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Surrendering is easy, it's almost a relief, a rest. While getting up requires gritting your teeth, resisting pain, fatigue, desperation. It requires effort, courage, a fearless soul and great hope.
(Francesco Alberoni)
David Kushner - Daylight -
The Battle of Appomattox Court House, fought in Appomattox County, Virginia, on the morning of April 9, 1865, was one of the last battles of the American Civil War (1861–1865). It was the final engagement of Confederate General in Chief, Robert E. Lee, and his Army of Northern Virginia before it surrendered to the Union Army of the Potomac under the Commanding General of the United States, Ulysses S. Grant.
Lee, having abandoned the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia, after the nine-and-a-half-month Siege of Petersburg and Richmond, retreated west, hoping to join his army with the remaining Confederate forces in North Carolina, the Army of Tennessee under Gen. Joseph E. Johnston. Union infantry and cavalry forces under Gen. Philip Sheridan pursued and cut off the Confederates' retreat at the central Virginia village of Appomattox Court House. Lee launched a last-ditch attack to break through the Union forces to his front, assuming the Union force consisted entirely of lightly armed cavalry. When he realized that the cavalry was now backed up by two corps of federal infantry, he had no choice but to surrender with his further avenue of retreat and escape now cut off.
The signing of the surrender documents occurred in the parlor of the house owned by Wilmer McLean on the afternoon of April 9. On April 12, a formal ceremony of parade and the stacking of arms led by Confederate Maj. Gen. John B. Gordon to federal Brig. Gen. Joshua Chamberlain marked the disbandment of the Army of Northern Virginia with the parole of its nearly 28,000 remaining officers and men, free to return home without their major weapons but enabling men to take their horses and officers to retain their sidearms (swords and pistols), and effectively ending the war in Virginia.
This event triggered a series of subsequent surrenders across the South, in North Carolina, Alabama and finally Shreveport, Louisiana, for the Trans-Mississippi Theater in the West by June, signaling the end of the four-year-long war.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Appomattox_Court_House
From April 2nd and the Fall of Petersburg to April 9th and the surrender of the Army of Northern Virginia at Appomattox Court House, Confederate and Federal armies engaged in skirmishes and battles, including a major battle at Sailor’s Creek. The Confederates were desperate to get to Lynchburg for supplies and to break out to join Confederate forces in North Carolina. The Federals sought peace as Lincoln envisioned it, starting with the destruction or surrender of the Army of Northern Virginia.
The armies confronted each other on the gently rolling terrain in and around Appomattox Court House at dawn on April 9th. Confederates of the Secord Corps, under the leadership of Major General John B. Gordon, swept forward across the ridgelines to clash with the Federal cavalry of Major General Philip Sheridan. Initial assaults were successful, but Federal infantry from Major General Charles Griffin’s Fifth Corps and Major General John Gibbon’s Twenty Fourth Corps arrived after a forced march. These men, including some 5,000 United States Colored Troops, blocked Lee’s army from accessing roads to Lynchburg and Danville.
Confederates under the command of Lieutenant General James Longstreet could not provide support for Gordon because the Federal Second Corps of Major General Andrew A. Humphreys advanced against Longstreet’s troops. Grant, in a letter from April 7, had asked Lee to accept the “hopelessness of further resistance.” With his army surrounded, Lee now agreed with Grant’s assessment and ordered his officers to offer a white flag of truce.
Lee and Grant exchanged letters regarding the surrender of the Army of Northern Virginia. Grant’s terms, reflecting Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Address and Lincoln’s recent guidance provided at City Point, Virginia, required a promise to surrender arms and not engage in further conflicts against the United States. Grant did not ask for unconditional surrender. Lee accepted the terms.
Sergeant Major William McCoslin, serving in the 29th Regiment USCI, declared in a May 1865 letter that “We the colored soldiers, have fairly won our rights by loyalty and bravery”. In contrast, Brigadier General Armistead Lindsay Long from the Army of Northern Virginia communicated that “It is impossible to describe the anguish of the troops when it was known that the surrender of the army was inevitable. Of all their trials, this was the greatest and hardest to endure”. On April 9, Colonel Elisha Hunt Rhodes, who served as part of the 2nd Rhode Island Infantry, chronicled that the “Rebels are half starved, and our men have divided their rations with them . . . . We did it cheerfully”. Brevet Major General Joshua Chamberlain stated that “Brave men may become good friends,” but Chamberlain further reported that a Confederate officer was more uncertain: “You’re mistaken, sir . . . . You may forgive us but we won’t be forgiven. There is rancor in our hearts . . . which you little dream of”.
On the evening of April 9, Pvt. Hiram W. Harding, who served in the 9th Virginia Cavalry Company D, described this poignant occasion in his diary: the “noble army of Northern Virginia was surrendered to day at ten O'clock & the Cavalry ordered to Buckingham courthouse there to be disbanded”. Federal officials printed parole passes for Confederate soldiers beginning on April 10th from the Clover Hill Tavern; the formal ceremony of the stacking of arms took place April 12th. The American myth of Appomattox, Grant, and Lee and their individual and nuanced symbolism sparked simultaneously with the surrender.
Written by Russ Wood, Appomattox Court House NHP Volunteer
.....
.. sikh attending evening prayer, the rehras sahib. it is the evening prayer of the sikhs, recited at the end of a working day, to add energy to one's being and living environments.
see more SIKHs here.
I don't wanna feel like this tomorrow,
I don't wanna live like this today.
Stay with me here and never surrender.
A bald eagle closes in on its prey. In an open field there is little that any small animal can do but give up. In truth, most bald eagles would rather take their meal from another raptor or eagle than go out and hunt it on their own. It is a characteristic that had Benjamin Franklin wishing that another bird had been chosen as the national symbol. No matter what you think about the bald eagle's predatory tactics, their supremacy in the sky is daunting. Thousands of birds over a wide area will take to the skies in fear when a bald eagle enters the area. In fact, if you are ever at a refuge and unexpectedly see hundreds or thousands of birds suddenly take to the sky, begin looking! There is a bald eagle in the air near by.
Though I have never been quite satisfied with the softness in this photo, due to the use of an extender, it is a dramatic photo that deserves to be posted.
#ILoveNature #IloveWildlife #ILoveBirds #Raptors #BaldEagles #Eagles #Wildlife in #America #Alaska #Photography #Picoftheday #Photooftheday
In the four days I was in San Diego, this was the only thing I got to see that was remotely tourist-y. Replicas of this piece have been all over the world, but this is a permanent, bronze one that was installed in 2013.
From Wikipedia:
"Unconditional Surrender is a series of sculptures by Seward Johnson resembling a photograph by Alfred Eisenstaedt, V–J day in Times Square, but said by Johnson to be based on a similar, less well known, photograph by Victor Jorgensen. The original statue was first installed in Sarasota, Florida, then was moved to San Diego, California and New York City. Other versions have been installed in Hamilton, New Jersey; Pearl Harbor, Hawaii; and Normandy, France."
Happy Valentine's Day!
This is one of the small statues created by Seward Johnson based on the famous Alfred Eisenstaedt photograph taken on V-J Day in Times Square. The sculpture is/was in front of the USS Iowa Battleship docked in San Pedro, Los Angeles, CA. It is called "unconditional surrender" and the sculptor says he actually based it on a similar photograph taken by Victor Jorgenson.
about 4.75 x 7.5 inches. Writing at top original to book (Robert Chamber's The Moonlit Way)--this is front cover, verso.
Fountains Abbey is one of the largest and best preserved ruined Cistercian monasteries in England. It is located approximately 3 miles (5 kilometres) south-west of Ripon in North Yorkshire, near to the village of Aldfield. Founded in 1132, the abbey operated for 407 years becoming one of the wealthiest monasteries in England until its dissolution in 1539 under the order of Henry VIII.
The abbey is a Grade I listed building owned by the National Trust and part of the designated Studley Royal Park including the Ruins of Fountains Abbey UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Foundation
After a dispute and riot in 1132 at the Benedictine house of St Mary's Abbey, in York, 13 monks were expelled (among them Saint Robert of Newminster) and, after unsuccessful attempts to form a new monastery were taken under the protection of Thurstan, Archbishop of York. He provided them with land in the valley of the River Skell, a tributary of the Ure. The enclosed valley had all the natural features needed for the creation of a monastery, providing shelter from the weather, stone and timber for building, and a supply of running water. After enduring a harsh winter in 1133, the monks applied to join the Cistercian order which since the end of the previous century was a fast-growing reform movement that by the beginning of the 13th century was to have over 500 houses. So it was that in 1135, Fountains became the second Cistercian house in northern England, after Rievaulx. The Fountains monks became subject to Clairvaux Abbey, in Burgundy which was under the rule of St Bernard. Under the guidance of Geoffrey of Ainai, a monk sent from Clairvaux, the group learned how to celebrate the seven Canonical Hours according to Cistercian usage and were shown how to construct wooden buildings in accordance with Cistercian practice.
Consolidation
After Henry Murdac was elected abbot in 1143, the small stone church and timber claustral buildings were replaced. Within three years, an aisled nave had been added to the stone church, and the first permanent claustral buildings built in stone and roofed in tile had been completed.
In 1146 an angry mob, annoyed at Murdac for his role in opposing the election of William FitzHerbert as archbishop of York, attacked the abbey and burnt down all but the church and some surrounding buildings.The community recovered swiftly from the attack and founded four daughter houses. Henry Murdac resigned as abbot in 1147 upon becoming the Archbishop of York and was replaced first by Maurice, Abbot of Rievaulx then, on the resignation of Maurice, by Thorald. Thorald was forced by Henry Murdac to resign after two years in office. The next abbot, Richard, held the post until his death in 1170 and restored the abbey's stability and prosperity. In 20 years as abbot, he supervised a huge building programme which involved completing repairs to the damaged church and building more accommodation for the increasing number of recruits. Only the chapter house was completed before he died and the work was ably continued by his successor, Robert of Pipewell, under whose rule the abbey gained a reputation for caring for the needy.
The next abbot was William, who presided over the abbey from 1180 to 1190 and he was succeeded by Ralph Haget, who had entered Fountains at the age of 30 as a novice, after pursuing a military career. During the European famine of 1194 Haget ordered the construction of shelters in the vicinity of the abbey and provided daily food rations to the poor enhancing the abbey's reputation for caring for the poor and attracting more grants from wealthy benefactors.
In the first half of the 13th century Fountains increased in reputation and prosperity under the next three abbots, John of York (1203–1211), John of Hessle (1211–1220) and John of Kent (1220–1247). They were burdened with an inordinate amount of administrative duties and increasing demands for money in taxation and levies but managed to complete another massive expansion of the abbey's buildings. This included enlarging the church and building an infirmary.
Difficulties
In the second half of the 13th century the abbey was in more straitened circumstances. It was presided over by eleven abbots, and became financially unstable largely due to forward selling its wool crop, and the abbey was criticised for its dire material and physical state when it was visited by Archbishop John le Romeyn in 1294. The run of disasters that befell the community continued into the early 14th century when northern England was invaded by the Scots and there were further demands for taxes. The culmination of these misfortunes was the Black Death of 1348–1349. The loss of manpower and income due to the ravages of the plague was almost ruinous.
A further complication arose as a result of the Papal Schism of 1378–1409. Fountains Abbey along with other English Cistercian houses was told to break off any contact with the mother house of Citeaux, which supported a rival pope. This resulted in the abbots forming their own chapter to rule the order in England and consequently they became increasingly involved in internecine politics. In 1410, following the death of Abbot Burley of Fountains, the community was riven by several years of turmoil over the election of his successor. Contending candidates John Ripon, Abbot of Meaux, and Roger Frank, a monk of Fountains were locked in conflict until 1415 when Ripon was finally appointed, ruling until his death in 1434. Under abbots John Greenwell (1442–1471), Thomas Swinton (1471–8), John Darnton (1478–95), who undertook some much needed restoration of the fabric of the abbey, including notable work on the church, and Marmaduke Huby (1495–1526) Fountains regained stability and prosperity.
At Abbot Huby's death he was succeeded by William Thirsk who was accused by the royal commissioners of immorality and inadequacy and was dismissed as abbot. He was replaced by Marmaduke Bradley, a monk of the abbey who had reported Thirsk's supposed offences, testified against him and offered the authorities six hundred marks for the post of abbot. In 1539 it was Bradley who surrendered the abbey when its seizure was ordered under Henry VIII at the Dissolution of the Monasteries.
The abbey precinct covered 70 acres (28 ha) surrounded by an 11-foot (3.4 m) wall built in the 13th century, some parts of which are visible to the south and west of the abbey. The area consists of three concentric zones cut by the River Skell flowing from west to east across the site. The church and claustral buildings stand at the centre of the precinct north of the Skell, the inner court containing the domestic buildings stretches down to the river and the outer court housing the industrial and agricultural buildings lies on the river's south bank. The early abbey buildings were added to and altered over time, causing deviations from the strict Cistercian type. Outside the walls were the abbey's granges.[citation needed]
The original abbey church was built of wood and "was probably" two stories high; it was, however, quickly replaced in stone. The church was damaged in the attack on the abbey in 1146 and was rebuilt, in a larger scale, on the same site. Building work was completed c.1170.[11] This structure, completed around 1170, was 300 ft (91 m) long and had 11 bays in the side aisles. A lantern tower was added at the crossing of the church in the late 12th century. The presbytery at the eastern end of the church was much altered in the 13th century. The church's greatly lengthened choir, commenced by Abbot John of York, 1203–11, and carried on by his successor terminates, like that of Durham Cathedral, in an eastern transept, the work of Abbot John of Kent, 1220–47. The 160-foot-tall (49 m) tower, which was added not long before the dissolution, by Abbot Huby, 1494–1526, is in an unusual position at the northern end of the north transept and bears Huby's motto 'Soli Deo Honor et Gloria'. The sacristry adjoined the south transept.
The cloister, which had arcading of black marble from Nidderdale and white sandstone, is in the centre of the precinct and to the south of the church. The three-aisled chapter-house and parlour open from the eastern walk of the cloister and the refectory, with the kitchen and buttery attached, are at right angles to its southern walk. Parallel with the western walk is an immense vaulted substructure serving as cellars and store-rooms, which supported the dormitory of the conversi (lay brothers) above. This building extended across the river and at its south-west corner were the latrines, built above the swiftly flowing stream. The monks' dormitory was in its usual position above the chapter-house, to the south of the transept. Peculiarities of this arrangement include the position of the kitchen, between the refectory and calefactory, and of the infirmary above the river to the west, adjoining the guest-houses.
The abbot's house, one of the largest in all of England,is located to the east of the latrine block, where portions of it are suspended on arches over the River Skell.It was built in the mid-twelfth century as a modest single-storey structure, then, from the fourteenth century, underwent extensive expansion and remodelling to end up in the 16th century as a grand dwelling with fine bay windows and grand fireplaces. The great hall was an expansive room 52 by 21 metres (171 by 69 ft).
Among other apartments, for the designation of which see the ground-plan, was a domestic oratory or chapel,
1⁄2-by-23-foot (14 by 7 m), and a kitchen, 50-by-38-foot (15 by 12 m)
Medieval monasteries were sustained by landed estates that were given to them as endowments and from which they derived an income from rents. They were the gifts of the founder and subsequent patrons, but some were purchased from cash revenues. At the outset, the Cistercian order rejected gifts of mills and rents, churches with tithes and feudal manors as they did not accord with their belief in monastic purity, because they involved contact with laymen. When Archbishop Thurstan founded the abbey he gave the community 260 acres (110 ha) of land at Sutton north of the abbey and 200 acres (81 ha) at Herleshowe to provide support while the abbey became established. In the early years the abbey struggled to maintain itself because further gifts were not forthcoming and Thurstan could not help further because the lands he administered were not his own, but part of the diocesan estate. After a few years of impoverished struggle to establish the abbey, the monks were joined by Hugh, a former dean of York Minster, a rich man who brought a considerable fortune as well as furniture and books to start the library.
By 1135 the monks had acquired only another 260 acres (110 ha) at Cayton, given by Eustace fitzJohn of Knaresborough "for the building of the abbey". Shortly after the fire of 1146, the monks had established granges at Sutton, Cayton, Cowton Moor, Warsill, Dacre and Aldburgh all within 6 mi (10 km) of Fountains. In the 1140s the water mill was built on the abbey site making it possible for the grain from the granges to be brought to the abbey for milling.Tannery waste from this time has been excavated on the site.
Further estates were assembled in two phases, between 1140 and 1160 then 1174 and 1175, from piecemeal acquisitions of land. Some of the lands were grants from benefactors but others were purchased from gifts of money to the abbey. Roger de Mowbray granted vast areas of Nidderdale and William de Percy and his tenants granted substantial estates in Craven which included Malham Moor and the fishery in Malham Tarn. After 1203 the abbots consolidated the abbey's lands by renting out more distant areas that the monks could not easily farm themselves, and exchanging and purchasing lands that complemented their existing estates. Fountains' holdings both in Yorkshire and beyond had reached their maximum extent by 1265, when they were an efficient and very profitable estate. Their estates were linked in a network of individual granges which provided staging posts to the most distant ones. They had urban properties in York, Yarm, Grimsby, Scarborough and Boston from which to conduct export and market trading and their other commercial interests included mining, quarrying, iron-smelting, fishing and milling.
The Battle of Bannockburn in 1314 was a factor that led to a downturn in the prosperity of the abbey in the early fourteenth century. Areas of the north of England as far south as York were looted by the Scots. Then the number of lay-brothers being recruited to the order reduced considerably. The abbey chose to take advantage of the relaxation of the edict on leasing property that had been enacted by the General Chapter of the order in 1208 and leased some of their properties. Others were staffed by hired labour and remained in hand under the supervision of bailiffs. In 1535 Fountains had an interest in 138 vills and the total taxable income of the Fountains estate was £1,115, making it the richest Cistercian monastery in England.
After the Dissolution
The Gresham family crest
The Abbey buildings and over 500 acres (200 ha) of land were sold by the Crown, on 1 October 1540, to Sir Richard Gresham, at the time a Member of Parliament and former Lord Mayor of London, the father of Sir Thomas Gresham. It was Richard Gresham who had supplied Cardinal Wolsey with the tapestries for his new house of Hampton Court and who paid for the Cardinal's funeral.
Gresham sold some of the fabric of the site, stone, timber, lead, as building materials to help to defray the cost of purchase. The site was acquired in 1597 by Sir Stephen Proctor, who used stone from the monastic complex to build Fountains Hall. Between 1627 and 1767 the estate was owned by the Messenger family who sold it to William Aislaby who was responsible for combining it with the Studley Royal Estate.
Burials
Roger de Mowbray, 1st Baron Mowbray
John de Mowbray, 2nd Baron Mowbray
Abbot Marmaduke Huby (d. 1526)
Rose (daughter of Richard de Clare, 6th Earl of Gloucester), wife of Roger de Mowbray, 1st Baron Mowbray
Henry de Percy, 1st Baron Percy
William II de Percy, 3rd feudal baron of Topcliffe
Becoming a World Heritage Site
The archaeological excavation of the site was begun under the supervision of John Richard Walbran, a Ripon antiquary who, in 1846, had published a paper On the Necessity of clearing out the Conventual Church of Fountains.In 1966 the Abbey was placed in the guardianship of the Department of the Environment and the estate was purchased by the West Riding County Council who transferred ownership to the North Yorkshire County Council in 1974. The National Trust bought the 674-acre (273 ha) Fountains Abbey and Studley Royal estate from North Yorkshire County Council in 1983. In 1986 the parkland in which the abbey is situated and the abbey was designated a World Heritage Site by UNESCO. It was recognised for fulfilling the criteria of being a masterpiece of human creative genius, and an outstanding example of a type of building or architectural or technological ensemble or landscape which illustrates significant stages in human history. Fountains Abbey is owned by the National Trust and maintained by English Heritage. The trust owns Studley Royal Park, Fountains Hall, to which there is partial public access, and St Mary's Church, designed by William Burges and built around 1873, all of which are significant features of the World Heritage Site.
The Porter's Lodge, which was once the gatehouse to the abbey, houses a modern exhibition area with displays about the history of Fountains Abbey and how the monks lived.
In January 2010, Fountains Abbey and Studley Royal became two of the first National Trust properties to be included in Google Street View, using the Google Trike.
Film location
Fountains Abbey was used as a film location by Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark for their single "Maid of Orleans (The Waltz Joan of Arc)" during the cold winter of December 1981. In 1980, Hollywood also came to the site to film the final scenes to the film Omen III: The Final Conflict.Other productions filmed on location at the abbey are the films Life at the Top, The Secret Garden, The History Boys, TV series Flambards, A History of Britain, Terry Jones' Medieval Lives, Cathedral, Antiques Roadshow and the game show Treasure Hunt. The BBC Television series 'Gunpowder' (2017) used Fountains Abbey as a location.
Urbex Session : Abandoned House
Pour une image de meilleure qualité : www.flickr.com/photos/bestarns/
A cellarium (from the Latin cella, "pantry"), also known as an undercroft, was a storehouse or storeroom, usually in a medieval monastery or castle. In English monasteries it was usually located in or under the buildings on the west range of the cloister.
The monastery's supplies of food, ale and wines were stored there, under the supervision of the cellarer, one of the monastery's obedientiaries. He was often assisted by a sub-cellarer.
Fountains Abbey is one of the largest and best preserved ruined Cistercian monasteries in England. It is located approximately three miles south-west of Ripon in North Yorkshire, near to the village of Aldfield. Founded in 1132, the abbey operated for over 400 years, until 1539, when Henry VIII ordered the Dissolution of the Monasteries.
The abbey is a Grade I listed building owned by the National Trust and part of the designated Studley Royal Park including the Ruins of Fountains Abbey UNESCO World Heritage Site.
After a dispute and riot in 1132 at the Benedictine house of St Mary's Abbey, in York, 13 monks were expelled (among them Saint Robert of Newminster) and, after unsuccessfully attempting to return to the early 6th-century Rule of St Benedict, were taken into the protection of Thurstan, Archbishop of York. He provided them with land in the valley of the River Skell, a tributary of the Ure. The enclosed valley had all the natural features needed for the creation of a monastery, providing shelter from the weather, stone and timber for building, and a supply of running water. After enduring a harsh winter in 1133, the monks applied to join the Cistercian order and in 1135 became the second house of that order in northern England, after Rievaulx. The monks subjected themselves to Clairvaux Abbey, in Burgundy which was under the rule of St Bernard. Under the guidance of Geoffrey of Ainai, a monk sent from Clairvaux, the group learned how to celebrate the seven Canonical Hours and were shown how to construct wooden buildings in accordance with Cistercian practice.
After Henry Murdac was elected to the abbacy in 1143, the small stone church and timber claustral buildings were replaced. Within three years, an aisled nave had been added to the stone church, and the first permanent claustral buildings built in stone and roofed in tile had been completed.
In 1146 an angry mob, displeased with Murdac's role in opposing the election of William FitzHerbert to the archbishopric of York, attacked the abbey and burnt down all but the church and some surrounding buildings. The community recovered swiftly from the attack and founded four daughter houses. Henry Murdac resigned the abbacy in 1147 to become the Archbishop of York and was replaced first by Maurice, Abbot of Rievaulx then, on the resignation of Maurice, by Thorald. Thorald was forced by Henry Murdac to resign after two years in office. The next abbot, Richard, held the post until his death in 1170 and restored the abbey's stability and prosperity. In 20 years as abbot, he supervised a huge building programme which involved completing repairs to the damaged church and building more accommodation for the increasing number of recruits. Only the chapter house was completed before he died and the work was ably continued by his successor, Robert of Pipewell, under whose rule the abbey gained a reputation for caring for the needy.
The next abbot was William who presided over the abbey from 1180 to 1190 and he was succeeded by Ralph Haget, who had entered Fountains at the age of 30 as a novice, after pursuing a military career. During the European famine of 1194 Haget ordered the construction of shelters in the vicinity of the abbey and provided daily food rations to the poor enhancing the abbey's reputation for caring for the poor and attracting more grants from wealthy benefactors.
In the first half of the 13th century Fountains increased in reputation and prosperity under the next three abbots, John of York (1203â1211), John of Hessle (1211â1220) and John of Kent (1220â1247). They were burdened with an inordinate amount of administrative duties and increasing demands for money in taxation and levies but managed to complete another massive expansion of the abbey's buildings. This included enlarging the church and building an infirmary. In the second half of the 13th century the abbey was in more straitened circumstances. It was presided over by eleven abbots, and became financially unstable largely due to forward selling its wool crop, and the abbey was criticised for its dire material and physical state when it was visited by Archbishop John Romeyn in 1294. The run of disasters that befell the community continued into the early 14th century when northern England was invaded by the Scots and there were further demands for taxes. The culmination of these misfortunes was the Black Death of 1349â1349. The loss of manpower and income due to the ravages of the plague was almost ruinous.
A further complication arose as a result of the Papal Schism of 1378â1409. Fountains Abbey along with other English Cistercian houses was told to break off any contact with the mother house of Citeaux, which supported a rival pope. This resulted in the abbots forming their own chapter to rule the order in England and consequently they became increasingly involved in internecine politics. In 1410, following the death of Abbott Burley of Fountains, the community was riven by several years of turmoil over the election of his successor. Contending candidates John Ripon, Abbot of Meaux, and Roger Frank, a monk of Fountains were locked in discord until 1415 when Ripon was finally appointed and presided until his death in 1434. Under abbots John Greenwell (1442â1471), Thomas Swinton (1471â8), John Darnton (1478â95), who undertook some much needed restoration of the fabric of the abbey including notable work on the church, and Marmaduke Huby (1495â1526) Fountains regained stability and prosperity.
When Marmaduke Huby died he was succeeded by William Thirsk who was accused by the royal commissioners of immorality and inadequacy and dismissed from the abbacy and replaced by Marmaduke Bradley, a monk of the abbey who had reported Thirsk's supposed offences, testified against him and offered the authorities six hundred marks for the abbacy. In 1539 Bradley surrendered the abbey when Henry VIII ordered the Dissolution of the Monasteries.
The abbey precinct covered 70 acres (28 ha) surrounded by an 11-foot (3.4 m) wall built in the 13th century, some parts of which are visible to the south and west of the abbey. The area consists of three concentric zones cut by the River Skell flowing from west to east across the site. The church and claustral buildings stand at the centre of the precinct north of the Skell, the inner court containing the domestic buildings stretches down to the river and the outer court housing the industrial and agricultural buildings lies on the river's south bank. The early abbey buildings were added to and altered over time, causing deviations from the strict Cistercian type. Outside the walls were the abbey's granges.
The original abbey church was built of wood and "was probably" two-stories high; it was, however, quickly replaced in stone. The church was damaged in the attack on the abbey in 1146 and was rebuilt, in a larger scale, on the same site. Building work was completed c.1170. This structure, completed around 1170, was 300-foot (91 m) long and had 11 bays in the side aisles. A lantern tower was added at the crossing of the church in the late 12th century. The presbytery at the eastern end of the church was much altered in the 13th century. The church's greatly lengthened choir, commenced by Abbot John of York, 1203â11, and carried on by his successor terminates, like that of Durham Cathedral, in an eastern transept, the work of Abbot John of Kent, 1220â47. The 160-foot (49 m) tall tower, which was added not long before the dissolution, by Abbot Huby, 1494â1526, is in an unusual position at the northern end of the north transept and bears Huby's motto 'Soli Deo Honor et Gloria'. The sacristry adjoined the south transept.
The cloister, which had arcading of black marble from Nidderdale and white sandstone, is in the centre of the precinct and to the south of the church. The three-aisled chapter-house and parlour open from the eastern walk of the cloister and the refectory, with the kitchen and buttery attached, are at right angles to its southern walk. Parallel with the western walk is an immense vaulted substructure serving as cellars and store-rooms, which supported the dormitory of the conversi (lay brothers) above. This building extended across the river and at its south-west corner were the latrines, built above the swiftly flowing stream. The monks' dormitory was in its usual position above the chapter-house, to the south of the transept. Peculiarities of this arrangement include the position of the kitchen, between the refectory and calefactory, and of the infirmary above the river to the west, adjoining the guest-houses.
Cheaha State Park Surrender 2017 #rockclimbing #socisl #cheaha #pinhotitrail #talledaga #telledaganationalforest #cheahastatepark #pinhoti #onearmdon #esknives #guntersville #alabama #northalabama #uhlir #amatuerphotography #canon #guntersvillealabama #guntersvillelake #photoinsta #marshallcounty
Leazes Park is an urban park in Newcastle upon Tyne, England. Grade II listed, it is the city's oldest park, opened in 1873, and lies to the west of the city centre. The park contains a lake above the course of the Lort Burn. It is next to St James' Park and the Royal Victoria Infirmary.
Leazes Park is separated from Spital Tongues by Castle Leazes, an area of common land similar to the Town Moor.
History
The creation of Leazes Park was a drawn out process. In September 1857 3,000 working men petitioned Newcastle Council for ‘ready access to some open ground for the purpose of health and recreation’ and a year later a special committee was set up to try to find a location for a park. Aldermen Harle and Hamond took up the challenge and campaigned for a park and eventually succeeded in having Leazes Park created on a part of the Leazes Town Moor.
On 23 December 1873, Leazes Park was officially opened by Alderman Sir Charles Hamond. It became the first public park created on Tyneside.
John Fulton, the Town Surveyor, laid out Leazes Park similar to other parks being built in Britain at that time. The layout centres on the lake. The Bandstand was added in 1875 and a balustrade stone terrace in 1879. Later, the whole park was surrounded with metal railings. A second lake was created in 1893 but this was filled in by 1949 and the area used for a bowling green and tennis courts.
The grand Jubilee Gates were added in 1896 to commemorate the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria and a Palm House was built. In 1908 a bust of Alderman Sir Charles Hamond was erected (which is also grade II listed) as the centrepiece to the terrace and the park was then complete.
The park continued to develop with deer, aviaries, tennis, and croquet until the 1980s when it was in need of refurbishment. The refurbishment became possible when the park was awarded £3.7 million from the Heritage Lottery Fund in 2001. The restoration project was completed in 2004.
Newcastle upon Tyne, or simply Newcastle is a cathedral city and metropolitan borough in Tyne and Wear, England. It is located on the River Tyne's northern bank, opposite Gateshead to the south. It is the most populous settlement in the Tyneside conurbation and North East England.
Newcastle developed around a Roman settlement called Pons Aelius, the settlement became known as Monkchester before taking on the name of a castle built in 1080 by William the Conqueror's eldest son, Robert Curthose. It was one of the world's largest ship building and repair centres during the industrial revolution. Newcastle was part of the county of Northumberland until 1400, when it separated and formed a county of itself. In 1974, Newcastle became part of Tyne and Wear. Since 2018, the city council has been part of the North of Tyne Combined Authority.
The history of Newcastle upon Tyne dates back almost 2,000 years, during which it has been controlled by the Romans, the Angles and the Norsemen amongst others. Newcastle upon Tyne was originally known by its Roman name Pons Aelius. The name "Newcastle" has been used since the Norman conquest of England. Due to its prime location on the River Tyne, the town developed greatly during the Middle Ages and it was to play a major role in the Industrial Revolution, being granted city status in 1882. Today, the city is a major retail, commercial and cultural centre.
Roman settlement
The history of Newcastle dates from AD 122, when the Romans built the first bridge to cross the River Tyne at that point. The bridge was called Pons Aelius or 'Bridge of Aelius', Aelius being the family name of Roman Emperor Hadrian, who was responsible for the Roman wall built across northern England along the Tyne–Solway gap. Hadrian's Wall ran through present-day Newcastle, with stretches of wall and turrets visible along the West Road, and at a temple in Benwell. Traces of a milecastle were found on Westgate Road, midway between Clayton Street and Grainger Street, and it is likely that the course of the wall corresponded to present-day Westgate Road. The course of the wall can be traced eastwards to the Segedunum Roman fort at Wallsend, with the fort of Arbeia down-river at the mouth of the Tyne, on the south bank in what is now South Shields. The Tyne was then a wider, shallower river at this point and it is thought that the bridge was probably about 700 feet (210 m) long, made of wood and supported on stone piers. It is probable that it was sited near the current Swing Bridge, due to the fact that Roman artefacts were found there during the building of the latter bridge. Hadrian himself probably visited the site in 122. A shrine was set up on the completed bridge in 123 by the 6th Legion, with two altars to Neptune and Oceanus respectively. The two altars were subsequently found in the river and are on display in the Great North Museum in Newcastle.
The Romans built a stone-walled fort in 150 to protect the river crossing which was at the foot of the Tyne Gorge, and this took the name of the bridge so that the whole settlement was known as Pons Aelius. The fort was situated on a rocky outcrop overlooking the new bridge, on the site of the present Castle Keep. Pons Aelius is last mentioned in 400, in a Roman document listing all of the Roman military outposts. It is likely that nestling in the shadow of the fort would have been a small vicus, or village. Unfortunately, no buildings have been detected; only a few pieces of flagging. It is clear that there was a Roman cemetery near Clavering Place, behind the Central station, as a number of Roman coffins and sarcophagi have been unearthed there.
Despite the presence of the bridge, the settlement of Pons Aelius was not particularly important among the northern Roman settlements. The most important stations were those on the highway of Dere Street running from Eboracum (York) through Corstopitum (Corbridge) and to the lands north of the Wall. Corstopitum, being a major arsenal and supply centre, was much larger and more populous than Pons Aelius.
Anglo-Saxon development
The Angles arrived in the North-East of England in about 500 and may have landed on the Tyne. There is no evidence of an Anglo-Saxon settlement on or near the site of Pons Aelius during the Anglo-Saxon age. The bridge probably survived and there may well have been a small village at the northern end, but no evidence survives. At that time the region was dominated by two kingdoms, Bernicia, north of the Tees and ruled from Bamburgh, and Deira, south of the Tees and ruled from York. Bernicia and Deira combined to form the kingdom of Northanhymbra (Northumbria) early in the 7th century. There were three local kings who held the title of Bretwalda – 'Lord of Britain', Edwin of Deira (627–632), Oswald of Bernicia (633–641) and Oswy of Northumbria (641–658). The 7th century became known as the 'Golden Age of Northumbria', when the area was a beacon of culture and learning in Europe. The greatness of this period was based on its generally Christian culture and resulted in the Lindisfarne Gospels amongst other treasures. The Tyne valley was dotted with monasteries, with those at Monkwearmouth, Hexham and Jarrow being the most famous. Bede, who was based at Jarrow, wrote of a royal estate, known as Ad Murum, 'at the Wall', 12 miles (19 km) from the sea. It is thought that this estate may have been in what is now Newcastle. At some unknown time, the site of Newcastle came to be known as Monkchester. The reason for this title is unknown, as we are unaware of any specific monasteries at the site, and Bede made no reference to it. In 875 Halfdan Ragnarsson, the Danish Viking conqueror of York, led an army that attacked and pillaged various monasteries in the area, and it is thought that Monkchester was also pillaged at this time. Little more was heard of it until the coming of the Normans.
Norman period
After the arrival of William the Conqueror in England in 1066, the whole of England was quickly subjected to Norman rule. However, in Northumbria there was great resistance to the Normans, and in 1069 the newly appointed Norman Earl of Northumbria, Robert de Comines and 700 of his men were killed by the local population at Durham. The Northumbrians then marched on York, but William was able to suppress the uprising. That same year, a second uprising occurred when a Danish fleet landed in the Humber. The Northumbrians again attacked York and destroyed the garrison there. William was again able to suppress the uprising, but this time he took revenge. He laid waste to the whole of the Midlands and the land from York to the Tees. In 1080, William Walcher, the Norman bishop of Durham and his followers were brutally murdered at Gateshead. This time Odo, bishop of Bayeux, William's half brother, devastated the land between the Tees and the Tweed. This was known as the 'Harrying of the North'. This devastation is reflected in the Domesday Book. The destruction had such an effect that the North remained poor and backward at least until Tudor times and perhaps until the Industrial Revolution. Newcastle suffered in this respect with the rest of the North.
In 1080 William sent his eldest son, Robert Curthose, north to defend the kingdom against the Scots. After his campaign, he moved to Monkchester and began the building of a 'New Castle'. This was of the "motte-and-bailey" type of construction, a wooden tower on top of an earthen mound (motte), surrounded by a moat and wooden stockade (bailey). It was this castle that gave Newcastle its name. In 1095 the Earl of Northumbria, Robert de Mowbray, rose up against the king, William Rufus, and Rufus sent an army north to recapture the castle. From then on the castle became crown property and was an important base from which the king could control the northern barons. The Northumbrian earldom was abolished and a Sheriff of Northumberland was appointed to administer the region. In 1091 the parish church of St Nicholas was consecrated on the site of the present Anglican cathedral, close by the bailey of the new castle. The church is believed to have been a wooden building on stone footings.
Not a trace of the tower or mound of the motte and bailey castle remains now. Henry II replaced it with a rectangular stone keep, which was built between 1172 and 1177 at a cost of £1,444. A stone bailey, in the form of a triangle, replaced the previous wooden one. The great outer gateway to the castle, called 'the Black Gate', was built later, between 1247 and 1250, in the reign of Henry III. There were at that time no town walls and when attacked by the Scots, the townspeople had to crowd into the bailey for safety. It is probable that the new castle acted as a magnet for local merchants because of the safety it provided. This in turn would help to expand trade in the town. At this time wool, skins and lead were being exported, whilst alum, pepper and ginger were being imported from France and Flanders.
Middle Ages
Throughout the Middle Ages, Newcastle was England's northern fortress, the centre for assembled armies. The Border war against Scotland lasted intermittently for several centuries – possibly the longest border war ever waged. During the civil war between Stephen and Matilda, David 1st of Scotland and his son were granted Cumbria and Northumberland respectively, so that for a period from 1139 to 1157, Newcastle was effectively in Scottish hands. It is believed that during this period, King David may have built the church of St Andrew and the Benedictine nunnery in Newcastle. However, King Stephen's successor, Henry II was strong enough to take back the Earldom of Northumbria from Malcolm IV.
The Scots king William the Lion was imprisoned in Newcastle, in 1174, after being captured at the Battle of Alnwick. Edward I brought the Stone of Scone and William Wallace south through the town and Newcastle was successfully defended against the Scots three times during the 14th century.
Around 1200, stone-faced, clay-filled jetties were starting to project into the river, an indication that trade was increasing in Newcastle. As the Roman roads continued to deteriorate, sea travel was gaining in importance. By 1275 Newcastle was the sixth largest wool exporting port in England. The principal exports at this time were wool, timber, coal, millstones, dairy produce, fish, salt and hides. Much of the developing trade was with the Baltic countries and Germany. Most of the Newcastle merchants were situated near the river, below the Castle. The earliest known charter was dated 1175 in the reign of Henry II, giving the townspeople some control over their town. In 1216 King John granted Newcastle a mayor[8] and also allowed the formation of guilds (known as Mysteries). These were cartels formed within different trades, which restricted trade to guild members. There were initially twelve guilds. Coal was being exported from Newcastle by 1250, and by 1350 the burgesses received a royal licence to export coal. This licence to export coal was jealously guarded by the Newcastle burgesses, and they tried to prevent any one else on the Tyne from exporting coal except through Newcastle. The burgesses similarly tried to prevent fish from being sold anywhere else on the Tyne except Newcastle. This led to conflicts with Gateshead and South Shields.
In 1265, the town was granted permission to impose a 'Wall Tax' or Murage, to pay for the construction of a fortified wall to enclose the town and protect it from Scottish invaders. The town walls were not completed until early in the 14th century. They were two miles (3 km) long, 9 feet (2.7 m) thick and 25 feet (7.6 m) high. They had six main gates, as well as some smaller gates, and had 17 towers. The land within the walls was divided almost equally by the Lort Burn, which flowed southwards and joined the Tyne to the east of the Castle. The town began to expand north of the Castle and west of the Lort Burn with various markets being set up within the walls.
In 1400 Henry IV granted a new charter, creating a County corporate which separated the town, but not the Castle, from the county of Northumberland and recognised it as a "county of itself" with a right to have a sheriff of its own. The burgesses were now allowed to choose six aldermen who, with the mayor would be justices of the peace. The mayor and sheriff were allowed to hold borough courts in the Guildhall.
Religious houses
During the Middle Ages a number of religious houses were established within the walls: the first of these was the Benedictine nunnery of St Bartholomew founded in 1086 near the present-day Nun Street. Both David I of Scotland and Henry I of England were benefactors of the religious house. Nothing of the nunnery remains now.
The friary of Blackfriars, Newcastle (Dominican) was established in 1239. These were also known as the Preaching Friars or Shod Friars, because they wore sandals, as opposed to other orders. The friary was situated in the present-day Friars Street. In 1280 the order was granted royal permission to make a postern in the town walls to communicate with their gardens outside the walls. On 19 June 1334, Edward Balliol, claimant to be King of Scotland, did homage to King Edward III, on behalf of the kingdom of Scotland, in the church of the friary. Much of the original buildings of the friary still exist, mainly because, after the Dissolution of the Monasteries the friary of Blackfriars was rented out by the corporation to nine of the local trade guilds.
The friary of Whitefriars (Carmelite) was established in 1262. The order was originally housed on the Wall Knoll in Pandon, but in 1307 it took over the buildings of another order, which went out of existence, the Friars of the Sac. The land, which had originally been given by Robert the Bruce, was situated in the present-day Hanover Square, behind the Central station. Nothing of the friary remains now.
The friary of Austinfriars (Augustinian) was established in 1290. The friary was on the site where the Holy Jesus Hospital was built in 1682. The friary was traditionally the lodging place of English kings whenever they visited or passed through Newcastle. In 1503 Princess Margaret, eldest daughter of Henry VII of England, stayed two days at the friary on her way to join her new husband James IV of Scotland.
The friary of Greyfriars (Franciscans) was established in 1274. The friary was in the present-day area between Pilgrim Street, Grey Street, Market Street and High Chare. Nothing of the original buildings remains.
The friary of the Order of the Holy Trinity, also known as the Trinitarians, was established in 1360. The order devoted a third of its income to buying back captives of the Saracens, during the Crusades. Their house was on the Wall Knoll, in Pandon, to the east of the city, but within the walls. Wall Knoll had previously been occupied by the White Friars until they moved to new premises in 1307.
All of the above religious houses were closed in about 1540, when Henry VIII dissolved the monasteries.
An important street running through Newcastle at the time was Pilgrim Street, running northwards inside the walls and leading to the Pilgrim Gate on the north wall. The street still exists today as arguably Newcastle's main shopping street.
Tudor period
The Scottish border wars continued for much of the 16th century, so that during that time, Newcastle was often threatened with invasion by the Scots, but also remained important as a border stronghold against them.
During the Reformation begun by Henry VIII in 1536, the five Newcastle friaries and the single nunnery were dissolved and the land was sold to the Corporation and to rich merchants. At this time there were fewer than 60 inmates of the religious houses in Newcastle. The convent of Blackfriars was leased to nine craft guilds to be used as their headquarters. This probably explains why it is the only one of the religious houses whose building survives to the present day. The priories at Tynemouth and Durham were also dissolved, thus ending the long-running rivalry between Newcastle and the church for control of trade on the Tyne. A little later, the property of the nunnery of St Bartholomew and of Grey Friars were bought by Robert Anderson, who had the buildings demolished to build his grand Newe House (also known as Anderson Place).
With the gradual decline of the Scottish border wars the town walls were allowed to decline as well as the castle. By 1547, about 10,000 people were living in Newcastle. At the beginning of the 16th century exports of wool from Newcastle were more than twice the value of exports of coal, but during the century coal exports continued to increase.
Under Edward VI, John Dudley, Duke of Northumberland, sponsored an act allowing Newcastle to annexe Gateshead as its suburb. The main reason for this was to allow the Newcastle Hostmen, who controlled the export of Tyne coal, to get their hands on the Gateshead coal mines, previously controlled by the Bishop of Durham. However, when Mary I came to power, Dudley met his downfall and the decision was reversed. The Reformation allowed private access to coal mines previously owned by Tynemouth and Durham priories and as a result coal exports increase dramatically, from 15,000 tons in 1500 to 35,000 tons in 1565, and to 400,000 tons in 1625.
The plague visited Newcastle four times during the 16th century, in 1579 when 2,000 people died, in 1589 when 1700 died, in 1595 and finally in 1597.
In 1600 Elizabeth I granted Newcastle a charter for an exclusive body of electors, the right to elect the mayor and burgesses. The charter also gave the Hostmen exclusive rights to load coal at any point on the Tyne. The Hostmen developed as an exclusive group within the Merchant Adventurers who had been incorporated by a charter in 1547.
Stuart period
In 1636 there was a serious outbreak of bubonic plague in Newcastle. There had been several previous outbreaks of the disease over the years, but this was the most serious. It is thought to have arrived from the Netherlands via ships that were trading between the Tyne and that country. It first appeared in the lower part of the town near the docks but gradually spread to all parts of the town. As the disease gained hold the authorities took measures to control it by boarding up any properties that contained infected persons, meaning that whole families were locked up together with the infected family members. Other infected persons were put in huts outside the town walls and left to die. Plague pits were dug next to the town's four churches and outside the town walls to receive the bodies in mass burials. Over the course of the outbreak 5,631 deaths were recorded out of an estimated population of 12,000, a death rate of 47%.
In 1637 Charles I tried to raise money by doubling the 'voluntary' tax on coal in return for allowing the Newcastle Hostmen to regulate production and fix prices. This caused outrage amongst the London importers and the East Anglian shippers. Both groups decided to boycott Tyne coal and as a result forced Charles to reverse his decision in 1638.
In 1640 during the Second Bishops' War, the Scots successfully invaded Newcastle. The occupying army demanded £850 per day from the Corporation to billet the Scottish troops. Trade from the Tyne ground to a halt during the occupation. The Scots left in 1641 after receiving a Parliamentary pardon and a £4,000,000 loan from the town.
In 1642 the English Civil War began. King Charles realised the value of the Tyne coal trade and therefore garrisoned Newcastle. A Royalist was appointed as governor. At that time, Newcastle and King's Lynn were the only important seaports to support the crown. In 1644 Parliament blockaded the Tyne to prevent the king from receiving revenue from the Tyne coal trade. Coal exports fell from 450,000 to 3,000 tons and London suffered a hard winter without fuel. Parliament encouraged the coal trade from the Wear to try to replace that lost from Newcastle but that was not enough to make up for the lost Tyneside tonnage.
In 1644 the Scots crossed the border. Newcastle strengthened its defences in preparation. The Scottish army, with 40,000 troops, besieged Newcastle for three months until the garrison of 1,500 surrendered. During the siege, the Scots bombarded the walls with their artillery, situated in Gateshead and Castle Leazes. The Scottish commander threatened to destroy the steeple of St Nicholas's Church by gunfire if the mayor, Sir John Marley, did not surrender the town. The mayor responded by placing Scottish prisoners that they had captured in the steeple, so saving it from destruction. The town walls were finally breached by a combination of artillery and sapping. In gratitude for this defence, Charles gave Newcastle the motto 'Fortiter Defendit Triumphans' to be added to its coat of arms. The Scottish army occupied Northumberland and Durham for two years. The coal taxes had to pay for the Scottish occupation. In 1645 Charles surrendered to the Scots and was imprisoned in Newcastle for nine months. After the Civil War the coal trade on the Tyne soon picked up and exceeded its pre-war levels.
A new Guildhall was completed on the Sandhill next to the river in 1655, replacing an earlier facility damaged by fire in 1639, and became the meeting place of Newcastle Town Council. In 1681 the Hospital of the Holy Jesus was built partly on the site of the Austin Friars. The Guildhall and Holy Jesus Hospital still exist.
Charles II tried to impose a charter on Newcastle to give the king the right to appoint the mayor, sheriff, recorder and town clerk. Charles died before the charter came into effect. In 1685, James II tried to replace Corporation members with named Catholics. However, James' mandate was suspended in 1689 after the Glorious Revolution welcoming William of Orange. In 1689, after the fall of James II, the people of Newcastle tore down his bronze equestrian statue in Sandhill and tossed it into the Tyne. The bronze was later used to make bells for All Saints Church.
In 1689 the Lort Burn was covered over. At this time it was an open sewer. The channel followed by the Lort Burn became the present day Dean Street. At that time, the centre of Newcastle was still the Sandhill area, with many merchants living along the Close or on the Side. The path of the main road through Newcastle ran from the single Tyne bridge, through Sandhill to the Side, a narrow street which climbed steeply on the north-east side of the castle hill until it reached the higher ground alongside St Nicholas' Church. As Newcastle developed, the Side became lined with buildings with projecting upper stories, so that the main street through Newcastle was a narrow, congested, steep thoroughfare.
In 1701 the Keelmen's Hospital was built in the Sandgate area of the city, using funds provided by the keelmen. The building still stands today.
Eighteenth century
In the 18th century, Newcastle was the country's largest print centre after London, Oxford and Cambridge, and the Literary and Philosophical Society of 1793, with its erudite debates and large stock of books in several languages predated the London Library by half a century.
In 1715, during the Jacobite rising in favour of the Old Pretender, an army of Jacobite supporters marched on Newcastle. Many of the Northumbrian gentry joined the rebels. The citizens prepared for its arrival by arresting Jacobite supporters and accepting 700 extra recruits into the local militia. The gates of the city were closed against the rebels. This proved enough to delay an attack until reinforcements arrived forcing the rebel army to move across to the west coast. The rebels finally surrendered at Preston.
In 1745, during a second Jacobite rising in favour of the Young Pretender, a Scottish army crossed the border led by Bonnie Prince Charlie. Once again Newcastle prepared by arresting Jacobite supporters and inducting 800 volunteers into the local militia. The town walls were strengthened, most of the gates were blocked up and some 200 cannon were deployed. 20,000 regulars were billeted on the Town Moor. These preparations were enough to force the rebel army to travel south via the west coast. They were eventually defeated at Culloden in 1746.
Newcastle's actions during the 1715 rising in resisting the rebels and declaring for George I, in contrast to the rest of the region, is the most likely source of the nickname 'Geordie', applied to people from Tyneside, or more accurately Newcastle. Another theory, however, is that the name 'Geordie' came from the inventor of the Geordie lamp, George Stephenson. It was a type of safety lamp used in mining, but was not invented until 1815. Apparently the term 'German Geordie' was in common use during the 18th century.
The city's first hospital, Newcastle Infirmary opened in 1753; it was funded by public subscription. A lying-in hospital was established in Newcastle in 1760. The city's first public hospital for mentally ill patients, Wardens Close Lunatic Hospital was opened in October 1767.
In 1771 a flood swept away much of the bridge at Newcastle. The bridge had been built in 1250 and repaired after a flood in 1339. The bridge supported various houses and three towers and an old chapel. A blue stone was placed in the middle of the bridge to mark the boundary between Newcastle and the Palatinate of Durham. A temporary wooden bridge had to be built, and this remained in use until 1781, when a new stone bridge was completed. The new bridge consisted of nine arches. In 1801, because of the pressure of traffic, the bridge had to be widened.
A permanent military presence was established in the city with the completion of Fenham Barracks in 1806. The facilities at the Castle for holding assizes, which had been condemned for their inconvenience and unhealthiness, were replaced when the Moot Hall opened in August 1812.
Victorian period
Present-day Newcastle owes much of its architecture to the work of the builder Richard Grainger, aided by architects John Dobson, Thomas Oliver, John and Benjamin Green and others. In 1834 Grainger won a competition to produce a new plan for central Newcastle. He put this plan into effect using the above architects as well as architects employed in his own office. Grainger and Oliver had already built Leazes Terrace, Leazes Crescent and Leazes Place between 1829 and 1834. Grainger and Dobson had also built the Royal Arcade at the foot of Pilgrim Street between 1830 and 1832. The most ambitious project covered 12 acres 12 acres (49,000 m2) in central Newcastle, on the site of Newe House (also called Anderson Place). Grainger built three new thoroughfares, Grey Street, Grainger Street and Clayton Street with many connecting streets, as well as the Central Exchange and the Grainger Market. John Wardle and George Walker, working in Grainger's office, designed Clayton Street, Grainger Street and most of Grey Street. Dobson designed the Grainger Market and much of the east side of Grey Street. John and Benjamin Green designed the Theatre Royal at the top of Grey Street, where Grainger placed the column of Grey's Monument as a focus for the whole scheme. Grey Street is considered to be one of the finest streets in the country, with its elegant curve. Unfortunately most of old Eldon Square was demolished in the 1960s in the name of progress. The Royal Arcade met a similar fate.
In 1849 a new bridge was built across the river at Newcastle. This was the High Level Bridge, designed by Robert Stephenson, and slightly up river from the existing bridge. The bridge was designed to carry road and rail traffic across the Tyne Gorge on two decks with rail traffic on the upper deck and road traffic on the lower. The new bridge meant that traffic could pass through Newcastle without having to negotiate the steep, narrow Side, as had been necessary for centuries. The bridge was opened by Queen Victoria, who one year later opened the new Central Station, designed by John Dobson. Trains were now able to cross the river, directly into the centre of Newcastle and carry on up to Scotland. The Army Riding School was also completed in 1849.
In 1854 a large fire started on the Gateshead quayside and an explosion caused it to spread across the river to the Newcastle quayside. A huge conflagration amongst the narrow alleys, or 'chares', destroyed the homes of 800 families as well as many business premises. The narrow alleys that had been destroyed were replaced by streets containing blocks of modern offices.
In 1863 the Town Hall in St Nicholas Square replaced the Guildhall as the meeting place of Newcastle Town Council.
In 1876 the low level bridge was replaced by a new bridge known as the Swing Bridge, so called because the bridge was able to swing horizontally on a central axis and allow ships to pass on either side. This meant that for the first time sizeable ships could pass up-river beyond Newcastle. The bridge was built and paid for by William Armstrong, a local arms manufacturer, who needed to have warships access his Elswick arms factory to fit armaments to them. The Swing Bridge's rotating mechanism is adapted from the cannon mounts developed in Armstrong's arms works. In 1882 the Elswick works began to build ships as well as to arm them. The Barrack Road drill hall was completed in 1890.
Industrialisation
In the 19th century, shipbuilding and heavy engineering were central to the city's prosperity; and the city was a powerhouse of the Industrial Revolution. Newcastle's development as a major city owed most to its central role in the production and export of coal. The phrase "taking coals to Newcastle" was first recorded in 1538; it proverbially denotes bringing a particular commodity to a place that has more than enough of it already.
Innovation in Newcastle and surrounding areas included the following:
George Stephenson developed a miner's safety lamp at the same time that Humphry Davy developed a rival design. The lamp made possible the opening up of ever deeper mines to provide the coal that powered the industrial revolution.
George and his son Robert Stephenson were hugely influential figures in the development of the early railways. George developed Blücher, a locomotive working at Killingworth colliery in 1814, whilst Robert was instrumental in the design of Rocket, a revolutionary design that was the forerunner of modern locomotives. Both men were involved in planning and building railway lines, all over this country and abroad.
Joseph Swan demonstrated a working electric light bulb about a year before Thomas Edison did the same in the USA. This led to a dispute as to who had actually invented the light bulb. Eventually the two rivals agreed to form a mutual company between them, the Edison and Swan Electric Light Company, known as Ediswan.
Charles Algernon Parsons invented the steam turbine, for marine use and for power generation. He used Turbinia, a small, turbine-powered ship, to demonstrate the speed that a steam turbine could generate. Turbinia literally ran rings around the British Fleet at a review at Spithead in 1897.
William Armstrong invented a hydraulic crane that was installed in dockyards up and down the country. He then began to design light, accurate field guns for the British army. These were a vast improvement on the existing guns that were then in use.
The following major industries developed in Newcastle or its surrounding area:
Glassmaking
A small glass industry existed in Newcastle from the mid-15th century. In 1615 restrictions were put on the use of wood for manufacturing glass. It was found that glass could be manufactured using the local coal, and so a glassmaking industry grew up on Tyneside. Huguenot glassmakers came over from France as refugees from persecution and set up glasshouses in the Skinnerburn area of Newcastle. Eventually, glass production moved to the Ouseburn area of Newcastle. In 1684 the Dagnia family, Sephardic Jewish emigrants from Altare, arrived in Newcastle from Stourbridge and established glasshouses along the Close, to manufacture high quality flint glass. The glass manufacturers used sand ballast from the boats arriving in the river as the main raw material. The glassware was then exported in collier brigs. The period from 1730 to 1785 was the highpoint of Newcastle glass manufacture, when the local glassmakers produced the 'Newcastle Light Baluster'. The glassmaking industry still exists in the west end of the city with local Artist and Glassmaker Jane Charles carrying on over four hundred years of hot glass blowing in Newcastle upon Tyne.
Locomotive manufacture
In 1823 George Stephenson and his son Robert established the world's first locomotive factory near Forth Street in Newcastle. Here they built locomotives for the Stockton and Darlington Railway and the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, as well as many others. It was here that the famous locomotive Rocket was designed and manufactured in preparation for the Rainhill Trials. Apart from building locomotives for the British market, the Newcastle works also produced locomotives for Europe and America. The Forth Street works continued to build locomotives until 1960.
Shipbuilding
In 1296 a wooden, 135 ft (41 m) long galley was constructed at the mouth of the Lort Burn in Newcastle, as part of a twenty-ship order from the king. The ship cost £205, and is the earliest record of shipbuilding in Newcastle. However the rise of the Tyne as a shipbuilding area was due to the need for collier brigs for the coal export trade. These wooden sailing ships were usually built locally, establishing local expertise in building ships. As ships changed from wood to steel, and from sail to steam, the local shipbuilding industry changed to build the new ships. Although shipbuilding was carried out up and down both sides of the river, the two main areas for building ships in Newcastle were Elswick, to the west, and Walker, to the east. By 1800 Tyneside was the third largest producer of ships in Britain. Unfortunately, after the Second World War, lack of modernisation and competition from abroad gradually caused the local industry to decline and die.
Armaments
In 1847 William Armstrong established a huge factory in Elswick, west of Newcastle. This was initially used to produce hydraulic cranes but subsequently began also to produce guns for both the army and the navy. After the Swing Bridge was built in 1876 allowing ships to pass up river, warships could have their armaments fitted alongside the Elswick works. Armstrong's company took over its industrial rival, Joseph Whitworth of Manchester in 1897.
Steam turbines
Charles Algernon Parsons invented the steam turbine and, in 1889, founded his own company C. A. Parsons and Company in Heaton, Newcastle to make steam turbines. Shortly after this, he realised that steam turbines could be used to propel ships and, in 1897, he founded a second company, Parsons Marine Steam Turbine Company in Wallsend. It is there that he designed and manufactured Turbinia. Parsons turbines were initially used in warships but soon came to be used in merchant and passenger vessels, including the liner Mauretania which held the blue riband for the Atlantic crossing until 1929. Parsons' company in Heaton began to make turbo-generators for power stations and supplied power stations all over the world. The Heaton works, reduced in size, remains as part of the Siemens AG industrial giant.
Pottery
In 1762 the Maling pottery was founded in Sunderland by French Huguenots, but transferred to Newcastle in 1817. A factory was built in the Ouseburn area of the city. The factory was rebuilt twice, finally occupying a 14-acre (57,000 m2) site that was claimed to be the biggest pottery in the world and which had its own railway station. The pottery pioneered use of machines in making potteries as opposed to hand production. In the 1890s the company went up-market and employed in-house designers. The period up to the Second World War was the most profitable with a constant stream of new designs being introduced. However, after the war, production gradually declined and the company closed in 1963.
Expansion of the city
Newcastle was one of the boroughs reformed by the Municipal Corporations Act 1835: the reformed municipal borough included the parishes of Byker, Elswick, Heaton, Jesmond, Newcastle All Saints, Newcastle St Andrew, Newcastle St John, Newcastle St Nicholas, and Westgate. The urban districts of Benwell and Fenham and Walker were added in 1904. In 1935, Newcastle gained Kenton and parts of the parishes of West Brunton, East Denton, Fawdon, Longbenton. The most recent expansion in Newcastle's boundaries took place under the Local Government Act 1972 on 1 April 1974, when Newcastle became a metropolitan borough, also including the urban districts of Gosforth and Newburn, and the parishes of Brunswick, Dinnington, Hazlerigg, North Gosforth and Woolsington from the Castle Ward Rural District, and the village of Westerhope.
Meanwhile Northumberland County Council was formed under the Local Government Act 1888 and benefited from a dedicated meeting place when County Hall was completed in the Castle Garth area of Newcastle in 1910. Following the Local Government Act 1972 County Hall relocated to Morpeth in April 1981.
Twentieth century
In 1925 work began on a new high-level road bridge to span the Tyne Gorge between Newcastle and Gateshead. The capacity of the existing High-Level Bridge and Swing Bridge were being strained to the limit, and an additional bridge had been discussed for a long time. The contract was awarded to the Dorman Long Company and the bridge was finally opened by King George V in 1928. The road deck was 84 feet (26 m) above the river and was supported by a 531 feet (162 m) steel arch. The new Tyne Bridge quickly became a symbol for Newcastle and Tyneside, and remains so today.
During the Second World War, Newcastle was largely spared the horrors inflicted upon other British cities bombed during the Blitz. Although the armaments factories and shipyards along the River Tyne were targeted by the Luftwaffe, they largely escaped unscathed. Manors goods yard and railway terminal, to the east of the city centre, and the suburbs of Jesmond and Heaton suffered bombing during 1941. There were 141 deaths and 587 injuries, a relatively small figure compared to the casualties in other industrial centres of Britain.
In 1963 the city gained its own university, the University of Newcastle upon Tyne, by act of parliament. A School of Medicine and Surgery had been established in Newcastle in 1834. This eventually developed into a college of medicine attached to Durham University. A college of physical science was also founded and became Armstrong College in 1904. In 1934 the two colleges merged to become King's College, Durham. This remained as part of Durham University until the new university was created in 1963. In 1992 the city gained its second university when Newcastle Polytechnic was granted university status as Northumbria University.
Newcastle City Council moved to the new Newcastle Civic Centre in 1968.
As heavy industries declined in the second half of the 20th century, large sections of the city centre were demolished along with many areas of slum housing. The leading political figure in the city during the 1960s was T. Dan Smith who oversaw a massive building programme of highrise housing estates and authorised the demolition of a quarter of the Georgian Grainger Town to make way for Eldon Square Shopping Centre. Smith's control in Newcastle collapsed when it was exposed that he had used public contracts to advantage himself and his business associates and for a time Newcastle became a byword for civic corruption as depicted in the films Get Carter and Stormy Monday and in the television series Our Friends in the North. However, much of the historic Grainger Town area survived and was, for the most part, fully restored in the late 1990s. Northumberland Street, initially the A1, was gradually closed to traffic from the 1970s and completely pedestrianised by 1998.
In 1978 a new rapid transport system, the Metro, was built, linking the Tyneside area. The system opened in August 1980. A new bridge was built to carry the Metro across the river between Gateshead and Newcastle. This was the Queen Elizabeth II Bridge, commonly known as the Metro Bridge. Eventually the Metro system was extended to reach Newcastle Airport in 1991, and in 2002 the Metro system was extended to the nearby city of Sunderland.
As the 20th century progressed, trade on the Newcastle and Gateshead quaysides gradually declined, until by the 1980s both sides of the river were looking rather derelict. Shipping company offices had closed along with offices of firms related to shipping. There were also derelict warehouses lining the riverbank. Local government produced a master plan to re-develop the Newcastle quayside and this was begun in the 1990s. New offices, restaurants, bars and residential accommodation were built and the area has changed in the space of a few years into a vibrant area, partially returning the focus of Newcastle to the riverside, where it was in medieval times.
The Gateshead Millennium Bridge, a foot and cycle bridge, 26 feet (7.9 m) wide and 413 feet (126 m) long, was completed in 2001. The road deck is in the form of a curve and is supported by a steel arch. To allow ships to pass, the whole structure, both arch and road-deck, rotates on huge bearings at either end so that the road deck is lifted. The bridge can be said to open and shut like a human eye. It is an important addition to the re-developed quayside area, providing a vital link between the Newcastle and Gateshead quaysides.
Recent developments
Today the city is a vibrant centre for office and retail employment, but just a short distance away there are impoverished inner-city housing estates, in areas originally built to provide affordable housing for employees of the shipyards and other heavy industries that lined the River Tyne. In the 2010s Newcastle City Council began implementing plans to regenerate these depressed areas, such as those along the Ouseburn Valley.
103 - Our Daily Challenge - "Sadness":
"Have courage for the great sorrows of life and patience for the small ones; and then, when you have accomplished your daily task, go to sleep in peace. God is awake." -- Victor Hugo
I've been pondering this topic since I first read it late last night. What a difficult concept to photograph! All of us have our own story of deep sadness, too complex to adequately capture through a lens. I can't imagine how to portray the private pain that is "sadness". I chose instead to focus on what I discovered through my own most intense season of sorrow... There is a treasure in the trial. Through painful experiences we come to learn what is really important, what is true and real, and who we can trust and rely on. In the wake of personal tragedy, my heart was consumed with questions. It was my "mission" to understand why. What I learned is that some questions won't have answers this side of eternity. But, somewhere in the journey, "why" lost its importance. I know Who healed my heart. I trust Him and it is enough. There is great peace in that, which I tried to represent through the one green leaf.
Nikon D5000, 50 mm
Surrender Your Arms.
Investigabiles rebus subito clamat, mixta glandes,
terribles périssent énormes larmes de cris lointains,
agravată furie vânturile obscure meditații devotat,
griddfan ddynoliaeth drygioni meddwl am oriau angladd,
бруталан судбина схакинг приказања бројни адолесценти пасти,
άφθονες μυστικές επικλήσεις συμφέροντα ειρωνικό buffoonish δηλώνοντας δυνάμεις πυροβολούν,
intense villmenn heslig uendelig moralske refleksjoner uskarpe,
insondata indagini imperfezioni critica immagina immediatamente armato,
harmonieus onuitroeibare verdriet aardse criminelen ontregeld bezienswaardigheden,
odurzający natury mieszania brzydota mieszkań szczeliny mogą burzę w ciągu,
posljedica univerzalne zastrašujuće fatalne krvi crnkastim bazena šokova,
صرخات المساء غير قابل للهضم السجود العالم تلتهم الذكاءات يثير,
jednostavna hipoteza prljava rasta nagao prokletstva fantomi traže,
uppreisn nú allir vopnaðir traustur gangrenous leiðtogar falla,
自由の統治は、すべて自由正義ホールを武装.
Steve.D.Hammond.
JPEG with Pentax K-r. 12MP CMOS sensor, APS-C . Pentax SMC DA* 50-135mm f/2.8 ED (IF). PP with Apple Aperture.
For a selection of my best photography see what's clicking at the link on my Flickr profile ( mouse over my avatar / icon ).
All images are Copyright Frank J. Casella and may not be copied or reproduced in any way. No images are within Public Domain.
The marker reads:
Here on Sunday April 9, 1865 after four years of heroic struggle in defense of principles believed fundamental to the existence of our government. Lee surrendered 9000 men the remnant of an army still unconquered in spirit.
Appomattox Court House National Historical Park.
Best Seen Large on Black
The surrender, which took place 21 – 27 November, saw 332 weapons handed in at police stations across Greater Manchester.
Samurai swords, kukri knives and a machete were among the haul of weapons dropped off by residents.
The anonymous surrender was supported by Rhian Jones, the mother of Dominic Doyle who was tragically stabbed to death on a night out in Tameside. He was just 21 years old when he died.
The knives will now be donated to the British Ironworks Centre, who will melt them down and transform into a statue in memory to those that have lost their life to knife crime.
Chief Inspector Debbie Dooley said: “During this one week alone, more than 300 knives were surrendered by members of the public, meaning there are fewer weapons on the streets that could potentially fall into the wrong hands.
“We’re pleased so many people took the opportunity to safely dispose of their bladed items and would like to thank the community for helping us to reduce knife crime and make the streets safer, which will ultimately save lives.”
Deputy Police and Crime Commissioner Jim Battle said: “There has been a fantastic response from the public to this campaign and I want to say thank you. Your support has led to the surrender of more than 300 knives, taking them out of circulation and putting them into safe hands.”
To report a crime, call Greater Manchester Police on 101 or 999 in an emergency. Alternatively, please call Crimestoppers anonymously on 0800 555 111.
Join in the conversation online using the hashtag #BinTheBlade
Thorpe St Andrew 1939 - 45
**************************************************************************************
C G N Aldred
Name: ALDRED, CHARLES NOEL GEORGE
Rank: Private Regiment/Service: Royal Norfolk Regiment Unit Text: 5th Bn.
Age: 27 Date of Death: 15/02/1942
Service No: 5771491
Additional information: Son of Charles Aldred, and of Gertrude Aldred, of Thorpe, Norwich.
Casualty Type: Commonwealth War Dead
Grave/Memorial Reference: Coll. grave 17. D. 4-11. Cemetery: KRANJI WAR CEMETERY
CWGC: www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=2052866
This was the day on which Singapore surrendered.
*****************************************************************************************
L G Aldred
Name: ALDRED, LESLIE GORDON
Rank: Stoker 1st Class
Service: Royal Navy Unit Text: H.M.S. Cleopatra
Age: 22 Date of Death: 16/07/1943
Service No: C/KX 95885
Additional information: Son of Charlotte Alfred, of Norwich.
Grave/Memorial Reference: 72, 1. Memorial: CHATHAM NAVAL MEMORIAL
CWGC: www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=2464269
HMS Cleopatra July 1943
16th Hit amidships by torpedo from Italian submarine
Sustained major damage to structure with flooding of machinery compartments.
Only 'Local' control of armament was possible.
30 of ship's company were killed or missing with 23 wounded,
(Note: Submarine probably DANDALO but another source claims ALAGI)
17th Returned to Malta at 10 knots screened by HM Destroyers QUIBERON and QUAIL
with AA cover by HMS EURYALUS.
www.naval-history.net/xGM-Chrono-06CL-Cleopatra.htm
************************************************************************
E W Allaway
Name: ALLAWAY, EDWARD WILSON
Rank: Corporal
Regiment: Royal Norfolk Regiment Unit Text: 4th Bn.
Age: 25 Date of Death: 13/02/1942
Service No: 5778638
Additional information: Husband of W. Allaway, of Thorpe, Norwich.
Grave/Memorial Reference: Column 47. Memorial: SINGAPORE MEMORIAL
CWGC: www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=2529835
******************************************************************************************
K A Amond
Name: AMOND, KENNETH ALFRED
Rank: Sergeant
Service: Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve, 139 Sqdn.
Age: 20
Date of Death: 03/03/1943
Service No: 1392604
Additional information: Son of Alfred and Vivien May Amond, of Thorpe, Norwich. Casualty Type: Commonwealth War Dead
Memorial Reference: Panel 140. RUNNYMEDE MEMORIAL
CWGC: www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=1082754
Probably this incident although Navigator is referred to Sgt F A Amond
Type Mosquito
Serial Number...........................................DZ463
Squadron....................................................139
X1D..............................................................XD-O
Operation...................................................Knaben
Date ...........................................................3rd March 1943
Further Information
" Airborne 1200 3Mar43 from Marham to bomb a molybdenum mine. Homebound, intercepted by Fw190s and shot down off the Norwegian coast. F/O Bulpitt is buried in the seaport town of Egersund; Sgt Amond has no known grave and is commemorated on the Runnymede Memeorial. F/O A.N.Bulpitt KIA Sgt F.A.Amond KIA "
Lost Bombers; www.lostbombers.co.uk/bomber.php?id=8268
There is one plane claimed as a Mosquito shot down on this date, but it was subsequently amended to a Blenheim. Pilot was Uffz. Schmid of 7./JG 1. Combat was at 50m, over the sea at 14.42 Central European Time.
www.rafandluftwaffe.info/lists/luftwaffe_b1.htm
www.lesbutler.ip3.co.uk/tony/tonywood.htm
03/03/43: 10 Mosquitoes from 139 Sqd., led by W/C Shand DFC, fly low level to attack the molybdenum mines at Knaben in Norway. This precision raid was highly successful.
www.mossie.org/squadrons/139_squadron.htm
3 March 1943
10 Mosquitos of No 139 Squadron carried out a long-range raid on the important molybdenum mine at Knaben in Norway. The target was successfully bombed but 1 Mosquito was shot down by FW 190s
www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/mar43.html
NORWAY: 10 Mosquitoes of RAF No. 139 Sqdn carried out a long range raid on the important molybdenum mine at Knaben in Norway. The target was successfully bombed but 1 Mosquito was shot down by Fw 190s, claimed by Uffz. Schmid of 7./JG 1 for his first kill.
www.ww2aircraft.net/forum/ww2-general/day-war-europe-65-y...
**********************************************************************
W G Armiger
Name: ARMIGER, WILLIAM CHARLES
Rank: Private
Regiment: Royal Norfolk Regiment
Unit Text: 5th Bn.
Age: 24 Date of Death: 15/02/1942
Service No: 5775370
Additional information: Son of William and Ethel Ada Armiger; husband of Daisy Rosa Jessie Armiger, of Thorpe, Norwich, Norfolk.
Grave/Memorial Reference: Column 49. Memorial: SINGAPORE MEMORIAL
CWGC: www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=2530218
This was the day on which Singapore surrendered.
*******************************************************************************
W G Artis
Name: ARTIS, WILLIAM GEORGE Initials: W G
Rank: Private
Regiment: Royal Norfolk Regiment Unit Text: 6th Bn.
Age: 26
Date of Death: 17/08/1943
Service No: 5775682
Additional information: Son of William George and Gladis Artis; husband of Irene Mary Artis, of Thorpe, Norfolk.
Grave Reference: 2. G. 65.
Cemetery: KANCHANABURI WAR CEMETERY
CWGC: www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=2664993
The notorious Burma-Siam railway, built by Commonwealth, Dutch and American prisoners of war, was a Japanese project driven by the need for improved communications to support the large Japanese army in Burma. During its construction, approximately 13,000 prisoners of war died and were buried along the railway. An estimated 80,000 to 100,000 civilians also died in the course of the project, chiefly forced labour brought from Malaya and the Dutch East Indies, or conscripted in Siam (Thailand) and Burma (Myanmar). Two labour forces, one based in Siam and the other in Burma worked from opposite ends of the line towards the centre. The Japanese aimed at completing the railway in 14 months and work began in October 1942. The line, 424 kilometres long, was completed by December 1943. The graves of those who died during the construction and maintenance of the Burma-Siam railway (except for the Americans, whose remains were repatriated) were transferred from camp burial grounds and isolated sites along the railway into three cemeteries at Chungkai and Kanchanaburi in Thailand and Thanbyuzayat in Myanmar
*******************************************************************************
D A Bryant
Name: BRYANT, DEREK ARTHUR
Rank: Flight Sergeant
Service: Royal Air Force
Age: 27
Date of Death: 28/04/1942
Service No: 565225
Additional information: Son of Albert James Bryant and Amy lsabel Bryant, of Thorpe St. Andrew.
Cemetery: THORPE-NEXT-NORWICH (ST. ANDREW) CHURCH CEMETERY
CWGC: www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=2764503
Derek was killed in the “Baedekker” raid on Norwich on this day. His address is given as “Upways” Thorpe Next Norwich.
www.norfolkroots24.co.uk/norfolkRoots/content/features/20...
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J A Burr
Name: BURR, JOSEPH
Rank: Gunner
Regiment/Service: Royal Artillery
Unit Text: 5/3 Maritime Regt.
Age: 20 Date of Death: 10/03/1943
Service No: 5774299
Additional information: Son of Joseph and Margaret Burr, of Thorpe, Norfolk.
Memorial Reference: 74, 2., CHATHAM NAVAL MEMORIAL
CWGC: www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=2465502
The Maritime regiment were soldiers put onto Merchant Ships to man Anti-Aircraft Guns. It was something the British Government kept quiet at the time, so it can be difficult to trace which ships they served on.
Convoy SC121 lost several ships on the 9th, having been broken up by several days of Force 10 Gales they fell easy prey to a wolfpack.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convoy_SC-121
I can’t be certain whether Joseph Burr was on one of those, but the ship lost on this day was the 4,946 tons SS Nailsea . 45 out of 49 crew were lost , including 9 gunners according to one source,
uboat.net/allies/merchants/ships/2753.html
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C L Caston
Name: CASTON, CYRIL LEON
Rank: Sergeant
Service: Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve
Unit Text: 166 Sqdn.
Age: 20
Date of Death: 24/09/1944
Service No: 1627211
Additional information: Son of Robert and Emily Emma Caston, of Thorpe, Norfolk.
Memorial Reference: Panel 226.,RUNNYMEDE MEMORIAL
CWGC: www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=1084160
Lancaster LM722 Information
Type...................................................................Lancaster
Serial Number.................................................LM722
Squadron..........................................................166
X1D.....................................................................AS-D
Operation.........................................................Neuss
Date 1................................................................23rd September 1944
Date 2...............................................................24th September 1944
Further Information
"LM722 was delivered to 166 Sqdn 2Sep44. It is believed that this aircraft was lost on its first Raid. When lost this aircraft had a total of 46 hours. LM722 was one of two 166 Sqdn Lancasters lost on this operation. See: PB242
Airborne 1840 23Sep44 from Kirmington. Lost without trace. All are commemorated on the Runnymede Memorial. F/O J.G.Davies KIA Sgt C.L.Caston KIA Sgt A.Rollinson KIA F/O F.Cameron KIA F/S J.McK Dillon RAAF KIA Sgt R.B.Ward KIA Sgt R.Leigh KIA "
www.lostbombers.co.uk/bomber.php?id=2244
23/24 September 1944
549 aircraft - 378 Lancasters, 154 Halifaxes, 17 Mosquitos of Nos 1, 3, 4 and 8 Groups to Neuss. 5 Lancasters and 2 Halifaxes lost. Bomber Command's report states that most of the bombing fell in the dock and factory areas.
www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/sep44.html
There were other raids the same night on the Dortmund Emms Canal, and in total 22 planes were lost. The night fighter claims for that night are 7 Lancasters and 8 x 4 engined bombers. No flak claims are recorded.
www.lesbutler.ip3.co.uk/tony/tonywood.htm
August 2016 - updated - see comments below.
*******************************************************************************
A E Chance
(Possibly)
Name: CHANCE, ALBERT EDWARD
Rank: Pilot Officer
Service: Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve
Age: 37
Date of Death: 23/12/1943
Service No: 147544
Additional information: Son of Edward and Margaret Pearson Chance; husband of Olive Mary Chance, of Twickenham, Middlesex.
Casualty Type: Commonwealth War Dead
Grave Reference: 1. O. 1. Cemetery: COLOMBO (LIVERAMENTU) CEMETERY
CWGC: www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=2154986
*******************************************************************************
J Clark
Possible
Name: CLARK, JAMES
Rank: Serjeant
Regiment/Service: Royal Artillery
Unit Text: 65 (The Norfolk Yeomanry) Anti-Tank Regt
Date of Death: 01/12/1942
Service No: 826396
Grave Reference: 2. D. 19. Cemetery: BENGHAZI WAR CEMETERY
CWGC: www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=2063782
Otherwise lots of J Clark’s with no details in the additional information field, so can’t be eliminated.
Another casualty of the costly but ultimately successful attempt to relieve Tobruk, Operation Crusader.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Crusader
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E E Crane
Name: CRANE, ERIC EDWARD
Rank: Private
Regiment: Suffolk Regiment, 4th Bn.
Age: 34
Date of Death: 21/09/1944
Service No: 5835478
Additional information: Husband of E. A. Crane, of Thorpe, Norwich.
Memorial Reference: Column 55, SINGAPORE MEMORIAL
CWGC: www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=4017414
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J S Curl
Name: CURL, JOHN SMETHURST
Rank: Pilot Officer
Service: Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve
Age: 23 Date of Death: 30/06/1941
Service No: 87051
Additional information: Son of Percy Edward and Janet Elsie Curl, of Eaton, Norwich.
Memorial Reference: Panel 32, RUNNYMEDE MEMORIAL
CWGC: www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=231661
Not readily traceable - however, one crew member of Wellington BL-P from 40 Squadron is down as not known on the Lost Bombers site.
www.lostbombers.co.uk/bomber.php?id=9282
*******************************************************************************
R H Curtis
Possibles
Name: CURTIS, RONALD HENRY Initials: R H
Nationality: United Kingdom
Rank: Lieutenant Regiment/Service: Hong Kong and Singapore Royal Artillery Unit Text: 2 H.A.A. Regt.
Age: 30 Date of Death: 05/03/1943
Service No: 190959
Additional information: Son of Edward George and Edith Curtis; husband of D. J. Curtis, of Risely, Berkshire.
Grave/Memorial Reference: Column 3. Memorial: SINGAPORE MEMORIAL
CWGC: www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=4017509
A subsequent check of the Military Genealogy site revealed that its Ronald H who came from Norwich. As the other possibles were all Reginalds, I've deleted them
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T A Cutler
Name: CUTLER, THOMAS ALEC
Rank: Sub-Lieutenant (A)
Service: Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve
Unit Text: H.M.S. Victorious.
Age: 21
Date of Death: 24/08/1944
Additional information: Son of Thomas Henry and Frances Mary Cutler, of Norwich.
Memorial Reference: Bay 5, Panel 5., LEE-ON-SOLENT MEMORIAL
CWGC: www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=2974117
Sub Lt Cutler was missing, presumed kill during air operations from HMS Victorious.
www.naval-history.net/xDKCas1944-08AUG.htm
During August 1944, HMS Victorious was in the Far East.
August
23rd Covered Eastern Fleet units providing air-sea rescue facilities during series
of attacks by US Army aircraft on Sumatra (Operations BOOMERANG).
29th Carried out air strikes on Padang, Indaroeng and Emmahaven with HMS ILLUSTRIOUS and HMS INDOMITABLE escorted by HMS HOWE and Eastern Fleet units. (Operation BANQUET).
See also
www.fleetairarmarchive.net/Ships/Victorious.html
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H F Davis
Name: DAVIS, HENRY FRANCIS
Rank: Private
Regiment: The Queen's Royal Regiment (West Surrey), 1/5th Bn.
Age: 31
Date of Death: 30/09/1942
Service No: 6092118
Additional information: Son of William Henry and Margaret Anne M. Davis; husband of Hilda May Davis, of Thorpe, Norwich.
Grave Reference: X. J. 7. Cemetery: EL ALAMEIN WAR CEMETERY
CWGC: www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=2093374
*******************************************************************************
D J Dowe
Name: DOWE, DAVID JESSE
Rank: Sergeant (Flt. Engr.)
Service: Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve
Unit Text: 463 (R.A.A.F.) Sqdn.
Age: 19 Date of Death: 25/06/1944
Service No: 1725436
Additional information: Son of David N. Dowe and Alice E. Dowe, of Thorpe St. Andrew, Norfolk.
Casualty Type: Commonwealth War Dead
Grave/Memorial Reference: Plot 2. Row D. Grave 13. Cemetery: ST. PIERRE CEMETERY, AMIENS
CWGC: www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=2847199
Lancaster LM574 Information
Type....................................................................Lancaster
Serial Number..................................................LM574
Squadron..........................................................463
X1D....................................................................JO-J
Operation..........................................................Prouville
Date 1...............................................................24th June 1944
Date 2...............................................................25th June 1944
Further Information
" LM574 was delivered to No.463 Sqdn 15May44. Incomplete operational history. However, it is recorded that LM574 took part in the Key Operation against Duisburg 21/22May44 and when lost had a total of 82 hours. LM574 was one of three No.463 Sqdn Lancasters lost on this operation. See: LM571; LM597
Airborne 2244 24Jun44 to attack a flying-bomb site. Intercepted at 13,000 feet by a Ju88 whose cannon-fire caused an explosion, throwing clear F/O Syddall. Debris from the Lancaster fell at Longuevillette (Somme), 3 km SW of Doullens. Those killed are buried at amiens in St-Pierre Cemetery.
P/O J.M.Tilbrook RAAF KIA
Sgt D.J.Dove KIA
w/O H.G.Carlyle RAAF KIA
P/O A.Syddall PoW
W/O A.C.Mineeff KIA
Sgt C.F.Penn KIA
F/S M.M.Lack RAAF KIA
P/O A.Sydall was interned in Camp L3, PoW No.6509. Promoted to F/O during captivity. "
www.lostbombers.co.uk/bomber.php?id=1114
Lancaster Mk111 LM574 JO-J Target Prouville France
www.467463raafsquadrons.com/L02Pgs/ROH/463roh.htm
There are some wonderful pictures of the crews on the squadron web-site. I don’t think Sgt Dowe was amongst them, but he would have known many of these faces, have lived the same life and grieved for those lost earlier in the war.
www.467463raafsquadrons.com/CrewsPics/crew_photos.htm
There were at least 5 four engined bombers claimed as shot down on this night in the Amiens area.
www.lesbutler.ip3.co.uk/tony/tonywood.htm
*******************************************************************************
M W Downing
(Possibly)
Name: DOWNING, MAXWELL WILLIAM
Rank: Lieutenant Regiment/Service: Glider Pilot Regiment, A.A.C. Unit Text: 2nd Wing Date of Death: 22/09/1944
Service No: 156901
Grave/Memorial Reference: 27. B. 4. Cemetery: ARNHEM OOSTERBEEK WAR CEMETERY
CWGC: www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=2644568
Update Military Genealogy has Maxwell down as born NW London, but resident Norwich.
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W J Dye
(Possibly)
Name: DYE, WALTER JAMES Initials: W J
Rank: Stoker 1st Class
Service: Royal Navy
Unit Text: H.M. Submarine Turbulent
Age: 24 Date of Death: 23/03/1943
Service No: P/KX 90571
Awards: Mentioned in Despatches
Additional information: Son of Walter George and Elsie May Dye; husband of Kathleen Dye, of West Hampstead, London.
Casualty Type: Commonwealth War Dead
Grave/Memorial Reference: Panel 78, Column 1. Memorial: PORTSMOUTH NAVAL MEMORIAL
CWGC: www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=2669177
On completion of work-up in early 1942 she was deployed in the Mediterranean for interception of supply traffic to and from North African ports. The most impressive record of sinkings began during April 1942 when she sank two supply ships off Brindisi followed by three more off North Africa the next month. On 29th May she torpedoed the Italian destroyer EMANUELE PESSAGNO which sank almost immediately off Benghazi. On her next patrol in the Gulf of Sirte during June she sank another freighter but came under heavy attack from the destroyer PEGASO when attacking a convoy of three transports on 4th July. Although she sank the hulk of the Italian destroyer STRALE which had been stranded near Cape Bon after an air attack in June, her record was marred on 17th of that month when she torpedoed the Italian mercantile NINO BIXIO off Navarino. This ship was unmarked but was carrying 2,921 allied prisoners of war including many New Zealand and Indian soldiers from Benghazi to Brindisi. Over 400 were reported killed and the ship was remained afloat. It is not known whether the intended passage of this ship was known by decrypted signals.
During further patrols in the rest of the year three more supply ships were sunk and the submarine also took part in the allied landings in North Africa (Operation TORCH) when deployed to prevent any Italian intervention during passage of the assault convoys. Early in 1943 whilst based at Algiers for duty in the western Mediterranean she carried out a patrol in the Tyrrhenian Sea and added another three mercantiles to her list of successful sinkings. During her next patrol in this area on 14th March she was attacked and sunk by Italian torpedo boats. Her sinkings totalled 35,000 tons in nine months and her Commanding Officer, Commander J W Linton, RN was awarded a posthumous Victoria Cross.
www.naval-history.net/xGM-Chrono-12SS-07T-Turbulent.htm
HMS Turbulent (Cdr. John Wallace Linton, DSO, DSC, RN) sailed from Algiers on 23 February 1943. She was sunk off Maddalena, north east Sardinia by depth charges from Italian motor torpedo boats on 12 March 1943. HMS Turbulent was declared overdue on 23 March 1943 when she failed to return to base.
Citation:
Commander Linton has been in command of submarines throughout the War. He has been responsible for the destruction of 1 cruiser, 1 destroyer, 20 merchant vessels, 6 schooners and 2 trains. A total of 81,000 tons of enemy shipping sunk. From 1st January 1942 to 1st January 1943 he spent 254 days at sea, including 2,970 hours diving. During this period he was hunted 13 times and had 250 depth charges dropped on him. His career has been one of conspicuous gallantry and extreme devotion to duty in the presence of the enemy.
uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/3505.html
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Turbulent_(N98)
news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/south_east/7295160.stm
www.sportesport.it/wrecksSA028.htm
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A Eyre
Name: EYRE, ALAN
Rank: Corporal
Regiment/Service: Royal Army Ordnance Corps
Age: 33 Date of Death: 24/07/1944
Service No: 1654330
Additional information: Son of Alfred Charles and Annie Eyre, of Norwich; husband of Ruth Eyre, of Norwich.
Grave/Memorial Reference: Sec. 54. Grave 156. Cemetery: NORWICH CEMETERY, Norfolk
CWGC: www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=2764177
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C D G Garland
Name: GARLAND, CYRIL DOUGLAS GUTHRIE
Rank: Flight Lieutenant
Service: Royal Air Force Volunteer
Reserve Unit Text: 80 Sqdn.
Age: 38 Date of Death: 28/11/1942
Service No: 62058
Additional information: Son of Frank and Henrietta Garland, of Norwich; husband of Catherine Garland, of Norwich.
Grave/Memorial Reference: 3. A. 22. Cemetery: HELIOPOLIS WAR CEMETERY
CWGC: www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=2208978
Re-equipment with Hurricanes began in February 1941 but when British forces were compelled to evacuate the country, the squadron was still equipped with Gladiators as well.
On its return from Greece the squadron was sent to Syria, from where it operated detachments in Palestine and Cyprus before moving totally to Cyprus in July 1941 and then back to Syria in August. The squadron finally joined the fighting in the Western Desert in October 1941 and following the breakout at El Alamein it was tasked with covering the lines of communication, remaining in North Africa until January 1944. A move to Italy was short-lived as in April the squadron was sent back to Britain in preparation for Operation 'Overlord'.
General Headquarters, Middle East Command was set up in Cairo shortly before the outbreak of the Second World War, remaining there throughout the war years. In January 1941, a Royal Air Force Sector Headquarters for Fighter Defence Canal Zone was established. Cairo was also a significant hospital centre during the Second World War, as well as a leave centre with many social clubs and hostels. The cemetery at Heliopolis was opened in October 1941 for burials from the many hospitals in the area coping with the wounded and sick, mainly from the Western Desert campaigns
www.cwgc.org/search/cemetery_details.aspx?cemetery=201870...
There are no Hurricanes recorded as shot down in North Africa on the 28/11, but there are two on the 27th . Previous claim was the 14th.
www.lesbutler.ip3.co.uk/tony/tonywood.htm
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W J Germany
Name: GERMANY, WILLIAM JOHN Initials: W J
Rank: Able Seaman
Service: Royal Navy Unit Text: H.M.S. Leda
Age: 39 Date of Death: 20/09/1942
Service No: C/J 111937
Additional information: Son of Mr. and Mrs. William J. Germany; husband of Gladys H. Germany, of Thorpe St. Andrew, Norfolk.
Casualty Type: Commonwealth War Dead
Grave/Memorial Reference: 54, 1. Memorial: CHATHAM NAVAL MEMORIAL
CWGC: www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=2467669
1942
September Nominated for return to UK for refit with HMS BRAMBLE.
13th Joined return convoy QP14 with HMS BRAMBLE as part of Ocean Escort
for return to UK. Other ships of Ocean Escort were :
(Note :HM Cruiser SCYLLA, HM Escort Aircraft Carrier AVENGER,
HM Destroyers ASHANTI, ESKIMO, FAULKNOR, FURY,
INTREPID, MARNE, METOER, MILNE, OFFA, ONSLAUGHT,
ONSLOW, OPPORTUNE, SOMALI, TARTAR, WHEATLAND,
WILTON, BLANKNEY, MIDDLETON, HM Trawlers AYRSHIRE,
LORD AUSTIN, LORD MIDDLETON, NORTHERN GEM, HM
Auxiliary AA Ships ALYNBANK, PALOMARES and POZARICA
Distant Cover was provided by ships of Home Fleet in view of any
attack by German heavy warships.
This convoy was also carrying survivors from the ill fated PQ17.)
14th Passage in heavy weather with no immediate threat of interference.
20th Under attack by seven U-Boats. See HITLER'S U-BOAT WAR, Volume 2
by C Blair.
Whilst in position astern of convoy in poor weather, hit by two torpedoes
fired by U435.
Ship sank one and a half hours later in position 756.48N 06.00E with the loss of 14 lives
86 of the ship's company were rescued but six of these died later.
(Note : In the continuing submarine attacks, ss SILVER SWORD, which had survived
PQ17 was sunk. The destroyer HMS SOMALI was hit by U703 and
disabled. Taken in tow by sister HMS ASHANTI the stricken ship
sank in heavy weather on 24th.)
www.naval-history.net/xGM-Chrono-22MS-Halc-Leda.htm
www.halcyon-class.co.uk/leda/hms_leda.htm#ledahome
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C C Grant
Name: GRANT, CHARLES CLIFFORD
Rank: Driver Regiment/Service: Royal Army Service Corps
Age: 35 Date of Death: 05/06/1942
Service No: T/240241
Additional information: Son of William Henry and Ann Charlotte Grant; husband of Florence Ann Grant. of Norwich.
Dead Grave/Memorial Reference: 8. C. 6. Cemetery: KNIGHTSBRIDGE WAR CEMETERY, ACROMA
CWGC: www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=2162205
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L A Hadder
Name: HADDER, LESLIE ARNOLD
Rank: Flight Sergeant (Air Gnr.)
Regiment/Service: Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve Unit Text: 214 Sqdn.
Age: 20 Date of Death: 04/03/1945
Service No: 1804649
Additional information: Son of George Henry and Elizabeth Annie Hadder, of Thorpe.
Cemetery: THORPE-NEXT-NORWICH (ST. ANDREW) CHURCH CEMETERY
CWGC: www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=2764504
I came across the grave of one of crew mates of Leslie Hadder in the church cemetery at Blickling, and after some initial false trails, I’ve written up what I found out there.
214 squadron were equipped with Flying Fortresses at this stage, and were engaged on what are now known as Electronic Counter Measures - jamming radar and radio’s etc to protect the bomber stream.
Returning from a mission, the plane was shot down by a German night fighter that was laying in wait in the air above RAF Oulton.
Craft HB815 03-04/03/45 (Pilot Officer H Bennett) Badly damaged following a night-fighter attack during the Nachtjagd Operation “Gisela”. Attack was probably made by Lt Arnold Doring of 10/NJG.3. On return to Oulton, a\c crash-landed at Lodge Farm on the Oulton airfield boundary at 00.51 hrs.
214squadron.atspace.com/fortress.htm
There is a personal memoir of the war of one of the normal crew of this plane, who missed this particular mission because of illness.
“Hadder, the mid-upper gunner, was the first to be buried. The doctor wouldn’t let Frank attend his funeral because of the state of his health…..As Frank hadn’t attended Hadder’s funeral, Frank went as soon as he was able, to visit Hadder’s family. His mother made a big fuss of Frank. She had heard Frank was dead, and was convinced that if Frank was still alive then Les must be alive as well. She took a lot of convincing that it was otherwise. This was a very unnerving experience, and Frank really had to steel himself to visit other relatives in similar circumstances after this.”
www.bbc.co.uk/ww2peopleswar/stories/19/a1073819.shtml
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I'm in Asheville! It's cold, but it's fun. I'll be here for the next week, so uploads might be a bit slow. But I am taking lots and lots of pictures. :)
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