View allAll Photos Tagged Surrender
JPEG with Pentax K-r. 12MP CMOS sensor, APS-C . Pentax SMC DA* 50-135mm f/2.8 ED (IF). PP with Apple Aperture.
For a selection of my best photography see what's clicking at the link on my Flickr profile ( mouse over my avatar / icon ).
All images are Copyright Frank J. Casella and may not be copied or reproduced in any way. No images are within Public Domain.
Super Heroine - Surrender: Trying out a basic superheroine costume. Godox v1 w/ snoot for face, v1 w/ 30x120cm for general, and AD200 w/ red gel for backdrop.
Thorpe St Andrew 1939 - 45
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C G N Aldred
Name: ALDRED, CHARLES NOEL GEORGE
Rank: Private Regiment/Service: Royal Norfolk Regiment Unit Text: 5th Bn.
Age: 27 Date of Death: 15/02/1942
Service No: 5771491
Additional information: Son of Charles Aldred, and of Gertrude Aldred, of Thorpe, Norwich.
Casualty Type: Commonwealth War Dead
Grave/Memorial Reference: Coll. grave 17. D. 4-11. Cemetery: KRANJI WAR CEMETERY
CWGC: www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=2052866
This was the day on which Singapore surrendered.
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L G Aldred
Name: ALDRED, LESLIE GORDON
Rank: Stoker 1st Class
Service: Royal Navy Unit Text: H.M.S. Cleopatra
Age: 22 Date of Death: 16/07/1943
Service No: C/KX 95885
Additional information: Son of Charlotte Alfred, of Norwich.
Grave/Memorial Reference: 72, 1. Memorial: CHATHAM NAVAL MEMORIAL
CWGC: www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=2464269
HMS Cleopatra July 1943
16th Hit amidships by torpedo from Italian submarine
Sustained major damage to structure with flooding of machinery compartments.
Only 'Local' control of armament was possible.
30 of ship's company were killed or missing with 23 wounded,
(Note: Submarine probably DANDALO but another source claims ALAGI)
17th Returned to Malta at 10 knots screened by HM Destroyers QUIBERON and QUAIL
with AA cover by HMS EURYALUS.
www.naval-history.net/xGM-Chrono-06CL-Cleopatra.htm
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E W Allaway
Name: ALLAWAY, EDWARD WILSON
Rank: Corporal
Regiment: Royal Norfolk Regiment Unit Text: 4th Bn.
Age: 25 Date of Death: 13/02/1942
Service No: 5778638
Additional information: Husband of W. Allaway, of Thorpe, Norwich.
Grave/Memorial Reference: Column 47. Memorial: SINGAPORE MEMORIAL
CWGC: www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=2529835
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K A Amond
Name: AMOND, KENNETH ALFRED
Rank: Sergeant
Service: Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve, 139 Sqdn.
Age: 20
Date of Death: 03/03/1943
Service No: 1392604
Additional information: Son of Alfred and Vivien May Amond, of Thorpe, Norwich. Casualty Type: Commonwealth War Dead
Memorial Reference: Panel 140. RUNNYMEDE MEMORIAL
CWGC: www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=1082754
Probably this incident although Navigator is referred to Sgt F A Amond
Type Mosquito
Serial Number...........................................DZ463
Squadron....................................................139
X1D..............................................................XD-O
Operation...................................................Knaben
Date ...........................................................3rd March 1943
Further Information
" Airborne 1200 3Mar43 from Marham to bomb a molybdenum mine. Homebound, intercepted by Fw190s and shot down off the Norwegian coast. F/O Bulpitt is buried in the seaport town of Egersund; Sgt Amond has no known grave and is commemorated on the Runnymede Memeorial. F/O A.N.Bulpitt KIA Sgt F.A.Amond KIA "
Lost Bombers; www.lostbombers.co.uk/bomber.php?id=8268
There is one plane claimed as a Mosquito shot down on this date, but it was subsequently amended to a Blenheim. Pilot was Uffz. Schmid of 7./JG 1. Combat was at 50m, over the sea at 14.42 Central European Time.
www.rafandluftwaffe.info/lists/luftwaffe_b1.htm
www.lesbutler.ip3.co.uk/tony/tonywood.htm
03/03/43: 10 Mosquitoes from 139 Sqd., led by W/C Shand DFC, fly low level to attack the molybdenum mines at Knaben in Norway. This precision raid was highly successful.
www.mossie.org/squadrons/139_squadron.htm
3 March 1943
10 Mosquitos of No 139 Squadron carried out a long-range raid on the important molybdenum mine at Knaben in Norway. The target was successfully bombed but 1 Mosquito was shot down by FW 190s
www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/mar43.html
NORWAY: 10 Mosquitoes of RAF No. 139 Sqdn carried out a long range raid on the important molybdenum mine at Knaben in Norway. The target was successfully bombed but 1 Mosquito was shot down by Fw 190s, claimed by Uffz. Schmid of 7./JG 1 for his first kill.
www.ww2aircraft.net/forum/ww2-general/day-war-europe-65-y...
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W G Armiger
Name: ARMIGER, WILLIAM CHARLES
Rank: Private
Regiment: Royal Norfolk Regiment
Unit Text: 5th Bn.
Age: 24 Date of Death: 15/02/1942
Service No: 5775370
Additional information: Son of William and Ethel Ada Armiger; husband of Daisy Rosa Jessie Armiger, of Thorpe, Norwich, Norfolk.
Grave/Memorial Reference: Column 49. Memorial: SINGAPORE MEMORIAL
CWGC: www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=2530218
This was the day on which Singapore surrendered.
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W G Artis
Name: ARTIS, WILLIAM GEORGE Initials: W G
Rank: Private
Regiment: Royal Norfolk Regiment Unit Text: 6th Bn.
Age: 26
Date of Death: 17/08/1943
Service No: 5775682
Additional information: Son of William George and Gladis Artis; husband of Irene Mary Artis, of Thorpe, Norfolk.
Grave Reference: 2. G. 65.
Cemetery: KANCHANABURI WAR CEMETERY
CWGC: www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=2664993
The notorious Burma-Siam railway, built by Commonwealth, Dutch and American prisoners of war, was a Japanese project driven by the need for improved communications to support the large Japanese army in Burma. During its construction, approximately 13,000 prisoners of war died and were buried along the railway. An estimated 80,000 to 100,000 civilians also died in the course of the project, chiefly forced labour brought from Malaya and the Dutch East Indies, or conscripted in Siam (Thailand) and Burma (Myanmar). Two labour forces, one based in Siam and the other in Burma worked from opposite ends of the line towards the centre. The Japanese aimed at completing the railway in 14 months and work began in October 1942. The line, 424 kilometres long, was completed by December 1943. The graves of those who died during the construction and maintenance of the Burma-Siam railway (except for the Americans, whose remains were repatriated) were transferred from camp burial grounds and isolated sites along the railway into three cemeteries at Chungkai and Kanchanaburi in Thailand and Thanbyuzayat in Myanmar
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D A Bryant
Name: BRYANT, DEREK ARTHUR
Rank: Flight Sergeant
Service: Royal Air Force
Age: 27
Date of Death: 28/04/1942
Service No: 565225
Additional information: Son of Albert James Bryant and Amy lsabel Bryant, of Thorpe St. Andrew.
Cemetery: THORPE-NEXT-NORWICH (ST. ANDREW) CHURCH CEMETERY
CWGC: www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=2764503
Derek was killed in the “Baedekker” raid on Norwich on this day. His address is given as “Upways” Thorpe Next Norwich.
www.norfolkroots24.co.uk/norfolkRoots/content/features/20...
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J A Burr
Name: BURR, JOSEPH
Rank: Gunner
Regiment/Service: Royal Artillery
Unit Text: 5/3 Maritime Regt.
Age: 20 Date of Death: 10/03/1943
Service No: 5774299
Additional information: Son of Joseph and Margaret Burr, of Thorpe, Norfolk.
Memorial Reference: 74, 2., CHATHAM NAVAL MEMORIAL
CWGC: www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=2465502
The Maritime regiment were soldiers put onto Merchant Ships to man Anti-Aircraft Guns. It was something the British Government kept quiet at the time, so it can be difficult to trace which ships they served on.
Convoy SC121 lost several ships on the 9th, having been broken up by several days of Force 10 Gales they fell easy prey to a wolfpack.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convoy_SC-121
I can’t be certain whether Joseph Burr was on one of those, but the ship lost on this day was the 4,946 tons SS Nailsea . 45 out of 49 crew were lost , including 9 gunners according to one source,
uboat.net/allies/merchants/ships/2753.html
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C L Caston
Name: CASTON, CYRIL LEON
Rank: Sergeant
Service: Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve
Unit Text: 166 Sqdn.
Age: 20
Date of Death: 24/09/1944
Service No: 1627211
Additional information: Son of Robert and Emily Emma Caston, of Thorpe, Norfolk.
Memorial Reference: Panel 226.,RUNNYMEDE MEMORIAL
CWGC: www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=1084160
Lancaster LM722 Information
Type...................................................................Lancaster
Serial Number.................................................LM722
Squadron..........................................................166
X1D.....................................................................AS-D
Operation.........................................................Neuss
Date 1................................................................23rd September 1944
Date 2...............................................................24th September 1944
Further Information
"LM722 was delivered to 166 Sqdn 2Sep44. It is believed that this aircraft was lost on its first Raid. When lost this aircraft had a total of 46 hours. LM722 was one of two 166 Sqdn Lancasters lost on this operation. See: PB242
Airborne 1840 23Sep44 from Kirmington. Lost without trace. All are commemorated on the Runnymede Memorial. F/O J.G.Davies KIA Sgt C.L.Caston KIA Sgt A.Rollinson KIA F/O F.Cameron KIA F/S J.McK Dillon RAAF KIA Sgt R.B.Ward KIA Sgt R.Leigh KIA "
www.lostbombers.co.uk/bomber.php?id=2244
23/24 September 1944
549 aircraft - 378 Lancasters, 154 Halifaxes, 17 Mosquitos of Nos 1, 3, 4 and 8 Groups to Neuss. 5 Lancasters and 2 Halifaxes lost. Bomber Command's report states that most of the bombing fell in the dock and factory areas.
www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/sep44.html
There were other raids the same night on the Dortmund Emms Canal, and in total 22 planes were lost. The night fighter claims for that night are 7 Lancasters and 8 x 4 engined bombers. No flak claims are recorded.
www.lesbutler.ip3.co.uk/tony/tonywood.htm
August 2016 - updated - see comments below.
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A E Chance
(Possibly)
Name: CHANCE, ALBERT EDWARD
Rank: Pilot Officer
Service: Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve
Age: 37
Date of Death: 23/12/1943
Service No: 147544
Additional information: Son of Edward and Margaret Pearson Chance; husband of Olive Mary Chance, of Twickenham, Middlesex.
Casualty Type: Commonwealth War Dead
Grave Reference: 1. O. 1. Cemetery: COLOMBO (LIVERAMENTU) CEMETERY
CWGC: www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=2154986
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J Clark
Possible
Name: CLARK, JAMES
Rank: Serjeant
Regiment/Service: Royal Artillery
Unit Text: 65 (The Norfolk Yeomanry) Anti-Tank Regt
Date of Death: 01/12/1942
Service No: 826396
Grave Reference: 2. D. 19. Cemetery: BENGHAZI WAR CEMETERY
CWGC: www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=2063782
Otherwise lots of J Clark’s with no details in the additional information field, so can’t be eliminated.
Another casualty of the costly but ultimately successful attempt to relieve Tobruk, Operation Crusader.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Crusader
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E E Crane
Name: CRANE, ERIC EDWARD
Rank: Private
Regiment: Suffolk Regiment, 4th Bn.
Age: 34
Date of Death: 21/09/1944
Service No: 5835478
Additional information: Husband of E. A. Crane, of Thorpe, Norwich.
Memorial Reference: Column 55, SINGAPORE MEMORIAL
CWGC: www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=4017414
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J S Curl
Name: CURL, JOHN SMETHURST
Rank: Pilot Officer
Service: Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve
Age: 23 Date of Death: 30/06/1941
Service No: 87051
Additional information: Son of Percy Edward and Janet Elsie Curl, of Eaton, Norwich.
Memorial Reference: Panel 32, RUNNYMEDE MEMORIAL
CWGC: www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=231661
Not readily traceable - however, one crew member of Wellington BL-P from 40 Squadron is down as not known on the Lost Bombers site.
www.lostbombers.co.uk/bomber.php?id=9282
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R H Curtis
Possibles
Name: CURTIS, RONALD HENRY Initials: R H
Nationality: United Kingdom
Rank: Lieutenant Regiment/Service: Hong Kong and Singapore Royal Artillery Unit Text: 2 H.A.A. Regt.
Age: 30 Date of Death: 05/03/1943
Service No: 190959
Additional information: Son of Edward George and Edith Curtis; husband of D. J. Curtis, of Risely, Berkshire.
Grave/Memorial Reference: Column 3. Memorial: SINGAPORE MEMORIAL
CWGC: www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=4017509
A subsequent check of the Military Genealogy site revealed that its Ronald H who came from Norwich. As the other possibles were all Reginalds, I've deleted them
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T A Cutler
Name: CUTLER, THOMAS ALEC
Rank: Sub-Lieutenant (A)
Service: Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve
Unit Text: H.M.S. Victorious.
Age: 21
Date of Death: 24/08/1944
Additional information: Son of Thomas Henry and Frances Mary Cutler, of Norwich.
Memorial Reference: Bay 5, Panel 5., LEE-ON-SOLENT MEMORIAL
CWGC: www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=2974117
Sub Lt Cutler was missing, presumed kill during air operations from HMS Victorious.
www.naval-history.net/xDKCas1944-08AUG.htm
During August 1944, HMS Victorious was in the Far East.
August
23rd Covered Eastern Fleet units providing air-sea rescue facilities during series
of attacks by US Army aircraft on Sumatra (Operations BOOMERANG).
29th Carried out air strikes on Padang, Indaroeng and Emmahaven with HMS ILLUSTRIOUS and HMS INDOMITABLE escorted by HMS HOWE and Eastern Fleet units. (Operation BANQUET).
See also
www.fleetairarmarchive.net/Ships/Victorious.html
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H F Davis
Name: DAVIS, HENRY FRANCIS
Rank: Private
Regiment: The Queen's Royal Regiment (West Surrey), 1/5th Bn.
Age: 31
Date of Death: 30/09/1942
Service No: 6092118
Additional information: Son of William Henry and Margaret Anne M. Davis; husband of Hilda May Davis, of Thorpe, Norwich.
Grave Reference: X. J. 7. Cemetery: EL ALAMEIN WAR CEMETERY
CWGC: www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=2093374
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D J Dowe
Name: DOWE, DAVID JESSE
Rank: Sergeant (Flt. Engr.)
Service: Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve
Unit Text: 463 (R.A.A.F.) Sqdn.
Age: 19 Date of Death: 25/06/1944
Service No: 1725436
Additional information: Son of David N. Dowe and Alice E. Dowe, of Thorpe St. Andrew, Norfolk.
Casualty Type: Commonwealth War Dead
Grave/Memorial Reference: Plot 2. Row D. Grave 13. Cemetery: ST. PIERRE CEMETERY, AMIENS
CWGC: www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=2847199
Lancaster LM574 Information
Type....................................................................Lancaster
Serial Number..................................................LM574
Squadron..........................................................463
X1D....................................................................JO-J
Operation..........................................................Prouville
Date 1...............................................................24th June 1944
Date 2...............................................................25th June 1944
Further Information
" LM574 was delivered to No.463 Sqdn 15May44. Incomplete operational history. However, it is recorded that LM574 took part in the Key Operation against Duisburg 21/22May44 and when lost had a total of 82 hours. LM574 was one of three No.463 Sqdn Lancasters lost on this operation. See: LM571; LM597
Airborne 2244 24Jun44 to attack a flying-bomb site. Intercepted at 13,000 feet by a Ju88 whose cannon-fire caused an explosion, throwing clear F/O Syddall. Debris from the Lancaster fell at Longuevillette (Somme), 3 km SW of Doullens. Those killed are buried at amiens in St-Pierre Cemetery.
P/O J.M.Tilbrook RAAF KIA
Sgt D.J.Dove KIA
w/O H.G.Carlyle RAAF KIA
P/O A.Syddall PoW
W/O A.C.Mineeff KIA
Sgt C.F.Penn KIA
F/S M.M.Lack RAAF KIA
P/O A.Sydall was interned in Camp L3, PoW No.6509. Promoted to F/O during captivity. "
www.lostbombers.co.uk/bomber.php?id=1114
Lancaster Mk111 LM574 JO-J Target Prouville France
www.467463raafsquadrons.com/L02Pgs/ROH/463roh.htm
There are some wonderful pictures of the crews on the squadron web-site. I don’t think Sgt Dowe was amongst them, but he would have known many of these faces, have lived the same life and grieved for those lost earlier in the war.
www.467463raafsquadrons.com/CrewsPics/crew_photos.htm
There were at least 5 four engined bombers claimed as shot down on this night in the Amiens area.
www.lesbutler.ip3.co.uk/tony/tonywood.htm
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M W Downing
(Possibly)
Name: DOWNING, MAXWELL WILLIAM
Rank: Lieutenant Regiment/Service: Glider Pilot Regiment, A.A.C. Unit Text: 2nd Wing Date of Death: 22/09/1944
Service No: 156901
Grave/Memorial Reference: 27. B. 4. Cemetery: ARNHEM OOSTERBEEK WAR CEMETERY
CWGC: www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=2644568
Update Military Genealogy has Maxwell down as born NW London, but resident Norwich.
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W J Dye
(Possibly)
Name: DYE, WALTER JAMES Initials: W J
Rank: Stoker 1st Class
Service: Royal Navy
Unit Text: H.M. Submarine Turbulent
Age: 24 Date of Death: 23/03/1943
Service No: P/KX 90571
Awards: Mentioned in Despatches
Additional information: Son of Walter George and Elsie May Dye; husband of Kathleen Dye, of West Hampstead, London.
Casualty Type: Commonwealth War Dead
Grave/Memorial Reference: Panel 78, Column 1. Memorial: PORTSMOUTH NAVAL MEMORIAL
CWGC: www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=2669177
On completion of work-up in early 1942 she was deployed in the Mediterranean for interception of supply traffic to and from North African ports. The most impressive record of sinkings began during April 1942 when she sank two supply ships off Brindisi followed by three more off North Africa the next month. On 29th May she torpedoed the Italian destroyer EMANUELE PESSAGNO which sank almost immediately off Benghazi. On her next patrol in the Gulf of Sirte during June she sank another freighter but came under heavy attack from the destroyer PEGASO when attacking a convoy of three transports on 4th July. Although she sank the hulk of the Italian destroyer STRALE which had been stranded near Cape Bon after an air attack in June, her record was marred on 17th of that month when she torpedoed the Italian mercantile NINO BIXIO off Navarino. This ship was unmarked but was carrying 2,921 allied prisoners of war including many New Zealand and Indian soldiers from Benghazi to Brindisi. Over 400 were reported killed and the ship was remained afloat. It is not known whether the intended passage of this ship was known by decrypted signals.
During further patrols in the rest of the year three more supply ships were sunk and the submarine also took part in the allied landings in North Africa (Operation TORCH) when deployed to prevent any Italian intervention during passage of the assault convoys. Early in 1943 whilst based at Algiers for duty in the western Mediterranean she carried out a patrol in the Tyrrhenian Sea and added another three mercantiles to her list of successful sinkings. During her next patrol in this area on 14th March she was attacked and sunk by Italian torpedo boats. Her sinkings totalled 35,000 tons in nine months and her Commanding Officer, Commander J W Linton, RN was awarded a posthumous Victoria Cross.
www.naval-history.net/xGM-Chrono-12SS-07T-Turbulent.htm
HMS Turbulent (Cdr. John Wallace Linton, DSO, DSC, RN) sailed from Algiers on 23 February 1943. She was sunk off Maddalena, north east Sardinia by depth charges from Italian motor torpedo boats on 12 March 1943. HMS Turbulent was declared overdue on 23 March 1943 when she failed to return to base.
Citation:
Commander Linton has been in command of submarines throughout the War. He has been responsible for the destruction of 1 cruiser, 1 destroyer, 20 merchant vessels, 6 schooners and 2 trains. A total of 81,000 tons of enemy shipping sunk. From 1st January 1942 to 1st January 1943 he spent 254 days at sea, including 2,970 hours diving. During this period he was hunted 13 times and had 250 depth charges dropped on him. His career has been one of conspicuous gallantry and extreme devotion to duty in the presence of the enemy.
uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/3505.html
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Turbulent_(N98)
news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/south_east/7295160.stm
www.sportesport.it/wrecksSA028.htm
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A Eyre
Name: EYRE, ALAN
Rank: Corporal
Regiment/Service: Royal Army Ordnance Corps
Age: 33 Date of Death: 24/07/1944
Service No: 1654330
Additional information: Son of Alfred Charles and Annie Eyre, of Norwich; husband of Ruth Eyre, of Norwich.
Grave/Memorial Reference: Sec. 54. Grave 156. Cemetery: NORWICH CEMETERY, Norfolk
CWGC: www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=2764177
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C D G Garland
Name: GARLAND, CYRIL DOUGLAS GUTHRIE
Rank: Flight Lieutenant
Service: Royal Air Force Volunteer
Reserve Unit Text: 80 Sqdn.
Age: 38 Date of Death: 28/11/1942
Service No: 62058
Additional information: Son of Frank and Henrietta Garland, of Norwich; husband of Catherine Garland, of Norwich.
Grave/Memorial Reference: 3. A. 22. Cemetery: HELIOPOLIS WAR CEMETERY
CWGC: www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=2208978
Re-equipment with Hurricanes began in February 1941 but when British forces were compelled to evacuate the country, the squadron was still equipped with Gladiators as well.
On its return from Greece the squadron was sent to Syria, from where it operated detachments in Palestine and Cyprus before moving totally to Cyprus in July 1941 and then back to Syria in August. The squadron finally joined the fighting in the Western Desert in October 1941 and following the breakout at El Alamein it was tasked with covering the lines of communication, remaining in North Africa until January 1944. A move to Italy was short-lived as in April the squadron was sent back to Britain in preparation for Operation 'Overlord'.
General Headquarters, Middle East Command was set up in Cairo shortly before the outbreak of the Second World War, remaining there throughout the war years. In January 1941, a Royal Air Force Sector Headquarters for Fighter Defence Canal Zone was established. Cairo was also a significant hospital centre during the Second World War, as well as a leave centre with many social clubs and hostels. The cemetery at Heliopolis was opened in October 1941 for burials from the many hospitals in the area coping with the wounded and sick, mainly from the Western Desert campaigns
www.cwgc.org/search/cemetery_details.aspx?cemetery=201870...
There are no Hurricanes recorded as shot down in North Africa on the 28/11, but there are two on the 27th . Previous claim was the 14th.
www.lesbutler.ip3.co.uk/tony/tonywood.htm
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W J Germany
Name: GERMANY, WILLIAM JOHN Initials: W J
Rank: Able Seaman
Service: Royal Navy Unit Text: H.M.S. Leda
Age: 39 Date of Death: 20/09/1942
Service No: C/J 111937
Additional information: Son of Mr. and Mrs. William J. Germany; husband of Gladys H. Germany, of Thorpe St. Andrew, Norfolk.
Casualty Type: Commonwealth War Dead
Grave/Memorial Reference: 54, 1. Memorial: CHATHAM NAVAL MEMORIAL
CWGC: www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=2467669
1942
September Nominated for return to UK for refit with HMS BRAMBLE.
13th Joined return convoy QP14 with HMS BRAMBLE as part of Ocean Escort
for return to UK. Other ships of Ocean Escort were :
(Note :HM Cruiser SCYLLA, HM Escort Aircraft Carrier AVENGER,
HM Destroyers ASHANTI, ESKIMO, FAULKNOR, FURY,
INTREPID, MARNE, METOER, MILNE, OFFA, ONSLAUGHT,
ONSLOW, OPPORTUNE, SOMALI, TARTAR, WHEATLAND,
WILTON, BLANKNEY, MIDDLETON, HM Trawlers AYRSHIRE,
LORD AUSTIN, LORD MIDDLETON, NORTHERN GEM, HM
Auxiliary AA Ships ALYNBANK, PALOMARES and POZARICA
Distant Cover was provided by ships of Home Fleet in view of any
attack by German heavy warships.
This convoy was also carrying survivors from the ill fated PQ17.)
14th Passage in heavy weather with no immediate threat of interference.
20th Under attack by seven U-Boats. See HITLER'S U-BOAT WAR, Volume 2
by C Blair.
Whilst in position astern of convoy in poor weather, hit by two torpedoes
fired by U435.
Ship sank one and a half hours later in position 756.48N 06.00E with the loss of 14 lives
86 of the ship's company were rescued but six of these died later.
(Note : In the continuing submarine attacks, ss SILVER SWORD, which had survived
PQ17 was sunk. The destroyer HMS SOMALI was hit by U703 and
disabled. Taken in tow by sister HMS ASHANTI the stricken ship
sank in heavy weather on 24th.)
www.naval-history.net/xGM-Chrono-22MS-Halc-Leda.htm
www.halcyon-class.co.uk/leda/hms_leda.htm#ledahome
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C C Grant
Name: GRANT, CHARLES CLIFFORD
Rank: Driver Regiment/Service: Royal Army Service Corps
Age: 35 Date of Death: 05/06/1942
Service No: T/240241
Additional information: Son of William Henry and Ann Charlotte Grant; husband of Florence Ann Grant. of Norwich.
Dead Grave/Memorial Reference: 8. C. 6. Cemetery: KNIGHTSBRIDGE WAR CEMETERY, ACROMA
CWGC: www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=2162205
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L A Hadder
Name: HADDER, LESLIE ARNOLD
Rank: Flight Sergeant (Air Gnr.)
Regiment/Service: Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve Unit Text: 214 Sqdn.
Age: 20 Date of Death: 04/03/1945
Service No: 1804649
Additional information: Son of George Henry and Elizabeth Annie Hadder, of Thorpe.
Cemetery: THORPE-NEXT-NORWICH (ST. ANDREW) CHURCH CEMETERY
CWGC: www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=2764504
I came across the grave of one of crew mates of Leslie Hadder in the church cemetery at Blickling, and after some initial false trails, I’ve written up what I found out there.
214 squadron were equipped with Flying Fortresses at this stage, and were engaged on what are now known as Electronic Counter Measures - jamming radar and radio’s etc to protect the bomber stream.
Returning from a mission, the plane was shot down by a German night fighter that was laying in wait in the air above RAF Oulton.
Craft HB815 03-04/03/45 (Pilot Officer H Bennett) Badly damaged following a night-fighter attack during the Nachtjagd Operation “Gisela”. Attack was probably made by Lt Arnold Doring of 10/NJG.3. On return to Oulton, a\c crash-landed at Lodge Farm on the Oulton airfield boundary at 00.51 hrs.
214squadron.atspace.com/fortress.htm
There is a personal memoir of the war of one of the normal crew of this plane, who missed this particular mission because of illness.
“Hadder, the mid-upper gunner, was the first to be buried. The doctor wouldn’t let Frank attend his funeral because of the state of his health…..As Frank hadn’t attended Hadder’s funeral, Frank went as soon as he was able, to visit Hadder’s family. His mother made a big fuss of Frank. She had heard Frank was dead, and was convinced that if Frank was still alive then Les must be alive as well. She took a lot of convincing that it was otherwise. This was a very unnerving experience, and Frank really had to steel himself to visit other relatives in similar circumstances after this.”
www.bbc.co.uk/ww2peopleswar/stories/19/a1073819.shtml
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This is to tempt give more photos of Yuki for Carla! 8D I made horrendous leggings, and yeees~...
They ARE facepalm worthy ;DDb yay!
Don't ask why i made Yuki her own little water mark heh <3 i was bored xD
Please check out my sisters photostream, she has very amazing work :)
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Kantara Castle is a castle in Northern Cyprus. The exact date of its construction remains unknown, the most plausible theory being the Byzantine period. It combines Byzantine and Frankish architectural elements, became derelict in 1525 and was dismantled in 1560. It gave its name to the nearby Kantara monastery.
Kantara is situated to the east of the Buffavento Castle with the St. Hilarion Castle standing even farther to the west forming a protective axis in the Kyrenia mountain range of Northern Cyprus. As both of the other castles are visible from Buffavento, it was used to pass signals between them. The castles were built in conjunction during the Byzantine period but the date of their commission remains unknown. Among the theories put forward to explain their origin the popular are: In 965 (after the expulsion of the Arabs from the island), in 1091 by the rebel Rhapsomates, during the rule of Eumathios Philokales (1091–1094), in the late 11th century after the Cilician coast was overrun by the Seljuk Empire or in 1096 as a countermeasure for the upheaval caused by the First Crusade. The name of the castle derives from the Cypriot Maronite Arabic word kandak which means stone bridge.
Serving as a watchtower for pirate raids, an administrative centre and a place of incarceration the castle saw next to no fighting. In 1191, it was taken by Richard the Lionheart during his campaign against the island's ruler Isaac Komnenos of Cyprus. Richard subsequently sold the island to the Knights Templar whose rule abruptly ended after a major revolt in Nicosia. Cyprus was thus resold to Guy of Lusignan, the former king of Jerusalem who became the first king of Cyprus in 1192. A period of peace ended with the death of Hugh I of Cyprus in 1218. A struggle over who should act as the kingdom's regent ensued, pitting the House of Ibelin with the local supporters of Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor. Frederick's arrival in Limassol in 1228 escalated the conflict into an open war. In 1229, the castle came under siege by the Ibelins, who bombarded it with trebuchets, reportedly destroying several buildings. The castle's garrison surrendered a year later when its commander Gauvain de Cheneche was killed by a crossbow bolt. Afterwards, the Lusignans continued their reign interrupted only by occasional palace coups. In 1373, Cyprus was invaded by the Republic of Genoa imprisoning the local nobility. According to Philip of Novara's chronicle prince John of Antioch managed to escape from Famagusta after disguising himself as the valet of his cook. John subsequently fled to Kantara, from which he organised a successful counter offensive that expelled the Genoese after the latter failed to capture Kantara.
Recognizing the importance of the three Kyrenian castles James I of Cyprus and Peter II of Cyprus vastly expanded their fortifications. During their reign Kantara was transformed into a garrison castle, barracks and an enormous cistern were erected. Another cistern located at the basement of the castle was converted into a prison and later made into rooms for the captain of garrison. In 1489, the Republic of Venice acquired the island, 1519 Italian engineers branded the castle as obsolete. At which time the Kyrenian mountain castles fell into disuse, the last garrison departing in 1525. The castle was finally dismantled in 1560. Kantara's buildings remain in a relatively good condition until they were subjected to looting in the early 20th century. In 1905, the castle was classified as historic heritage due to the efforts of the French archaeologist Camille Enlart. In 1914, British colonial authorities under George Jeffery undertook restoration work at the castle, in an effort to attract sightseers. In 1939, the foundation of the horseshoe tower was refurbished in order to prevent it from collapsing.
Kantara is situated on an elevation of 550–600 metres (1,800–1,970 ft) above sea level. The castle is surrounded by ridges of barren granite and sandstone bedrock which were used as the main building materials for the castle's construction. The materials were subjected to coarse masonry; most of the buildings are coated with thick layers of plaster to cover the poor quality of the materials. Doors, windows and quoins were transported from elsewhere. The lack of local water sources necessitated the collection of rainwater through the use flat roofs which were connected to the cisterns through a drainage system. Among the six cisterns used the largest stood outside the walls. Buildings contained bread ovens and perhaps even a mill.
The steep crags limit the available pathways to a narrow valley on its eastern side, which is guarded by twin towers named Nicolas and Faucherre respectively. The first gate is followed by a barrel vaulted barbican, a steep chicane then leads to the portcullis protected main gate. The barbican shows great similarities with contemporary Cilician Armenian designs, having a gallery of arrowslits and two towers of its own. To the north of the main gate stands a horseshoe shaped tower providing additional support to the defenders of the barbican. The apsidal vault at the front of the tower facilitates better shock absorption. Despite its similarities to Roman and Byzantine military architecture it was in fact constructed sometime between 1208 and 1228.
The surrounding 120 by 70 metres (390 ft × 230 ft) wall contained ten garrison rooms which were constructed in the late 14th century, the barracks were connected with a latrine. A concealed postern, guarded by two towers lies on the south–western corner of the castle. To the south of the main gate, was built a rectangular, barrel vaulted keep, used a prison, later converted into a cistern. The centre of its northern wall is graced by a refined late 14th century Frankish window built from what once was an embrasure. The shape of the embrasures throughout the castle points out that they were mainly used by crossbowmen. At the top of the castle stand the ruins of "The Queen's Chamber", an alleged fortified chapel destroyed in a Turkish naval bombardment in 1525 and looted in the 19th century.
Northern Cyprus, officially the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC), is a de facto state that comprises the northeastern portion of the island of Cyprus. It is recognised only by Turkey, and its territory is considered by all other states to be part of the Republic of Cyprus.
Northern Cyprus extends from the tip of the Karpass Peninsula in the northeast to Morphou Bay, Cape Kormakitis and its westernmost point, the Kokkina exclave in the west. Its southernmost point is the village of Louroujina. A buffer zone under the control of the United Nations stretches between Northern Cyprus and the rest of the island and divides Nicosia, the island's largest city and capital of both sides.
A coup d'état in 1974, performed as part of an attempt to annex the island to Greece, prompted the Turkish invasion of Cyprus. This resulted in the eviction of much of the north's Greek Cypriot population, the flight of Turkish Cypriots from the south, and the partitioning of the island, leading to a unilateral declaration of independence by the north in 1983. Due to its lack of recognition, Northern Cyprus is heavily dependent on Turkey for economic, political and military support.
Attempts to reach a solution to the Cyprus dispute have been unsuccessful. The Turkish Army maintains a large force in Northern Cyprus with the support and approval of the TRNC government, while the Republic of Cyprus, the European Union as a whole, and the international community regard it as an occupation force. This military presence has been denounced in several United Nations Security Council resolutions.
Northern Cyprus is a semi-presidential, democratic republic with a cultural heritage incorporating various influences and an economy that is dominated by the services sector. The economy has seen growth through the 2000s and 2010s, with the GNP per capita more than tripling in the 2000s, but is held back by an international embargo due to the official closure of the ports in Northern Cyprus by the Republic of Cyprus. The official language is Turkish, with a distinct local dialect being spoken. The vast majority of the population consists of Sunni Muslims, while religious attitudes are mostly moderate and secular. Northern Cyprus is an observer state of ECO and OIC under the name "Turkish Cypriot State", PACE under the name "Turkish Cypriot Community", and Organization of Turkic States with its own name.
Several distinct periods of Cypriot intercommunal violence involving the two main ethnic communities, Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots, marked mid-20th century Cyprus. These included the Cyprus Emergency of 1955–59 during British rule, the post-independence Cyprus crisis of 1963–64, and the Cyprus crisis of 1967. Hostilities culminated in the 1974 de facto division of the island along the Green Line following the Turkish invasion of Cyprus. The region has been relatively peaceful since then, but the Cyprus dispute has continued, with various attempts to solve it diplomatically having been generally unsuccessful.
Cyprus, an island lying in the eastern Mediterranean, hosted a population of Greeks and Turks (four-fifths and one-fifth, respectively), who lived under British rule in the late nineteenth-century and the first half of the twentieth-century. Christian Orthodox Church of Cyprus played a prominent political role among the Greek Cypriot community, a privilege that it acquired during the Ottoman Empire with the employment of the millet system, which gave the archbishop an unofficial ethnarch status.
The repeated rejections by the British of Greek Cypriot demands for enosis, union with Greece, led to armed resistance, organised by the National Organization of Cypriot Struggle, or EOKA. EOKA, led by the Greek-Cypriot commander George Grivas, systematically targeted British colonial authorities. One of the effects of EOKA's campaign was to alter the Turkish position from demanding full reincorporation into Turkey to a demand for taksim (partition). EOKA's mission and activities caused a "Cretan syndrome" (see Turkish Resistance Organisation) within the Turkish Cypriot community, as its members feared that they would be forced to leave the island in such a case as had been the case with Cretan Turks. As such, they preferred the continuation of British colonial rule and then taksim, the division of the island. Due to the Turkish Cypriots' support for the British, EOKA's leader, Georgios Grivas, declared them to be enemies. The fact that the Turks were a minority was, according to Nihat Erim, to be addressed by the transfer of thousands of Turks from mainland Turkey so that Greek Cypriots would cease to be the majority. When Erim visited Cyprus as the Turkish representative, he was advised by Field Marshal Sir John Harding, the then Governor of Cyprus, that Turkey should send educated Turks to settle in Cyprus.
Turkey actively promoted the idea that on the island of Cyprus two distinctive communities existed, and sidestepped its former claim that "the people of Cyprus were all Turkish subjects". In doing so, Turkey's aim to have self-determination of two to-be equal communities in effect led to de jure partition of the island.[citation needed] This could be justified to the international community against the will of the majority Greek population of the island. Dr. Fazil Küçük in 1954 had already proposed Cyprus be divided in two at the 35° parallel.
Lindley Dan, from Notre Dame University, spotted the roots of intercommunal violence to different visions among the two communities of Cyprus (enosis for Greek Cypriots, taksim for Turkish Cypriots). Also, Lindlay wrote that "the merging of church, schools/education, and politics in divisive and nationalistic ways" had played a crucial role in creation of havoc in Cyprus' history. Attalides Michael also pointed to the opposing nationalisms as the cause of the Cyprus problem.
By the mid-1950's, the "Cyprus is Turkish" party, movement, and slogan gained force in both Cyprus and Turkey. In a 1954 editorial, Turkish Cypriot leader Dr. Fazil Kuchuk expressed the sentiment that the Turkish youth had grown up with the idea that "as soon as Great Britain leaves the island, it will be taken over by the Turks", and that "Turkey cannot tolerate otherwise". This perspective contributed to the willingness of Turkish Cypriots to align themselves with the British, who started recruiting Turkish Cypriots into the police force that patrolled Cyprus to fight EOKA, a Greek Cypriot nationalist organisation that sought to rid the island of British rule.
EOKA targeted colonial authorities, including police, but Georgios Grivas, the leader of EOKA, did not initially wish to open up a new front by fighting Turkish Cypriots and reassured them that EOKA would not harm their people. In 1956, some Turkish Cypriot policemen were killed by EOKA members and this provoked some intercommunal violence in the spring and summer, but these attacks on policemen were not motivated by the fact that they were Turkish Cypriots.
However, in January 1957, Grivas changed his policy as his forces in the mountains became increasingly pressured by the British Crown forces. In order to divert the attention of the Crown forces, EOKA members started to target Turkish Cypriot policemen intentionally in the towns, so that Turkish Cypriots would riot against the Greek Cypriots and the security forces would have to be diverted to the towns to restore order. The killing of a Turkish Cypriot policeman on 19 January, when a power station was bombed, and the injury of three others, provoked three days of intercommunal violence in Nicosia. The two communities targeted each other in reprisals, at least one Greek Cypriot was killed and the British Army was deployed in the streets. Greek Cypriot stores were burned and their neighbourhoods attacked. Following the events, the Greek Cypriot leadership spread the propaganda that the riots had merely been an act of Turkish Cypriot aggression. Such events created chaos and drove the communities apart both in Cyprus and in Turkey.
On 22 October 1957 Sir Hugh Mackintosh Foot replaced Sir John Harding as the British Governor of Cyprus. Foot suggested five to seven years of self-government before any final decision. His plan rejected both enosis and taksim. The Turkish Cypriot response to this plan was a series of anti-British demonstrations in Nicosia on 27 and 28 January 1958 rejecting the proposed plan because the plan did not include partition. The British then withdrew the plan.
In 1957, Black Gang, a Turkish Cypriot pro-taksim paramilitary organisation, was formed to patrol a Turkish Cypriot enclave, the Tahtakale district of Nicosia, against activities of EOKA. The organisation later attempted to grow into a national scale, but failed to gain public support.
By 1958, signs of dissatisfaction with the British increased on both sides, with a group of Turkish Cypriots forming Volkan (later renamed to the Turkish Resistance Organisation) paramilitary group to promote partition and the annexation of Cyprus to Turkey as dictated by the Menderes plan. Volkan initially consisted of roughly 100 members, with the stated aim of raising awareness in Turkey of the Cyprus issue and courting military training and support for Turkish Cypriot fighters from the Turkish government.
In June 1958, the British Prime Minister, Harold Macmillan, was expected to propose a plan to resolve the Cyprus issue. In light of the new development, the Turks rioted in Nicosia to promote the idea that Greek and Turkish Cypriots could not live together and therefore any plan that did not include partition would not be viable. This violence was soon followed by bombing, Greek Cypriot deaths and looting of Greek Cypriot-owned shops and houses. Greek and Turkish Cypriots started to flee mixed population villages where they were a minority in search of safety. This was effectively the beginning of the segregation of the two communities. On 7 June 1958, a bomb exploded at the entrance of the Turkish Embassy in Cyprus. Following the bombing, Turkish Cypriots looted Greek Cypriot properties. On 26 June 1984, the Turkish Cypriot leader, Rauf Denktaş, admitted on British channel ITV that the bomb was placed by the Turks themselves in order to create tension. On 9 January 1995, Rauf Denktaş repeated his claim to the famous Turkish newspaper Milliyet in Turkey.
The crisis reached a climax on 12 June 1958, when eight Greeks, out of an armed group of thirty five arrested by soldiers of the Royal Horse Guards on suspicion of preparing an attack on the Turkish quarter of Skylloura, were killed in a suspected attack by Turkish Cypriot locals, near the village of Geunyeli, having been ordered to walk back to their village of Kondemenos.
After the EOKA campaign had begun, the British government successfully began to turn the Cyprus issue from a British colonial problem into a Greek-Turkish issue. British diplomacy exerted backstage influence on the Adnan Menderes government, with the aim of making Turkey active in Cyprus. For the British, the attempt had a twofold objective. The EOKA campaign would be silenced as quickly as possible, and Turkish Cypriots would not side with Greek Cypriots against the British colonial claims over the island, which would thus remain under the British. The Turkish Cypriot leadership visited Menderes to discuss the Cyprus issue. When asked how the Turkish Cypriots should respond to the Greek Cypriot claim of enosis, Menderes replied: "You should go to the British foreign minister and request the status quo be prolonged, Cyprus to remain as a British colony". When the Turkish Cypriots visited the British Foreign Secretary and requested for Cyprus to remain a colony, he replied: "You should not be asking for colonialism at this day and age, you should be asking for Cyprus be returned to Turkey, its former owner".
As Turkish Cypriots began to look to Turkey for protection, Greek Cypriots soon understood that enosis was extremely unlikely. The Greek Cypriot leader, Archbishop Makarios III, now set independence for the island as his objective.
Britain resolved to solve the dispute by creating an independent Cyprus. In 1959, all involved parties signed the Zurich Agreements: Britain, Turkey, Greece, and the Greek and Turkish Cypriot leaders, Makarios and Dr. Fazil Kucuk, respectively. The new constitution drew heavily on the ethnic composition of the island. The President would be a Greek Cypriot, and the Vice-President a Turkish Cypriot with an equal veto. The contribution to the public service would be set at a ratio of 70:30, and the Supreme Court would consist of an equal number of judges from both communities as well as an independent judge who was not Greek, Turkish or British. The Zurich Agreements were supplemented by a number of treaties. The Treaty of Guarantee stated that secession or union with any state was forbidden, and that Greece, Turkey and Britain would be given guarantor status to intervene if that was violated. The Treaty of Alliance allowed for two small Greek and Turkish military contingents to be stationed on the island, and the Treaty of Establishment gave Britain sovereignty over two bases in Akrotiri and Dhekelia.
On 15 August 1960, the Colony of Cyprus became fully independent as the Republic of Cyprus. The new republic remained within the Commonwealth of Nations.
The new constitution brought dissatisfaction to Greek Cypriots, who felt it to be highly unjust for them for historical, demographic and contributional reasons. Although 80% of the island's population were Greek Cypriots and these indigenous people had lived on the island for thousands of years and paid 94% of taxes, the new constitution was giving the 17% of the population that was Turkish Cypriots, who paid 6% of taxes, around 30% of government jobs and 40% of national security jobs.
Within three years tensions between the two communities in administrative affairs began to show. In particular disputes over separate municipalities and taxation created a deadlock in government. A constitutional court ruled in 1963 Makarios had failed to uphold article 173 of the constitution which called for the establishment of separate municipalities for Turkish Cypriots. Makarios subsequently declared his intention to ignore the judgement, resulting in the West German judge resigning from his position. Makarios proposed thirteen amendments to the constitution, which would have had the effect of resolving most of the issues in the Greek Cypriot favour. Under the proposals, the President and Vice-President would lose their veto, the separate municipalities as sought after by the Turkish Cypriots would be abandoned, the need for separate majorities by both communities in passing legislation would be discarded and the civil service contribution would be set at actual population ratios (82:18) instead of the slightly higher figure for Turkish Cypriots.
The intention behind the amendments has long been called into question. The Akritas plan, written in the height of the constitutional dispute by the Greek Cypriot interior minister Polycarpos Georkadjis, called for the removal of undesirable elements of the constitution so as to allow power-sharing to work. The plan envisaged a swift retaliatory attack on Turkish Cypriot strongholds should Turkish Cypriots resort to violence to resist the measures, stating "In the event of a planned or staged Turkish attack, it is imperative to overcome it by force in the shortest possible time, because if we succeed in gaining command of the situation (in one or two days), no outside, intervention would be either justified or possible." Whether Makarios's proposals were part of the Akritas plan is unclear, however it remains that sentiment towards enosis had not completely disappeared with independence. Makarios described independence as "a step on the road to enosis".[31] Preparations for conflict were not entirely absent from Turkish Cypriots either, with right wing elements still believing taksim (partition) the best safeguard against enosis.
Greek Cypriots however believe the amendments were a necessity stemming from a perceived attempt by Turkish Cypriots to frustrate the working of government. Turkish Cypriots saw it as a means to reduce their status within the state from one of co-founder to that of minority, seeing it as a first step towards enosis. The security situation deteriorated rapidly.
Main articles: Bloody Christmas (1963) and Battle of Tillyria
An armed conflict was triggered after December 21, 1963, a period remembered by Turkish Cypriots as Bloody Christmas, when a Greek Cypriot policemen that had been called to help deal with a taxi driver refusing officers already on the scene access to check the identification documents of his customers, took out his gun upon arrival and shot and killed the taxi driver and his partner. Eric Solsten summarised the events as follows: "a Greek Cypriot police patrol, ostensibly checking identification documents, stopped a Turkish Cypriot couple on the edge of the Turkish quarter. A hostile crowd gathered, shots were fired, and two Turkish Cypriots were killed."
In the morning after the shooting, crowds gathered in protest in Northern Nicosia, likely encouraged by the TMT, without incident. On the evening of the 22nd, gunfire broke out, communication lines to the Turkish neighbourhoods were cut, and the Greek Cypriot police occupied the nearby airport. On the 23rd, a ceasefire was negotiated, but did not hold. Fighting, including automatic weapons fire, between Greek and Turkish Cypriots and militias increased in Nicosia and Larnaca. A force of Greek Cypriot irregulars led by Nikos Sampson entered the Nicosia suburb of Omorphita and engaged in heavy firing on armed, as well as by some accounts unarmed, Turkish Cypriots. The Omorphita clash has been described by Turkish Cypriots as a massacre, while this view has generally not been acknowledged by Greek Cypriots.
Further ceasefires were arranged between the two sides, but also failed. By Christmas Eve, the 24th, Britain, Greece, and Turkey had joined talks, with all sides calling for a truce. On Christmas day, Turkish fighter jets overflew Nicosia in a show of support. Finally it was agreed to allow a force of 2,700 British soldiers to help enforce a ceasefire. In the next days, a "buffer zone" was created in Nicosia, and a British officer marked a line on a map with green ink, separating the two sides of the city, which was the beginning of the "Green Line". Fighting continued across the island for the next several weeks.
In total 364 Turkish Cypriots and 174 Greek Cypriots were killed during the violence. 25,000 Turkish Cypriots from 103-109 villages fled and were displaced into enclaves and thousands of Turkish Cypriot houses were ransacked or completely destroyed.
Contemporary newspapers also reported on the forceful exodus of the Turkish Cypriots from their homes. According to The Times in 1964, threats, shootings and attempts of arson were committed against the Turkish Cypriots to force them out of their homes. The Daily Express wrote that "25,000 Turks have already been forced to leave their homes". The Guardian reported a massacre of Turks at Limassol on 16 February 1964.
Turkey had by now readied its fleet and its fighter jets appeared over Nicosia. Turkey was dissuaded from direct involvement by the creation of a United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP) in 1964. Despite the negotiated ceasefire in Nicosia, attacks on the Turkish Cypriot persisted, particularly in Limassol. Concerned about the possibility of a Turkish invasion, Makarios undertook the creation of a Greek Cypriot conscript-based army called the "National Guard". A general from Greece took charge of the army, whilst a further 20,000 well-equipped officers and men were smuggled from Greece into Cyprus. Turkey threatened to intervene once more, but was prevented by a strongly worded letter from the American President Lyndon B. Johnson, anxious to avoid a conflict between NATO allies Greece and Turkey at the height of the Cold War.
Turkish Cypriots had by now established an important bridgehead at Kokkina, provided with arms, volunteers and materials from Turkey and abroad. Seeing this incursion of foreign weapons and troops as a major threat, the Cypriot government invited George Grivas to return from Greece as commander of the Greek troops on the island and launch a major attack on the bridgehead. Turkey retaliated by dispatching its fighter jets to bomb Greek positions, causing Makarios to threaten an attack on every Turkish Cypriot village on the island if the bombings did not cease. The conflict had now drawn in Greece and Turkey, with both countries amassing troops on their Thracian borders. Efforts at mediation by Dean Acheson, a former U.S. Secretary of State, and UN-appointed mediator Galo Plaza had failed, all the while the division of the two communities becoming more apparent. Greek Cypriot forces were estimated at some 30,000, including the National Guard and the large contingent from Greece. Defending the Turkish Cypriot enclaves was a force of approximately 5,000 irregulars, led by a Turkish colonel, but lacking the equipment and organisation of the Greek forces.
The Secretary-General of the United Nations in 1964, U Thant, reported the damage during the conflicts:
UNFICYP carried out a detailed survey of all damage to properties throughout the island during the disturbances; it shows that in 109 villages, most of them Turkish-Cypriot or mixed villages, 527 houses have been destroyed while 2,000 others have suffered damage from looting.
The situation worsened in 1967, when a military junta overthrew the democratically elected government of Greece, and began applying pressure on Makarios to achieve enosis. Makarios, not wishing to become part of a military dictatorship or trigger a Turkish invasion, began to distance himself from the goal of enosis. This caused tensions with the junta in Greece as well as George Grivas in Cyprus. Grivas's control over the National Guard and Greek contingent was seen as a threat to Makarios's position, who now feared a possible coup.[citation needed] The National Guard and Cyprus Police began patrolling the Turkish Cypriot enclaves of Ayios Theodoros and Kophinou, and on November 15 engaged in heavy fighting with the Turkish Cypriots.
By the time of his withdrawal 26 Turkish Cypriots had been killed. Turkey replied with an ultimatum demanding that Grivas be removed from the island, that the troops smuggled from Greece in excess of the limits of the Treaty of Alliance be removed, and that the economic blockades on the Turkish Cypriot enclaves be lifted. Grivas was recalled by the Athens Junta and the 12,000 Greek troops were withdrawn. Makarios now attempted to consolidate his position by reducing the number of National Guard troops, and by creating a paramilitary force loyal to Cypriot independence. In 1968, acknowledging that enosis was now all but impossible, Makarios stated, "A solution by necessity must be sought within the limits of what is feasible which does not always coincide with the limits of what is desirable."
After 1967 tensions between the Greek and Turkish Cypriots subsided. Instead, the main source of tension on the island came from factions within the Greek Cypriot community. Although Makarios had effectively abandoned enosis in favour of an 'attainable solution', many others continued to believe that the only legitimate political aspiration for Greek Cypriots was union with Greece.
On his arrival, Grivas began by establishing a nationalist paramilitary group known as the National Organization of Cypriot Fighters (Ethniki Organosis Kyprion Agoniston B or EOKA-B), drawing comparisons with the EOKA struggle for enosis under the British colonial administration of the 1950s.
The military junta in Athens saw Makarios as an obstacle. Makarios's failure to disband the National Guard, whose officer class was dominated by mainland Greeks, had meant the junta had practical control over the Cypriot military establishment, leaving Makarios isolated and a vulnerable target.
During the first Turkish invasion, Turkish troops invaded Cyprus territory on 20 July 1974, invoking its rights under the Treaty of Guarantee. This expansion of Turkish-occupied zone violated International Law as well as the Charter of the United Nations. Turkish troops managed to capture 3% of the island which was accompanied by the burning of the Turkish Cypriot quarter, as well as the raping and killing of women and children. A temporary cease-fire followed which was mitigated by the UN Security Council. Subsequently, the Greek military Junta collapsed on July 23, 1974, and peace talks commenced in which a democratic government was installed. The Resolution 353 was broken after Turkey attacked a second time and managed to get a hold of 37% of Cyprus territory. The Island of Cyprus was appointed a Buffer Zone by the United Nations, which divided the island into two zones through the 'Green Line' and put an end to the Turkish invasion. Although Turkey announced that the occupied areas of Cyprus to be called the Federated Turkish State in 1975, it is not legitimised on a worldwide political scale. The United Nations called for the international recognition of independence for the Republic of Cyprus in the Security Council Resolution 367.
In the years after the Turkish invasion of northern Cyprus one can observe a history of failed talks between the two parties. The 1983 declaration of the independent Turkish Republic of Cyprus resulted in a rise of inter-communal tensions and made it increasingly hard to find mutual understanding. With Cyprus' interest of a possible EU membership and a new UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan in 1997 new hopes arose for a fresh start. International involvement from sides of the US and UK, wanting a solution to the Cyprus dispute prior to the EU accession led to political pressures for new talks. The believe that an accession without a solution would threaten Greek-Turkish relations and acknowledge the partition of the island would direct the coming negotiations.
Over the course of two years a concrete plan, the Annan plan was formulated. In 2004 the fifth version agreed upon from both sides and with the endorsement of Turkey, US, UK and EU then was presented to the public and was given a referendum in both Cypriot communities to assure the legitimisation of the resolution. The Turkish Cypriots voted with 65% for the plan, however the Greek Cypriots voted with a 76% majority against. The Annan plan contained multiple important topics. Firstly it established a confederation of two separate states called the United Cyprus Republic. Both communities would have autonomous states combined under one unified government. The members of parliament would be chosen according to the percentage in population numbers to ensure a just involvement from both communities. The paper proposed a demilitarisation of the island over the next years. Furthermore it agreed upon a number of 45000 Turkish settlers that could remain on the island. These settlers became a very important issue concerning peace talks. Originally the Turkish government encouraged Turks to settle in Cyprus providing transfer and property, to establish a counterpart to the Greek Cypriot population due to their 1 to 5 minority. With the economic situation many Turkish-Cypriot decided to leave the island, however their departure is made up by incoming Turkish settlers leaving the population ratio between Turkish Cypriots and Greek Cypriots stable. However all these points where criticised and as seen in the vote rejected mainly by the Greek Cypriots. These name the dissolution of the „Republic of Cyprus", economic consequences of a reunion and the remaining Turkish settlers as reason. Many claim that the plan was indeed drawing more from Turkish-Cypriot demands then Greek-Cypriot interests. Taking in consideration that the US wanted to keep Turkey as a strategic partner in future Middle Eastern conflicts.
A week after the failed referendum the Republic of Cyprus joined the EU. In multiple instances the EU tried to promote trade with Northern Cyprus but without internationally recognised ports this spiked a grand debate. Both side endure their intention of negotiations, however without the prospect of any new compromises or agreements the UN is unwilling to start the process again. Since 2004 negotiations took place in numbers but without any results, both sides are strongly holding on to their position without an agreeable solution in sight that would suit both parties.
The statue commemorates the famous V-J embrace in Times Square, photographed by Alfred Eisenstaedt. The statue itself has provided some debate on it's "artistic merit" and spent several years being moved from Florida to San Diego to New Jersey and eventually back to San Diego. Given the large veteran population that resides in the greater San Diego area, it seems an appropriate locale.
Love it or hate it, it's a wonderful photo op, is conveniently located near the USS Midway museum and the nearby Fish Market restaurant is fantastic.
Sometimes, surrender is uncertain, sometimes imminent, other necessary but it is good when accompanied by a reshuffling of the parties, the structure and meaning of things .....
Her own weapon turned against her, and the heady fumes of chloroform rapidly sapping her strength, Poppy can no longer resist as her muscles go limp, her vision becomes hazy, and everything fades to black ...
There's a bike trail I frequent that runs alongside a creek. At one point it passes beneath a bridge, where you can still see the detritus left by earlier flooding. To me, there's something both alarming and oddly comforting to see the evidence that such a small, tame little creek can be transformed into a ferocious torrent.
Well the moon is broken
And the sky is cracked
Come on up to the house
The only things that you can see
Is all that you lack
Come on up to the house
All your cryin don't do no good
Come on up to the house
Come down off the cross
We can use the wood
Come on up to the house
Come on up to the house
Come on up to the house
The world is not my home
I'm just a passin thru
Come on up to the house
There's no light in the tunnel
No irons in the fire
Come on up to the house
And your singin lead soprano
In a junkman's choir
You gotta come on up to the house
Does life seem nasty, brutish and short
Come on up to the house
The seas are stormy
And you can't find no port
Come on up to the house
There's nothin in the world
(Chorus)
there's nothin in the world
that you can do
you gotta come on up to the house
and you been whipped by the forces
that are inside you
come on up to the house
well you're high on top
of your mountain of woe
come on up to the house
well you know you should surrender
but you can't let go
you gotta come on up to the house
come on up to the house by Tom Waits
10/365
I imagined this as my surrender to winter, though it's not very peaceful in my case so interpret it as you'd like :) before and after on my facebook page below! Happy Friday!
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Yugoslavian postcard by Gezi, no. C 1966.
And, did you view our new set Beautiful Bikini Beach Babes yet?
slurl.com/secondlife/Solaria/82/203/31/
A really beautiful sim. Check underwater as well.
CameraNikon D300
Exposure0.005 sec (1/200)
Aperturef/1.8
Focal Length35 mm
ISO Speed200
ABR800 Camera right at 1/32 from 3 feet away.
We visited the USS Midway during our trip to San Diego, and afterwards went to the pier next door for some fish and chips. Along the way, we noticed a newlywed couple posing in front of this sculpture. They were quite sporting, as not surprisingly, not only was their photographer taking pictures, but lots of other tourists too!
Perhaps a bit cliche, but I thought they were really cute.
The sculpture is "Unconditional Surrender" by J. Seward Johnson. Originally, there was a fiberglass version in this place, which was dismantled last year. This is a permanent bronze version. Like other pieces Johnson has done, some think it is pure kitsch. I personally think it's better than the Forever Marilyn sculpture that was in Chicago for a while.