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Paul Bulcke visits a school close to our new plant in Karnataka, India. Nestlé works with local government in the region to provide clean drinking water and sanitation facilities to village schools
Use of Unique Dependability in Data Values t.co/Nm9LYXSQCV #acn (via Twitter twitter.com/AgenciaCN/status/800403423883591681)
Collection: Willard Dickerman Straight and Early U.S.-Korea Diplomatic Relations, Cornell University Library
Title: [Gathering on city walls]
Date: ca. 1904
Place: Asia: South Korea
Type: Photographs
Description: The scene probably shows people waiting for the procession of Min Yong-hwan's funeral, sitting near one of the gates, either 'Namdaemun' (Sounth Gate) or 'Tongdaemun' (East Gate).
Inscription/Marks: No inscription.
Identifier: 1260.60.09.44.03
Persistent URI: http://hdl.handle.net/1813.001/5xng
There are no known U.S. copyright restrictions on this image. The digital file is owned by the Cornell University Library which is making it freely available with the request that, when possible, the Library be credited as its source.
We had some help with the geocoding from Web Services by Yahoo!
Yesterday, I have attended the L'Etoile's cooking class featuring a Valentine's Dinner. It is alsmost undisputed that the L'Etoile Restaurant is the first and finest place for dining in Madison - and the most expensive one. Even though dinners are pricy (starters start at $9, entrees are $28 and above) it is worth saving some bucks for a special occasion. The L'Etoile cooks with the seasons and tries to use regionally grown ingredients exclusively , and: the food is kept simple, as is the life in Madison itself. If you want to know how beef really tastes or salmon or just spinach - this is the place. Since guests have become more and more interested in "how" the magic happens, Chef Tory Miller offers a "Cooking Class" where he prepares and also explains always changing menus. You don't need to bring an apron, because (like often in class) the approx. 15 guests just sit, listen and above all enjoy. Recipies are certainly provided, and there is also the chance to ask questions. Yesterday's menu was:
Oysters Prepared Three Ways (pure, fried and Rockefeller) – Rack of Lamb with Chèvre and Beet Risotto – Dark Chocolate Cake with Vanilla Ice Cream and Warm Chocolate Sauce.
When I saw Tory preparing the food, I was suddenly happy not to be in charge of anything but emptying my plate and my glass of wine (you'll get an immediate refill). For $85 you (i.e. I) can mess up a lot. So, everything was great, as great as it can be, and it seemed that all of us had 3 hours of fun. This is certainly not the occasion where you learn basic cooking techniques. We didn't even get a recipy for the prepartion of the lamb. It seems to be expected that you know how to sear and finish the meat. It is quite obvious that you could spend the money in the restaurant and would get a better value. However, seeing one of the best chefs in town do "real cooking" - as he put it - is something that made this night special.
yes...you may notice I am missing 4 squares. That is because it's a bit bigger than I had originally planned, and so the 'spares' have been used up.
Very Old machine it is one of the effects of the English colonization of Egypt
Are currently in one of the old houses whos owned by one of the very poor Egyptians in a very very poor area.
The most IMPORTANT ISSUE is that no one knows its there and no one knows the value of this ...ARCHEOLOGICAL...MACHINE...
...UNTIL NOW !!!
...IMAGINE THAT ...?!?!?!
Farmer Anton Roets measures irrigation at Goue Akker Farm, which supplies milk to the Nestlé factory in Mossel Bay, South Africa.
A World Economic Forum‑Water Resources Group meeting in Mongolia, co‑hosted by the Office of the President of Mongolia and the Water Resources Group in June 2011
Stylish Mens Dress Shoes - Mr Angel Shoes, stylish shoes for men. See full range at bit.ly/1ehVIwL Our shoe designers and craftsmen are highly trained and experienced. We use only the latest proven materials for style, comfort and longevity when designing and constructing our Men's Leather Dress Shoes. Mens shoes from Mr Angel Shoes will last the distance and deliver excellent value for money. Men's Shoes Kick Off Summer Fashion with Comfortable Men's Shoes Fashionable men always wear the correct men's shoes that are a perfect match to a gentleman's outfit. Few things look stranger, or less fashionable, than improper footwear. We have all seen the gentleman on vacation in winter to a warmer climate; he is wearing a Jack Nicklaus Golf Shirt and sharp Dockers cargo shorts. That he is not in his element, is revealed by black dress socks and Johnston & Murphy brogues. While the brogues are ideal with a suit, they are a misfit with shorts. The better choice: sockless with Sperry Topsider boat shoes or short socks with a comfortable sneaker from Nike. Men's shoes by Kevin Cole or Clark's best identify summer casual wear. Slip ons, commonly called loafers are ideal for wearing with Khaki's and out shirts - comfort clothing in warm weather. Both Kevin Cole and Clarks make men's shoes that men wear with or without socks. They always give off a vibe of good taste and comfort. The walk to the beach from the beach house requires the well-dressed man to have a comfortable and sturdy pair of sandals. Flip flops are for kids. A male who wishes to make a good impression opts for leather sandals that stay on the foot by more than toe separator. Sandal makers such as Calvin Klein, Teva, Timberland, and Dockers are just a few that quickly come to mind. One of the latest trends in men's shoes is driving shoes. Driving shoes are comfortable with soft leather uppers and soles that are rubberized cross pieces that run from the heel to the toe box. Designers known for driving shoes include Cole Haan, Salvatore Ferragamo, Billy Reid, and Prada Driving Shoe (Men) which are only available at Nordstrom. Things to Avoid If you want your shoe to appear to be leather, buy leather shoes. Man-made composite shoe uppers do not last well in summer weather and they are uncomfortable, as they do not allow foot sweat to evaporate. However, athletic shoes may be excused from this rule as the engineered materials used in them are designed for comfort. Some boat shoes may be made of canvass - this too is acceptable. Summer is a time of comfort; try to avoid lace up shoes. Unless you plan to ride a motorcycle or a horse, avoid boots. There is no place for house slippers as part of your public wardrobe. Tips for Stylish Men's Shoes Good men's shoes can be expensive. But, classic shoes of any style never lose their appeal. Men who are just starting out and developing a wardrobe including shoes should buy as many luxurious shoes as they can comfortably afford. Keeping these shoe investments well maintained and polished will extend their lives by many years. Buy less expensive stylish shoes that you can get one or two seasons of wear from for the styles, you did not first buy. As they need replacement, your wallet will not take as big a hit. Shoes are a necessity, they are an accessory, they must be comfortable and look good. Whether you dress preppy, casual or more formal, your shoes attest to your fashion sense. MyReviewsNow.net offers information regarding men's shoes. For more on comfortable shoes, please visit us at MyReviewsNow.net. Article Source: bit.ly/12J6aaq Article Source: bit.ly/1aL4yiD
Data Value Hub
“How can Artificial Intelligence enable growth for SMEs”? Looking forward to hearing presentation on this topic for local SME's. datavaluehub.com/about-us/
7 November 2021, Kigoma, Tanzania - A boy pulls over a fishing boat in a landing site at the shore of the Lake Tanganyika in Kigoma, Tanzania.
Lake Tanganyika is the world’s second largest lake by volume with borders in Tanzania, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Burundi and Zambia. Millions of people rely on the rich aquatic biodiversity reserves for food and income.
Yet, post-harvest losses caused by poor handling and processing techniques, as well as the impacts of climate change and poor fishing methods are threatening the future of fishing on the lake. Illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing is a further cause of declining yields.
In Tanzania, FISH4ACP aims to strengthen and safeguard the sardine, sprat and perch value chains in Lake Tanganyika by investing in inclusive growth to bolster food security for future generations, reduce poverty and contribute to the conservation of natural resources.
FISH4CP is an initiative of the African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States (OACPS) implemented by FAO with funding from the European Union (EU) and the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Cooperation and Development (BMZ).
More on FISH4ACP Tanzania: www.fao.org/in-action/fish-4-acp/where-we-work/africa/tan...
Project: GCP /GLO/028/EC
Photo: ©FAO/Luis Tato
In the news this week it was revealed that some supermarkets were selling the new Harry Potter for less than the wholesale price. So much so that some independant booksellers will be buying them from Tesco to sell in their shops.
They are going to rather disappointed when they see the new cover.
The Škoda Rapid Convertible
(cabriolet) was remarkable value for money when sold in the UK in the Mid-1980s. Converted for Škoda (UK) from standard cars by Ludgate Designs in Kent, the (now rare) convertible was considerably cheaper than other new soft-topped cars on the market. It was a good drive, too. Autocar described the car as "the poor man's Porsche", and they are now sought after vehicles. This - probably the best one surviving - was taking part in this years SALT Rally, and was snapped at the Three Swans Hotel, Market Harborough.
The SALT Rally 2012 (SALT SIX) was held around Market Harborough. The SALT Rallies are for vehicles built in the Cold War period, and the events tour Cold-War related venues. Most of the participating vehicles come from the Soviet Bloc, but there is no political element, implied or actual in the SALT ethos.
Visit the Communist Classic Cars Panorama!
Camera: Nikon F5
Lens: Nikkor 28-80mm zoom
Film: Kodak Ektar 100
Your vote has value to the Koch Brothers
Would billionaires spend millions to
influence your vote if it had no value?
Charles de Ganahl Koch and David Hamilton Koch are the notorious Koch Bothers. The brothers own Koch Industries and are major benefactors for organizations and candidates involved in pushing radical Republican policies. The Koch Brothers use their immense wealth to cast a shadow on American government at all levels and form it to their own design.
The room is adapted from a Creative Commons licensed photo from Bruce Tuten's Flickr photostream. Jet image source in the Citizen's United money globe is from Nasa. All other elements are original photos and Photoshop paintings.
VIP 尊貴客戶鑑賞 7 件藝術品
Seven valuable works of art for VIP valued customers to appreciate
Youtube:
2022 年 3 月份全球觀眾： 1,373 總觀看次數及1,588 總觀看時間 (分鐘)
Youtube:
Global audience in March 2022: 1,373 total views and 1,588 total watch time (minutes)
youtube.com/shorts/5gn_UiOEH6I?feature=share
Uploaded on April 12, 2022, the number of visitors on the first two days of upload was 127.
2022 年 4 月 12 日上傳，上傳首二日訪問人數為 127 人。
Facebook 臉書：
擁有 48,000 名全球會員的臉書公共社群網站 'Fine Art to sell'：
Facebook:
Facebook Public Group 'Fine Art to sell' that has 48,000 global members:
www.facebook.com/groups/fine.art.to.sell/permalink/317271...
m.facebook.com/groups/fine.art.to.sell/permalink/31678471...
www.facebook.com/groups/fine.art.to.sell/permalink/316883...
Flickr:
flickr.com/photos/myfatedata/51998680392/in/dateposted-pu...
Uploaded on April 12, 2022, the number of visitors on the first day of upload was 96.
2022 年 4 月 12 日上傳，上傳首日訪問人數為 96 人。
(1) 價格：新台幣八億八千萬元。
極為罕見稀少的外太空外星隕石鑽石 (一面形似人類腳底、一面形似人類腳背、它形似人類腳掌形狀)。
Youtube:
2022 年 3 月份全球觀眾： 1,373 總觀看次數及1,588 總觀看時間 (分鐘)
Facebook 臉書：
擁有 48,000 名全球會員的臉書公共社群網站 'Fine Art to sell'：
www.facebook.com/groups/fine.art.to.sell/permalink/316826...
重量：2,091 公克
國際上「隕石鑽石」價格為每顆至少新台幣7.5億元以上 (美金2,500萬元以上，請參閱「隕石鑽石 - 百度百科 baike.baidu.hk/item/%E9%9A%95%E7%9F%B3%E9%91%BD%E7%9F%B3/... 」)
全球目前「隕石鑽石」只發現三顆，一顆在中華人民共和國、二在美利堅合眾國、三「似乎也是最大一顆」則在中華民國的台灣。
「天然宇宙神韻」形狀
來自宇宙的天然迷人和令人驚嘆的藝術作品
極為罕見稀少的「外太空外星隕石鑽石 」(一面形似人類「腳底」、一面形似人類「腳背」、它形似人類「腳掌」形狀)。
在地球上，過去從未被發現，將來也不會被發現。
1、我們已經「專業研究隕石」數十多年，「貨真價實」。
2、我們有「隕石專業人員」會把「賣出隕石」預先「以手工特別盤整過一段時日」，使「賣出隕石」能夠讓購買者「更容易吸收」外太空外星隕石的「宇宙外太空外星微量元素及其能量」，而這些都是地球上所沒有具備的「微量元素及其能量」。
3、不是我們賣出的隕石，如果未經過我們的「隕石專業人員以手工特別盤整過一段時日」，可能會讓其購買者「完全無法、或是非常地不容易 ‘’吸收‘’ 外太空外星隕石的 '宇宙外太空外星微量元素及其能量'」；只能當作是「擺設用、收藏用、或是投資用隕石」，或只是「隕石擺件、或吊飾」使用而已。
這真是非常地可惜，如同浪費了「宇宙外太空中極為稀有、罕見、尤其珍貴」的外太空外星隕石之「宇宙外太空外星微量元素及其能量」。
千萬請勿浪費宇宙外太空外星隕石！
上開說法是有何憑據呢？
1、數千年來，西藏藏傳佛教喇嘛皆是採用「外太空外星隕石天鐵」與「外太空外星隕石天銅」製作「金剛法器」，如金剛杵、金剛降魔杵與金剛法鈴等等。
這就是西藏藏傳佛教喇嘛引用「外太空外星隕石之 ‘’宇宙外太空外星微量元素及其能量‘’」，並藉由西藏藏傳佛教喇嘛的「法會佛事活動、和藏傳佛教儀式」，達到讓人「更容易吸收」外太空外星隕石的「宇宙外太空外星微量元素及其能量」的千古年來如山鐵證。
2、「隕石的微量元素與健康」部分，請參閱文末之每日頭條新聞報導內容。
kknews.cc/news/9n55mkl.html#amp_tf=%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90%EF%...
但千萬注意，上開文中所介紹「將多類石隕石或泡水或煮水，就可以獲得富含微量元素的水。」者部分，則萬萬不可，因為外太空外星隕石的「宇宙外太空外星微量元素及其能量」是完全無法被溶入水份子中的。
而數千年來，也從未曾聽說過，有何西藏藏傳佛教喇嘛曾經將伊採用「外太空外星隕石天鐵」與「外太空外星隕石天銅」所製成的「金剛法器」，如金剛杵、金剛降魔杵與金剛法鈴等等，或泡水、或煮水，而讓信徒們飲用者情事。
天然宇宙神韻形狀
Natural Cosmic Charming Shape
天然宇宙神韻形狀
來自宇宙的天然迷人和令人驚嘆的藝術作品
極為罕見稀少的外太空外星隕石鑽石 (一面形似人類腳底、一面形似人類腳背、它形似人類腳掌形狀)。
在地球上，過去從未被發現，將來也不會被發現。
此隕石鑽石具備「球粒石隕石 Chondrite Aerolite (a stony meteorite)」應有的隕石氣印 (拇指印)、深黑色隕石熔殼、隕石熔流微細線、隕石的高比重密度 3.5、球粒石隕石會稍微吸引磁鐵的磁性、表面上可見些許鎳鐵球粒 (銀白色顆粒)、球粒石隕石具有的球粒、球粒石隕石斷面或表面上都能看到金屬銀白色的顆粒斑點，甚至於在隕石表面上尚具有隕石鑽石的非常微小鑽石晶體顆粒。
重量：2,091 grams 公克
尺寸：長 16.3 x 寬 8.9 x 厚 6.4 cm 公分
比重密度：3.5
地球普通岩石的密度為 2.5 - 3.0
鐵礦石的密度 4.0 - 6.0
鐵隕石的密度是 7.0 - 8.0
大多數隕石是由重礦物組成，密度為 3.0 - 8.0
石隕石密度 3 - 3.5
普通隕石的密度是 3.0 - 3.7
月球隕石的密度是 2.7 - 3.8
石隕石中的鐵鎳金屬含量小於等於30%；
石鐵隕石的鐵鎳金屬含量在30% - 65%之間；
鐵隕石的鐵鎳金屬含量大於等於95%。
玻璃隕石不含金屬成分。
「石隕石」分為「球粒隕石」 (占大部分) 與「非球粒隕石」兩個子類。
石隕石，是來自地球以外太陽系其他天體的碎片，絕大多數來自位於火星和木星之間的小行星。
球粒隕石 (Chondrite) 是行星母體未經過熔融或行星分化，而未被改變的石隕石。
球粒隕石是由原始太陽系中存在的塵埃和砂石粒子吸積形成的，並且在超過 45.5 億年前產生了小行星。這些球粒隕石的小行星母體是 (或曾經是) 中小型的小行星，它們是從未曾大到可以進行熔融和行星分化的太陽系小天體的一部分。
它們的特點之一是存在著由不同礦物形成圓形晶粒的隕石球粒，通常構成球粒隕石體積的20%至80%。它們的球粒直徑大小一般在0.5至1毫米之間。
球粒隕石中的金屬顆粒主要為鐵和鎳，而鎳的存在也是決定一顆石頭是否隕石的常用指標。
重量：2,091 公克
國際上「隕石鑽石」價格為每顆至少新台幣 7.5 億元以上 (美金 2,500 萬元以上，請參閱「隕石鑽石 - 百度百科
baike.baidu.hk/item/%E9%9A%95%E7%9F%B3%E9%91%BD%E7%9F%B3/... 」)
全球目前「隕石鑽石」只發現三顆，一顆在中華人民共和國、二在美利堅合眾國、三「也似乎是最大的一顆」則在中華民國的台灣。
Youtube:
2022 年 3 月份全球觀眾： 1,373 總觀看次數及1,588 總觀看時間 (分鐘)
Facebook 臉書：
擁有 48,000 名全球會員的臉書公共社群網站 'Fine Art to sell'：
m.facebook.com/groups/fine.art.to.sell/permalink/31649615...
Natural Cosmic Charming Shape
Natural Charming and Amazing Work of Art by the Universe
An extremely rare extraterrestrial Alien stone meteorite diamond of the outer space (one side resembles the sole of a human foot, the other resembles the instep of a human foot, and it resembles the footpalm shape of a human foot).
Youtube:
Global audience in March 2022: 1,373 total views and 1,588 total watch time (minutes)
Facebook:
Facebook Public Group 'Fine Art to sell' that has 48,000 global members:
www.facebook.com/groups/fine.art.to.sell/permalink/316826...
On Earth never has it been found in the past and will not be found in the future.
This meteorite diamond has the features of meteorite regmaglypts (thumbprints), dark black meteorite fusion crust, tiny meteorite fusion flow lines, high specific gravity density of meteorite 3.5, and the magnetic characteristic to attract magnet slightly by a chondrite meteorite. There are some nickel-iron chondrules (silver-white particles) on the surface, chondrules of chondrite stony meteorite, and metallic silver-white particle spots of chondrite stony meteorite being seen on the section or the surface, even on the surface of this meteorite, very tiny diamond crystal grains of a meteorite diamond being seen as well.
Weight: 2,091 grams
Dimensions: Length 16.3 x Width 8.9 x Depth 6.4 cm
Specific Gravity Density: 3.5
The average Specific Gravity Density of Earth's rock: 2.5 - 3.0
The Specific Gravity Density of iron ore: 4.0 - 6.0
The Specific Gravity Density of iron meteorite: 7.0 - 8.0
Most meteorites are composed of heavy minerals and have a Specific Gravity Density of 3.0 - 8.0
The Specific Gravity Density of Stone Meteorite: 3 - 3.5
The Specific Gravity Density of normal meteorites: 3.0 - 3.7
The Specific Gravity Density of lunar meteorites: 2.7 - 3.8
The iron-nickel metal content of stony meteorites is less than or equal to 30%;
The iron-nickel metal content of stony-iron meteorites is between 30% and 65%;
The iron-nickel metal content of iron meteorites is greater than or equal to 95%.
Glass meteorites do not contain metallic components.
"Stony meteorite" is divided into "chondrite" (mostly) and "achondrite", two sub-categories.
Stony meteorites are debris from other celestial bodies in the solar system other than Earth, most of which come from asteroids located between Mars and Jupiter.
Chondrites are stony meteorites whose celestial parent bodies have not been melted or differentiated, and without changing.
Chondrites were formed by the accretion of dust and sand particles that existed in the original solar system and produced asteroids more than 4.55 billion years ago. The asteroid parent bodies of these chondrites are (or were) small to medium-sized asteroids, that were part of small solar system bodies, that were never large enough to undergo melting and planetary differentiation.
One of their characteristics is the presence of chondrules, which are circular grains of different minerals, and typically make up 20 to 80 percent of the volume of the chondrite. Their spherulites are generally between 0.5 and 1 mm in diameter.
The metal particles in chondrites are mainly iron and nickel, and the presence of nickel is also a common indicator for determining whether a stone is a meteorite.
Weight: 2,091 grams
The international price of "meteorite diamonds" is at least NT$750 million per piece (more than US$ 25 million, please refer to "Meteorite Diamonds - Baidu Encyclopedia"
baike.baidu.hk/item/%E9%9A%95%E7%9F%B3%E9%91%BD%E7%9F%B3/... ”)
At present, only three "meteorite diamonds" have been found in the world, one in the People's Republic of China, two in the United States, and three "seems to be the largest" in Taiwan, the Republic of China.
Youtube:
Global audience in March 2022: 1,373 total views and 1,588 total watch time (minutes)
Facebook:
Facebook Public Group 'Fine Art to sell' that has 48,000 global members:
m.facebook.com/groups/fine.art.to.sell/permalink/31649615...
kknews.cc/news/9n55mkl.html#amp_tf=%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90%EF%...
「每日頭條」新聞
隕石的微量元素與健康
時間＼2018-10-07
2018年2月17曰，我在新浪微博發表過一篇題為《養生保健7種隕石礦物元素》的文章，有興趣的新朋友可以百度「華北隕石」微博中看到，當時，讀者反映很不錯，好多人認真進行了嘗試，作用顯著。
這就是隕石走向大眾化可喜的發展結果。也有個別朋友詢問，如何獲得隕石微量元素？在此簡單述說，大家一定知道「礦泉水」，經過水質檢測部門進行水質分析，這種來自山石縫隙間的水富含多種礦物微量元素。同樣的道理，我們將多類石隕石或泡或煮，就可以獲得富含微量元素的水。
隕石養生是一門新的科學。儘管，隕石養生功效直接使人的睡眠改善，多種慢性疾病康復等等，仍然需要喜好隕石者認真嘗試，不斷深入探究。我們收藏隕石，不要首先考慮它能賣多少錢？
關鍵看它有沒有養生功效，能讓我們睡的好，吃的飽，身體少毛病，少不適感，這才是它最大價值。只要發現特具養生能量的隕石，就是好藏品！為了更完善，更全面的科學利用隕石，今天再來補充說明三種特別的隕石微量元素，以便大家有針對性的運用。
【1】隕石中的「鍶」元素
在隕石里發現多種礦物元素，據說有一百餘種，而更重要的是隕石里有些元素對於人體來說都是必需品。比如隕石中的「鍶」元素，就是人體骨骼及牙齒所生長的組成成分，它能夠促進骨骼的發育成長，維繫人體正常的生理功能，在經研究中發現，鍶與鈣、鎂、矽、鋰等元素一樣，也能防治心血管類的疾病，與長壽息息相關，其機理可能是鍶元素在腸道內會與鈉元素競爭，從而減少人體對於鈉元素本身的吸收，這對於平常飲食口重，攝取鹽分較多的人群，血粘稠患者簡直算是救星。
【2】隕石中的「鈷」元素、和【3】「鈦」元素
還有像隕石中的「鈷」元素和「鈦」元素，前者能夠增強人體甲狀腺的生理功能，要知道鈷元素可是合成腺素所必需的成分，因此對於甲狀腺腫大的症狀有著一定的療效，同時還能預防甲狀腺腫瘤，而後者的功效則更為強大，鈦元素能夠刺激吞噬細胞，使免疫力增強的這一效益已被證實，鈦由於有親生物特性，在人體內，可以抵抗分泌物的腐蝕，對任何殺菌方法都較為適應，另外鈦元素還是一種能通過放射一致的波長使得細胞電離，從而達到調節人體內電流元素的作用，這也直接解釋了，為什麼人長時間接觸過隕石後，可以對人體產生有益的生理作用。
各種礦物元素是存在於所有身體組織和體液中的無機物質，它們的存在對於生命所依賴的許多生理化學過程至關重要。
這些礦物元素可以廣義的分為基本元素，例如鈣、磷、鈉、氯和微量元素，例如鐵、銅、鈷、鉀、鎂、碘、鋅、錳、鉬、氟、鉻、硒和硫。
這些礦物元素是不同於蛋白質、脂肪、碳水化合物和維他命等的營養實體。儘管需求量不大，但它們是各種酶、激素和細胞的組成部分，它們之間的新陳代謝相互關聯，相互輔助，也影響到其它組織。
礦物元素對人體健康的重要性已經被人類意識到。這些元素的缺乏或紊亂會對新陳代謝和組織結構產生重要影響，從而導致多種疾病的產生。
不幸的是，大多數人並沒有從膳食中攝取到足夠的這些必要礦物元素。而且，隨著年齡的增長，人體對這些基本和微量元素的需求都會增加，同時某些藥物的服用也會導致這些礦物元素的流失。
因此，單從攝取膳食和水中的礦物元素很難補足，而有針對性的從隕石中獲得一些隕石礦物元素，也是一種可行的方法。但要記住一點，貴在長久堅持！
（2）價格： 新台幣十一億七千七百萬元。
北宋汝窯天青釉刻劃印花五爪龍吐珠十二梅花紋折沿盤
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圓盤直徑：17.9 ～ 18.0 cm 厘米
圈足直徑：9.1 ～ 9.2 cm 厘米
本瓷盤為滿釉支燒，五支釘痕，香灰胎，天青釉，冰裂紋片，潤之如玉，在器物底部可見細如芝麻狀的支釘痕五個，痕跡很淺，大小如芝麻。
瓷盤龍紋上有數處「黑點之古瓷瑕疵」，龍紋線條「皆是手工製作、亦顯左右不對稱」，十二梅花紋「大小、間隙、寬度、深度皆不相同，明顯是由手工刻劃形成」，底部圈足兩側壁緣有「瑪瑙入釉及聚釉痕跡」，折沿口緣內側邊線上有一個明顯之「棕眼之古瓷瑕疵」，滿釉有古代柴燒氣泡及冰裂開片紋，底部圈足略為外撇。
而此傳世北宋汝窯瓷器的胎體有三個特點：
第一點是輕薄。
第二點胎色為香灰色，胎骨輕薄，胎質看色粗松實則細密。汝瓷胎色呈淺灰、灰白，因其色調與香燃燒之後形成的香灰相似，因而俗稱「香灰胎」。
第三點是汝瓷胎質細膩滋潤，堅緻緊密，被譽為「銅骨」。另外，接觸過傳世汝瓷的人常有「扣聲如磬」的形容，這在一定程度上也說明了汝瓷胎的輕薄與緻密。
另外，器底於光線下呈現略為凹凸不平，是由於泥坯中間的部位水份未乾，成型泥胎在掙脫粘連的泥范（模）時，由北宋窯工左右輕微轉動脫模操作所形成。
現代博物館裡的專業人士、收藏家、鑑賞家、學者、專家等等，因為他們都不是北宋皇帝宋徽宗本人，所以顯然他們已經把自己作為平民老百姓的品味，當作是應該屬於北宋皇帝宋徽宗的最愛。他們普遍認為，市面上流傳下來的 80 餘件傳世汝窯瓷器，應該就是北宋皇帝宋徽宗的御用汝官窯瓷器。 你認為有可能嗎？
Northern Song Dynasty Ru Kiln Sky-green glazed inscribed and printed Five-clawed Dragon Spit Bead and Twelve Plum Patterns Folding Edge Plate
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Plate diameter: 17.9 - 18.0 cm
Ring foot diameter: 9.1 - 9.2 cm
This porcelain plate was full-glazed and burned with supporting-nails, five supporting-nail marks, incense-ash-like-earth-yellow-greyish porcelain body, sky-green glaze, broken-ice-cracking-like cracking-patterns, jade-like smoothness, and five sesame-like supporting-nail marks can be seen on the bottom of the utensil, the marks are very shallow, their sizes are such as sesames.
The dragon pattern on the porcelain plate has several "black spots of ancient porcelain flaws", the dragon pattern lines "are all handmade and also show asymmetry between the left and right", and the twelve plum patterns "are different in size, gap, width, and depth, which were obviously formed by hand-carving", there are "marks of agate mixed in the glaze and polyglaze" on both side walls of the bottom ring foot, and an obvious "brown-eye-small-hole" which is an ancient porcelain flaw, on the inner edge line of the folding mouth edge. It was fully glazed with ancient wood-fired air bubbles and broken-ice-cracking-like cracking-patterns. The bottom ring foot is slightly slanted outward.
The porcelain body of this handed down Ru kiln porcelain in the Northern Song Dynasty has three characteristics:
The first is “light and thinness”.
The second is that the porcelain fetal color is incense-ash-like-earth-yellow-greyish, the porcelain fetal bone is light and thin, and the fetal quality seems to be rough but fine. The color of Ru porcelain body is light-gray and gray-white, because its color is similar to the incense ash formed after burning incense, so it is commonly known as "incense gray porcelain body".
The third is that the texture of Ru porcelain is delicate and smooth, firm and compact, and is known as "bronze bone". In addition, people who have come into contact with the handed down Ru porcelain often describe it as "sound like a chime (a musical stone)", which to a certain extent also shows the lightness and compactness of the Ru porcelain body.
In addition, the bottom of the utensil is slightly uneven under the light. Because when the water in the middle of the porcelain mud body was not dry yet and meanwhile the molded mud body was slightly turned left and right to be broken away from the sticking mud mold. So long as the porcelain kiln workers in the Northern Song Dynasty took the above procedure, then the uneven bottom would have been formed.
Professionals in the modern museums, collectors, connoisseurs, scholars, experts, and so on, because they are all not the Emperor Song Huizong of the Northern Song Dynasty himself, so obviously they have regarded their own taste of being the common people, as the same favorite that should belonged to the Emperor Song Huizong in the Northern Song Dynasty. They generally believed that more than 80 pieces of Ru kiln porcelain handed down on the market should be the personal royal Ru Imperial kiln porcelain wares of the Northern Song Emperor Song Huizong. Do you think it is possible?
來源：
屬擊敗蒙古元朝歐亞大帝國的明朝皇帝朱元璋所分封為軍事大元帥的「陳秀甫」(陳秀甫亦為明代開國功臣光祿大夫《光祿大夫為皇帝開國及軍事作戰的出糧出資金錢財主》) 家族傳世的祖傳傳世品。
Provenance:
The handed down collection from the family ancestor of Chen Xiufu, a military marshal who was assigned by the Ming Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang (Zhu Yuanzhang defeated the Eurasian Empire of the Mongolian Yuan Dynasty), (Chen Xiufu was also the founding hero of the Ming Dynasty, whose official name was Guangludafu, "Guangludafu was the rich and wealthy capitalist of food and money supplied for the emperor's nation-founding and military operations.").
（3）價格：新台幣三億元。
中國周朝周文王鈎首龍頭鈎身鈎尾狐狸紋青銅鎏金戰袍帶鈎
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重量：301 grams 公克
尺寸：長 22.8 x 寬 4.4 x 高 3.3 cm 公分
《山海經》裡記載青丘之山，有九尾狐。這個九尾狐，經學者研究，很可能是九個氏族，或者是當地氏族崇拜的圖騰。甚至周文王也曾給商紂王獻過九尾狐。周文王被商紂王關在羑里，西岐方面為了救他出來，就到處尋找珍禽異獸。散宜生弄到了一隻九尾狐，連同其他珍寶獻給了商紂王。商紂王一高興就把姬昌 (周文王) 給放了。原文是：
文王拘羑里，散宜生至西海之濱，取白狐青翰獻紂，紂大悅。（《尚書大傳》，青翰，青色的野雞）
散宜生至吳，得九尾狐，以獻紂也。 （《幽通賦》注）
因此，周文王因「九尾狐」而得救，致御用青銅鎏金戰袍帶鈎為鈎首龍頭鈎身鈎尾雕狐狸紋。
King Zhou Wenwang's gilt bronze war robe hook with dragon head, fox pattern hook body and hook tail, Zhou Dynasty, China
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Global audience in March 2022: 1,373 total views and 1,588 total watch time (minutes)
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Facebook Public Group 'Fine Art to sell' that has 48,000 global members:
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Weight: 301 grams
Dimensions: Length 22.8 x Width 4.4 x Height 3.3 cm
The "Shan Hai Jing" records that there was nine-tailed fox on the mountain of Qingqiu. This nine-tailed fox, studied by scholars, was likely to be the nine clans, or a totem worshipped by the local clan. Even King Zhou Wenwang (周文王) presented a nine-tailed fox to King Shang Zhou (商紂王). King Zhou Wenwang (周文王) was imprisoned in Yuli by King Shang Zhou (商紂王), and in order to rescue him, the subjects in Kingdom Xiqi searched everywhere for rare birds and animals. San Yisheng obtained a nine-tailed fox and presented it to King Shang Zhou (商紂王) along with other treasures. When King Shang Zhou (商紂王) was pleased, he released Ji Chang [King Zhou Wenwang (周文王)]. The original text is:
King Zhou Wenwang (周文王) was detained in Yuli, San Yisheng went to the coast of the West Sea, and took the white fox and qinghan (green pheasant) to present to King Shang Zhou (商紂王), and King Shang Zhou (商紂王) was very pleased. ("The Great Biography of Shangshu", Qinghan, the green pheasant)
San Yisheng went to Wu and got a nine-tailed fox to offer King Shang Zhou (商紂王). (The Note of "You Tong Fu")
Therefore, King Zhou Wenwang (周文王) was saved because of the "nine-tailed fox", so he used a gilt bronze war robe hook, with dragon head, fox pattern hook body and hook tail.
來源：
屬擊敗蒙古元朝歐亞大帝國的明朝皇帝朱元璋所分封為軍事大元帥的「陳秀甫」(陳秀甫亦為明代開國功臣光祿大夫《光祿大夫為皇帝開國及軍事作戰的出糧出資金錢財主》) 家族傳世的祖傳傳世品。
Provenance:
The handed down collection from the family ancestor of Chen Xiufu, a military marshal who was assigned by the Ming Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang (Zhu Yuanzhang defeated the Eurasian Empire of the Mongolian Yuan Dynasty), (Chen Xiufu was also the founding hero of the Ming Dynasty, whose official name was Guangludafu, "Guangludafu was the rich and wealthy capitalist of food and money supplied for the emperor's nation-founding and military operations.").
（4）價格：新台幣三千萬元。
白堊紀早期美洲大陸最高大的恐龍波塞東龍幼龍化石板
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化石板重量：591 grams 公克
化石板尺寸：長 18.0 x 寬 14.2 x 厚 0.9 cm 公分
波塞東龍（Sauroposeidon）（意思為希臘神“波塞東”的“蜥蜴地震神”）是一種蜥腳類恐龍，係從幾個不完整的標本中得知，包括在美國奧克拉荷馬州、懷俄明州、德州發現的骨床化石和足跡化石。
波塞東龍（Sauroposeidon），生存於白堊紀早期。波塞東龍是目前已知最高的恐龍，經估計有17公尺高；而身長接近30到34公尺，體重被估計為50到60公噸之間。
目前已發現數個標本，正模標本由4個頸椎構成，在1994年發現於美國奧克拉荷馬州，之後在懷俄明州、德州也發現化石與足跡化石，地質年代屬於白堊紀早期，該地區過去是史前墨西哥灣的三角洲。由於之前很少發現該時代的北美洲巨型蜥腳類化石，這些化石曾一度被認為是矽化木。
出版著錄：
《Dinosaurs and Meteorites 恐龍與隕石 恐龙与陨石 恐竜と隕石》由美國谷歌圖書出版並在全球七十九國家發行：
Google Books:
books.google.com/books/about/Dinosaurs_and_Meteorites_%E6...
Google Play:
play.google.com/store/books/details/Orion_Hsu_Dinosaurs_a...
The tallest dinosaur Sauroposeidon baby fossil stone plate in the American Continent in the early Cretaceous
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Fossil stone plate weight: 591 grams
Fossil stone plate size: length 18.0 x width 14.2 x thickness 0.9 cm
Sauroposeidon (meaning "lizard earthquake god" after the Greek god Poseidon) is a genus of sauropod dinosaur known from several incomplete specimens including a bone bed fossil and fossilized trackways that have been found in the U.S. states of Oklahoma, Wyoming, and Texas.
Sauroposeidon was living in the early Cretaceous. Sauroposeidon was the tallest known dinosaur, at an estimated height of 17 meters; its body length was nearly 30 to 34 meters, and its weight was estimated to be between 50 and 60 metric tons.
Several specimens have been found so far. The holotype is composed of 4 cervical vertebrae. It was discovered in Oklahoma, USA in 1994. Fossils and footprint fossils were also found in Wyoming and Texas. The geological age belongs to the early Cretaceous period. It used to be the delta of the prehistoric Gulf of Mexico. The fossils were once thought to be petrified wood because few giant sauropod fossils from this era have been found before.
Published bibliography:
《Dinosaurs and Meteorites 恐龍與隕石 恐龙与陨石 恐竜と隕石》Published by Google Books USA and distributed in 79 countries around the world:
Google Books:
books.google.com/books/about/Dinosaurs_and_Meteorites_%E6...
Google Play:
play.google.com/store/books/details/Orion_Hsu_Dinosaurs_a...
（5）價格：新台幣三千萬元。
唐朝皇室和闐白玉圓雕七隻豬 (代表無限財富) 紙鎮
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重量：390 grams 公克
尺寸：長 16.7 x 高 5.6 x 厚 5.1 cm 公分
玉石與眾不同的色澤和光彩，使人愛不惜手。古代由於數量少，加工困難，成為難得的奢侈品。它必定是社會地位極高的人物所擁有，玉石器就成了權力的象徵物，這又使它漸漸演變成為禮器、祭器。玉石器從原來僅僅是一種特殊的石頭轉化為代表權力、地位、財富、神權的象徵。
古代豬是財富的象徵，在漢唐時代如果說羊代表了吉祥，那麼豬就是財富的象徵。在漢唐時代豬已經是財富的重要表徵，豬也是一個富足家庭中所必備的家畜。因此在漢字中「家」中「豕」就是豬的象形文字，可見在古代漢朝與唐朝，豬確實是漢朝與唐朝皇室與人民重要的財產，也是財富的象徵之一。
由七隻豬 (代表無限財富) 紙鎮之材質和闐白玉石的皮層表面已經包漿氧化成為皮殼，而玉石皮表面的鐵元素亦氧化成為紅色，但無漢朝皇室玉雕品的圖騰紋飾，可確認此七隻豬 (代表無限財富) 紙鎮為唐朝 (618 - 907) 之皇室工藝和闐白玉圓雕巧作。
Tang Dynasty (618 - 907) Hetian White Jade circular carving imperial workshop carved Jade Seven Pigs (representing infinite wealth) paperweight
Youtube:
Global audience in March 2022: 1,373 total views and 1,588 total watch time (minutes)
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Weight: 390 grams
Dimensions: total length 16.7 cm x height 5.6 cm x depth 5.1 cm
The distinctive color and brilliance of jade make people love it at all costs. In ancient times, due to the small quantity and difficulty in processing, it became a rare luxury. It must be owned by a person of extremely high social status, and the jade carved artifact had become a symbol of power, which has gradually evolved it into a ritual tool and a sacrificial tool. The jade carved artifact was transformed from a special kind of stone into a symbol of power, status, wealth, and theocracy.
In ancient times, the pig was a symbol of wealth. In the Han Dynasty and Tang Dynasty, if the sheep represented auspiciousness, then the pig was a symbol of wealth. In these Dynasties, the pig was an important symbol of wealth, and the pig was also a must-have domestic animal in a wealthy family. Therefore within the Chinese character of "home", "hog" is the hieroglyph of the pig. It can be seen that in the ancient Han Dynasty and Tang Dynasty, the pig was indeed an important property of the imperial family and the people of these Dynasties, and it was one of the symbols of wealth.
The material of the jade Seven Pigs (representing infinite wealth) paperweight and the cortical surface of the white jade have been slurried and oxidized into a jade shell, and the iron element on the surface of the jade stone skin has also been oxidized to red. However, no patterns’ decoration of the imperial jade carvings of the Han Dynasty was carved on it. It can be confirmed that this jade Seven Pigs (representing infinite wealth) paperweight is a royal craftsmanship of the Tang Dynasty (618 - 907) and a skillful circular carving of white jade.
來源：
屬擊敗蒙古元朝歐亞大帝國的明朝皇帝朱元璋所分封為軍事大元帥的「陳秀甫」(陳秀甫亦為明代開國功臣光祿大夫《光祿大夫為皇帝開國及軍事作戰的出糧出資金錢財主》) 家族傳世的祖傳傳世品。
Provenance:
The handed down collection from the family ancestor of Chen Xiufu, a military marshal who was assigned by the Ming Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang (Zhu Yuanzhang defeated the Eurasian Empire of the Mongolian Yuan Dynasty), (Chen Xiufu was also the founding hero of the Ming Dynasty, whose official name was Guangludafu, "Guangludafu was the rich and wealthy capitalist of food and money supplied for the emperor's nation-founding and military operations.").
（6）價格：新台幣五千萬元。
唐朝 (618 - 907) 皇室工藝和闐白玉圓雕玉佛像
Youtube:
2022 年 3 月份全球觀眾： 1,373 總觀看次數及1,588 總觀看時間 (分鐘)
Facebook 臉書：
擁有 48,000 名全球會員的臉書公共社群網站 'Fine Art to sell'：
www.facebook.com/groups/fine.art.to.sell/permalink/316780...
重量：601 公克
尺寸：全高 19.6 厘米 x 寬 6.5 厘米 x 厚 5.8 厘米
盛唐時代可以說是佛造像的黃金時代，此時期的造像比例舒展勻稱，結構合理，已完全擺脫了隋和初唐時期的佛頭偏大，體態略僵板的感覺，動態極為自由活潑。頭部為螺髮型，大耳下垂，神情莊重而又不失慈祥。身材比例勻稱，結構合理，體態自然舒展，臉龐圓潤，曲眉豐頸，五官秀美。服飾華美，帔帛 (帔帛是美麗女式唐裝的點綴，就是我們看到畫裏唐代婦女肩上或手臂上搭着一條長長的條帶，走路隨風擺動，顯得瀟灑自然，這就是帔帛) 環繞，瓔珞 (瓔珞是一種掛於項頸，垂於胸前的飾品，用多種小巧的花朵穿串而成。 ) 小巧精緻，衣服紋線流暢自然。右手持寶珠。
由玉佛像之材質和闐白玉石的皮層表面已經包漿氧化成為皮殼，而玉石皮表面的鐵元素亦氧化成為紅色，頭部為螺髮且大耳下垂，身材比例勻稱，結構合理，披唐代帔帛，且右手持寶珠，可確認此玉佛像為唐朝 (618 - 907) 之皇室工藝和闐白玉圓雕巧作。
Tang Dynasty (618 - 907) Hetian White Jade circular carving imperial workshop carved Jade Buddha Statue
Youtube:
Global audience in March 2022: 1,373 total views and 1,588 total watch time (minutes)
Facebook:
Facebook Public Group 'Fine Art to sell' that has 48,000 global members:
www.facebook.com/groups/fine.art.to.sell/permalink/316780...
Weight: 601 grams
Dimensions: total height 19.6 cm x width 6.5 cm x depth 5.8 cm
The prosperous Tang Dynasty can be said to be the golden age of Buddha statues. The statues in this period are well-proportioned in proportion and reasonable in structure. They have completely gotten rid of the large head and slightly rigid body of the Buddha in the Sui and early Tang Dynasties, and the dynamics are extremely free and lively. He has a spiral hair on his head, large drooping ears, and a dignified yet kind expression. The body is well-proportioned, the structure is reasonable, the body is naturally stretched, the face is round, the eyebrows are plumply curved and the neck is full, and the facial features are beautiful. The apparels are gorgeous, shawl (shawl is the embellishment of beautiful women's Tang suits, that is, we see a long strip on the shoulders or arms of the women in the Tang Dynasty in the painting, walking with the wind swinging, looking elegant and natural, this is the shawl) is around the body. Wreath (wreath is a kind of decorations hanging on the neck and the chest, made of a variety of small flowers.) is small and delicate, the clothes' lines are smooth and natural. The right hand holds a treasure orb.
The material of the jade Buddha statue and the cortical surface of the white jade have been slurried and oxidized into a jade shell, and the iron element on the surface of the jade stone skin has also been oxidized to red. The head is spiral hair and the big ears are drooping. The body is well-proportioned, the structure is reasonable, wearing in Tang Dynasty shawl, and holding a treasure orb in the right hand. It can be confirmed that this jade Buddha statue is a royal craftsmanship of the Tang Dynasty (618 - 907) and a skillful circular carving of white jade.
來源：
屬擊敗蒙古元朝歐亞大帝國的明朝皇帝朱元璋所分封為軍事大元帥的「陳秀甫」(陳秀甫亦為明代開國功臣光祿大夫《光祿大夫為皇帝開國及軍事作戰的出糧出資金錢財主》) 家族傳世的祖傳傳世品。
Provenance:
The handed down collection from the family ancestor of Chen Xiufu, a military marshal who was assigned by the Ming Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang (Zhu Yuanzhang defeated the Eurasian Empire of the Mongolian Yuan Dynasty), (Chen Xiufu was also the founding hero of the Ming Dynasty, whose official name was Guangludafu, "Guangludafu was the rich and wealthy capitalist of food and money supplied for the emperor's nation-founding and military operations.").
（7）價格：新台幣十一億七千七百萬元
唐朝皇室和闐白玉圓雕觀世音菩薩蓮花底座造像
Youtube:
2022 年 3 月份全球觀眾： 1,373 總觀看次數及1,588 總觀看時間 (分鐘)
Facebook 臉書：
擁有 48,000 名全球會員的臉書公共社群網站 'Fine Art to sell'：
www.facebook.com/groups/fine.art.to.sell/permalink/316780...
重量：1,627 grams 公克
尺寸：高 19.9 x 寬 9.8 x 厚 8.8 cm 公分
玉石與眾不同的色澤和光彩，使人愛不惜手。古代由於數量少，加工困難，成為難得的奢侈品。它必定是社會地位極高的人物所擁有，玉石器就成了權力的象徵物，這又使它漸漸演變成為禮器、祭器。玉石器從原來僅僅是一種特殊的石頭轉化為代表權力、地位、財富、神權的象徵。
盛唐時代可以說是佛造像的黃金時代，此時期的造像比例舒展勻稱，結構合理，已完全擺脫了隋和初唐時期的佛頭偏大，體態略僵板的感覺，動態極為自由活潑。頭部大耳下垂，神情莊重而又不失慈祥。身材比例勻稱，結構合理，體態自然舒展，臉龐圓潤，曲眉豐頸，五官秀美。服飾華美，帔帛 (帔帛是美麗女式唐裝的點綴，就是我們看到畫裏唐代婦女肩上或手臂上搭着一條長長的條帶，走路隨風擺動，顯得瀟灑自然，這就是帔帛) 環繞，瓔珞 (瓔珞是一種掛於項頸，垂於胸前的飾品，用多種小巧的花朵穿串而成。 ) 小巧精緻，衣服紋線流暢自然。觀世音菩薩雙手捧持淨水瓶。
由觀世音菩薩玉佛像之材質和闐白玉石的皮層表面已經包漿氧化成為皮殼，而玉石皮表面的鐵元素亦氧化成為紅色，頭部為大耳下垂，身材比例勻稱，結構合理，披唐代帔帛，且雙手捧持淨水瓶，可確認此觀世音菩薩玉佛像為唐朝 (618 - 907) 之皇室工藝和闐白玉圓雕巧作。
Tang Dynasty (618 - 907) Hetian White Jade circular carving imperial workshop carved Jade Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva lotus pedestal statue
Youtube:
Global audience in March 2022: 1,373 total views and 1,588 total watch time (minutes)
Facebook:
Facebook Public Group 'Fine Art to sell' that has 48,000 global members:
www.facebook.com/groups/fine.art.to.sell/permalink/316780...
Weight: 1,627 grams
Dimensions: total height 19.9 cm x width 9.8 cm x depth 8.8 cm
The distinctive color and brilliance of jade make people love it at all costs. In ancient times, due to the small quantity and difficulty in processing, it became a rare luxury. It must be owned by a person of extremely high social status, and the jade carved artifact had become a symbol of power, which has gradually evolved it into a ritual tool and a sacrificial tool. The jade carved artifact was transformed from a special kind of stone into a symbol of power, status, wealth, and theocracy.
The prosperous Tang Dynasty can be said to be the golden age of Buddha statues. The statues in this period are well-proportioned in proportion and reasonable in structure. They have completely gotten rid of the large head and slightly rigid body of the Buddha in the Sui and early Tang Dynasties, and the dynamics are extremely free and lively. She has large drooping ears, and a dignified yet kind expression. The body is well-proportioned, the structure is reasonable, the body is naturally stretched, the face is round, the eyebrows are plumply curved and the neck is full, and the facial features are beautiful. The apparels are gorgeous, shawl (shawl is the embellishment of beautiful women's Tang suits, that is, we see a long strip on the shoulders or arms of the women in the Tang Dynasty in the painting, walking with the wind swinging, looking elegant and natural, this is the shawl) is around the body. Wreath (wreath is a kind of decorations hanging on the neck and the chest, made of a variety of small flowers.) is small and delicate, the clothes' lines are smooth and natural. The two hands of Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva hold a clean water bottle.
The material of the jade Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva lotus pedestal statue and the cortical surface of the white jade have been slurried and oxidized into a jade shell, and the iron element on the surface of the jade stone skin has also been oxidized to red. The head's big ears are drooping. The body is well-proportioned, the structure is reasonable, wearing in Tang Dynasty shawl, and the two hands of Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva hold a clean water bottle. It can be confirmed that this jade Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva lotus pedestal statue is a royal craftsmanship of the Tang Dynasty (618 - 907) and a skillful circular carving of white jade.
來源：
屬擊敗蒙古元朝歐亞大帝國的明朝皇帝朱元璋所分封為軍事大元帥的「陳秀甫」(陳秀甫亦為明代開國功臣光祿大夫《光祿大夫為皇帝開國及軍事作戰的出糧出資金錢財主》) 家族傳世的祖傳傳世品。
Provenance:
The handed down collection from the family ancestor of Chen Xiufu, a military marshal who was assigned by the Ming Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang (Zhu Yuanzhang defeated the Eurasian Empire of the Mongolian Yuan Dynasty), (Chen Xiufu was also the founding hero of the Ming Dynasty, whose official name was Guangludafu, "Guangludafu was the rich and wealthy capitalist of food and money supplied for the emperor's nation-founding and military operations.").
...
Port of Makassar, also known as Port of Soekarno-Hatta, is a seaport in Makassar, Indonesia. It has the highest passenger traffic among Indonesian ports and the largest cargo traffic in Sulawesi. It is considered a primary port (Pelabuhan Kelas Utama) by the Indonesian Government, along with the Port of Tanjung Priok (Jakarta), Port of Tanjung Perak (Surabaya), and Port of Belawan (Medan).
An expansion to the port, dubbed New Port Makassar, is under construction with an expected additional capacity of 1.5 million TEUs in its first phase. The Indonesian Ministry of Transportation has expressed a desire to designate the port as hub for the rest of Eastern Indonesia, in accordance to the current government's maritime axis program.
Makassar (Buginese-Makassarese: ᨀᨚᨈ ᨆᨀᨔᨑ; historically spelled Macassar) is the capital of the Indonesian province of South Sulawesi. It is the largest city in the region of Eastern Indonesia and the country's fifth largest urban centre after Jakarta, Surabaya, Bandung, and Medan. From 1971 to 1999, the city was named after one of its subdistricts, Ujung Pandang. The city is located on the southwest coast of the island of Sulawesi, facing the Makassar Strait.
Throughout its history, Makassar has been an important trading port, hosting the center of the Gowa Sultanate and a Portuguese naval base before its conquest by the Dutch East India Company in the 17th century. It remained an important port in the Dutch East Indies, serving Eastern Indonesian regions with Makassarese fishermen going as far south as the Australian coast. For a brief period after Indonesian independence, Makassar became the capital of the State of East Indonesia, during which an uprising occurred.
The city's area is 199.3 square kilometres and it had a population of around 1.6 million in 2013. Its built-up (or metro) area has 1,976,168 inhabitants covering Makassar City and 15 districts. Its official metropolitan area, known as Mamminasata, with 17 additional districts, covers an area of 2,548 square kilometres and had a population of around 2.4 million according to 2010 Census. According to the National Development Planning Agency, Makassar is one of the four main central cities of Indonesia, alongside Medan, Jakarta, and Surabaya. According to Bank Indonesia, Makassar has the second-highest commercial property values in Indonesia, after Greater Jakarta.
HISTORY
The trade in spices figured prominently in the history of Sulawesi, which involved frequent struggles between rival native and foreign powers for control of the lucrative trade during the pre-colonial and colonial period, when spices from the region were in high demand in the West. Much of South Sulawesi's early history was written in old texts that can be traced back to the 13th and 14th centuries.
Makassar is mentioned in the Nagarakretagama, a Javanese eulogy composed in 14th century during the reign of Majapahit king Hayam Wuruk. In the text, Makassar is mentioned as an island under Majapahit dominance, alongside Butun, Salaya and Banggawi.
MAKASSARESE KINGDOM
The 9th King of Gowa Tumaparisi Kallonna (1512-1546) is described in the royal chronicle as the first Gowa ruler to ally with the nearby trade-oriented polity of Tallo, a partnership which endured throughout Makassar's apogee as an independent kingdom. The centre of the dual kingdom was at Sombaopu, near the then mouth of the Jeneberang River about 10 km south of the present city centre, where, where an international port and a fortress were gradually developed. First Malay traders (expelled from their Melaka metropolis by the Portuguese in 1511), then Portuguese from at least the 1540s, began to make this port their base for trading to the Spice Islands' (Maluku), further east.
The growth of Dutch maritime power over the spice trade after 1600 made Makassar more vital as an alternative port open to all traders, as well as a source of rice to trade with rice-deficient Maluku. The Dutch East India Company (VOC) sought a monopoly of Malukan nutmeg and cloves, and came close to succeeding at the expense of English, Portuguese and Muslims from the 1620s. The Makassar kings maintained a policy of free trade, insisting on the right of any visitor to do business in the city, and rejecting the attempts of the Dutch to establish a monopoly.
Makassar depended particularly on the Muslim Malay and Catholic Portuguese sailors communities as its two crucial economic assets. However the English East India Company also established a post there in 1613, the Danish Company arrived in 1618, and Chinese, Spanish and Indian traders were all important. When the Dutch conquered Portuguese Melaka in 1641, Makassar became the largest Portuguese base in Southeast Asia. The Portuguese population had been in the hundreds, but rose to several thousand, served by churches of the Franciscans, Dominicans and Jesuits as well as the regular clergy. By the 16th century, Makassar had become Sulawesi's major port and centre of the powerful Gowa and Tallo sultanates which between them had a series of 11 fortresses and strongholds and a fortified sea wall that extended along the coast. Portuguese rulers called the city Macáçar.
Makassar was very ably led in the first half of the 17th century, when it effectively resisted Dutch pressure to close down its trade to Maluku, and made allies rather than enemies of the neighbouring Bugis states. Karaeng Matoaya (c.1573-1636) was ruler of Tallo from 1593, as well as Chancellor or Chief Minister (Tuma'bicara-butta) of the partner kingdom of Gowa. He managed the succession to the Gowa throne in 1593 of the 7-year-old boy later known as Sultan Alaud-din, and guided him through the acceptance of Islam in 1603, numerous modernizations in military and civil governance, and cordial relations with the foreign traders. The conversion of the citizens to Islam was followed by the first official Friday Prayer in the city, traditionally dated to 9 November 1607, which is celebrated today as the city's official anniversary. John Jourdain called Makassar in his day "the kindest people in all the Indias to strangers". Matoaya's eldest son succeeded him on the throne of Tallo, but as Chancellor he had evidently groomed his brilliant second son, Karaeng Pattingalloang (1600-54), who exercised that position from 1639 until his death. Pattingalloang must have been partly educated by Portuguese, since as an adult he spoke Portuguese "as fluently as people from Lisbon itself", and avidly read all the books that came his way in Portuguese, Spanish or Latin. French Jesuit Alexandre de Rhodes described his passion for mathematics and astronomy, on which he pestered the priest endlessly, while even one of his Dutch adversaries conceded he was "a man of great knowledge, science and understanding."
DUTCH COLONIAL PERIOD
After Pattingalloang's death in 1654, a new king of Gowa, Sultan Hasanuddin, rejected the alliance with Tallo by declaring he would be his own Chancellor. Conflicts within the kingdom quickly escalated, the Bugis rebelled under the leadership of Bone, and the Dutch VOC seized its long-awaited chance to conquer Makassar with the help of the Bugis (1667-9). Their first conquest in 1667 was the northern Makassar fort of Ujung Pandang, while in 1669 they conquered and destroyed Sombaopu in one of the greatest battles of 17th century Indonesia. The VOC moved the city centre northward, around the Ujung Pandang fort they rebuilt and renamed Fort Rotterdam. From this base they managed to destroy the strongholds of the Sultan of Gowa who was then forced to live on the outskirts of Makassar. Following the Java War (1825–30), Prince Diponegoro was exiled to Fort Rotterdam until his death in 1855.
After the arrival of the Dutch, there was an important Portuguese community, also call a bandel, that received the name of Borrobos. Around 1660 the leader of this community, which today would be equivalent to a neighborhood, was the Portuguese Francisco Vieira de Figueiredo.
The character of this old trading center changed as a walled city known as Vlaardingen grew. Gradually, in defiance of the Dutch, the Arabs, Malays and Buddhist returned to trade outside the fortress walls, and were joined later by the Chinese.
The town again became a collecting point for the produce of eastern Indonesia – the copra, rattan, Pearls, trepang and sandalwood and the famous oil made from bado nuts used in Europe as men's hair dressing – hence the anti-macassars (embroidered cloths protecting the head-rests of upholstered chairs).
Although the Dutch controlled the coast, it was not until the early 20th century that they gained power over the southern interior through a series of treaties with local rulers. Meanwhile, Dutch missionaries converted many of the Toraja people to Christianity. By 1938, the population of Makassar had reached around 84,000 – a town described by writer Joseph Conrad as "the prettiest and perhaps, cleanest looking of all the towns in the islands".
In World War II the Makassar area was defended by approximately 1000 men of the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army commanded by Colonel M. Vooren. He decided that he could not defend the coast, and was planning to fight a guerrilla war inland. The Japanese landed near Makassar on 9 February 1942. The defenders retreated but were soon overtaken and captured.
AFTER INDEPENDENCE
In 1945 came the Indonesian declaration of Independence, and in 1946, Makassar became the capital of the State of East Indonesia, part of the United States of Indonesia. In 1950, it was the site of fighting between pro-Federalist forces under Captain Abdul Assiz and Republican forces under Colonel Sunkono during the Makassar uprising. By the 1950s, the population had increased to such a degree that many of the historic sites gave way to modern development, and today one needs to look very carefully to find the few remains of the city's once grand history.
CONNECTION WITH AUSTRALIA
Makassar is also a major fishing center in Sulawesi. One of its major industries is the trepang (sea-cucumber) industry. Trepang fishing brought the Makassan people into contact with Indigenous Australian peoples of northern Australia, long before European settlement (from 1788).
C. C. MacKnight in his 1976 work entitled Voyage to Marege: Macassan Trepangers in Northern Australia has shown that they began frequenting the north of Australia around 1700 in search of trepang (sea-slug, sea cucumber, Beche-de-mer), an edible Holothurian. They left their waters during the Northwest Monsoon in December or January for what is now Arnhem Land, Marriage or Marega and the Kimberley region or Kayu Djawa. They returned home with the south-east trade winds in April.
A fleet of between 24 and 26 Macassan perahus was seen in 1803 by French explorers under Nicolas Baudin on the Holothuria Banks in the Timor Sea. In February 1803, Matthew Flinders in the Investigator met six perahus with 20–25 men each on board and was told by the fleet's chief Pobasso, that there were 60 perahus then on the north Australian coast. They were fishing for trepang and appeared to have only a small compass as a navigation aid. In June 1818 Macassan trepang fishing was noted by Phillip Parker King in the vicinity of Port Essington in the Arafura Sea. In 1865 R.J. Sholl, then Government Resident for the British settlement at Camden Sound (near Augustus Island in the Kimberley region) observed seven 'Macassan' perahus with a total of around 300 men on board. He believed that they made kidnapping raids and ranged as far south as Roebuck Bay (later Broome) where 'quite a fleet' was seen around 1866. Sholl believed that they did not venture south into other areas such as Nickol Bay (where the European pearling industry commenced around 1865) due to the absence of trepang in those waters. The Macassan voyages appear to have ceased sometime in the late nineteenth century, and their place was taken by other sailors operating from elsewhere in the Indonesian Archipelago.
ECONOMY
The city is southern Sulawesi's primary port, with regular domestic and international shipping connections. It is nationally famous as an important port of call for the pinisi boats, sailing ships which are among the last in use for regular long-distance trade.
During the colonial era, the city was widely known as the namesake of Makassar oil, which it exported in great quantity. Makassar ebony is a warm black hue, streaked with tan or brown tones, and highly prized for use in making fine cabinetry and veneers.
Nowadays, as the largest city in Sulawesi Island and Eastern Indonesia, the city's economy depends highly on the service sector, which makes up approximately 70% of activity. Restaurant and hotel services are the largest contributor (29.14%), followed by transportation and communication (14.86%), trading (14.86), and finance (10.58%). Industrial activity is next most important after the service sector, with 21.34% of overall activity.
TRANSPORTATION
Makassar has a public transportation system called pete-pete. A pete-pete (known elsewhere in Indonesia as an angkot) is a minibus that has been modified to carry passengers. The route of Makassar's pete-petes is denoted by the letter on the windshield. Makassar is also known for its becak (pedicabs), which are smaller than the "becak" in the island of Java. In Makassar, people who drive pedicabs are called Daeng. In addition to becak and pete-pete, the city has a government-run bus system, and taxis.
A bus rapid transit (BRT), which is known as "Trans Mamminasata" was started in 2014. It has some routes through Makassar to cities around Makassar region such as Maros, Takallar, and Gowa. Run by Indonesian Transportation Department, each bus has 20 seats and space for 20 standing passengers.
A 35-kilometer monorail in the areas of Makassar, Maros Regency, Sungguminasa (Gowa Regency), and Takalar Regency (the Mamminasata region) was proposed in 2011, with operations commencing in 2014, at a predicted cost of Rp.4 trillion ($468 million). The memorandum of understanding was signed on 25 July 2011 by Makassar city, Maros Regency and Gowa Regency. In 2014, the project was officially abandoned, citing insufficient ridership and a lack of financial feasibility.
The city of Makassar, its outlying districts, and the South Sulawesi Province are served by Hasanuddin International Airport. The airport is located outside the Makassar city administration area, being situated in the nearby Maros Regency.
The city is served by Soekarno-Hatta Sea Port. In January 2012 it was announced that due to limited capacity of the current dock at Soekarno-Hatta sea port, it will be expanded to 150x30 square meters to avoid the need for at least two ships to queue every day.
ADMINISTRATION AND GOVERNANCE
The executive head of the city is the mayor, who is elected by direct vote for a period of five years. The mayor is assisted by a deputy-mayor, who is also an elected person. There is a legislative assembly for the city, members of which are also elected for a period of five years. Makassar City is divided into 15 administrative districts and 153 urban villages. Districts in Makassar city are Biringkanaya, Bontoala, Sangkarang Islands, Makassar, Mamajang, Manggala, Mariso, Panakkukang, Rappocini, Tallo, Tamalanrea, Tamalate, Ujung Pandang, Ujung Tanah and Wajo.
GEOGRAPHY
This official metropolitan area covers 2.689,89 km2 and had a population of 2.696.242 (2017). The metropolitan area of Makassar (Mamminasata) extends over 47 administrative districts (kecamatan), consisting of all 15 districts within the city, all 9 districts of Takalar Regency, 11 (out of 18) districts of Gowa Regency and 12 (out of 14) districts of Maros Regency.
Districts of Takalar Regency which included in the metro area are, Mangara Bombang, Mappakasunggu, Sanrobone, Polombangkeng Selatan, Pattallassang, Polombangkeng Utara, Galesong Selatan, Galesong and Galesong Utara. Districts of Gowa Regency which included in the metro area are, Somba Opu, Bontomarannu, Pallangga, Bajeng, Bajeng Barat, Barombong, Manuju, Pattallassang, Parangloe, Bontonompo and Bontonompo Selatan. Districts of Maros Regency which included in the metro area are, Maros Baru, Turikale, Marusu, Mandai, Moncongloe, Bontoa, Lau, Tanralili, Tompo Bulu, Bantimurung, Simbang and Cenrana.
CLIMATE
Makassar has a tropical monsoon climate. The average temperature for the year in Makassar is 27.5 °C, with little variation due to its near-equatorial latitude: the average high is around 32.5 °C and the average low around 22.5 °C all year long. In contrast to the virtually consistent temperature, rainfall shows wide variation between months in Makassar due to movement of the Intertropical Convergence Zone. Makassar averages around 3,137 millimetres of rain on 187 days during the year, but during the month with least rainfall – August – only 15 millimetres on two days of rain can be expected. In contrast, during its very wet wet season, Makassar can expect over 530 millimetres per month between December and February. During the wettest month of January, 734 millimetres can be expected to fall on twenty-seven rainy days.
MAIN SIGHTS
Makassar is home to several prominent landmarks including:
- the 17th century Dutch fort Fort Rotterdam
- the Trans Studio Makassar—the third largest indoor theme park in the world
- the Karebosi Link—the first underground shopping center in Indonesia
- the floating mosque located at Losari Beach.
- the Nusantara
- the Bantimurung - Bulusaraung National Park well-known karst area, famous for the remarkable collection of butterflies in the local area, is nearby to Makassar (around 40 km to the north).
DEMOGRAPHICS
Makassar is a multi-ethnic city, populated mostly by Makassarese and Buginese. The remainder are Torajans, Mandarese, Butonese, Chinese and Javanese. The current population is approximately 1.5 million, with a Metropolitan total of 2.2 million.
EDUCATION
State University of Makassar
Hasanuddin University
Alauddin Islamic State University
Universitas Muhammadiyah Makassar
Universitas Muslim Indonesia
By 2007 the city government began requiring all skirts of schoolgirls be below the knee.
TRADITIONAL FOOD
Makassar has several famous traditional foods. The most famous is Coto Makassar. It is a stew made from the mixture of nuts, spices, and selected offal which may include beef brain, tongue and intestine. Konro rib dish is also a popular traditional food in Makassar. Both Coto Makassar and Konro are usually eaten with Burasa or Ketupat, a glutinous rice cake. Another famous cuisine from Makassar is Ayam Goreng Sulawesi (Celebes fried chicken); the chicken is marinated with a traditional soy sauce recipe for up to 24 hours before being fried to a golden colour. The dish is usually served with chicken broth, rice and special sambal (chilli sauce).
In addition, Makassar is the home of Pisang Epe (pressed banana), as well as Pisang Ijo (green banana). Pisang Epe is a banana which is pressed, grilled, and covered with palm sugar sauce and sometimes eaten with Durian. Many street vendors sell Pisang Epe, especially around the area of Losari beach. Pisang Ijo is a banana covered with green colored flours, coconut milk, and syrup. Pisang Ijo is sometimes served iced, and often eaten during Ramadan.
WIKIPEDIA
IR HDR. IR converted Canon 40D. Canon 17-55 F2.8 IS lens. Shot at ISO 100, F16, AEB +/-3 total of 7 exposures processed with Photomatix. Levels adjusted in PSE.
High Dynamic Range (HDR)
High-dynamic-range imaging (HDRI) is a high dynamic range (HDR) technique used in imaging and photography to reproduce a greater dynamic range of luminosity than is possible with standard digital imaging or photographic techniques. The aim is to present a similar range of luminance to that experienced through the human visual system. The human eye, through adaptation of the iris and other methods, adjusts constantly to adapt to a broad range of luminance present in the environment. The brain continuously interprets this information so that a viewer can see in a wide range of light conditions.
HDR images can represent a greater range of luminance levels than can be achieved using more 'traditional' methods, such as many real-world scenes containing very bright, direct sunlight to extreme shade, or very faint nebulae. This is often achieved by capturing and then combining several different, narrower range, exposures of the same subject matter. Non-HDR cameras take photographs with a limited exposure range, referred to as LDR, resulting in the loss of detail in highlights or shadows.
The two primary types of HDR images are computer renderings and images resulting from merging multiple low-dynamic-range (LDR) or standard-dynamic-range (SDR) photographs. HDR images can also be acquired using special image sensors, such as an oversampled binary image sensor.
Due to the limitations of printing and display contrast, the extended luminosity range of an HDR image has to be compressed to be made visible. The method of rendering an HDR image to a standard monitor or printing device is called tone mapping. This method reduces the overall contrast of an HDR image to facilitate display on devices or printouts with lower dynamic range, and can be applied to produce images with preserved local contrast (or exaggerated for artistic effect).
In photography, dynamic range is measured in exposure value (EV) differences (known as stops). An increase of one EV, or 'one stop', represents a doubling of the amount of light. Conversely, a decrease of one EV represents a halving of the amount of light. Therefore, revealing detail in the darkest of shadows requires high exposures, while preserving detail in very bright situations requires very low exposures. Most cameras cannot provide this range of exposure values within a single exposure, due to their low dynamic range. High-dynamic-range photographs are generally achieved by capturing multiple standard-exposure images, often using exposure bracketing, and then later merging them into a single HDR image, usually within a photo manipulation program). Digital images are often encoded in a camera's raw image format, because 8-bit JPEG encoding does not offer a wide enough range of values to allow fine transitions (and regarding HDR, later introduces undesirable effects due to lossy compression).
Any camera that allows manual exposure control can make images for HDR work, although one equipped with auto exposure bracketing (AEB) is far better suited. Images from film cameras are less suitable as they often must first be digitized, so that they can later be processed using software HDR methods.
In most imaging devices, the degree of exposure to light applied to the active element (be it film or CCD) can be altered in one of two ways: by either increasing/decreasing the size of the aperture or by increasing/decreasing the time of each exposure. Exposure variation in an HDR set is only done by altering the exposure time and not the aperture size; this is because altering the aperture size also affects the depth of field and so the resultant multiple images would be quite different, preventing their final combination into a single HDR image.
An important limitation for HDR photography is that any movement between successive images will impede or prevent success in combining them afterwards. Also, as one must create several images (often three or five and sometimes more) to obtain the desired luminance range, such a full 'set' of images takes extra time. HDR photographers have developed calculation methods and techniques to partially overcome these problems, but the use of a sturdy tripod is, at least, advised.
Some cameras have an auto exposure bracketing (AEB) feature with a far greater dynamic range than others, from the 3 EV of the Canon EOS 40D, to the 18 EV of the Canon EOS-1D Mark II. As the popularity of this imaging method grows, several camera manufactures are now offering built-in HDR features. For example, the Pentax K-7 DSLR has an HDR mode that captures an HDR image and outputs (only) a tone mapped JPEG file. The Canon PowerShot G12, Canon PowerShot S95 and Canon PowerShot S100 offer similar features in a smaller format.. Nikon's approach is called 'Active D-Lighting' which applies exposure compensation and tone mapping to the image as it comes from the sensor, with the accent being on retaing a realistic effect . Some smartphones provide HDR modes, and most mobile platforms have apps that provide HDR picture taking.
Camera characteristics such as gamma curves, sensor resolution, noise, photometric calibration and color calibration affect resulting high-dynamic-range images.
Color film negatives and slides consist of multiple film layers that respond to light differently. As a consequence, transparent originals (especially positive slides) feature a very high dynamic range
Tone mapping
Tone mapping reduces the dynamic range, or contrast ratio, of an entire image while retaining localized contrast. Although it is a distinct operation, tone mapping is often applied to HDRI files by the same software package.
Several software applications are available on the PC, Mac and Linux platforms for producing HDR files and tone mapped images. Notable titles include
Adobe Photoshop
Aurora HDR
Dynamic Photo HDR
HDR Efex Pro
HDR PhotoStudio
Luminance HDR
MagicRaw
Oloneo PhotoEngine
Photomatix Pro
PTGui
Information stored in high-dynamic-range images typically corresponds to the physical values of luminance or radiance that can be observed in the real world. This is different from traditional digital images, which represent colors as they should appear on a monitor or a paper print. Therefore, HDR image formats are often called scene-referred, in contrast to traditional digital images, which are device-referred or output-referred. Furthermore, traditional images are usually encoded for the human visual system (maximizing the visual information stored in the fixed number of bits), which is usually called gamma encoding or gamma correction. The values stored for HDR images are often gamma compressed (power law) or logarithmically encoded, or floating-point linear values, since fixed-point linear encodings are increasingly inefficient over higher dynamic ranges.
HDR images often don't use fixed ranges per color channel—other than traditional images—to represent many more colors over a much wider dynamic range. For that purpose, they don't use integer values to represent the single color channels (e.g., 0-255 in an 8 bit per pixel interval for red, green and blue) but instead use a floating point representation. Common are 16-bit (half precision) or 32-bit floating point numbers to represent HDR pixels. However, when the appropriate transfer function is used, HDR pixels for some applications can be represented with a color depth that has as few as 10–12 bits for luminance and 8 bits for chrominance without introducing any visible quantization artifacts.
History of HDR photography
The idea of using several exposures to adequately reproduce a too-extreme range of luminance was pioneered as early as the 1850s by Gustave Le Gray to render seascapes showing both the sky and the sea. Such rendering was impossible at the time using standard methods, as the luminosity range was too extreme. Le Gray used one negative for the sky, and another one with a longer exposure for the sea, and combined the two into one picture in positive.
Mid 20th century
Manual tone mapping was accomplished by dodging and burning – selectively increasing or decreasing the exposure of regions of the photograph to yield better tonality reproduction. This was effective because the dynamic range of the negative is significantly higher than would be available on the finished positive paper print when that is exposed via the negative in a uniform manner. An excellent example is the photograph Schweitzer at the Lamp by W. Eugene Smith, from his 1954 photo essay A Man of Mercy on Dr. Albert Schweitzer and his humanitarian work in French Equatorial Africa. The image took 5 days to reproduce the tonal range of the scene, which ranges from a bright lamp (relative to the scene) to a dark shadow.
Ansel Adams elevated dodging and burning to an art form. Many of his famous prints were manipulated in the darkroom with these two methods. Adams wrote a comprehensive book on producing prints called The Print, which prominently features dodging and burning, in the context of his Zone System.
With the advent of color photography, tone mapping in the darkroom was no longer possible due to the specific timing needed during the developing process of color film. Photographers looked to film manufacturers to design new film stocks with improved response, or continued to shoot in black and white to use tone mapping methods.
Color film capable of directly recording high-dynamic-range images was developed by Charles Wyckoff and EG&G "in the course of a contract with the Department of the Air Force". This XR film had three emulsion layers, an upper layer having an ASA speed rating of 400, a middle layer with an intermediate rating, and a lower layer with an ASA rating of 0.004. The film was processed in a manner similar to color films, and each layer produced a different color. The dynamic range of this extended range film has been estimated as 1:108. It has been used to photograph nuclear explosions, for astronomical photography, for spectrographic research, and for medical imaging. Wyckoff's detailed pictures of nuclear explosions appeared on the cover of Life magazine in the mid-1950s.
Late 20th century
Georges Cornuéjols and licensees of his patents (Brdi, Hymatom) introduced the principle of HDR video image, in 1986, by interposing a matricial LCD screen in front of the camera's image sensor, increasing the sensors dynamic by five stops. The concept of neighborhood tone mapping was applied to video cameras by a group from the Technion in Israel led by Dr. Oliver Hilsenrath and Prof. Y.Y.Zeevi who filed for a patent on this concept in 1988.
In February and April 1990, Georges Cornuéjols introduced the first real-time HDR camera that combined two images captured by a sensor3435 or simultaneously3637 by two sensors of the camera. This process is known as bracketing used for a video stream.
In 1991, the first commercial video camera was introduced that performed real-time capturing of multiple images with different exposures, and producing an HDR video image, by Hymatom, licensee of Georges Cornuéjols.
Also in 1991, Georges Cornuéjols introduced the HDR+ image principle by non-linear accumulation of images to increase the sensitivity of the camera: for low-light environments, several successive images are accumulated, thus increasing the signal to noise ratio.
In 1993, another commercial medical camera producing an HDR video image, by the Technion.
Modern HDR imaging uses a completely different approach, based on making a high-dynamic-range luminance or light map using only global image operations (across the entire image), and then tone mapping the result. Global HDR was first introduced in 19931 resulting in a mathematical theory of differently exposed pictures of the same subject matter that was published in 1995 by Steve Mann and Rosalind Picard.
On October 28, 1998, Ben Sarao created one of the first nighttime HDR+G (High Dynamic Range + Graphic image)of STS-95 on the launch pad at NASA's Kennedy Space Center. It consisted of four film images of the shuttle at night that were digitally composited with additional digital graphic elements. The image was first exhibited at NASA Headquarters Great Hall, Washington DC in 1999 and then published in Hasselblad Forum, Issue 3 1993, Volume 35 ISSN 0282-5449.
The advent of consumer digital cameras produced a new demand for HDR imaging to improve the light response of digital camera sensors, which had a much smaller dynamic range than film. Steve Mann developed and patented the global-HDR method for producing digital images having extended dynamic range at the MIT Media Laboratory. Mann's method involved a two-step procedure: (1) generate one floating point image array by global-only image operations (operations that affect all pixels identically, without regard to their local neighborhoods); and then (2) convert this image array, using local neighborhood processing (tone-remapping, etc.), into an HDR image. The image array generated by the first step of Mann's process is called a lightspace image, lightspace picture, or radiance map. Another benefit of global-HDR imaging is that it provides access to the intermediate light or radiance map, which has been used for computer vision, and other image processing operations.
21st century
In 2005, Adobe Systems introduced several new features in Photoshop CS2 including Merge to HDR, 32 bit floating point image support, and HDR tone mapping.
On June 30, 2016, Microsoft added support for the digital compositing of HDR images to Windows 10 using the Universal Windows Platform.
HDR sensors
Modern CMOS image sensors can often capture a high dynamic range from a single exposure. The wide dynamic range of the captured image is non-linearly compressed into a smaller dynamic range electronic representation. However, with proper processing, the information from a single exposure can be used to create an HDR image.
Such HDR imaging is used in extreme dynamic range applications like welding or automotive work. Some other cameras designed for use in security applications can automatically provide two or more images for each frame, with changing exposure. For example, a sensor for 30fps video will give out 60fps with the odd frames at a short exposure time and the even frames at a longer exposure time. Some of the sensor may even combine the two images on-chip so that a wider dynamic range without in-pixel compression is directly available to the user for display or processing.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-dynamic-range_imaging
Infrared Photography
In infrared photography, the film or image sensor used is sensitive to infrared light. The part of the spectrum used is referred to as near-infrared to distinguish it from far-infrared, which is the domain of thermal imaging. Wavelengths used for photography range from about 700 nm to about 900 nm. Film is usually sensitive to visible light too, so an infrared-passing filter is used; this lets infrared (IR) light pass through to the camera, but blocks all or most of the visible light spectrum (the filter thus looks black or deep red). ("Infrared filter" may refer either to this type of filter or to one that blocks infrared but passes other wavelengths.)
When these filters are used together with infrared-sensitive film or sensors, "in-camera effects" can be obtained; false-color or black-and-white images with a dreamlike or sometimes lurid appearance known as the "Wood Effect," an effect mainly caused by foliage (such as tree leaves and grass) strongly reflecting in the same way visible light is reflected from snow. There is a small contribution from chlorophyll fluorescence, but this is marginal and is not the real cause of the brightness seen in infrared photographs. The effect is named after the infrared photography pioneer Robert W. Wood, and not after the material wood, which does not strongly reflect infrared.
The other attributes of infrared photographs include very dark skies and penetration of atmospheric haze, caused by reduced Rayleigh scattering and Mie scattering, respectively, compared to visible light. The dark skies, in turn, result in less infrared light in shadows and dark reflections of those skies from water, and clouds will stand out strongly. These wavelengths also penetrate a few millimeters into skin and give a milky look to portraits, although eyes often look black.
Until the early 20th century, infrared photography was not possible because silver halide emulsions are not sensitive to longer wavelengths than that of blue light (and to a lesser extent, green light) without the addition of a dye to act as a color sensitizer. The first infrared photographs (as distinct from spectrographs) to be published appeared in the February 1910 edition of The Century Magazine and in the October 1910 edition of the Royal Photographic Society Journal to illustrate papers by Robert W. Wood, who discovered the unusual effects that now bear his name. The RPS co-ordinated events to celebrate the centenary of this event in 2010. Wood's photographs were taken on experimental film that required very long exposures; thus, most of his work focused on landscapes. A further set of infrared landscapes taken by Wood in Italy in 1911 used plates provided for him by CEK Mees at Wratten & Wainwright. Mees also took a few infrared photographs in Portugal in 1910, which are now in the Kodak archives.
Infrared-sensitive photographic plates were developed in the United States during World War I for spectroscopic analysis, and infrared sensitizing dyes were investigated for improved haze penetration in aerial photography. After 1930, new emulsions from Kodak and other manufacturers became useful to infrared astronomy.
Infrared photography became popular with photography enthusiasts in the 1930s when suitable film was introduced commercially. The Times regularly published landscape and aerial photographs taken by their staff photographers using Ilford infrared film. By 1937 33 kinds of infrared film were available from five manufacturers including Agfa, Kodak and Ilford. Infrared movie film was also available and was used to create day-for-night effects in motion pictures, a notable example being the pseudo-night aerial sequences in the James Cagney/Bette Davis movie The Bride Came COD.
False-color infrared photography became widely practiced with the introduction of Kodak Ektachrome Infrared Aero Film and Ektachrome Infrared EIR. The first version of this, known as Kodacolor Aero-Reversal-Film, was developed by Clark and others at the Kodak for camouflage detection in the 1940s. The film became more widely available in 35mm form in the 1960s but KODAK AEROCHROME III Infrared Film 1443 has been discontinued.
Infrared photography became popular with a number of 1960s recording artists, because of the unusual results; Jimi Hendrix, Donovan, Frank and a slow shutter speed without focus compensation, however wider apertures like f/2.0 can produce sharp photos only if the lens is meticulously refocused to the infrared index mark, and only if this index mark is the correct one for the filter and film in use. However, it should be noted that diffraction effects inside a camera are greater at infrared wavelengths so that stopping down the lens too far may actually reduce sharpness.
Most apochromatic ('APO') lenses do not have an Infrared index mark and do not need to be refocused for the infrared spectrum because they are already optically corrected into the near-infrared spectrum. Catadioptric lenses do not often require this adjustment because their mirror containing elements do not suffer from chromatic aberration and so the overall aberration is comparably less. Catadioptric lenses do, of course, still contain lenses, and these lenses do still have a dispersive property.
Infrared black-and-white films require special development times but development is usually achieved with standard black-and-white film developers and chemicals (like D-76). Kodak HIE film has a polyester film base that is very stable but extremely easy to scratch, therefore special care must be used in the handling of Kodak HIE throughout the development and printing/scanning process to avoid damage to the film. The Kodak HIE film was sensitive to 900 nm.
As of November 2, 2007, "KODAK is preannouncing the discontinuance" of HIE Infrared 35 mm film stating the reasons that, "Demand for these products has been declining significantly in recent years, and it is no longer practical to continue to manufacture given the low volume, the age of the product formulations and the complexity of the processes involved." At the time of this notice, HIE Infrared 135-36 was available at a street price of around $12.00 a roll at US mail order outlets.
Arguably the greatest obstacle to infrared film photography has been the increasing difficulty of obtaining infrared-sensitive film. However, despite the discontinuance of HIE, other newer infrared sensitive emulsions from EFKE, ROLLEI, and ILFORD are still available, but these formulations have differing sensitivity and specifications from the venerable KODAK HIE that has been around for at least two decades. Some of these infrared films are available in 120 and larger formats as well as 35 mm, which adds flexibility to their application. With the discontinuance of Kodak HIE, Efke's IR820 film has become the only IR film on the marketneeds update with good sensitivity beyond 750 nm, the Rollei film does extend beyond 750 nm but IR sensitivity falls off very rapidly.
Color infrared transparency films have three sensitized layers that, because of the way the dyes are coupled to these layers, reproduce infrared as red, red as green, and green as blue. All three layers are sensitive to blue so the film must be used with a yellow filter, since this will block blue light but allow the remaining colors to reach the film. The health of foliage can be determined from the relative strengths of green and infrared light reflected; this shows in color infrared as a shift from red (healthy) towards magenta (unhealthy). Early color infrared films were developed in the older E-4 process, but Kodak later manufactured a color transparency film that could be developed in standard E-6 chemistry, although more accurate results were obtained by developing using the AR-5 process. In general, color infrared does not need to be refocused to the infrared index mark on the lens.
In 2007 Kodak announced that production of the 35 mm version of their color infrared film (Ektachrome Professional Infrared/EIR) would cease as there was insufficient demand. Since 2011, all formats of color infrared film have been discontinued. Specifically, Aerochrome 1443 and SO-734.
There is no currently available digital camera that will produce the same results as Kodak color infrared film although the equivalent images can be produced by taking two exposures, one infrared and the other full-color, and combining in post-production. The color images produced by digital still cameras using infrared-pass filters are not equivalent to those produced on color infrared film. The colors result from varying amounts of infrared passing through the color filters on the photo sites, further amended by the Bayer filtering. While this makes such images unsuitable for the kind of applications for which the film was used, such as remote sensing of plant health, the resulting color tonality has proved popular artistically.
Color digital infrared, as part of full spectrum photography is gaining popularity. The ease of creating a softly colored photo with infrared characteristics has found interest among hobbyists and professionals.
In 2008, Los Angeles photographer, Dean Bennici started cutting and hand rolling Aerochrome color Infrared film. All Aerochrome medium and large format which exists today came directly from his lab. The trend in infrared photography continues to gain momentum with the success of photographer Richard Mosse and multiple users all around the world.
Digital camera sensors are inherently sensitive to infrared light, which would interfere with the normal photography by confusing the autofocus calculations or softening the image (because infrared light is focused differently from visible light), or oversaturating the red channel. Also, some clothing is transparent in the infrared, leading to unintended (at least to the manufacturer) uses of video cameras. Thus, to improve image quality and protect privacy, many digital cameras employ infrared blockers. Depending on the subject matter, infrared photography may not be practical with these cameras because the exposure times become overly long, often in the range of 30 seconds, creating noise and motion blur in the final image. However, for some subject matter the long exposure does not matter or the motion blur effects actually add to the image. Some lenses will also show a 'hot spot' in the centre of the image as their coatings are optimised for visible light and not for IR.
An alternative method of DSLR infrared photography is to remove the infrared blocker in front of the sensor and replace it with a filter that removes visible light. This filter is behind the mirror, so the camera can be used normally - handheld, normal shutter speeds, normal composition through the viewfinder, and focus, all work like a normal camera. Metering works but is not always accurate because of the difference between visible and infrared refraction. When the IR blocker is removed, many lenses which did display a hotspot cease to do so, and become perfectly usable for infrared photography. Additionally, because the red, green and blue micro-filters remain and have transmissions not only in their respective color but also in the infrared, enhanced infrared color may be recorded.
Since the Bayer filters in most digital cameras absorb a significant fraction of the infrared light, these cameras are sometimes not very sensitive as infrared cameras and can sometimes produce false colors in the images. An alternative approach is to use a Foveon X3 sensor, which does not have absorptive filters on it; the Sigma SD10 DSLR has a removable IR blocking filter and dust protector, which can be simply omitted or replaced by a deep red or complete visible light blocking filter. The Sigma SD14 has an IR/UV blocking filter that can be removed/installed without tools. The result is a very sensitive digital IR camera.
While it is common to use a filter that blocks almost all visible light, the wavelength sensitivity of a digital camera without internal infrared blocking is such that a variety of artistic results can be obtained with more conventional filtration. For example, a very dark neutral density filter can be used (such as the Hoya ND400) which passes a very small amount of visible light compared to the near-infrared it allows through. Wider filtration permits an SLR viewfinder to be used and also passes more varied color information to the sensor without necessarily reducing the Wood effect. Wider filtration is however likely to reduce other infrared artefacts such as haze penetration and darkened skies. This technique mirrors the methods used by infrared film photographers where black-and-white infrared film was often used with a deep red filter rather than a visually opaque one.
Another common technique with near-infrared filters is to swap blue and red channels in software (e.g. photoshop) which retains much of the characteristic 'white foliage' while rendering skies a glorious blue.
Several Sony cameras had the so-called Night Shot facility, which physically moves the blocking filter away from the light path, which makes the cameras very sensitive to infrared light. Soon after its development, this facility was 'restricted' by Sony to make it difficult for people to take photos that saw through clothing. To do this the iris is opened fully and exposure duration is limited to long times of more than 1/30 second or so. It is possible to shoot infrared but neutral density filters must be used to reduce the camera's sensitivity and the long exposure times mean that care must be taken to avoid camera-shake artifacts.
Fuji have produced digital cameras for use in forensic criminology and medicine which have no infrared blocking filter. The first camera, designated the S3 PRO UVIR, also had extended ultraviolet sensitivity (digital sensors are usually less sensitive to UV than to IR). Optimum UV sensitivity requires special lenses, but ordinary lenses usually work well for IR. In 2007, FujiFilm introduced a new version of this camera, based on the Nikon D200/ FujiFilm S5 called the IS Pro, also able to take Nikon lenses. Fuji had earlier introduced a non-SLR infrared camera, the IS-1, a modified version of the FujiFilm FinePix S9100. Unlike the S3 PRO UVIR, the IS-1 does not offer UV sensitivity. FujiFilm restricts the sale of these cameras to professional users with their EULA specifically prohibiting "unethical photographic conduct".
Phase One digital camera backs can be ordered in an infrared modified form.
Remote sensing and thermographic cameras are sensitive to longer wavelengths of infrared (see Infrared spectrum#Commonly used sub-division scheme). They may be multispectral and use a variety of technologies which may not resemble common camera or filter designs. Cameras sensitive to longer infrared wavelengths including those used in infrared astronomy often require cooling to reduce thermally induced dark currents in the sensor (see Dark current (physics)). Lower cost uncooled thermographic digital cameras operate in the Long Wave infrared band (see Thermographic camera#Uncooled infrared detectors). These cameras are generally used for building inspection or preventative maintenance but can be used for artistic pursuits as well.