spinach, yellow peppers, and English cucumber. Finished with a few squirts of Sriracha sauce. Tasty!
Average annual rainfall 225.5 inches (572.8 cm). Rainiest place in Alaska and second rainiest in North America. Me with the Little Port Walter rain gauge on an exceptionally nice day.
HDR from a series of time-averaged images used to simulate the effect of a long exposure in bright light.
This picture takes the average of about 20 photographs of the same rose, taken in different lighting conditions.
Average annual percentage growth rate of GDP at market prices based on constant local currency. Dollar figures for GDP are converted from domestic currencies using 1995 official exchange rates. GDP is the sum of gross value added by all resident producers in the economy plus any product taxes and minus any subsidies not included in the value of the products.
For any form of publication, please include the link to this page:
This photo has been graciously provided to be used in the GRID-Arendal resources library by: Philippe Rekacewicz, Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal
The average American will have nine operations before the age of 85. Surgery accounts for half of all hospital admissions and over 40 million inpatient operations per year in the United States. These procedures carry an inherent risk—globally, major surgical complication risks range from 3 to 16 percent, and death rates from 0.2 to 10 percent—yet there is remarkably little effort to discover how to reduce surgery’s high rate of complications, ensure access to surgery, reduce unnecessary surgery, or understand how to make its provision more cost-effective.
This is emblematic of a distortion in thinking about where the risks in healthcare are—or how policy can help ensure medicine saves more lives. Pharmaceuticals get the headlines, but are only a fraction of life-saving care. And while federal funding has supported an enormous output of new discoveries, there has been little recognition of the need to ensure these discoveries are effectively put into practice and reach ordinary Americans wherever they seek care. At least half of the major complications that occur in hospital care such as surgery are avoidable with existing knowledge. Recent findings indicate that simple tools like checklists can transform that care to make it safer, more effective, and less expensive.
Through the Center for Surgery and Public Health, Michael Zinner and Atul Gawande are developing strategies for improving the quality and safety of technological care like surgery, enhancing our understanding of how such care is distributed across socioeconomic and racial/ethnic lines, and charting a path toward expanding nationwide access to higher quality care. The Center for American Progress held an engaging presentation and a lively discussion of the policy dimensions of their important work.
Average 3 inches tall diecast figures from Star Wars universe released by Takara Tomy in 2017. Some figures have slight change in minor detail and issued as new addition. I don’t quite like it but that’s the way it is now…
Now there is a group for every lego builder out there, good, bad, new, old, EVERY ONE! Please join my group:
DAY 2 And the FINALE of The American Speedfest Weekend at Brands Hatch showcasing some impressive and High Powered Machinery Ready to do Battle out on Track to see who can become the Victor of each of their Respective Classes. Lets see what Happened and Who was the First to Cross the Finish line to take Victory.
Angelo American Formula 5000's-(Race 2 Results)
With A Very Fast Paced and Quick Qualifying Session Yesterday it was time for the Drivers to head out and take part in their Race to see who could achieve Victory.
In First Place and taking the Victory was (Greg Thornton) in his Chevron B24 with a Best Lap Time of 47.660 and an Average Speed of 88.84mph. An Incredible Victory for A Top Class Driver in Formula 5000 Racing.
In Second Place was (Neil Glover) in his Chevron B37 with a Lap Time of 48.128 and an Average Speed of 87.96mph. Another Class Example of How to Handle to Torque and Power Output of these V8 Monsters.
Finally In Third Place was (Mark Campfield) in his Chevron B24 with A Lap Time of 48.227 and an Average Speed of 86.31mph. Very Fast Paced and A Fantastic Effort By Mark to Stay in Tight Amongst The Leading Two Cars.
A Brilliant Display of Driving and Skill shown by the Angelo American Formula 5000's Drivers and Some Incredible Racing to Watch.
Congratulations to Greg, Neil and Mark for putting on one Hell of a Race and to all the other Drivers Racing as well.
Bernie's Sports and V8's-(Race 3 Results)
Bernie's V8'S Showcasing some of the Best V8 Machinery from the Past 30 Years. During Qualifying a Very Fierce Battle was Taking Place at the Front of the Grid but Lets See Who came out Victorious Amongst the Competitors.
In First Place was (James Plant) in his Austin Healey 106 with A Lap Time of 53.293 with an Average Speed of 79.92mph around the Indy Circuit. A fantastic British Car being Driven Hard for the Victory was a Wonderful site to be hold. An Incredible Drive by James.
In Second Place was (Simon Cripps) in his MGB V8 Roaster with A Lap Time of 53.398 and an Average Speed of 79.97mph. Incredibly Fast and Very Close to James in Terms of Pace. A Super Driver and a very Super Car to go with it.
In Third Place was (Michael Saunders) in his Ford MK1 Escort Mexico with A Lap Time of 53.280 and an Average Speed of 79.67mph. A Mighty Drive by Michael to Achieve that Third Place with some Good Battles taking place thought the Field. A Very Well Done to Michael.
A Brilliant End to The Bernie's V8's at Brands Hatch and some Super Driving from James Simon and Michael with all Three of them Being very Close to One Another Thought the Race. Congratulations on the Victories and a Very Well Done to everyone Else for also Putting on some Fantastic Battles thought the Pack.
Legends Cars Championship-(Race 6 Result)
The Little Pocket Rockets were back again for Another Day of Exciting Racing on the Indy Circuit. With Qualifying Yesterday Showing a very Packed Grid Lets See who Managed to take that All important Victory that Will Decide the Winner.
In First Place was (John Mickel) in his Legend Ford Coupe with A Lap Time of 55.997 and an Average Speed of 76.05mph. A Storming Drive by John showcasing what it Really Means to be a Legends Car Driver with his Incredible Skills and Determination Lap after Lap.
In Second Place was (Miles Rudman) in his Legend 34 Coupe with a Lap Time of 55.82 and an Average Speed of 75.98mph. A String and Very Quick Drive from Miles Keeping Pace with John and making sure he did not get away easily with that Victory. Fantastic Drive.
In Third Place was (Will Gibson) in his Ford Coupe 34 with A Lap time of 55.361 with an Average Speed of 75.97mph. An Awesome Drive from Will to Keep up with both Miles and John and to see his Car flying Around the Circuit was a Truly Spectacular site as was the rest of the field. Well Done Will.
An Awesome Day of Legends Racing showcasing a lot of High Speed Battle's Thought the Field and Some Very Competitive Racing This Year between Drivers. Good Luck in the Championship all And Keep Working Hard to Achieve Greatness this Season.
NASCAR Whelan Euro Series-(Race 2 Result-Pro)
Euro NASCAR-Pro was up Next and after putting on a Thunderous thunderous Display Yesterday in Qualifying it was time to see what Each Driver could do during the Race and who would be brave enough to make those all important overtakes to take the Victory in Euro NASCAR.
In First Place was (Loris Hezemans) in his Ford Mustang -Hendricks Motorsport) with A Lap Time of 50.145 and an Average Speed of 70.29mph. Amazing Speed and a very Tricky Circuit to Race in a Nascar Congratulations Loris on a Stunning Victory.
In Second Place was (Gianmarco Ercoli) in his Chevrolet Camaro-CAAL Racing with a Lap Time of 50.174 and An Average Speed of 70.26mph. Another Very Quick and Fantastic Drive from Gian to Grab Second Place and a Good Example of Fast Paced Car Control. Congratulations Gian.
In Third Place was (Sebastiaan Bleekemolen) in his Ford Mustang-Team Bleekemolen with A Lap Time of 50.519 and an Average Speed of 70.24mph. Fantastic to see all three drivers really going for it and pushing their machinery to it limits as well as seeing them race in such close formation during the Race. Congratulations Sebastiaan a Very well Deserved Third Place.
An Amazing Set of Victories in Euro NASCAR PRO showcasing some of he Best Drivers from Around the world competing for as Victory and the eventual Championship Win. Good Luck Everybody and Keep Racing Hard all Year Long.
Euro NASCAR 2 Series-(Race 2 Result 2)
Euro NASCAR 2 was up next and Some Young Rookies shown Yesterday In Qualifying just What They have in them to be Promoted to NASCAR Pro as well as some new faces joining the Series. After Qualifying Yesterday lets see how the Drivers Did and Who Took the Victory.
In First Place was (Tobias Dauenhauer) in his Ford Mustang-Hendricks Motorsport with A Lap Time Of 50.242 and an Average Speed of 85.46mph. Congratulations Tobias a very well controlled and Fast Race Pace from you to take the Overall Victory.
In Second Place was (Simon Pilate) in his Chevrolet Camero-DF1 Racing with a Lap Time of 50.209 and An Average Speed of 85.12mph. A Very Quick and Capable Drive from Simon showcasing some very quick Car Control at High Speed and keep the Race right up to Tobias in First Showing just how Competitive Driving one of these cars is. Congratulations Simon.
In Third Place was (Advait Deodhar) in his Ford Mustang-CAAL Racing with A Lap Time of 50.328 and an Average Speed of 85.07mph. A Mighty Drive and a Very Strong Mind seen while Watching Advait Race showing his True Potential during the Race and Keeping up well with both Second and First Placed Drivers. Congratulations Advait.
A Super End to the Day of Euro NASCAR Racing and seeing both Pro and Class 2 Races really showed just how Capable thease Cars are. Congratulations to al of the Drivers as well as the Top Three Drivers from Each Class. Good luck In the Remainder of Your Season. And Remember Go Big or Go Home.
Pick Up Truck Championship-(Race 2 Result)
Pick Up Trucks were up next and from Yesterdays High Speed Qualifying it was shaping up to be A Race that would be Fought very Fiercely Between drivers for the Victory. With Light Weight Space Frames and A Lot of Horse Power Under the Bonnet it was time to see who was the Bravest and the Fastest Around the Indy Circuit. Lets See what Happened.
In First Place was (George Turiccki) in his Pickup Truck 2000 with A Lap Time of 52.606 and an Average Speed of 63.76mph. Really Fast From George and Leaving most of the Field in the Dust with his Experience and Driving Skills behind the Wheel of His Pickup Truck. Congratulations George. A Well Deserved Victory.
In Second Place was (Allen Cooper) in his Pickup Truck 2000 with A Lap Time Of 52.808 and an Average Speed of 63.73mph. Allen Keeping very close with the Leader George thought the Race and constantly was putting pressure on him right up to the end. An Awesome Drive from Allen and a very well controlled Pickup out there. Congratulations Allen.
In Third Place was (Reece Jones) in his Pickup Truck 2000 with A Lap Time of 52.784mph and an Average Speed of 52.784mph. Incredible Drive Reece showing a Very Determined Mind and a Focus that could be seen within his Driving Ability. Congratulations Reece.
Pickup Truck Racing Showcasing some of the Best of Speedfest at Brands Hatch with The Top Three in George Allen and Reece being so close together towards the end of the Race. Congratulations to all of the other Drivers who also showed some Fantastic Fighting thought the Field. Keep Working Hard and Good luck in the Rest Of The Season.
Speedfest Silhouettes-(Race 2 Result)
The FINALE To the Weekend had to be the Mighty Fast and Quick action Paced Speedfest Silhouettes showing off some of the fastest Machinery on track with Modified Aero and very Fast Determined Drivers. During a Lightening Fast Qualifying Session Yesterday Let's see who is going to be the one taking home the victory and Tasting that Champagne at the End of The Day.
In First Place was (Ray Harris) in his Ginetta G40R with a Lap Time of 50.721 and an Average Speed of 73.71mph. A Lightening Fast Drive from Ray to take the Victory and that Ginetta was looking very Beautiful out on track indeed. Congratulations Ray.
In Second Place was (Mike Thurley) in his Ginetta G40 with A Lap Time Of 51.086 and an Average Speed of 73.57mph around the Indy Circuit. Very Fast and Right on the Heels of Ray in his much more Powerful R Variant. An Incredible Charge for Victory Mike and a Sterling Drive. Congratulations Mike.
In Third Place was (Ian Hales) in his Vauxhall Tigra with A Lap Time of 51.199 and An Average Speed of 73.45mph. A Super Effort and Drive from Ian and his Skill behind the wheel is what Really Helped put that Car into Third Place A Well Deserved Position. Congratulations Ian.
Super Silhouettes showing some very Determined and Quick Drivers out there and the Incredible Cars that they have built and Race are a true sight to be hold. Congratulations to Ray, Mike and Ian for putting on some superb Driving skills thought the Race as well as to all the other Drivers fighting it out thought the field. Good Luck in the season and Looking forward to seeing who can Take the Championship Crown.
This Brings an End to American Speedfest8 at Brands Hatch for
the 2021 Season. Another Year of Hight Speed High Action and Adrenalin Filled American Racing. Congratulations to all of the Race Winners and Participants in this Years Speedfest and I look forward to Seeing you all do Battle Again Next Year. Until then........GO BIG OR GO HOME.
The Finale to the BARC Club Car Championships Weekender at Brands Hatch and after a Very Thrilling set of both Qualifying Sessions and Races which took place on the Saturday it was Time once again for each Driver to strap in and get ready for some high speed Racing Action thought the Sunday.
In Tribute to the Marshall who was Tragically Killed on the Saturday Some Car and Driver Pairings were Racing with Orange Hearts on their Cars as a Tribute to all of Motorsports Family of Marshalls for who without Racing would not be possible. Thank You!
So Lets get started and see what the days events Haver to Offer and who can Push their Machinery to the Limits and beyond for a Victory.
Britcar Endurance Championship - Trophy Category (Race 1 Results FINAL)
The Britcar Endurance Trophy was the First up and it was time to see who could claim that elusive Pole Position and to see if anyone else could challenge the Top Three Drivers Lets see how things turned out.
In First Place was the Pairing Of (Datum Motorsport's Axel Van Nederveen and Adriano Medeiros) in their Ginetta G55A with a Best Lap Time of 52:193 and an Average Speed of 64.75mph. Congratulations Axel and Adriano a Really Fantastic Drive and A Super Victory.
In Second Place was (SVG's Mark Lee) in his Ginetta G56A with a Best Lap Time of 52.086 and an Average Speed of 64.70mph. Amazing Drive Mark Keeping that Ginetta on the Track and Taking Second Place while Nearly Matching the Speed of Axel and Adriano. Well Done.
In Third Place was (Terry Stephens) in his Peugeot 308 with a Best Lap Time of 53.421 and an Average Speed of 64.50mph. Well Fought Terry a Fantastic Finish in Third Place and Staying Ahead by just over 11 seconds to the Pair of Jasver and Bryan in 4th. Amazing Job.
A Really Enjoyable and Exciting First Race of the Sunday with High Speed Action and Incredible Victories on Track. Congratulations Axel Adriano Mark and Terry. Lets see what Race 2 Brings in terms of the Action.
Britcar Endurance Championship - Trophy Category (Race 2 Results FINAL)
Race 2 For Britcar Next and after a Very Fast and Action Packed First Race Will we see a New Face on the Top Step of the Podium? Lets find out.
In First Place was the Pairing of (Woodrow Motorsport's Simon Baker and Kevin Clarke) in their BMW 1 Series with a Best Lap Time of 51.837 and an Average Speed of 78.22mph. Amazing work Simon and Kevin who have Beaten the Pairing Of (Datum Motorsport's Axel Van Nederveen and Adriano Medeiros) to Victory. An Incredible Drive by Both of them Well Done.
In Second Place was (SVG Mark Lee) in his Ginetta G56A with a Best Lap Time of 52.281 and an Average Speed of 76.89mph. Again a Huge Congratulations to Mark Lee for hanging onto that Second Place Despite Fierce Competition during The Race. Amazing Drive.
In Third Place was (Simon Green Motorsport's Pairing of Jasver Sapra and Brian Branson) in their BMW M3 E46 with a Best Lap Time of 52.718 and an Average Speed of 76.88mph. Congratulations Jasver and Brain Brilliant Drive and well Defended to keep that Third Place in Tact.
Two Incredible Races with Two Very Different Outcomes of Race Winners and Runners Up The Britcar Endurance Trophy is Proving to be Very Competitive this Year.
A Huge Congratulations to Simon Kevin Mark Jasver and Brain for some Amazing Racing and Victories and Good Luck to All Other Drivers. Keep working Hard and Pushing for that All Important Victory.
CTCRC Edmundson Electrical Classic / Historic Thunder Saloons (Race 1 Result FINAL)
Next Up was the CTCRC Electrical and Historic Thunder Saloons and After a Thrilling Qualifying Session Yesterday Lets see what Each Driver has got and who can Push to the Limits for that All Important Victory.
In First Place was (Jason West) in his BMW E46 M3 3200 with a Best Lap Time of 51.907 and an Average Speed of 59.84mph. Congratulations Jason for Another Incredible Drive for First Place and a well Deserved Victory Amongst some Stiff Competition.
In Second Place was (Andrew Wilson) in his Holden Monaro 7000 with a Best Lap Time of 52.418 and an Average Speed of 59.96mph. Well Done Andrew Fantastic Driving and a Super Defensive Drive for Second Place.
In Third Place was (Samuel Wilson) in his Aston Martin V8 Vantage with a Best Lap Time of 52.699 and an Average Speed of 59.50mph. Amazing Work Samuel and a Beautiful Example of the Aston Martin V8 Vantage on Display Showing its Raw Power and Racing Pedigree to Finish in Third Place.
A Fantastic Finish to The Historic and Electrical Thunder Saloons Racing at The Weekend. A Huge Congratulations to Our Top Three Finishers Jason Andrew and Samuel. Fantastic Racing from all Three of you and Good Luck to all other Drivers Keep Tuning and Working Hard and I'm sure Victory Will not be too Far Away from you.
CTCRC JEC Saloon & GT Championship & Burton Power BOSS (Race 2 Results FINAL)
Next Up CTCRC Saloon and GT Championships and with some Fierce Competition on Display during not only Qualifying but also Their First Race on the Saturday Which saw Malcom Harding Storm to an Insane Victory who Will be able to Take him on and Potentially Steal his Crown during the Next Race Today? Lets See.
In First Place was (Malcom Harding) in his Ford Escort MK2 Zakspeed 2500 with a Best Lap Time of 53.888 and an Average Speed of 78.49mph. Another Incredible Victory for Malcom that Highly Modified Zakspeed Escort Really Shows off the Power and Performance of a True Champion and a Fantastic Driver. Congratulations Malcom.
In Second Place was (Steven Goldsmith) in his Ford Anglia 105e 260 with a Best Lap Time of 54.335 and an Average Speed of 78.21mph. Another Storming Drive to Achieve Second Place for Steven. Fantastic Driving and Amazing Car Control through Every Corner. Congratulations Steven.
In Third Place was (Tom Robinson) in his Jaguar XJ6 4000 with a Best Lap Time of 55.481 and an Average Speed of 55.481mph. Congratulations Tom Superb Display of Driving Ability behind the Jag and a Well Deserved Third Place for Him.
Another Incredible Weekend of Racing for the CTCRC Saloon and GT Championships with Some New and Some Old Drivers Stepping onto the Podium. Massive Congratulations to Malcolm Steven and Tom for their First Second And Third Place Finishes. Keep Up the Good Work and Never Stop Trying.
CTCRC Laser Tools Pre 93 & Simply Serviced Pre 03 Touring Cars (Race 1 Results FINAL)
Now Its Time for The Laser Tools Pre 93 and Simply Serviced Pre 03 Touring Cars to make their way back onto The Track for what Looked to be a Spectacular Race. A Whole Range of Different Cars to Race Against and Stiff Competition after Qualifying Proves that This Race will be One not to be Missed. Lets See what Unfolded.
In First Place was (Gary Prebble) in his Honda Civic EG 2000 with a Best Lap Time of 54.100mph and an Average Speed of 78.60mph. Well Done Gary a Really Well Deserved First Place Victory and an Amazing Drive to the Flag.
In Second Place was (David Griffith) in his BMW E36 M3 3058 with a Best Lap Time of 54.558 and an Average of 78.42mph. Incredible Drive their David Pushing that BMW For Everything that it Has got to Achieve Second Place.
In Third Place was (Kam Tunio) in his Honda Civic EK9 1595 with a Best Lap Time of 55.347 and an Average Speed of 77.05mph. Well Driven Kam Super Driving on Display and a Well Deserved Third Place Finish.
Another Amazing Race for The Pre 93 and Pre 03 Touring Cars and a Huge Congratulations to Gary David and Kam for their First Second and Third Place Victories. Keep up the Hard Work and Good Luck to everyone Else wherever your Next Races take you.
CTCRC Poultec Classic Race Engines Pre 66 Touring Cars (Race 1 Results)
Now it was Time for the Fan Favourite to Enter onto the Brands Hatch Circuit with the Pre 66 Touring Cars Championship. With Mini's Lotus Cortina's and Ford Falcons. This was One Race that No One Wanted to Miss. After a Very Fast Paced Qualifying Session on the Saturday Which saw (Alan Greenhalgh) take Pole Position who Will be able to Challenge Him During the Race and Snatch Victory Away from Him.
In First Place was (Alan Greenhalgh) in his Ford Falcon with A Best Lap Time of 58.707 and an Average Speed of 72.63mph. Congratulations Alan A Beautiful Example of the Ford Falcon and Certainly a Very Fast One too. Congratulations on Your Victory.
In Second Place was (Robyn Slater) in his Ford Anglia 1550 with a Best Lap Time of 58.992 and an Average Speed of 72.06mph. Very Good Drive their From Robyn to Secure Second Place in The First Race of the Day for the Pre 66 Touring Cars.
In Third Place was (Barry Sime) in his Morris Mini Cooper S 1293 with a Best Lap Time of 59.116 and an Average Speed of 71.95mph. Fantastic Work their Barry Keeping that Little Rocket on The Track looked to be Very Challenging but A Very Well Deserved Third Place.
What A First Race for The Historic Pre 66 Touring Cars showing The Power and Pride Each Driver takes in Both Racing and Preservation on Their Beloved Racing Machines. Congratulations to Alan Robyn and Barry on their First Second and Third Place Finishes. Lets See what New Challenges Await Them in Race 2 The Final Race of The Day for Them.
CTCRC Poultec Classic Race Engines Pre 66 Touring Cars (Race 2 Results FINAL)
The Epic FINALE To The Pre 66 Touring Cars Race was A Race in Wet Conditions Making it even more Challenging for The Top Three Drivers. Who would Win and be able to Retain if not Take on thease Three Giants of Touring Car Racing in thease Conditions. Lets See How Things Concluded.
In First Place was (Barry Sime) in his Morris Mini Cooper S 1293 with a Best Lap Time of 1:11.482 and an Average Speed of 58.62mph. Amazing Work Barry to take Home a Superb Victory and a Brilliant Bit of Wet Weather Driving in The Mini Well Done.
In Second Place was (John Davies) in his Austin Mini Cooper S 1293 with a Best Lap Time of 1:11.416 and an Average Speed of 58.38mph. Amazing Work John Racing A Mini in thease Conditions is Very Tricky and Yet both You and Barry made it look Easy.
In Third Place was (James Ibbotson) in his Hillman Imp Super 998 with a Best Lap Time of 1:11.518 and an Average Speed of 58.12mph. Well Done James Sliding that Imp around in the Wet for a Magnificent Third Place was Well Deserved.
What A Race to End the Day for the Pre 66 Touring Cars and with So many Old and New Winners Lets Hope we Get to see More Races like This One Thought the Rest of the 2021 Season. A Big Congratulations to Barry John and James on their Respective Victories and Keep Trying Everyone Else The Hard Work will Pay off.
CTCRC Shell Oils Pre 83 Touring Cars (Race 1 FINAL)
Up Next The Pre 83 Touring Cars took to the Track for Their Only Race of The Day and from what We Have Seen Already This Race also looks like its going to be a Very Strong Battle for First Second and Third Place. Lets See who Came First and Took that All Important Victory.
In First Place was (Mark Lucock) in his Ford Escort MK1 RS2000 2040 with a Best Lap Time of 57.687 and an Average Speed of 74.53mph. Amazing work there Mark Pushing All the Power the RS2000 Engine Has and Keeping it on Track to Score an Amazing Victory.
In Second Place was (Stephen Primett) in his Ford Escort MK1 2037 with a Best Lap Time of 57.503 and an Average Speed of 74.52mph. Another Brilliant Drive from the Likes of Stephen Keep the Pace with Mark and Making for some Fierce Competition Thought the Race.
In Third Place was (Mike Luck in his BMW E21 320 1998 with a Best Lap Time of 57.236 and an Average Speed of 74.46mph. Super Driving there Mike to take Third Place and a Very Classic Looking BMW Indeed.
What A Race from the Pre 83 Touring Cars showcasing Speed Power and What a Touring Car was Made to do around a Race Track. A Big Congratulations to Mark Stephen and Mike on their First Second and Third Place Finishes. Keep Racing and Keep Having Fun Out There.
Junior Saloon Car Championship (Race 1 Result FINAL)
The Junior Saloon Car Championship was Up Next and Even Though the Age Range of thease Next Drivers Taking to the Circuit Might Shock you at The Fact that Many of them are as Young as 15 Years of age don't be Fooled Because thease Guys Know how to Race Having been brought up from Carting since the age of 4. They are always a Fan Favourite and After Qualifying on the Saturday its Anyone's Game as to Who Wins and Who Losses in Thease Races.
In First Place was (Ruben Hage) in his Citroen Saxo VTR 1600 with a Best Lap Time of 59.967 and an Average Speed of 65.65mph. Congratulations Ruben What A Drive and an Incredible Run for First Place Fending off the Other On Coming Drivers. Truly a Championship Winning Drive.
In Second Place was (Harvey Caton) in his Citroen Saxo VTR 1600 with a Best Lap Time of 59.629 and an Average Speed of 65.64mph. Very Well Driven there Harvey Staying very Close to Ruben in First Place and Keeping Him on His Toes Thought the Entire Race.
In Third Place was (Charlie Hand) in his Citroen Saxo VTR 1600 with a Lap Time of 1:00.006 and an Average Speed of 65.57mph. Solid Third Place there Charlie Keep Up the Momentum and Never Give Up Chasing Your Dreams.
What a Fantastic Race from the Junior Saloon Car Championship with New Winners on the Podium and Some Close Wheel to Wheel Action Thought the Race Thease Guys will be Fantastic To see in Future Racing Series All Over The World. Congratulations to Ruben Harvey and Charlie for First Second and Third Place and Good Luck to All Other Aspiring Young Drivers Following in the Footsteps of Your Greatest Racing Heroes.
Kumho BMW Championship (Race 1 Results)
Finally it was Time for the Last Two Races of the Day the Kumo BMW Championship. Featuring The Makes and Models of Many BMW'S taking to the Circuit for Race 1. After a Busy Day Qualifying on Saturday Lets See what Each Driver Cando in The Frist of Two Races for their Championship.
In First Place was (Niall Bradley) in his BMW E46 M3 with a Best Lap Time of 50.920 and an Average Speed of 83.60mph. Brilliant Driving There Niall Pushing the Power of the BMW Engine to Max and Putting the Pedal to the Metal the Whole Race. A Superb Victory.
In Second Place was (Michael Vitulli) in his BMW E36 M3 3200 with a Best Lap Time of 51.158 and an Average Speed of 83.45mph. Another Incredible Driver Pushing Hard and Taking Second Place. Well Done Michael.
In Third Place was (James Card) in his BMW E46 M3 3200 with a Best Lap Time of 51.154 and an Average Speed of 83.42mph. Very Well Done their James Keep Pushing.
Three Fantastic Drivers in Niall Michael and James all Fighting for that Victory and Showing The Racer Inside each and Everyone of them. Lets see what Their Final Race of the Day Brings Them.
Kumho BMW Championship (Race 2 Results FINAL)
In First Place was (Niall Bradley) in his BMW E46 M3 with a Best Lap Time of 53.581 and an Average Speed of 77.79mph. Another Well Deserved First Place Finish to Round of The Days Racing. Congratulations Niall Go and Celebrate with The Team In Style.
In Second Place was (Darren Morgan Owen) in his BMW E46 M3 3200 with a Best Lap Time of 53.200 and an Average Speed of 77.43mph. Super Drive There Darren for Second Place and a New Winner onto The Podium.
In Third Place was (Brad Sheean) in his BMW E46 M3 3200 with a Best Lap Time of 53.227 and an Average Speed of 77.13mph. Fantastic Drive there Brad and Some Incredible Car Control thought the Entire Race to Finish Third.
And That Concludes Racing for the Kumho BMW Championship with 4 Different Winners Across two Races and A lot of Really Fast Action you could not Have Asked for a better Finish to The End of The Days Racing. Massive Congratulations to Niall Darren and Brad and Good Luck to all Other Competing Drivers who are still Looking for that almighty Victory.
That Concludes Racing for The BARC Club Car Championships Weekend A Big Congratulations to All of the Drivers of Every Team and a Huge Thank You to Marshalls Far and Wide as Without Your Support Events like This and Champion Drivers May Never Get to Achieve Their Dreams.
See You All At The Next One!
Durham University (legally the University of Durham) is a collegiate public research university in Durham, England, founded by an Act of Parliament in 1832 and incorporated by royal charter in 1837. It was the first recognised university to open in England for more than 600 years, after Oxford and Cambridge, and is thus the third-oldest university in England. As a collegiate university, its main functions are divided between the academic departments of the university and its 17 colleges. In general, the departments perform research and provide teaching to students, while the colleges are responsible for their domestic arrangements and welfare.
The university is a member of the Russell Group of British research universities and is also affiliated with the regional N8 Research Partnership and international university groups including the Matariki Network of Universities and the Coimbra Group. The university estate includes 83 listed buildings, ranging from the 11th-century Durham Castle to the 1960s brutalist students' union. The university also owns and manages the Durham World Heritage Site in partnership with Durham Cathedral. The university's ownership of the world heritage site includes Durham Castle, Palace Green and the surrounding buildings including the historic Cosin's Library.
Current and emeritus academics as of 2018 included 15 Fellows of the Royal Society, 18 Fellows of the British Academy, 16 Fellows of the Academy of Social Sciences, 5 Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 3 Fellows of the Royal Society of Arts, 2 Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering and 2 Fellows of the Academy of Medical Sciences. Durham graduates have long used the Latin post-nominal letters Dunelm after their degree, from Dunelmensis (of, belonging to, or from Durham).
Among British universities, it had the tenth highest average UCAS Tariff for new entrants in 2021 and the third lowest proportion of state-school educated students starting courses in 2016, at 62.9 per cent (fifth lowest compared to its benchmark.
The history of Durham University spans over 190 years since it was founded by Act of Parliament. King William IV granted royal assent to the Act on 4 July 1832, and granted the university a royal charter on 1 June 1837, incorporating it and confirming its constitution. The university awarded its first degrees on 8 June 1837. It describes itself as the third-oldest university in England (a claim also made by UCL and the University of London) and is listed by the European University Association as one of Europe's oldest hundred universities in continuous operation.
From 1870, the university was divided between Durham and Newcastle upon Tyne, with a fully federal arrangement from 1910 which lasted until 1963 when the Newcastle division separated to become the University of Newcastle upon Tyne. From 1992, the university once again divided with a new campus in Stockton-upon-Tees, until 2017 when the university unified academic activities in Durham.
Durham University owns (as of 2006) a 227.8-hectare (563 acres) estate[3] which includes a UNESCO World Heritage Site,[4] one ancient monument (the Maiden Castle earthworks),[3] five grade-one listed buildings and 68 Grade II listed buildings[3] along with 44.9 ha (111 acres) of woodland.
Durham is a cathedral city and civil parish in the county of Durham, England. It is the county town and contains the headquarters of Durham County Council, the unitary authority which governs the district of County Durham. It had a population of 48,069 at the 2011 Census.
The city was built on a meander of the River Wear, which surrounds the centre on three sides and creates a narrow neck on the fourth. The surrounding land is hilly, except along the Wear's floodplain to the north and southeast.
Durham was founded in 995 by Anglo-Saxon monks seeking a place safe from Viking raids to house the relics of St Cuthbert. The church the monks built lasted only a century, as it was replaced by the present Durham Cathedral after the Norman Conquest; together with Durham Castle it is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. From the 1070s until 1836 the city was part of the County Palatine of Durham, a semi-independent jurisdiction ruled by the prince bishops of Durham which acted as a geopolitical buffer between the kingdoms of England and Scotland. In 1346, the Battle of Neville's Cross was fought half a mile west of the city, resulting in an English victory. In 1650, the cathedral was used to house Scottish prisoners after their defeat at the Battle of Dunbar. During the Industrial Revolution, the Durham coalfield was heavily exploited, with dozens of collieries operating around the city and in nearby villages. Although these coal pits have now closed, the annual Durham Miners' Gala continues and is a major event for the city and region. Historically, Durham was also known for the manufacture of hosiery, carpets, and mustard.
The city is the home of Durham University, which was founded in 1832 and therefore has a claim to be the third-oldest university in England. The university is a significant employer in the region, alongside the local council and national government at the land registry and passport office. The University Hospital of North Durham and HM Prison Durham are also located close to the city centre. The city also has significant tourism and hospitality sectors.
Toponymy
The name "Durham" comes from the Brythonic element dun, signifying a hill fort and related to -ton, and the Old Norse holme, which translates to island. The Lord Bishop of Durham takes a Latin variation of the city's name in his official signature, which is signed "N. Dunelm". Some attribute the city's name to the legend of the Dun Cow and the milkmaid who in legend guided the monks of Lindisfarne carrying the body of Saint Cuthbert to the site of the present city in 995 AD. Dun Cow Lane is said to be one of the first streets in Durham, being directly to the east of Durham Cathedral and taking its name from a depiction of the city's founding etched in masonry on the south side of the cathedral. The city has been known by a number of names throughout history. The original Nordic Dun Holm was changed to Duresme by the Normans and was known in Latin as Dunelm. The modern form Durham came into use later in the city's history. The north-eastern historian Robert Surtees chronicled the name changes in his History and Antiquities of the County Palatine of Durham but states that it is an "impossibility" to tell when the city's modern name came into being.
Durham is likely to be Gaer Weir in Armes Prydein, derived from Brittonic cajr meaning "an enclosed, defensible site" (cf. Carlisle; Welsh caer) and the river-name Wear.
History
Early history
Archeological evidence suggests a history of settlement in the area since roughly 2000 BC. The present city can clearly be traced back to AD 995, when a group of monks from Lindisfarne chose the strategic high peninsula as a place to settle with the body of Saint Cuthbert, that had previously lain in Chester-le-Street, founding a church there.
City origins, the Dun Cow story
Local legend states that the city was founded in A.D. 995 by divine intervention. The 12th-century chronicler Symeon of Durham recounts that after wandering in the north, Saint Cuthbert's bier miraculously came to a halt at the hill of Warden Law and, despite the effort of the congregation, would not move. Aldhun, Bishop of Chester-le-Street and leader of the order, decreed a holy fast of three days, accompanied by prayers to the saint. During the fast, Saint Cuthbert appeared to a certain monk named Eadmer, with instructions that the coffin should be taken to Dun Holm. After Eadmer's revelation, Aldhun found that he was able to move the bier, but did not know where Dun Holm was.
The legend of the Dun Cow, which is first documented in The Rites of Durham, an anonymous account about Durham Cathedral, published in 1593, builds on Symeon's account. According to this legend, by chance later that day, the monks came across a milkmaid at Mount Joy (southeast of present-day Durham). She stated that she was seeking her lost dun cow, which she had last seen at Dun Holm. The monks, realising that this was a sign from the saint, followed her. They settled at a wooded "hill-island" – a high wooded rock surrounded on three sides by the River Wear. There they erected a shelter for the relics, on the spot where Durham Cathedral would later stand. Symeon states that a modest wooden building erected there shortly thereafter was the first building in the city. Bishop Aldhun subsequently had a stone church built, which was dedicated in September 998. This no longer remains, having been supplanted by the Norman structure.
The legend is interpreted by a Victorian relief stone carving on the north face of the cathedral and, more recently, by the bronze sculpture 'Durham Cow' (1997, Andrew Burton), which reclines by the River Wear in view of the cathedral.
Medieval era
During the medieval period the city gained spiritual prominence as the final resting place of Saint Cuthbert and Saint Bede the Venerable. The shrine of Saint Cuthbert, situated behind the High Altar of Durham Cathedral, was the most important religious site in England until the martyrdom of St Thomas Becket at Canterbury in 1170.
Saint Cuthbert became famous for two reasons. Firstly, the miraculous healing powers he had displayed in life continued after his death, with many stories of those visiting the saint's shrine being cured of all manner of diseases. This led to him being known as the "wonder worker of England". Secondly, after the first translation of his relics in 698 AD, his body was found to be incorruptible. Apart from a brief translation back to Holy Island during the Norman Invasion the saint's relics have remained enshrined to the present day. Saint Bede's bones are also entombed in the cathedral, and these also drew medieval pilgrims to the city.
Durham's geographical position has always given it an important place in the defence of England against the Scots. The city played an important part in the defence of the north, and Durham Castle is the only Norman castle keep never to have suffered a breach. In 1314, the Bishopric of Durham paid the Scots a 'large sum of money' not to burn Durham. The Battle of Neville's Cross took place around half a mile west of the city on 17 October 1346 between the English and Scots and was a disastrous loss for the Scots.
The city suffered from plague outbreaks in 1544, 1589 and 1598.
Bishops of Durham
Owing to the divine providence evidenced in the city's legendary founding, the Bishop of Durham has always enjoyed the formal title "Bishop by Divine Providence" as opposed to other bishops, who are "Bishop by Divine Permission". However, as the north-east of England lay so far from Westminster, the bishops of Durham enjoyed extraordinary powers such as the ability to hold their own parliament, raise their own armies, appoint their own sheriffs and Justices, administer their own laws, levy taxes and customs duties, create fairs and markets, issue charters, salvage shipwrecks, collect revenue from mines, administer the forests and mint their own coins. So far-reaching were the bishop's powers that the steward of Bishop Antony Bek commented in 1299 AD: "There are two kings in England, namely the Lord King of England, wearing a crown in sign of his regality and the Lord Bishop of Durham wearing a mitre in place of a crown, in sign of his regality in the diocese of Durham". All this activity was administered from the castle and buildings surrounding the Palace Green. Many of the original buildings associated with these functions of the county palatine survive on the peninsula that constitutes the ancient city.
From 1071 to 1836 the bishops of Durham ruled the county palatine of Durham. Although the term "prince bishop" has been used as a helpful tool in the understanding the functions of the bishops of Durham in this era, it is not a title they would have recognised. The last bishop to rule the palatinate, Bishop William Van Mildert, is credited with the foundation of Durham University in 1832. Henry VIII curtailed some of the bishop's powers and, in 1538, ordered the destruction of the shrine of Saint Cuthbert.
A UNESCO site describes the role of the bishops in the "buffer state between England and Scotland":
From 1075, the Bishop of Durham became a Prince-Bishop, with the right to raise an army, mint his own coins, and levy taxes. As long as he remained loyal to the king of England, he could govern as a virtually autonomous ruler, reaping the revenue from his territory, but also remaining mindful of his role of protecting England’s northern frontier.
Legal system
The bishops had their own court system, including most notably the Court of Chancery of the County Palatine of Durham and Sadberge. The county also had its own attorney general, whose authority to bring an indictment for criminal matters was tested by central government in the case of R v Mary Ann Cotton (1873). Certain courts and judicial posts for the county were abolished by the Supreme Court of Judicature Act 1873. Section 2 of the Durham (County Palatine) Act 1836 and section 41 of the Courts Act 1971 abolished others.
Civil War and Cromwell (1640 to 1660)
The city remained loyal to King Charles I in the English Civil War – from 1642 to the execution of the king in 1649. Charles I came to Durham three times during his reign of 1625–1649. Firstly, he came in 1633 to the cathedral for a majestic service in which he was entertained by the Chapter and Bishop at great expense. He returned during preparations for the First Bishops' War (1639). His final visit to the city came towards the end of the civil war; he escaped from the city as Oliver Cromwell's forces got closer. Local legend stated that he escaped down the Bailey and through Old Elvet. Another local legend has it that Cromwell stayed in a room in the present Royal County Hotel on Old Elvet during the civil war. The room is reputed to be haunted by his ghost. Durham suffered greatly during the civil war (1642–1651) and Commonwealth (1649–1660). This was not due to direct assault by Cromwell or his allies, but to the abolition of the Church of England and the closure of religious institutions pertaining to it. The city has always relied upon the Dean and Chapter and cathedral as an economic force.
The castle suffered considerable damage and dilapidation during the Commonwealth due to the abolition of the office of bishop (whose residence it was). Cromwell confiscated the castle and sold it to the Lord Mayor of London shortly after taking it from the bishop. A similar fate befell the cathedral, it being closed in 1650 and used to incarcerate 3,000 Scottish prisoners, who were marched south after the Battle of Dunbar. Graffiti left by them can still be seen today etched into the interior stone.
At the Restoration in 1660, John Cosin (a former canon) was appointed bishop (in office: 1660–1672) and set about a major restoration project. This included the commissioning of the famous elaborate woodwork in the cathedral choir, the font cover and the Black Staircase in the castle. Bishop Cosin's successor Bishop Lord Nathaniel Crewe (in office: 1674–1721) carried out other renovations both to the city and to the cathedral.
18th century
In the 18th century a plan to turn Durham into a seaport through the digging of a canal north to join the River Team, a tributary of the River Tyne near Gateshead, was proposed by John Smeaton. Nothing came of the plan, but the statue of Neptune in the Market Place was a constant reminder of Durham's maritime possibilities.
The thought of ships docking at the Sands or Millburngate remained fresh in the minds of Durham merchants. In 1758, a new proposal hoped to make the Wear navigable from Durham to Sunderland by altering the river's course, but the increasing size of ships made this impractical. Moreover, Sunderland had grown as the north east's main port and centre for shipping.
In 1787 Durham infirmary was founded.
The 18th century also saw the rise of the trade-union movement in the city.
19th century
The Municipal Corporations Act 1835 gave governing power of the town to an elected body. All other aspects of the Bishop's temporal powers were abolished by the Durham (County Palatine) Act 1836 and returned to the Crown.
The Representation of the People Act 2000 and is regarded as the second most senior bishop and fourth most senior clergyman in the Church of England. The Court of Claims of 1953 granted the traditional right of the bishop to accompany the sovereign at the coronation, reflecting his seniority.
The first census, conducted in 1801, states that Durham City had a population of 7,100. The Industrial Revolution mostly passed the city by. However, the city was well known for carpet making and weaving. Although most of the mediaeval weavers who thrived in the city had left by the 19th century, the city was the home of Hugh MacKay Carpets’ factory, which produced the famous brands of axminster and tufted carpets until the factory went into administration in April 2005. Other important industries were the manufacture of mustard and coal extraction.
The Industrial Revolution also placed the city at the heart of the coalfields, the county's main industry until the 1970s. Practically every village around the city had a coal mine and, although these have since disappeared as part of the regional decline in heavy industry, the traditions, heritage and community spirit are still evident.
The 19th century also saw the founding of Durham University thanks to the benevolence of Bishop William Van Mildert and the Chapter in 1832. Durham Castle became the first college (University College, Durham) and the bishop moved to Auckland Castle as his only residence in the county. Bishop Hatfield's Hall (later Hatfield College, Durham) was added in 1846 specifically for the sons of poorer families, the Principal inaugurating a system new to English university life of advance fees to cover accommodation and communal dining.
The first Durham Miners' Gala was attended by 5,000 miners in 1871 in Wharton Park, and remains the largest socialist trade union event in the world.
20th century
Early in the 20th century coal became depleted, with a particularly important seam worked out in 1927, and in the following Great Depression Durham was among those towns that suffered exceptionally severe hardship. However, the university expanded greatly. St John's College and St Cuthbert's Society were founded on the Bailey, completing the series of colleges in that area of the city. From the early 1950s to early 1970s the university expanded to the south of the city centre. Trevelyan, Van Mildert, Collingwood, and Grey colleges were established, and new buildings for St Aidan's and St Mary's colleges for women, formerly housed on the Bailey, were created. The final 20th century collegiate addition came from the merger of the independent nineteenth-century colleges of the Venerable Bede and St Hild, which joined the university in 1979 as the College of St Hild and St Bede. The 1960s and 70s also saw building on New Elvet. Dunelm House for the use of the students' union was built first, followed by Elvet Riverside, containing lecture theatres and staff offices. To the southeast of the city centre sports facilities were built at Maiden Castle, adjacent to the Iron Age fort of the same name, and the Mountjoy site was developed, starting in 1924, eventually containing the university library, administrative buildings, and facilities for the Faculty of Science.
Durham was not bombed during World War II, though one raid on the night of 30 May 1942 did give rise to the local legend of 'St Cuthbert's Mist'. This states that the Luftwaffe attempted to target Durham, but was thwarted when Cuthbert created a mist that covered both the castle and cathedral, sparing them from bombing. The exact events of the night are disputed by contemporary eyewitnesses. The event continues to be referenced within the city, including inspiring the artwork 'Fogscape #03238' at Durham Lumiere 2015.
'Durham Castle and Cathedral' was named a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1986. Among the reasons given for the decision were 'Durham Cathedral [being] the largest and most perfect monument of "Norman" style architecture in England', and the cathedral's vaulting being an early and experimental model of the gothic style. Other important UNESCO sites near Durham include Auckland Castle, North of England Lead Mining Museum and Beamish Museum.
Historical
The historic city centre of Durham has changed little over 200 years. It is made up of the peninsula containing the cathedral, palace green, former administrative buildings for the palatine and Durham Castle. This was a strategic defensive decision by the city's founders and gives the cathedral a striking position. So much so that Symeon of Durham stated:
To see Durham is to see the English Sion and by doing so one may save oneself a trip to Jerusalem.
Sir Walter Scott was so inspired by the view of the cathedral from South Street that he wrote "Harold the Dauntless", a poem about Saxons and Vikings set in County Durham and published on 30 January 1817. The following lines from the poem are carved into a stone tablet on Prebends Bridge:
Grey towers of Durham
Yet well I love thy mixed and massive piles
Half church of God, half castle 'gainst the Scot
And long to roam those venerable aisles
With records stored of deeds long since forgot.
The old commercial section of the city encompasses the peninsula on three sides, following the River Wear. The peninsula was historically surrounded by the castle wall extending from the castle keep and broken by two gatehouses to the north and west of the enclosure. After extensive remodelling and "much beautification" by the Victorians the walls were removed with the exception of the gatehouse which is still standing on the Bailey.
The medieval city was made up of the cathedral, castle and administrative buildings on the peninsula. The outlying areas were known as the townships and owned by the bishop, the most famous of these being Gilesgate (which still contains the mediaeval St Giles Church), Claypath and Elvet.
The outlying commercial section of the city, especially around the North Road area, saw much change in the 1960s during a redevelopment spearheaded by Durham City Council; however, much of the original mediaeval street plan remains intact in the area close to the cathedral and market place. Most of the mediaeval buildings in the commercial area of the city have disappeared apart from the House of Correction and the Chapel of Saint Andrew, both under Elvet Bridge. Georgian buildings can still be found on the Bailey and Old Elvet most of which make up the colleges of Durham University.
Average 3 inches tall diecast figures from Star Wars ROTJ Luke, ANH R5-D4, Rogue One K-2SO and two ANH Jawa figures. Great size and hefty weight for fast growing collection taking up only small space!
CN M397 heads through Durand, MI slow with 612 axles. This is one of the few times that I have not seen M397 work Durand Yard.
- 13 African countries consume more bovine meat than the world average.
- 19 African countries consume more sheep and goat meat than the world average.
- 13 African countries consume more milk than the world average.
13 African countries are consuming more meat than the global average
Burlington. Burlington is the largest city in Vermont with 200,000 people in the metropolitan area. During the 1812-14 War the British shelled Burlington. It is a cold area and the January average temperate is -8 ° C! Snow fall is heavy because of Lake Champlain. The largest employers in the city are the University of Vermont and the city hospital. There is little manufacturing but one old company produces ovens for restaurants. Tourism is of major importance. The city library was endowed and set up by Andrew Carnegie.
Lake Champlain. During the War of Independence the corridor up from New York State and the Hudson River and the area around Lake Champlain up to the Canadian border was the site of a number of major battles including the decisive battles (in favour of the Americans) at Saratoga and Bennington. More troops were probably stationed in Vermont than any other area during the Revolutionary War. Vermont is the second smallest state in the US and has a low population of just over 600,000 people. The state capital is Montpelier with just 7,000 people. As a state its great claims to fame are that it was the first state to abolish slavery, it is the major producer of maple syrup in the US and it was created during the Revolution. It was admitted as the 14th state to the Union in 1791 just after the Union’s formation in 1789. Vermont was not one of the original 13 rebelling colonies as it did not exist in 1776. Its name was taken from the French ‘vert mont’ referring to the Green Mountains which form the backbone mountains of the state. Its eastern border is Lake Champlain and to the north is the Quebec province of Canada. The largest city is Burlington which has around 60,000 people. Dairying is the major agricultural industry. Much of the state is still covered in temperate deciduous forests which is why we have visited it. Lake Champlain which is 125 miles (200 kms) long, has 500 miles of coastline and around 80 islands. It drains northwards to Quebec and Montreal is just 73 miles or 118 kms from the city of Burlington as the crow flies, or 94 miles or 150 kms by road. .