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These are my personal notes taken during a geology presentation. I give them here because they may be of some interest. Do not expect the notes to always be in complete sentences, etc.
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Snowball Earth: Testing the Limits of Climate Change
Presented by: Paul Hoffman (Department of Earth & Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA) (eps.harvard.edu/people/paul-hoffman)
15 November 2001
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Joe Kirschvink of Caltech came up with the Snowball Earth hypothesis in 1992.
Namibia - where most of the original evidence came from. New places from which evidence comes include Spitsbergen, nw Canada (Mackenzie Mts.), Mauritania, Australia.
The Pleistocene ice advances reach about the same maxima and then snap back each time - are they the biggest glaciations ever? The Pleistocene glaciations were the largest during the entire Phanerozoic. There were dozens of ice advances in the last 2-3 m.y., not 2 or 3 advances.
Fragmentary evidence for glacial events are known for the Paleoproterozoic and there is well known and better evidence of glaciation in the Neoproterozoic. Both appear to have had 100-200 m.y. durations, and both had multiple glacial events. There was a 1.5 b.y. ice-age gap between them.
The Neoproterozoic glaciations seem to have occurred from ~780-580 m.y., although the interval could be as short as 100 m.y. At least two glaciations occurred then, possibly four or five in the Neoproterozoic interval.
Douglas Mawson was the first to suggest the possibility of superglaciations. Mawson is best known for his 1907-1920 work in Antarctica. In a 15 July 1948 talk by Mawson, he proposed that the late Precambrian ice age was a global ice age, and the disappearance of the ice age resulted in the explosion of fossils we see at the beginning of the Paleozoic. See J. Proc. Roy. Soc. NSW 82: 150-174 (1949).
Mackenzie Mountains - 200 meters worth of diamictite is sandwiched between carbonates (with sharp contacts). Carbonate rocks are usually low-latitude & warm-water deposits. Ice sheets were running across pure carbonate shelves. Another general feature of the Neoproterozoic glaciation is the abruptness of the end of the interval and the immediate deposition of overlying carbonates, with no evidence of erosion in between. This is a universally observed, sudden transition from glaciation to warm water carbonate deposition. The overlying carbonate rocks are called cap carbonates. Cap carbonates are usually thick successions, representing deepwater facies (10s to 100s of meters of water). The depth was created by the glacial event & got rapidly filled in by carbonates.
These Neoproterozoic glacial deposits are widespread - they are known in North America, South America, Africa, Arabia, Europe, Asia, Australia, Greenland, Scandinavia, China, Siberia, central Asia (not Antarctica yet).
W. Brian Harland - interested in determining paleolatitudes of these Neoproterozoic deposits. See Geol. Rundschau 54: 45-61 (1964) and Scientific American 211: 28-36 (1964). He found that many of these Neoproterozoic glacial deposits formed at high latitudes. The thought then was: normal remnant magnetism in rocks was believed to be primary if it hadn’t been heated beyond the Curie Point. Now, though, we know remagnetization can be done by low-temperature chemical magnetization.
Can do a fold test to see this. Can also do a reversal test. Do both for determination of 1˚ vs. 2˚ magnetization for the rocks you’re interested in.
Flinders Ranges, Australia - the Elatina Formation (glacial interval) in the Neoproterozoic has been determined to be within 10˚ of the paleoequator. The Elatina laminations are tidal - the best tidal rhythmites in the world - allows for accurate calculation of the Earth-Moon distance, to within 100 km. The Elatina rocks are marine, since the laminations are tidal. Glaciers thus descended to sea level at very low latitudes. The magnetization of the Elatina Formation was found to be 1˚ - with sedimentation.
David Evans (2000) - American Journal of Science 300: 347-433. He has a histogram of occurrences of different glacial units formed at or close to sea level at different latitudes. Lots occur 60˚ from the equator. This is similar to the histogram of latitudinal trends of evaporation/precipitation - lots near the equator, less at mid-latitudes. The expectation of glacial deposits near the poles is not seen here.
Kirschvink (a biogeologist and paleomag. guy at Caltech) tested the Elatina Formation and agreed that ice did go to the equator in the Neoproterozoic. Though a fanciful idea, this is a well-known concept to climate modelers and climate physicists.
Heat absorbed = Heat emitted
πR2Es[1-α] = 4πR2[fσTs4]
where
R2 = radius of the Earth, squared
Es = solar irradiance
α = planetary albedo
f = effective infrared transmission factor (greenhouse effect)
σ = Stefan-Boltzman constant
Ts4 = surface temperature, to the fourth power
Runaway ice albedo - ice reflects solar radiation and further cooling results (positive feedback). Effect on a spherical Earth - the strength of the feedback increases as ice reaches further from the pole.
Instability in the climate system does occur in this ice-albedo feedback - there is a point where the runaway ice albedo positive feedback becomes unstoppable - ice would freeze over even the equator, resulting in an ice-covered world. The instability point is where ice reaches ~30˚ from the equator.
See Caldeira & Kasting (1992) - Nature 359: 226.
Ikeda & Tajika (1999) - Geophys. Res. Letters 267: 349.
Snowball Freeze Scenario
1) large polar sea - ice caps - most continents are on the equator in the Neoproterozoic. A little over 0˚ C glacial mean temperature - bright whitish “land” where there would otherwise be water. Sea level drops - more true land is exposed, and more albedo. Equatorial continental distribution makes for a colder Earth.
2) runaway ice-albedo feedback - ice on upland areas - tropical ocean totally frozen or not? Some open water in the tropics? Planetary albedo goes up to 0.5 or 0.6. Have 1-1.5 km thick ice sheets overall.
Climate physicists never believed that the Earth did ever experience this. This was considered to be a terminal condition. To escape from this, solar flux has to be raised 25%. Obviously, we did escape.
Iron formations are associated with the Neoproterozoic glacial events. This is strange, since BIFs were largely gone by then. All Neoproterozoic ironstones are within glacial intervals.
The escape of the Snowball Earth condition was plate tectonics. See geologic carbon cycle by Walker et al. (1981). In a Snowball Earth, plate tectonics continues - get a slow increase in CO2 in the atmosphere (from volcanoes), without the usual CO2 sinks (no photosynthesis on a Snowball Earth and no silicate weathering on the land). So, there is a continual source of CO2 (volcanism) and no sinks, resulting in rising CO2 levels after the onset of Snowball Earth. Need to reach high CO2 levels in the air to overcome a 0.6 planetary albedo. The amount you need is 120,000 ppm CO2 (12% CO2) in the air. These levels would be reached in ~4 m.y. (rough estimate).
There is an escape to the Snowball Earth - CO2 rises slowly, to where the melting point is reached in the tropics, which becomes an area that resists perennial ice growth. Once melting starts, reverse albedo kick in - dark water + high CO2 results in faster and faster melting. Under these conditions, global sea ice 300-400 meters thick would disappear in 100-1000 years. Ice disappears far faster than CO2 is consumed. This results in a transient ultragreenhouse effect. The Earth reaches the ice-free branch and surface temperatures skyrocket. Estimated surface sea temperatures at the tropics were 40-50˚ C (120-130˚ F).
Intense evaporation of sea water - a strong hydrologic cycle kicks in - rain is pouring down on the landscape after being glacially altered. The landscape becomes an intense chemical reaction factory - silicate weathering levels are high, and there is a big flush of alkalinity into the oceans. So, there is an abrupt beginning to Snowball Earth and a gradual amelioration, but reaching a point were the tropical oceans begin to open, resulting in a sudden transient ultragreenhouse effect. Then CO2 is consumed by silicate weathering on the newly-exposed land, and CO2 gradually return to steady state levels.
Kirschvink presented this in 1989, and published it as a chapter in the Proterozoic Biosphere book in 1991. Kirschvink suggested some tests of this hypothesis to see if the Snowball Earth hypothesis was right:
1) Neoproterozoic glaciations should by synchronous. It has been tough getting geochronologic dating on these deposits. Even naysayers agree that these glacial deposits are correlatable, though, based on coincidence with isotope curves. These deposits are global events. Carbon isotopes, though ambiguous, are robust recorders of events - it is hard to change isotopes, and anomalies at this time are very large. Secular variations in carbon isotopes (in carbonates and in organic matter) are due to burial flux. Volcanic carbon input = -5 to -6 δ13C VPDB (‰). When carbon is fixed by organism, the organic matter is depleted ~3% in carbon-13, compared with dissolved carbon in water. The more you bury organic matter, then carbonate δ13C (= dissolved carbon in water) gets higher. Get heavier residual seawater occurring when organic matter burial rates increase. Actually, not when organic matter burial rates increase, but when you get an increase in the ratio of Corg/Ctotal burial flux. δcarb varies ~3 per mil in the Phanerozoic. The Proterozoic values vary 5-10 per mil. The Cretaceous-Tertiary event saw only a 2 per mil change. These unusual events correlate. All agree that these isotope changes (dramatic changes at that) are correlatable - at the worst, they are not strongly diachronous. Reliable records, though, depend on sound understanding of the stratigraphy. Hoffman & company spent many years doing Neoproterozoic stratigraphy in the Otavi Group of Namibia.
2) Expect to see a sudden lithologic change associated with the onset and end of Snowball Earth. Kirschvink didn’t originally know about cap carbonates. Having glacial deposits sharply but conformably overlain by warm-water carbonates - this is a predictable consequence of the Snowball Earth Hypothesis, not a paradox. Get a tremendous alkalinity flux into the oceans after glaciation - this drives precipitation of CaCO3 - cap carbonates have to be there, according to the model. Only silicate weathering brings CO2 down to steady state levels. Cap carbonates have dolomite at the base and limestone above that. The limestone was originally crystals of aragonite growing on the seafloor. We know this based on primary fabric details that are preserved. This indicates high rates of CaCO3 precipitation due to supersaturation of carbonate in the water. Anything that sticks up off the seafloor is in higher alkalinity, and will have aragonite growth. Rapid deposition of cap carbonates is the key to understanding the carbon isotope curve changes. A -5 to -6 per mil value in carbon isotopes is close to mantle values (= volcanically derived CO2). What does this mean? A dead ocean & little to no organic production/photosynthesis? It seems so. So, oceans get carbon isotope values of -5 to -6 per mil. However, the lowest values are not at the base of the cap carbonates. Was organic productivity fine (“normal”)? There may have been lots of productivity but organic matter burial rates are low because carbonate precipitation rates are so high. Low carbon isotope values in cap carbonates are due to the overwhelming of organic matter burial by carbonate production. Atmospheric source gets carbon-12 rich because HCO3- conversion from CO2 includes an 8 per mil shift in preference for carbon-13. Maielberg cap carbonates - the base of the succession has a carbon isotope value of -2 δ13C.
3) Expect little air-sea gas exchange in a Snowball Earth. Since there are lots of O2 sinks in the ocean (Fe in vent areas, for example), oceans will get anoxic. In the absence of molecular O2, Fe2+ gets widely distributed in the ocean water - this should explain the presence of iron formations. Lots of Fe in solution in anoxic water. Ferric oxide formation requires an absence of sulfide (derived from sulfate as a weathering product from the land, reduced by bacteria to sulfide - this can’t be happening in order to get ferric oxide formation & ironstone formation). So, can get lots of ferric oxide formation. The last BIFs are at 1.8 by. But, after a 1.2 by-long hiatus, get new BIFs associated with Neoproterozoic glacial deposits. Not all Neoproterozoic glacial deposits have associated iron formations, though. Within the cap carbonates of the Mackenzie Mountains and in Australia, the upper dolomite part and the lower limestone part of the cap carbonate have a 40-50 cm thick layer of 1˚ barite at the dolomite-limestone boundary. It looks like stromatolites. It is primary! Barite is an incredibly insoluble mineral. Need to boil barite in HF for a week to dissolve it. It always occurs between the dolomite and the limestone. Why is it there? Can’t transport lots of Ba into modern oceans, due to the presence of sulfate. If there is little or no sulfate in the oceans, can get an oxic/anoxic chemocline. If that chemocline stabilizes, below the chemocline will be Ba-rich waters. Sulfate ions are poisoners for dolomite formation. Below the chemocline, barite waters lacked sulfate and above the chemocline, the water had sulfate. Dolomite will have faithful carbon isotope values. People assume all dolomite is secondary, but here it is primary - get fractionation that is not usually accounted for by isotope stratigraphers.
Neoproterozoic enigmas - worldwide distribution of glacial deposits, low-latitude ice lines at sea level, Fe-formations with ice-rafted debris, post-glacial cap carbonates, and multicellular animal evolution within 20 my of the end of the Snowball Earth.
Why didn’t these Snowball Earth events occur all the time? Need an equatorial distribution of continents - this hasn’t happened yet in the Phanerozoic. Equatorially-distributed continents inevitably results in a colder Earth. Normally, land in the tropics has higher weathering rates, resulting in CO2 levels dropping and temperatures dropping, which is a check on weathering rates. In addition to albedo effects, equatorially distributed continents results in extensive polar ice caps. Then, the atmosphere will be drier (less latent heat in it), and atmospheric energy is reduced, and circulation is less effective in transporting heat from low latitudes to high latitudes. The tropics will be warmer but the poles will be colder, and will be more susceptible to albedo runaway.
What triggers individual glaciation events? Can see a 10 per mil drop in carbon isotopes before the onset of glacial deposits. This indicates a changing input of carbon, likely from generation of methane (from seafloor clathrates) - methane has a significant greenhouse forcing effect. The carbon cycle responds to this - CO2 levels go down (because it’s warmer and weathering rates go up, which is a CO2 sink). If you get an interruption in methane supply, the methane already in the air oxidizes to CO2 (a weaker greenhouse gas). All of this is from an unusual Neoproterozoic paleogeography which allows a Snowball Earth to happen.
Darwin: bad hypotheses can’t explain lots of facts.
Weaknesses of the Snowball Earth hypothesis - the results/conditions are so far outside what we know, so we have to figure out things based on first principles only.
Lesson: Juicy stuff remains to be found, even after 200 years of geologic investigations.
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Please forgive me of this horrible job. I have Picasa, so I tried it out. I wanted to go into school and use photoshop, but it'd take a long time, and I have to stay after for History anyway tomorrow. I just don't have the time.
So today wasn't really interesting. Nothing too major happened. I can't really think of anything to say. OH! In History, we played Jeopardy and oh my god, all questions were completely obvious and easy as hell. Even the 500 and daily double questions. Even final jeopardy was easy. I told my teacher to change it next time to make it harder. He said he's put up college questions haha. He's a great guy.
ANYWAY! Enough about the class I love ^^ "Bob" was at karate today and it was a fun class. We had a lot of fun together, like we always do. Still kinda miss it... Oh well.
Hey, I just realized that you can still see a bruise on my arm that is like... three weeks old, haha. My bruises take a long time to fade. Oh, speaking of bruises, I learned some of the nunchaku line drills, so that's fun. Can't wait until Saturday to learn everything.
"We are sentenced
We are silenced
We are menaced
We are harnessed
You were biased
You were cussed
Don’t fool me
Don’t fool me
You’ll be sentenced
You’ll be silenced
You’ll be menaced
You’ll be harnessed
Don’t fool me
Don’t fool me
Don’t fool me
Don’t fool me
Wildfire
Wildfire."
("Staircase to Hell" by Landeros) I typed in some words, and this popped up. Perfect.
The Barnwell Sentence, Riverside, Cambridge, 31 Mar 2015
When I first saw this I though it was clever street art.
When I saw it close up I realised somebody had been spending lots of money!
'The Barnwell Sentence' mural in Kingsley Walk was created in late 2014 by Lucy Skaer, and is on marble tiles.
The web site says that the artwork takes the form of a 100m ‘sentence', winding its way through the Cambridge Riverside development. It is made up of imprints that tell a story of this site and its proximity. The sculptures and pictograms include Carp fish, strawberries, and school blazers, the largest being a life-sized blue whale skeleton, marking the entrance to the site from Newmarket Road.
I don't speak Barnwell, so don't really understand the meaning of the blue whale. But it does have an exclamation mark!
London, UK. 29th May 2021. One of 30 protests in National day of action against the Police, Crime Sentencing and Courts Bill and a Police State, in tribute to George Floyd and in solidarity with Black Lives Matter and Palestine Freedom movements. A United for Black Lives leader holds a grey smoke flare. Peter Marshall/Alamy Live News
In Boston, about 45 demonstrators, including a dozen speakers, out for Pvt. Manning on the day of her sentencing. A number of speakers took up the PVT Manning Support Network's call to urge people to sign the petition at pardon.privatemanning.org that calls on President Obama to issue a pardon. Other speakers expressed the view that this approach will be ineffective and that other approaches need to be considered. Everyone who spoke agreed that the 35 year sentence for acts of whistle-blowing is excessive. A number of folks discussed the issues with onlookers and passers-by.
VIsit www.privatemanning.org to learn more about the heroic whistleblower.
L'ancien sémaphore de Kerhoazoc
When we talk about semaphore, we obviously think of the invention of Claude Chappe, during the Revolution. This young engineer developed with his brothers a system which he called “telegraph” making it possible to transmit by signs from one point to another 92 numbers referring to a glossary of 92 pages each comprising 92 numbered words. Using signals exerted on a mast provided with articulated arms and read using a telescope, it was enough to transmit two numbers, the first for the page, the second for the number of the word. Sentences were thus composed. Decided in 1793, a first line of these semaphores was installed between Lille and Paris. Each post copying the signals of the previous post located about 7 km away, this system allowed the Convention, in 1794, to learn in less than an hour of the victory of Condé-sur-Escaut over the Austrian army. In the other direction, orders could be transmitted to armies much faster than on horseback. Different systems made it possible to encrypt them.
Claude Chappe's invention was quickly perfected by Charles Pillon (or Dupillon 1 ) then applied to the Navy by Louis Jacob in order to install a whole series of semaphores equipped with 4 articulated arms along the French coast. The numbers displayed corresponded to whole sentences appearing on lexicons. The lookouts could thus, from the coast, quickly send their observations to the Maritime Prefecture or the latter send orders to the warships that remained in sight, after a warning cannon fired by the semaphore.
In the Pays d'Iroise, that of Kerhoazoc in Landunvez was the most northerly. To the south followed the semaphores of Porspoder, Corsen at Plouarzel, Les Renards at Le Conquet, Saint-Mathieu and Bertheaume at Plougonvelin, without forgetting that of the island of Molène 2 . Via Le Minou and Portzic, they communicated with the Maritime Prefecture of Brest. The semaphore of Kerhoazoc could also be related to that of Ouessant or Aber Wrac'h.
It was in 1845 that the American Samuel Morse invented both his alphabet formed of dots and dashes and his hand manipulator capable of sending short and long electrical signals. In a short time the "electric telegraph", thanks to a cable, replaced the aerial one. It also equipped the semaphores, but until Morse communications were carried out by means of radio, since called TSF (Télégraphie Sans Fil), the Dupillon mast with 4 arms was retained in addition to the usual set of pennants and flags to communicate with ships.
It was Napoleon who, in 1806, decided to build strings of semaphores. Most of those established on the coast replaced former guardhouses dating from Louis XIV. In 1860, the Admiralty of Brest decided that each semaphore would be designed on a T-shaped plan to house both staff and operational equipment: international code flags and pennants, weather equipment, telegraph, spare halyards and pulleys, ammunition for the cannon, and various equipment for 20 men in the event of mobilization. The watch room, the largest, had five windows looking out to sea. Two accommodations were provided for a lookout, his assistant and their entire family because the vigil had to be ensured 24 hours a day and it even happened that the wives took part in the service. The staff also had a cellar and a small vegetable garden. The buildings were covered with a white coating so that the signs of the terrace, seen from the sea, were easily detached.
The war of 1914-1918 showed the danger posed by submarines. In order to detect them, an acoustic chamber connected to an immersed hydrophone was built.
During the general mobilization of 1939, it was necessary to accommodate under the roofs the 20 reservists who had come to reinforce the lookouts. These sailors slept in hammocks.
In 1940, when the Germans arrived, equipment was hidden among the population of Landunvez so that it did not fall into the hands of the occupier. He seized the semaphore and built a blockhouse nearby.
In August 1944, the Germans left the semaphore in order to flee the Osttruppen (Russian soldiers enlisted by force among them) who had revolted. But they took care to blow up all the installations.
Since then, the semaphore of Kerhoazoc has not been rebuilt, but its ruins have been consolidated. They spread out in a deserted moor at the foot of a great landmark which remains alone to look out to sea. A great tag catches the eye. It is the last testimony of the interest that the man took to him.
Six Sentences, Volume 3
Edited by Lydia Davis
Third time's a charm! The international authors of "Six Sentences" are back, and this time, no subject matter is taboo, and everything - and everyone - is fair game. The collection features all-new work from some of the finest practitioners of the 6S genre, including Diane Brady, Brian Steel, Joseph Grant, Adam J. Whitlatch, Kim Tairi, Jeanette Cheezum, Kevin Michaels, Emily McPhillips, Rod Drake, Juliana Perry, Linda Simoni-Wastila, Richard M. Johnson, Crorey Lawton, Madam Z, and the former Poet Laureate of Queens, New York, Hal Sirowitz.
Features my short story "The Twelve-Minute War"
$27.95
www.amazon.com/6S-3-Lydia-Davis/dp/1452840067/ref=sr_1_1?...
This nifty, mid-century modern ("Googie") four-plus-one burned during Memorial Day weekend last year. I left for Michigan and returned to find it partially burned.
This morning, while walking to the Red Line, I witnessed a city employee affixing the red-X to its facade, indicating that it is slated for demolition.
I can see this building from my condo, and used to like the snowflake Christmas decorations which used to hang from its zig-zag overhang in winter.
Edgewater, Chicago, Illinois.
Tuesday, May 7, 2013.
"Lit against a thickly daubed sky of moist blue, the ancient cars of the creaking coaster rattled along, and Marcia then realized it was cinnamon, not nutmeg, which was missing from the cookies she had eaten only hours ago."
With this photo I'm announcing a new group, called It Was A Dark And Stormy Night. The group is based on the yearly contest started by professor Scott Rice at San Jose State University, which gives an award to the best worst opening sentence to a fictional novel.
I'd love for any and all of you to join.
Richmond: New re-entry center unveiled for former inmates
By Karina Ioffee
POSTED: 10/13/2015 05:31:40 PM PDT
RICHMOND -- When Edward Williams entered the prison system in 1984, the Internet was an unknown, and he'd never touched a computer.
Once his murder sentence was over three decades later and he arrived back home, Williams felt like he had been dropped on a new planet. Everyone jabbered on cellphones and talked about apps. Most of his relatives, and many friends, were dead, and he now had to think about how he would earn money instead of having tasks assigned to him.
"Everybody wants you to come home, jump into the race and take off, but that ain't going to happen," said Williams, now 74. "They don't understand that prison has its own rules and regulations than the outside, and when you have been gone so long, you have to relearn everything."
Director Nicholas Alexander, center, cuts the ribbon during the grand opening of the Reentry Success Center in Richmond, Calif., on Tuesday, Oct. 13, 2015.
Director Nicholas Alexander, center, cuts the ribbon during the grand opening of the Reentry Success Center in Richmond, Calif., on Tuesday, Oct. 13, 2015. To the left are Contra Costa County Board of Supervisor John Gioia, and Edward Williams, 74, far left, who was recently released from prison after serving 30 years for murder. The center, located in the historic Milens Jewelry Store building on Macdonald Avenue, is funded by realignment money from the state, and will offer former convicts classes, access to computers and other assistance with jobs and housing to help them reintegrate into society. (Jane Tyska/Bay Area News Group) ( JANE TYSKA )
On Tuesday, Williams shared his story at a ribbon-cutting ceremony of the Re-entry Success Center. Located in a former jewelry store in downtown Richmond, the center will help the formerly incarcerated find jobs and housing, access health services and get help with substance abuse and other issues, all under one roof. It formally opens Nov. 2 and will work primarily with people on parole and probation.
"In the past, someone in re-entry would have to go from place to place to get services," said Nicholas Alexander, the center's director. "What we've done is create a hub."
Inside the center, clients will be able to access computers, enroll in GED or college courses, get job-training or placement assistance and meet with a counselor to come up with a re-entry plan. More important, they will have access to a support network that is often missing when people first get out of prison, according to advocates.
"Re-entry is more than just about lowering the cost of ballooning prison costs," Alexander said. "It's about lowering the costs and the impacts to families and children. And it's about growing the workforce and the local economy."
The re-entry center is being funded by a yearly grant of $433,000 from the state, allocated by Assembly Bill 109, better known as "prison realignment." The legislation was passed 2011 as a way to reduce recidivism in California prisons and transfer nonviolent offenders to local jails to serve out the remainder of their sentences.
Another $93,000 per year is being spent by Rubicon Programs, a local organization that offers job training, counseling and other services and that will run the day-to-day operations of the center.
Currently, more than 3,000 people are either on parole or probation in Contra Costa County, according to Alexander, meaning that the demand for the center's work is high.
Advocates for the formerly incarcerated praised the center for being light, airy and not "institutional."
"This is the place we would want to come," said Edwina Perez- Santiago, the founder of Reach Fellowship International, a Richmond organization that offers pre-release and post-release services for women coming out of the prison system. "This is a place where all of our needs will be met. It feels like community."
Contra Costa Supervisor John Gioia praised the center for being a model in re-entry services and said that it had been put together with the input of many former inmates who were able to use their experience to tailor the center's approach.
"Hundreds of organizations came together and understood that we need to invest money not just in county departments or law enforcement, but we need to invest in community-based organizations that are providing real-life services to people re-entering our community," Gioia said.
Contact Karina Ioffee at 510-262-2726 or kioffee@bayareanewsgroup.com. Follow her at Twitter.com/kioffee
NJ Governor Phil Murphy announces that he is convening the Criminal Sentencing and Disposition Commission created by the Legislature, to examine racial and ethnic disparities in the state’s criminal justice system on Sunday, February 11th, 2018. Carol McKenna/OIT/Governor’s Office.
Former Peruvian president (1990-2000) Alberto Fujimori waves upon his arrival at the Supreme Court's Special Court 11 December, 2007 in Lima. Fujimori was sentenced Tuesday to six years in prison for ordering an illegal search of an apartment belonging to the wife of his corrupt spymaster Vladimiro Montesinos in November 2000. On Wednesday, Fujimori is scheduled to be back in court for the continuation of the separate trial, in which he is accused of ordering a death squad to kill 25 suspected rebel sympathisers in the early 1990s, the kidnapping of an opposition journalist and a businessman, and several counts of corruption. AFP PHOTO/Eitan ABRAMOVICH (Photo credit should read EITAN ABRAMOVICH/AFP/Getty Images)
======Santa Prisca=======
Anarky- Have the jury come to a decision?
Tiger Shark- No we fucking haven’t! You can’t do this! He’s my fucking son-in-law!
Joker- Sharkey please, it’s not personal. Well, it kinda is. If you’re feeling bad, you’re welcome to join him and Zodiac in the gallows. Hangman’s looking forward to it.
Hangman- Yes. I am
Drury- Hey, ain’t he silver age?
Riddler- Yes he is. But it was too perfect to ignore. Hung by the Hangman.
Anarky- I will ask again. Has the jury come to a decision?
Tiger Shark- ... yes
Scarecrow- Say it
Tiger Shark- I hate you all
Joker- And we love you!
Scarecrow- Say. It.
Tiger Shark- The jury finds the defendant... guilty
Anarky- Excellent. Drury Walker, your influence in our community has oversaturated supervillainy around the world. It has led to the rise of extremists. And now, I sentence you to death by hanging!
Drury- That seems a bit extreme
Scarecrow- This isn’t the first trial here at Santa Prisca, Mr Walker. This is child’s play compared to what we’ve done here
Joker- Yeah, we turned Sid the Squid into cat food! Hahahahahahahahahahahahahahaha!
====Crazy Quilt's- Gotham====
*Enter the Misfits*
Chuck- Miranda, Gar, we came as soon as we could, if you need anything-
Miranda- I'm fine, Chuck.
Chuck- Oh, well, good.
Len- Is that Batman?
Jules- Well, if the shoe fits...
Batman- Enough I’ve discovered the mastermind behind all of this. Carson. Charaxes. The *ahem* “Sex Offenders Squad” And- Yes?
Blake- Ok. Ok, they didn't *actually* call themselves that, did they?
...
Chancer- Surprise!
Chuck- Huh. Chancer.
Jules- Isn't he dead? I could've sworn he was dead.
Miranda- He will be in a minute!
*Miranda lunges at Chancer but Batman holds her back*
Batman- Don't. He's not worth it.
Miranda- But Drury is!
Batman- Killing Chancer won't bring us any closer to saving Walker, understand?
Miranda- It's his fault!
Batman- Yes, and we will bring him to justice. The right way.
Blake- Hate to be that guy, but you're preaching to a room of supervillains, Batman.
Batman- You all have the potential to be so much more. Kill him and that potential's lost. Maybe forever.
Gar- Well? What do we do? There's no way we'd get to Santa Prisca before they kill Drury
Chuck- He's got a point. All the kites in the world wouldn't get us there in time*
*Enter Dekker*
Dekker- Ding dong! Why so glum, my darlings? Feeling the “joys” of sobriety?
Batman- Not exactly. Drury Walker was-
Dekker- Captured? Yes, I got the email. And thus, through the power invested in me, I present to you the answer to your problems!
*Dekker drags in Polka Dot Man, who's yelling in indignation*
Dekker- What can I say, I’m so much more than just a pretty face!
Batman- What is this?
Dekker- *Who* is it, surely?
Batman- No, I know who he is. I just don't know why
Dekker- Ha! And they sat you're one smart cookie! Abner here was assisting me in a private matter when I heard all this kicking and screaming.
Abner- He was going to *cough* kill me...
Dekker- Pish posh.
Abner- He... killed Coyne.
Dekker- A junkie, pay no heed. Hold this.
Batman- His belt, I- Oh.
Miranda- "Oh"? What's "oh"?
Dekker- "Oh" means he's understood what I thought was a very clever plan.
Gar- It'll take us to Santa Prisca?
Dekker- In the blink of an eye!
Gar- Damn Dekker, I could kiss you.
Dekker- By all means! Haha kidding, kidding! Maybe later? Ignore me! haha!
Gar- Great. Let me grab my flamethrower and we'll be all set.
Batman- Lynns, no-
Gar- No killing. If I didn't get that by now, I'd be a lost cause. How do you feel about extreme maiming?
Batman- Define “extreme”
Gar- A bit of light burning. Just ‘till they turn golden brown. Too far?
Chuck- Christ...
Batman- Too far.
Gar- Fine. Guess I can settle for this...
*Gar slides a pistol into his holster, Batman presses the button on Krill's belt, opening a very colourful portal, Santa Prisca waiting on the other side. He turns to the Misfits and gestures to Chancer*
Batman- Watch him.
*Chancer smiles a sinister smile. The Misfits exchange anxious glances*
Miranda- Let's just get this over with.
*In a brilliant display of bright colours, Gar, Batman and Miranda are gone, leaving the Misfits alone with Chancer*
Chancer- So, do we know any good games? I'm a sucker for cards...
Extract sentence against Ann or Annie Stewart, daughter to the deceased Thomas Stewart late tenant in Borlick, Dull sentencing her in answer to her own petition to banishment from Scotland for seven years
Ref: B59/26/11/2/8/41
London, UK. 1st May 2021. Several thousands held a rally in Trafalgar Square before marching past the Ministries of Justice, DWP and Education to the Home Office against the Police, Crime, Sentencing and Courts Bill which will ban effective protests, criminalising many and create new offences with heavy sentences, discriminating against Gypsy, Roma and Travellers and expanding racist stop and search powers. Peter Marshall
Leg Stocks. Prisoners who had been sentenced to death by the firing squad would be forced to stand in the box and wait to be executed.
This camp was built during the summer of 1936 using prison labour. It was the first new camp to be established after the appointment of Reichs-fuhrer SS Heinrich Himmler as the Chief of Police in July 1936.
It was designed by a SS architect as a model for other concentration camps. As a model camp used for training, and being based just outside the imperial capital, Sachsenhausen had a special status in the National Socialist concentration camp system.
More than 200,000 people were imprisoned between 1936 & 1945, and at first the Nazi regime mostly imprisoned its political opponents there.
They were soon joined by members of groups defined by the National Socialist ideology as racially or biologically inferior, and by late 1939 more and more people from the occupied countries of Europe.
Tens of thousand died of starvation, forced labour and maltreatment, disease, or were murdered systematically by the SS.
Thousands of prisoners died on death marches after the evacuation of the camp, and around 3000 sick prisoners who were left behind, many Doctors and medical assistants were liberated by the Soviet and Polish troops on the 22nd & 23rd April 1945.
From 1945 to 1950 the camp served as a Soviet special camp detaining former Nazi functionaries and people who had been of political interest to the Soviets. After 1948 Sachsenhausen became known as Special Camp No 1, and was the largest of the three camps controlled by the Soviets.
In 1956 plans to turn the former camp into a National Memorial were drawn up, and in 1961 after most of the original buildings had been destroyed the site opened on 22nd April.
In 1993 the name changed again to the Sachsenhausen Memorial and Museum. A visitors centre was built and original artefacts were displayed together with information boards and reconstructions.
February 18, 2022 - Minneapolis -- Daunte Wright's family joined activists and protesters outside the courthouse to respond to today's sentencing. “...she’s gonna do a year and a half” “This is the epitome of corruption, the epitome of disrespect. The communities back is up against the wall, how much do you expect us to take?”
--
This image is part of a continuing series following the unrest and events in Minneapolis following the May 25th, 2020 murder of George Floyd.
February 18, 2022 - Minneapolis -- About a hundred marched & took a car caravan to what they believed was Judge Chu's home. "They can do whatever the fuck they wanna do for Kim Potter. We the people are gonna be out here for Daunte Wright. We the people are gonna be fighting alongside Daunte Wright’s family.“ 2/2
--
This image is part of a continuing series following the unrest and events in Minneapolis following the May 25th, 2020 murder of George Floyd.
Irish Penal Reform Trust Open Forum 2010: 'Exploding Prisoner Numbers'. Main contributing guest speakers included Tom O'Malley NUI Galway; Inspector of Prisons, Judge Michael Reilly (Chairperson); Dr Mary Rogan, IPRT; Vivian Geiran, Director of Operations, The Probation Service; Louis Harkin, Assistant Commissioner, An Garda Síochána. Photo by Derek Speirs.
James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose (25 October 1612 - 21 May 1650), was a Scottish nobleman and soldier, who initially joined the Covenanters in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, but subsequently supported King Charles I as the English Civil War developed. From 1644 to 1646, and again in 1650 he fought a civil war in Scotland on behalf of the King.
James Graham was the chief of Clan Graham. He was a son of John Graham, 4th Earl of Montrose and Mary Ruthven. His maternal grandparents were William Ruthven, 1st Earl of Gowrie, and Dorothea, a daughter of Henry Stewart, 1st Lord Methven and his second wife Janet Stewart. Her maternal grandparents were John Stewart, 2nd Earl of Atholl and Lady Janet Campbell. Janet Campbell was a daughter of Archibald Campbell, 2nd Earl of Argyll and Elizabeth Stewart. Elizabeth was a daughter of John Stewart, 1st Earl of Lennox and Margaret Montgomerie. Margaret was a daughter of Alexander Montgomerie, 1st Lord Montgomerie and Margaret Boyd.
James Graham became 5th Earl of Montrose by his father's death in 1626. He was educated at the University of St Andrews, and at the age of seventeen married Magdalene Carnegie,[1] daughter of David Carnegie (afterwards Earl of Southesk). They were parents of James Graham, 2nd Marquess of Montrose.
In 1638, after King Charles had attempted to impose an Anglican-oriented prayer book upon the reluctant Scots, resistance spread throughout the country, eventually leading to the Bishops' Wars. Montrose joined the party of resistance, and was for some time one of its most energetic champions. He had nothing puritanical in his nature, but he shared in the ill-feeling aroused by the political authority King Charles had given to the bishops. He signed the National Covenant, and was sent to suppress the opposition which arose around Aberdeen and in the country of the Gordons. Three times Montrose entered Aberdeen, where he succeeded in his object, on the second occasion carrying off the head of the Gordons, the Marquess of Huntly, as a prisoner to Edinburgh (though in so doing, for the first and last time in his life, he violated a safe-conduct). He was a leader of the delegation who subsequently met at Muchalls Castle to parlay regarding the 1638 confrontation with the Bishop of Aberdeen. With the Earl Marischal he led a force of 9000 men across the Causey Mounth through the Portlethen Moss to attack Royalists at the Bridge of Dee.[2] This set of events was an element of Charles I decision to grant sweeping reforms to the Covenanters.
In July 1639, after the signature of the Treaty of Berwick, Montrose was one of the Covenanting leaders who visited Charles. The change of policy on his part, eventually leading to his support for the king, arose from his wish to get rid of the bishops without making presbyters masters of the state. His was essentially a layman's view of the situation. Taking no account of the real forces of the time, he aimed at an ideal form of society in which the clergy should confine themselves to their spiritual duties, and the king should maintain law and order. In the Scottish parliament which met in September, Montrose found himself in opposition to Archibald Campbell, 1st Marquess of Argyll, who had made himself the representative of the Presbyterian and national party, and of the middle classes. Montrose, on the other hand, wished to bring the king's authority to bear upon parliament to defeat Argyll, and offered the king the support of a great number of nobles. He failed, because Charles could not even then consent to abandon the bishops, and because no Scottish party of any weight could be formed unless Presbyterianism were established ecclesiastically.
Rather than give way, Charles prepared in 1640 to invade Scotland. Montrose was of necessity driven to play something of a double part. In August 1640 he signed the Bond of Cumbernauld as a protest against the particular and direct practicing of a few, in other words, against the ambition of Argyll. But he took his place amongst the defenders of his country, and in the same month he displayed his gallantry in action at the forcing of the Tyne at Newburn. After the invasion had been crowned with success, Montrose still continued to cherish his now hopeless policy. On 27 May 1641 he was summoned before the Committee of Estates and charged with intrigues against Argyll, and on the 11th of June he was imprisoned in Edinburgh Castle. Charles visited Scotland to give his formal assent to the abolition of Episcopacy, and upon the king's return to England Montrose shared in the amnesty which was tacitly accorded to all Charles's partisans.
Highlanders had never before been known to combine together, but Montrose knew that many of the West Highland clans, who were largely Catholic, detested Argyll and his Campbell clansmen, none more so than the MacDonalds who with many of the other clans rallied to his summons. The Royalist allied Irish Confederates sent 2000 disciplined Irish soldiers led by Alasdair MacColla across the sea to assist him. In two campaigns, distinguished by rapidity of movement, he met and defeated his opponents in six battles. At Tippermuir and Aberdeen he routed Covenanting levies; at Inverlochy he crushed the Campbells, at Auldearn, Alford and Kilsyth his victories were obtained over well-led and disciplined armies.[3]
The fiery enthusiasm of the Gordons and other clans often carried the day, but Montrose relied more upon the disciplined infantry from Ireland. His strategy at Inverlochy, his tactics at Aberdeen, Auldearn and Kilsyth furnished models of the military art, but above all his daring and constancy marked him out as one of the greatest soldiers of the war. His career of victory was crowned by the great Battle of Kilsyth on 15 August 1645.
Now Montrose found himself apparently master of Scotland. In the name of the king, who now appointed him lord lieutenant and captain-general of Scotland, he summoned a parliament to meet at Glasgow on 20 October, in which he no doubt hoped to reconcile loyal obedience to the king with the establishment of a non-political Presbyterian clergy. That parliament never met. Charles had been defeated at the Battle of Naseby on 14 June, and Montrose must come to his help if there was to be still a king to proclaim. David Leslie, the best of the Scottish generals, was promptly dispatched against Montrose to anticipate the invasion. On 12 September he came upon Montrose, deserted by his Highlanders and guarded only by a little group of followers, at Philiphaugh. He won an easy victory. Montrose cut his way through to the Highlands; but he failed to organize an army. In September 1646 he embarked for Norway.
Montrose was to appear once more on the stage of Scottish history. In June 1649, burning to revenge the death of the king, he was restored by the exiled Charles II to the now nominal lieutenancy of Scotland. Charles however did not scruple shortly afterwards to disavow his noblest supporter in order to become a king on terms dictated by Argyll and Argyll's adherents. In March 1650 Montrose landed in Orkney to take the command of a small force which he had sent on before him. Crossing to the mainland, he tried in vain to raise the clans, and on 27 April he was surprised and routed at the Battle of Carbisdale in Ross-shire. His forces were defeated in battle but he escaped. After wandering for some time he was surrendered by Neil MacLeod of Assynt at Ardvreck Castle, to whose protection, in ignorance of MacLeod's political enmity, he had entrusted himself. He was brought a prisoner to Edinburgh, and on 20 May sentenced to death by the parliament. He was hanged on the 21st, with Wishart's laudatory biography of him put round his neck. To the last he protested that he was a real Covenanter and a loyal subject.
Shortly after Montrose's death the Scottish Argyll Government switched sides and became Royalists too.
On 7 January 1661 the mangled torso of Montrose were disintered from Boroughmuir (Burgh-Moor) and placed in a coffin, carried under a velvet canopy to the Tolbooth, where his head was reverently removed from the spike. The procession was accompanied by the nobles and gentry on horseback, with many thousands following on foot; colours were flying, drums beating, trumpets sounding, muskets cracking, and cannon roaring from the castle.[4] His limbs brought from the towns (Glasgow, Perth, Stirling and Aberdeen) to which they had been sent, and the whole placed in a sumptuous coffin, which lay in state in Holyrood Palace. A splendid funeral was held in Saint Giles's church on 11 May 1661.[5][6]
Montrose's torso would have been originally given to his friends, however he was the subject of an excommunication which was why it was originally inhumed beneath the gibbet. In 1650 his niece, Lady Napier, had sent men by night to take away his heart. This relic she placed in a steel case made from his sword and placed the whole in a gold filigree box, which had been presented to her family by a Doge of Venice. The heart in its case were retained by the Napier family for several generations until lost amidst the confusion of the French Revolution.
A Chinese man who set his ex-wife on fire as she livestreamed to her online followers was sentenced to death on Thursday, concluding a murder case that received nationwide notoriety.
The victim, 30-year-old Lhamo, was a farmer and livestreamer in a Tibetan autonomous prefecture in southwestern Sichuan province. She was streaming a video of herself last September when a man burst in, poured gasoline on her and set her on fire. She died two weeks later.
Her ex-husband, Tang Lu, was arrested soon after. On Thursday in court, he was found guilty of homicide, sentenced to death and ordered to pay compensation, according to state-run broadcaster CCTV.
The court found his crime "was extremely cruel" and "deserves severe punishment," CCTV reported.
Tang had a history of physical abuse toward Lhamo, reportedly beating her many times before they divorced in June 2020, according to CCTV. In the following months, he repeatedly sought her out and asked to remarry, but was turned away -- leading to the murder.
The case was widely covered in national and international media, drawing attention for the gruesome nature of Lhamo's death -- as well as raising discussion on the larger problems surrounding women and violence in China. On Chinese social media, there was heated debate over how the country's legal system often fails to protect victims while easily pardoning perpetrators of abuse.
These are my personal notes taken during a geology presentation. I give them here because they may be of some interest. Do not expect them to always be in complete sentences, etc.
-----------------------------------
Graptolites of the Cincinnatian
Presented by: Rich Fuchs (Dry Dredgers, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA)
21 November 1997 & 28 May 2010
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Cincinnatian Series Graptolites:
Geniculograptus is the most common graptolites in the Cincinnatian Series (type Upper Ordovician of North America; outcrop belt in & around Cincinnati, Ohio).
(strata.uga.edu/cincy/fauna/graptolithina/DGGeniculograptu...)
(www.flickr.com/photos/jsjgeology/16771115263)
(www.flickr.com/photos/jsjgeology/17203716088)
The Cincinnatian has biserial and uniserial graptoloid graptolites - uniserial forms are not common, while biserial forms are ~common.
James Hall probably was the first to identify Cincinnatian graptolites. Ruedemann named many Cincinnatian species. John Taylor's 1974 University of Cincinnati Master's thesis was about Cincinnatian graptolites - it has some omissions. One problem is tracing original type specimens. Charles Mitchell & Stig Bergström have revised some Cincinnatian graptolites.
Most Cincinnatian forms have had genus reassignments based on modern genus definitions, which are based on sicula structure (the first theca). Graptolite systematics focuses on the proximal end of the skeleton and how thecae begin to bud off.
The nema is attached to the seafloor or something floating in the water or to a float.
Rich Fuchs hasn’t found nemas attached to floats, probably because they got detached. Rich did find a possible float once. Floats are not found because they float away. Graptolites are worldwide.
Dictyonema was a little bush. (www.flickr.com/photos/jsjgeology/15126818037) It’s now shown upside down (attached to floats & hung down, it’s now thought).
Cincinnatian graptolites are usually simple blades.
Tetragraptus from Australia was pendant with 4 stipes.
(www.geo-tools.com/Images/Gallery/Fossil/Big/036.jpg)
Some graptolites were coiled, like the monograptid Spirograptus (Australia; Lower Ordovician of New York).
(www.graptolit.com/spirograptus.png-for-web.jpg)
Many graptolites were floaters - they did get distributed very widely. Graptolites are used for relative dating & correlation.
Ordovician and Silurian rocks are divided into graptolite biozones. The end-Ordovician experienced an Ice Age - all but 1 or 2 genera of graptolite went extinct. Every post-Ordovician graptolite is related to these 1 or 2 genera. All graptolites went extinct in the mid-Mississippian. They may be alive in the present day, though.
There are 7 orders of graptolites.
Dendroidea - sessile, attached; bush-like; have the longest duration of any graptolite group - Middle Cambrian to Middle Mississippian.
Graptoloidea - planktonic (floaters), attached to a float structure; only Ordovician to Silurian.
Dendroids and graptoloids are found in Cincinnatian rocks.
Graptolites like deep water - they are found in shales. They are very fragile. Shale tends to flake as it ages, so that combination means good graptolites are difficult to find.
Sometimes, graptolites are found on limestone - get better preservation.
The Kope Formation (Edenian Stage, lower Cincinnatian Series, Upper Ordovician) has the best Cincinnatian graptolites. There are 16 genera total in the Cincinnatian, not counting the Utica Shale (Middle Ordovician or Upper Ordovician, depending on who you ask). Same for the Fulton Shale.
There are 31 species of graptolites in the Cincinnatian (Upper Ordovician of the Cincinnati, Ohio area): 9 graptoloid graptolites (Kope Formation to Waynesville Formation), 7 dendroid graptolites (including problematic forms) (Kope Formation to Waynesville Formation), 5 encrusters (Kope Formation to Whitewater Formation), plus other problematic species.
Dendroidea
Dictyonema arbusculum - Cincinnatian, Kope Formation; rare; Rich Fuchs hasn’t found one yet; it resembles Dictyonema flabelliforme.
Acanthograptus ulrichi - a dendroid like Dictyonema arbusculum, except that it’s in the Fairview Formation. Rich hasn’t seen it or found one. Acanthograptus ulrichi is bush-like but with thorns.
(digimuse.nmns.edu.tw/DigiMuse/XML/files/000001/80/27/6f/0...)
Graptoloidea
The Cincinnatian Series has scandent, reclined, and reflexed forms - these are prevalent in the Upper Ordovician. Pendant, declined, and deflexed forms tend to be Lower Ordovician. So, there’s change through time.
Geniculograptus typicalis typicalis (strata.uga.edu/cincy/fauna/graptolithina/DGGeniculograptu...) (www.flickr.com/photos/jsjgeology/16771115263) (www.flickr.com/photos/jsjgeology/17203716088)
The first identified Cincinnatian graptolite, the most common, and most well studied Cincinnatian graptolite is the graptoloid Geniculograptus typicalis typicalis (there are other subspecies) - it’s common in the Southgate Member of the Kope Formation; it's upper range is not really known, but it goes down into the Middle Ordovician. James Hall’s 1800s list of New York graptolites listed Climacograptus typicalis but no description accompanied the name. Hall named it and figured it. This was the first reference to that graptolite. Ruedemann’s description gave species credit to Hall, though he never originally described Climacograptus typicalis. Ruedemann claims he described it in 1908. James apparently described it in 1892. This species is biserial. Riva recognized that typicalis isn't a Climacograptus. Mitchell, using sicular morphology, put typicalis in Geniculograptus - it is no longer in Climacograptus. Riva also proposed a new genus name (Uticagraptus), but that name was published one month after Mitchell's new genus name. In northern Kentucky, troughs/trough fillings of Geniculograptus have been found with the graptolites all lined up (Ron Fine has found these). Geniculograptus typicalis typicalis is 2 to 5 centimeters long (3/4 inch to 2 inches). Its thecae have a slightly tapering square appearance. These alternate on either side of the virgula.
Geniculograptus typicalis magnificus is a big biserial form in the Maysville Stage. typicalis typicalis has lengths up to 3.5 centimeters (1 3/8 inches), but typicalis magnificus can get to 7 centimeters long (almost 3 inches). It looks like it has smaller thecae, but they are just spread out more, because the rhabdosome is wider between thecae.
Geniculograptus typicalis posterus is a smaller-than-magnificus form in the Fairview Formation.
Geniculograptus pygmaeus is also a now-well studied form. (www.flickr.com/photos/jsjgeology/17389529022) It has been tossed around from time to time as typicalis. It can be confused with typicalis, but it’s a lot smaller than typicalis. pygmaeus is younger - it occurs in the upper Kope Formation and the lower Fairview Formation. pygmaeus and typicalis do overlap, but pygmaeus is younger & typicalis is older. Geniculograptus pygmaeus is usually less than 1 centimeter long and ~1 millimeter or so wide (this species is small & narrow). Geniculograptus typicalis is ~1.25 inches (2 to 3 centimeters) long. Geniculograptus pygmaeus has square thecae that taper more than in Geniculograptus typicalis.
An intermediate form between G. typicalis typicalis and G. pygmaeus is known - it occurs in the top of the Southgate Member of the Kope Formation in Kentucky - it’s not named yet, apparently - Geniculograptus sp. - it is longer and skinnier than pygmaeus, but still smaller than typicalis.
Orthograptus quadrimucronatus - short spines come out from the sides; found in the Kope Formation to Arnheim Formation (the Richmondian Stage form is a subspecies - O. quadrimucronatus richmondensis). Biserial; thecae are more triangular and have thecal spines; the thecae are chevron-shaped (V-shaped), while Geniculograptus, in contrast, has squarish thecae. This is a larger species than Arnheimograptus anacanthus.
(Orthograptus - www.geodil.com/images/30/3004/mid.jpg)
Arnheimograptus anacanthus - found at the Flat Run Trilobite Lagerstätte site near Mt. Orab, Ohio (look for graptolites there, not trilobites!). This is a relatively new genus (named by Mitchell); it is only ~1 centimeter long, with chevron-shaped thecae; biserial.
Dicranograptus nicholsoni (strata.uga.edu/cincy/fauna/graptolithina/DicranograptusNi...) - Rich Fuchs has never seen it; a reclined graptolite - has a scandent portion, then it splits; it has a two-stipe rhabdosome with a biserial extension (Y-shaped rhabdosome - the root is biserial; the two upper branches are uniserial). Occurs in the bottom of the Kope Formation (Fulton Shale Member), which is mostly flooded now by the Ohio River.
Dicellograptus forchammeri (strata.uga.edu/cincy/fauna/graptolithina/DicellograptusFo...) - a uniserial grapolite supposedly in the Fairveiw Formation; formerly Leptograptus annectens (a Ruedemann name). Mitchell and Bergström reassigned it to Dicellograptus, because Leptograptus has a two-stipe rhabdosome. The Cincinnatian form is actually Dicellograptus sp. aff. Dicellograptus forchammeri. It has a V-shaped or U-shaped rhabdosome.
Amplexograptus maxwelli (www.flickr.com/photos/jsjgeology/17203906150) - occurs in the bottom of the Kope Formation, in the Fulton Shale; it is similar to Geniculograptus typicalis posterus, but don't worry - it occurs in beds below water level along the Ohio River in Cincinnati; biserial; square thecae - slightly rounded lip of thecae; tip is different from Geniculograptus.
(Amplexograptus - jpaleontol.geoscienceworld.org/content/76/5/921/F2.large.jpg)
Climacograptus - there’s still one of these in the Fairview Fm.
Uncertain placement graptolites:
Most of what's been assigned to the Cincinnatian dendroid graptolites is Mastigograptus, but there's lots of conjecture about what it is. There are five or so species of Mastigograptus in the Cincinnatian Series. They appear as plain, black lines (flattened tubes) in rock - "pepper rock". The five species range from the Kope Formation to the Waynesville Formation. The best way to figure out the species is to use the stratigraphic horizon.
Mastigograptus tenuiramosus - delicate; occurs in the bottom half of the Kope Formation; usually fragile - forms pepper rock. Pepper rock usually has scolecodonts. Branch angles are at 45°.
Mastigograptus gracillimus (strata.uga.edu/cincy/fauna/graptolithina/MastigograptusGr...) - these are decent-sized fossils compared with Cincinnatian graptoloids; Kope Formation to Fairview Formation.
Mastigograptus perixilis - Waynesville Formation.
(www.flickr.com/photos/jsjgeology/17203569048)
Mastigograptus strictus - has shallow branching angles. Occurs in the Arnheim Formation - can be found at the Flat Run Trilobite Lagerstätte site near Mt. Orab, Ohio. But, it could be the same species as Mastigograptus tenuiramosus.
Mastigograptus multifasciatus - upper Fairview Formation.
Are there visible thecae in Mastigograptus? Ruedemann said thecae in Mastigograptus are known from other areas. Taylor found only one thecae-bearing specimen. Rich has never seen thecae in Cincinnatian Mastigograptus. The Treatise has thecae drawn in on the Mastigograptus illustration.
Mastigograptus is sometimes listed as a dendroid, sometimes listed as uncertain.
Bulman didn’t know where to place Mastigograptus within the graptolites.
Ultrastructure studies show Mastigograptus is a graptolite. But some say they look like seawhips.
Rich Fuchs thinks that Mastigograptus is similar to seawhips. He thinks it is almost definitely not a graptolite. Seawhips are a form of coral (horny coral). After seawhips die, the outer organic material comes off, resulting in a Mastigograptus-like thing.
[Dave Meyer comment: seawhips now are much larger than Mastigograptus, but the point is well taken. There’s nothing saying Ordovician seawhips couldn’t have been small enough to be Mastigograptus.]
Urbanek did an SEM study of Mastigograptus - it’s structure is consistent with graptolites; the chemistry is the same as graptolites; therefore, it could be a graptolite; but, it still could be something else. There’s still no evidence of thecae.
There are 5 or 6 species of Cincinnatian Chaunograptus named. Most are Liberty Formation forms. Most are based on one specimen. Most of the holotypes are now missing (museum-wise). The Smithsonian renumbered their collections a while ago and lost the Chaunograptus. One was lost in a Dayton flood. Few holotypes are left. Chaunograptus are extremely fragile - not often found.
Chaunograptus is an encruster that may not be a graptolite. It is fairly rare and easily overlooked. It is more like to be found in the Richmondian Stage, especially encrusting brachiopod shells. Chaunograptus is classified as a dendroid or uncertain. There are several species, but some don't look like the rest. Ruedemann listed 11 species - 7 were Upper Ordovician - 6 were Cincinnatian. Now we're down to five species. John Taylor said two of them were synonymous. Taylor's thesis says that Chaunograptus shideleri is the same as Chaunograptus delicatus. Most of the species are Richmondian. Chaunograptus fossils have been found at the Newport Shopping Center. Rich Fuchs has found what he calls Chaunograptus contortus and Chaunograptus delicatus in the Kope Formation. This is probably a form whose ranges are not well known.
Chaunograptus contortus - encrusting black spots on nodules. Twisted thecae with extremely thin lines (nemas). Rich Fuchs has found Chaunograptus contortus in the Kope Formation, but it was described from the Liberty Formation. The type is missing - couldn't be found by Taylor.
(www.flickr.com/photos/jsjgeology/17203753020)
(www.flickr.com/photos/jsjgeology/17389341202)
Chaunograptus delicatus - the type specimen is encrusting a nodule; it has thicker lines than C. contortus; the lines trail around; occasional thecae structures; the lines move out from a central point. Also first described from the Liberty Formation. Occurs in the Liberty Formation and Whitewater Formation. The type specimen is known.
(www.flickr.com/photos/jsjgeology/16771017233)
(www.flickr.com/photos/jsjgeology/16771013283)
Chaunograptus vermiformis - Liberty Formation. The type specimen is in the Smithsonian - it's been renumbered, but it has been found.
Chaunograptus macrothecae - Grant Lake Formation. Type specimen can't be found.
Chaunograptus gemmatus - Kope Formation The type specimen (one specimen) is known.
Inocaulis (www.graptolite.net/INOCAUL.jpg) (www.flickr.com/photos/jsjgeology/17203749888) - a worse genus than Mastigograptus in terms of identifying structure and determining affinities. This is a rare fossil that's supposedly a graptolite. Inocaulis is a non-descript collection of tubes, forming a stem - looks like a series of tubes (= the thecae) bundled together. Two Cincinnatian species - Inocaulis simplex (Kope Formation) and Inocaulis grandis (Maysville Stage); it doesn’t look like a graptolite, but it’s listed as a dendroid. Grammaria is a modern hydrozoan (chess.myspecies.info/sites/chess.myspecies.info/files/gra...) - it has a similar arrangement of tubes put together. Inocaulis may be another graptolite that really isn’t.
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London, UK. 1st May 2021. Several thousands held a rally in Trafalgar Square before marching past the Ministries of Justice, DWP and Education to the Home Office against the Police, Crime, Sentencing and Courts Bill which will ban effective protests, criminalising many and create new offences with heavy sentences, discriminating against Gypsy, Roma and Travellers and expanding racist stop and search powers. Peter Marshall
Je suis allé en 2009 à la tristement célèbre prison S-21 à Phnom Penh, Cambodge. C'était extrêmement triste. Selon moi, la sentence aurait dû être "Prison à vie" pour ce monstre.
I have visited in 2009 the sadly famous prison S-21 in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. It was extremely sad. In my opinion, the sentence should have been "Life imprisonment" for this monster.
Tuol Sleng - Le musée de Tuol Sleng est un ancien lycée (Tuol Svay Prey : la colline du manguier sauvage) situé à Phnom Penh, la capitale du Cambodge, qui a été transformé par les Khmers rouges en centre de détention, de torture et d'exécution entre 1975 et 1979. Le lycée avait alors comme nom secret prison de Sécurité 21 ou S-21. Sur les 17 000 à 20 000 prisonniers de Tuol Sleng, personne ne s'est échappé. À la libération du camp, il y avait sept survivants. De 1975 à 1979, quelques 17.000 personnes ont été incarcérées à Tuol Sleng (selon certaines estimations le nombre serait aussi élevé que 20.000, bien que le nombre réel est inconnu). À tout moment, il se trouvait dans la prison entre 1 000-1 500 prisonniers. Ils ont été torturés à plusieurs reprises et contraints de nommer des membres de leur famille et de leurs proches collaborateurs, qui ont été à leur tour arrêtés, torturés et tués. Dans les premiers mois de l’ouverture de S-21, la plupart des victimes étaient de l'ancien régime de Lon Nol et incluait des soldats, des responsables gouvernementaux, ainsi que des universitaires, médecins, enseignants, étudiants, ouvriers, moines, ingénieurs, etc. Ultérieurement, la paranoïa de la direction du parti se tourna contre ses propres rangs et des purges dans tout le pays ont amené des milliers de militants du parti et leur famille à Tuol Sleng et il furent par la suite assassinés. Parmi les personnes arrêtées figuraient même les plus élevés politiciens de la hiérarchie communiste comme Khoy Thun, Vorn Vet et Nim Hu. Bien que la raison officielle de leur arrestation fût «espionnage», ces hommes peuvent avoir été vu par le chef des Khmers rouges, Pol Pot, comme dirigeants potentiels d'un coup d'Etat contre lui. Les familles des prisonniers ont souvent été regroupées en masse pour y être interrogées et, plus tard, assassinées au centre d'extermination Choeung Ek (Champ d’extermination) .
Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum - The Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum is a museum in Phnom Penh, the capital of Cambodia. The site is a former high school which was used as the notorious Security Prison 21 (S-21) by the Khmer Rouge regime from its rise to power in 1975 to its fall in 1979. Tuol Sleng means "Hill of the Poisonous Trees" or "Strychnine Hill". On the 17 000 to 20 000 prisonners of Tuol Sleng, no one has ever escaped. At the liberation, there were only 7 survivors. From 1975 to 1979, an estimated 17,000 people were imprisoned at Tuol Sleng (some estimates suggest a number as high as 20,000, although the real number is unknown). At any one time, the prison held between 1,000-1,500 prisoners. They were repeatedly tortured and coerced into naming family members and close associates, who were in turn arrested, tortured and killed. In the early months of S-21's existence, most of the victims were from the previous Lon Nol regime and included soldiers, government officials, as well as academics, doctors, teachers, students, factory workers, monks, engineers, etc. Later, the party leadership's paranoia turned on its own ranks and purges throughout the country saw thousands of party activists and their families brought to Tuol Sleng and murdered. Those arrested included some of the highest ranking communist politicians such as Khoy Thoun, Vorn Vet and Hu Nim. Although the official reason for their arrest was "espionage", these men may have been viewed by Khmer Rouge leader Pol Pot as potential leaders of a coup against him. Prisoners' families were often brought en masse to be interrogated and later murdered at the Choeung Ek extermination center (Killing fields).
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Miika Juhana Tenkula (6. maaliskuuta 1974 Oulu – 18. helmikuuta 2009 Muhos) oli suomalainen muusikko, joka tunnetaan vuosina 1989–2005 toimineen Sentenced-yhtyeen soolokitaristina.
Hän kuoli perinnöllisen sydänvian aiheuttamaan äkilliseen sydänkohtaukseen kotonaan Muhoksella 18. helmikuuta 2009. Hänet haudattiin Kirkkosaaren hautausmaalle Muhokselle
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Miika Tenkula (6 March 1974 – 18 February 2009) was a Finnish heavy metal musician. He was the lead guitarist and the main songwriter for the band Sentenced until it disbanded. He was also the band's original vocalist from 1989 to late 1992.
After Sentenced disbanded, Tenkula withdrew from publicity. He died of a sudden heart attack caused by genetic heart disease at his home in the town of Muhos 18 February 2009. His former band members remembered him by publishing an obituary in the official Sentenced webpage on 22 February 2009.
Sentenced mourned the loss of Miika Tenkula, "a dear friend, a truly remarkable artist and musician, and the very soul of what used to be Sentenced. Rest now, brother – in your music and our hearts you will live forever".
An open memorial was held in the Club Teatria in the city of Oulu on 18 April 2009. In the music containing ceremony was also show Buried Alive - concert movie, that was filmed in the same location in 2005, where Miika Tenkula and the Sentenced held their last concert before disbanding. In the ceremony, music from Miika Tenkula's favourite artists was heard, but also cover versions from the Sentenced songs performed by various Finnish artists and bands.
Finnish melodic death metal band Insomnium's song "Weighed Down with Sorrow" from their 2009 album Across the Dark is dedicated to Tenkula. (Wikipedia)