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To learn more about how The Salvation Army is writing a new, more positive sentence, one that begins with giving hope today, visit SalvationArmy.ca

The Sentence Is Written On The First Page On Every Single Iranian Passport Issued. It Therefore Makes A Holder of The Passport Automatically Part of a Highly Sensitive Conflict That Has Affected And Still Affects Millions of People, Whether They Want It or Not.

In Boston, about 45 demonstrators, including a dozen speakers, out for Pvt. Manning on the day of her sentencing. A number of speakers took up the PVT Manning Support Network's call to urge people to sign the petition at pardon.privatemanning.org that calls on President Obama to issue a pardon. Other speakers expressed the view that this approach will be ineffective and that other approaches need to be considered. Everyone who spoke agreed that the 35 year sentence for acts of whistle-blowing is excessive. A number of folks discussed the issues with onlookers and passers-by.

 

VIsit www.privatemanning.org to learn more about the heroic whistleblower.

 

Willie Mays Aikens (b: October 14, 1954) is a former MLB first baseman. He had established himself as one of the top sluggers in the game before drugs derailed his career. In 1994, Aikens was sentenced to twenty years in prison on four counts of crack cocaine distribution and one count of use of a firearm during drug trafficking. He was released on June 4, 2008 after changes in federal drug laws, and is sometimes cited as an example of the results of mandatory minimum sentencing in drug-related crimes.

 

He batted over .300 for the first time in his career in 1983, only to see his career rapidly began to decline afterwards. Toward the end of the 1983 season, Aikens and several of his Royals teammates were questioned by U.S. Attorney Jim Marquez in connection with a federal cocaine probe. Following the season, Aikens, Jerry Martin and Willie Wilson pleaded guilty to attempting to purchase cocaine, while former teammate Vida Blue pleaded guilty to possession of three grams of cocaine. Aikens, Blue, Martin and Wilson were all sentenced to three months in prison.

 

Shortly after Aikens' November 17 sentencing, he was traded to the Toronto Blue Jays for designated hitter Jorge Orta. Aikens was originally suspended by Baseball Commissioner Bowie Kuhn for a year. Following a May 15, 1984 review, he was reinstated, and joined his Toronto teammates in Minnesota the next day. In 93 games, Aikens hit eleven home runs and drove in just 26.

 

The Jays released Aikens a month into the 1985 season, and resigned him to a minor league contract. Despite a healthy .311 batting average and sixteen home runs with the Syracuse Chiefs, he never returned to the majors. He played four games for the New York Mets' triple A affiliate, the Tidewater Tides in 1986 before heading to Mexico to join the Mexican Pacific League's Yaquis de Obregón. Aikens played for six years in the Mexican League, where he was regularly among the league's top hitters.

In Boston, about 45 demonstrators, including a dozen speakers, out for Pvt. Manning on the day of her sentencing. A number of speakers took up the PVT Manning Support Network's call to urge people to sign the petition at pardon.privatemanning.org that calls on President Obama to issue a pardon. Other speakers expressed the view that this approach will be ineffective and that other approaches need to be considered. Everyone who spoke agreed that the 35 year sentence for acts of whistle-blowing is excessive. A number of folks discussed the issues with onlookers and passers-by.

 

VIsit www.privatemanning.org to learn more about the heroic whistleblower.

 

The first time I have visited here since 1980, I believe when I went on my forst unacompanied trip to London. That day I bought records, lots of records as Soho was jammed with great record shops.

 

Broadcasting House is the headquarters and registered office of the BBC in Portland Place and Langham Place, London.

 

The building includes the BBC Radio Theatre from where music and speech programmes are recorded in front of a studio audience. The radio stations BBC Radio 3, BBC Radio 4, and BBC Radio 4 Extra are also broadcast from studios within the building.

 

As part of a long term consolidation of the BBC's property portfolio, additional services including BBC Radio 1, BBC Radio 2, BBC Radio 1Xtra, BBC Radio 6 Music and the BBC World Service will move into Broadcasting House following an extensive renovation of the building. The move also includes that of BBC News and BBC World News from Television Centre into a newly constructed newsroom.

 

Construction of Broadcasting House began in 1932, and the building opened to the BBC's offices and radio operations on 14 May 1934, eight years after the corporation's establishment. George Val Myer designed the building in collaboration with the BBC's civil engineer, M T Tudsbery. The original interiors were the work of Raymond McGrath, an Australian-Irish architect. He directed a team which included Serge Chermayeff and Wells Coates and designed the vaudeville studio, the associated green and dressing rooms, and the dance and chamber music studios in a flowing Art Deco style. It was later said of his efforts that "the designs for the BBC gave the first real fillip to industrial design in England".[citation needed]

 

The radio studios were arranged in a central location and constructed of Portland stone. The remainder of the building was steel framed and faced with Portland stone on the outside. These areas housed the offices, so that they could be both away from the noise of the radio operations, and have access to daylight.[1] Objections by local residents also caused the structure to be changed. The east side of the building blocked out the light to local residents, and after complaints and seeking the right of ancient lights, the building was altered so that the east side of the building had a sloped roof. Underground structures, including hundred year old sewers, presented problems during construction. The building was built atop the Bakerloo line of the London Underground, while the Victoria line was in turn tunnelled beneath Broadcasting House in the 1960s, and has since presented problems for construction of the Egton Wing (see below).[2] Noise from passing trains is audible within the radio theatre, but generally imperceptible in recordings.

 

The ground floor of the building was fitted with floor to ceiling windows overlooking the street, as it was believed that to finance such a project (costing £25,000,000 in today's money) they would need to let the ground floor as a retail unit. The rapid expansion of the BBC meant this never occurred.

 

The original building also showcases a number of works of art, most prominently the statues of Prospero and Ariel (from Shakespeare's The Tempest) by Eric Gill. Their choice was fitting since Prospero was a magician and scholar, and Ariel, a spirit of the air, in which radio waves travel. There was, reportedly, controversy over some features of the statues when first built and they were said to have been subsequently modified. They were reported to have been sculpted by Gill as God and Man, rather than simply Prospero and Ariel, and that there is a small carved picture of a beautiful girl on the back of the statue of Prospero. Additional carvings of Ariel can be found on the building's exterior in many bas-reliefs, some by Gill, others by Gilbert Bayes.[3][4][5] The reception area also contains a statue of 'The sower' also by Gill.

 

The original structure is now a Grade II* listed building, and the BBC works with English Heritage on its maintenance

 

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcasting_House

  

IoE Number: 424540

Location: BROADCASTING HOUSE, PORTLAND PLACE W1 (east side)

MARYLEBONE, CITY OF WESTMINSTER, GREATER LONDON

Photographer: Mr Anthony Rau

Date Photographed: N/A

Date listed: 16 January 1981

Date of last amendment: 16 January 1981

Grade II*

  

The Images of England website consists of images of listed buildings based on the statutory list as it was in 2001 and does not incorporate subsequent amendments to the list. For the statutory list and information on the current listed status of individual buildings please go to The National Heritage List for England.

  

TQ 2881 NE CITY OF WESTMINSTER PORTLAND PLACE, Wl 45/106 (east side) 16.1.81 Broadcasting House G.V. II The building shall be upgraded to Grade II* (star), the letters 'G.V.' shall be deleted, and the first two sentences of the description shall be amended to read as follows: 'Offices and studios for the British Broadcasting Corporation (north extension not of special interest). 1930-32 by Col. G Val Myer and Watson Hart, relief panels by Eric Gill and Gilbert Bayes, etc.' ------------------------------------ TQ 2881 NE CITY OF WESTMINSTER PORTLAND PLACE, W1 45/106 (East side) 16.1.81 Broadcasting House G.V. II Offices and studios (north extension not of special interest). 1930-31 by Val Myers and Watson Hart, relief panels by Eric Gill and Gilbert Bayes, etc. Portland stone on steel frame. Long frontage to Portland Place, rounded end with main entrance to Langham Place and eastern return. Shallow modelling to stepped facades in mixed Modernist-Georgian monumental style. 9 storeys with 4 to 6 storey corner clock tower pavilion massing. 35-window range to Portland Place and 7 window wide rounded clock tower end. Main entrance to Langham Place has bronze doors under massive lintel and Eric Gill's "Prospero and Ariel" in niche above. The terminal pavilions to Portland Place have a shop front to south and entrance to north both surmounted by relief panels. Vertically proportioned shallow recessed metal glazing bar casements. 7 "porthole" windows in centre of top attic storey to Portland Place. Upper storeys recessed at various levels with metal balustrades at set-backs. Latticework masts over clock tower and behind. Inside the foyer the windows are flanked by pilasters with glass capitals and cornice carrying lights; Eric Gill's "The Sower" set opposite the entrance. The original, innovatory McGrath, Wells Coates, Chermayeff, etc. interiors and studio fittings removed. Thirties Exhibition Catalogue. Britain in the Thirties; A.D.Profile.

 

www.imagesofengland.org.uk/Details/Default.aspx?id=424540...

"Questa frase avrà molto successo". I poeti burloni nel paese fantasma di Consonno.

Unexplained phrase in English, poets pranksters in the ghost town of Consonno.

 

Steve Best | Twitter | 500px | FlickRiver | Nikonisti Lombardi

The woman for drug trafficking, was sentenced to death. Be taken to his death and executed.

December 24, 2014 – Pantropical Spotted Dolphins driven into cove – at Taiji Japan

 

Another day of terror on the shores of Taiji today. There was no break for the dolphins innocently swimming through the local waters. The 24th of December has in the past been the date beginning a short holiday period in which the killers cease the hunt between the Christmas and the New Year period. Today for the firs time since Operation Infinite Patience was launched the killers left the harbor for a day of hunting, fuelled by greed.

At approximately 6:45am Cove Guardians watched on as all 12 banger boats left the harbour to go hunting like any other day, and three hours later they appeared on the horizon driving a pod of approximatley 80-90 Pantropical Spotted Dolphins towards the cove. This was the first pod of Pantropical Spotted Dolphins captured this season.

The pod was driven in fiercely and didn't stand a chance against the hunting fleet. Once their fate was sealed and the nets dropped behind them, the killers aggressively pushed them into the killing cove where trainers selected the dolphins they wanted for captivity. In total 18 dolphins were selected and brutally wrestled into the harbor pens.

Cove Guardians watched on as the dolphins were aggressively beaten, shoved and run over by skiff motors. One sustained injuries so badly to it's face that raw flesh was clearly visible from an open wound.

After the family was torn apart and 18 dolphins were sentenced to a lifetime of degrading and unnatural captivity, the remainder of the pod was forced back out to sea.

At least one of the dolphins that was ripped from cove and destined for captivity died enroute to harbor pens. Killers immediately hid the body in tarps and dragged it into the butcherhouse.

There is no such thing as a holiday break for the dolphins in Taiji.

 

Sites for more information :

Sea Shepherd Cove Guardians Page (official)

www.facebook.com/SeaShepherdCoveGuardiansOfficialPage

Cove Guardians

www.seashepherd.org/cove-guardians

 

Photo: Sea Shepherd

  

some of the 6yrold's looks have very distinct meanings and this one means [w/ Joe Pesci voice]: "yo, why don't you just keep flippin' taking flippin' pictures and I'm gonna go ahead and keep doing what I'm doing."

Was taken at Revenland

On November 30th, 2016

Esteban Quinones Escute, 39, of New York is shown in a November 1954 photograph. He was a Puerto Rican Nationalist Party member accused of conspiracy to overthrow the government of the United States.

 

Escute was convicted and sentenced in 1955 to four years in prison for sedition.

 

Sedition trial:

 

Following the wounding of five U.S. Representatives in the Capitol building March 1, 1954 by four Puerto Rican nationalists who opened fire on them from a visitor gallery, the U.S. government began a series of mass arrests that resulted in two conspiracy trials 1954-55. A third trial took place in Puerto Rico.

 

The four participants in the shooting—Delores Lolita Lebron, Rafael Cancel Miranda, Irvin Flores Rodriguez and Andres Figueroa Cordero—were quickly arrested and convicted in the attack with sentences varying from 16 years to 75 years in jail.

 

But the federal government went further, convening three different grand juries, summoning 91 Puerto Ricans and bringing indictments against 17 members of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party for “seditious conspiracy to overthrow the United States government by force.”

 

The four charged in the shootings were also among the 17 charged with conspiracy.

 

The indictment alleged that the defendants were “active members, leaders, officers or persons in control of the Nationalist Party of Puerto Rico, which is charged to be an organization dedicated to bringing about the political independence of Puerto Rico from the United States by force of violence or armed revolution.”

 

In effect, the government was using the same strategy it was using to break up the U.S. Communist Party during that period. If you were an active member of the Nationalist Party, you were guilty even if you committed no illegal acts yourself.

 

Four of those charged turned state’s evidence and gave testimony against the other defendants.

 

At the first month-long trial in October 1954, much of the evidence against the group consisted of testimony by police or informers of speeches given by Nationalist Party leaders who had used slogans like, “Throw the Yankees out at pistol point,” “give your life and property for independence,” and saying that President Harry Truman “could be hanged in a place in San Juan.”

 

Many of the speeches dated prior to the 1950 attempted armed revolution in Puerto Rico by the Nationalist Party that was defeated and for which many party members were jailed in Puerto Rico.

 

Defense attorney Conrad J. Lynn charged the government sought “proscription of a dissenting political group because of its ideas.”

 

Julio Pinto Gandia, a defendant who was acting as his own counsel and was the alleged leader of the group in the U.S., told the court that the party, founded in 1922, was not “a band of terrorists” and that any violent actions arose out of individual “despair.”

 

The most sensational specific testimony came from one of those indicted who turned state’s evidence--Gonzalo Lebron Sotomayor, brother of Delores Lolita Lebron who was the leader of the four shooters.

 

Lebron Sotomayor testified that Pinto Gandia told him there would be attacks on Congress, President Dwight Eisenhower and the Puerto Rican Resident Commissioner in Washington, but could not say how the plans would be carried out.

 

Other specific testimony involved another of those indicted who turned state’s evidence. Angle Luis Medina testified he had purchased a number of pistols and three carbines in Chicago at the direction of a party leader who told him “to be ready in case of a revolution” to free Puerto Rico.

 

The evidence against most of the defendants committing any specific illegal act was thin.

 

U.S. Attorney J. Edward Lumbard summed up the case saying that the Nationalist Party had supplied the pistols used in the U.S. Capitol shooting and a 1950 attempt to assassinate President Harry Truman and that each of the 13 defendants had their “moral fingerprints on the guns” used.

 

Lumbard further told the jury that the government did not have to prove that the defendants were part of a conspiracy to overthrow the U.S. government—only that they had conspired to overthrow the authority of the United States in Puerto Rico.

 

The defense called five witnesses to testify that the Nationalist Party did not advocate overthrow of the U.S. government and only sought total independence for Puerto Rico.

 

Lynn told the jury that the government was trying “proscription of a dissenting political group because of its ideas.”

 

Pinto Gandia had earlier sought dismissal of the indictments against the four shooters as double jeopardy and because the government, “intended to bring the guilt of the four defendants upon the other defendants by association or inference.”

 

He added, “it is not a crime to preach and work for the freedom of a nation and that membership in the Nationalist Party itself did not indicate anyone was part of a conspiracy.

 

The jury deliberated only a few hours before finding all the defendants guilty.

 

Two weeks after the verdicts, more arrests took place and a second trial scheduled.

 

The trial of 11 other Nationalists took place February-March 1955 and followed the same lines as the first trial, except that Lebron Sotomayer gave additional details to his earlier testimony.

 

Ten of the 11 were found guilty. Serafin Colon Olivera, 28 of New York, was acquitted. Testimony had indicated he was a Nationalist Party member in 1949 and attended a Nationalist dance in 1953.

 

Those found guilty in the two trials received sentences ranging from 18 months to six years in prison. Appeals failed.

 

In Puerto Rico, Nationalist Party leader Pedro Albizu Campos hailed the attack as “sublime heroism.” The governor revoked a previous pardon of the party leader and he was arrested after a shootout and imprisoned.

 

Charges were placed against 15 party members on the island, however 12 were acquitted at trial in late 1954. The three found guilty were sentenced to prison terms ranging from 3-10 years.

 

Albizu Campos’ health suffered badly in prison where he suffered a stroke in 1956 that left him unable to talk or walk. He was pardoned in 1964, but died a few months afterward.

 

The Nationalist Party was all but dead as a result of the U.S. trials and by suppression by authorities in Puerto Rico, although it continues to exist today.

 

First trial sedition trial in 1954:

 

Jorge Luis Jimenez, sentenced to six years imprisonment

Manuel Rabago Torres, sentenced to six years imprisonment

Rosa Collazo, sentenced to six years imprisonment

Juan Bernardo Lebron, sentenced to six years imprisonment

Juan Francisco Medina, sentenced to six years imprisonment

Armando Diaz Matos, sentenced to six years imprisonment

Julio Pinto Gandia, sentenced to six years imprisonment

Carmelo Alvarez Roman, sentenced to six years imprisonment

Jose Antonio Otero Otero, sentenced to six years imprisonment

Andress Figueroa Cordero, one of 4 convicted shooters, sentenced to additional six years imprisonment

Rafael Cancel Miranda, one of 4 convicted shooters, sentenced to additional six years imprisonment

Dolores Lolita Lebron, one of 4 convicted shooters, sentenced to additional six years imprisonment

Irvin Flores Rodriguez, one of 4 convicted shooters, sentenced to additional six years imprisonment

 

Second trial in 1955:

 

Juan Hernandez Valle, Puerto Rico, sentenced to six years imprisonment

Maximino Pedraza Martinez, sentenced to six years imprisonment

Santiago Gonzalez Castro, sentenced to six years imprisonment

Esteban Quinones Escute, sentenced to four years imprisonment

Angel Luis Arzola Velez, sentenced to four years imprisonment

Antonio Herrera Moreno, sentenced to four years imprisonment

Carmen Dolores Otero Torresola, sentenced to four years imprisonment

Pedro Aviles, sentenced to four years imprisonment

Julio Flores Medina, sentenced to 18 months imprisonment

Miguel Vargas Nieves, sentenced to 18 months imprisonment

 

Those who turned state’s evidence:

 

Gonzalo Lebron Sotomayor, suspended sentence

Francisco Cortez Ruiz, suspended sentence

Carlos Aulet, suspended sentence

Angel Luis Medina, suspended sentence

 

Acquitted at May 1955 trial:

 

Serafin Colon Olivera

 

For more information and related images to the 1954-55 conspiracy trials of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party, see flic.kr/s/aHskRMRawC

 

For more information and related images to the 1950 attempted assassination of President Truman and the 1954 wounding of five U.S. Representatives, see flic.kr/s/aHskghBC71

 

The photographer is unknown. The photo is believed to be a mugshot. The image is courtesy of the D.C. Public Library Washington Star Collection © Washington Post.

   

I took this in December 1988 at Dallas City Hall in protest of Judge Jack Hampton's sentencing of a man who murdered two gay men. Here's the story (from republicoft.com):

 

John Lloyd Griffin & Tommy Lee Trimble, two gay men, were shot and killed in Dallas, TX, on May 15, 1988, by teenagers seeking to “pester the homosexuals.” One of their killers, Richard Lee Bednarski later received a 30 year sentence from a judge who said leniency was in order because Bednarski had killed two homosexuals.

 

The Background

 

On May 15, 1988, Bednarski and a group of his friends set out on to harass homosexuals. Witnesses said that nine boys, including Trimble, were standing on a streetcorner in the Oak Lawn section of Dallas, when Griffin and Trimble drove up and invited the boys into their car. There was no evidence presented at trial that the Griffin and Trimble solicited sex from their attackers. Bednarski was said to have persuaded one more friend from his group to get into the car.

The Attack

 

After the car reached Reverchon Park, a witness said Bednarski ordered Trimble and Griffin to remove their clothes. When they refused, Bednarski withdrew a pistol and immediately began firing. Trimble died immediately. Griffin died five days later.

 

The Aftermath

 

Sentencing

 

On December 17, 1988, The Dallas Morning News reported that judge Jack Hampton sentenced Bednarski to 30 years in prison after a jury found him guilty of murder, a charge that carried the possibility of a life sentence. Judge Hampton, in an interview after the sentencing hearing said he gave Bednarski a lenient sentence because the victims were homosexuals who wouldn’t have been killed “if they hadn’t been cruising the streets picking up teenage boys.”

 

Hampton added that he might have given Bednarski a harsher sentence if he had killed “a couple of housewives out shopping, not hurting anybody.”

 

Hampton went on to say, “I put prostitutes and gays at about the same level, and I’d be hard pressed to give someone life for killing a prostitute.” Hampton added that in making his sentencing decision he also considered that Bednarski had no criminal record, was attending college, and was raised in a good home by a father who is a police officer.

 

The prosecutor asked for a life sentence and the defense asked for a five year sentence after the jury found Bednarski guilty. Texas law at the time allowed the defendant to decide whether the jury or the judge would set the sentence. Bednarski opted to have Judge Hampton decide his sentence, believing that the judge would be more sympathetic than the jury.

 

Bednarski would be eligible for parole in 7 1/2 years. In a television interview, when asked his opinion about Hampton’s statement, said “That is his own opinion. I don’t happen to agree with it.

 

In response to the outraged response of gay activists and community organizations to his ruling, Hampton told The Times-Herald, “Just spell my name right. If it makes anybody mad, they’ll forget by 1990.” Hampton was due to face re-election in 1990.

 

On December 20, 1988, about 200 people took part in a rally outside the Dallas County Courthouse, calling for Hampton’s ouster.

 

Hampton Censured

 

In December 1989, the Texas Civil Liberties Union, the Texas Human Rights Foundation, the National Lawyers Guild, and the Lesbian Gay Rights Lobby of Texas filed a complaint with the State Commission on Judicial Conduct concerning Hampton’s comments.

 

On Novemver 29, 1989, the State Commission on Judicial Conduct censured Hampton. The Commission said that Hampton’s remarks violatd the judicial code prohibiting comment on a pending case and requiring judges to promote confidence in the judiciary. The censure order read:

 

“The commission finds that Judge Hampton’s comments, per se, were destructive of public confidence in the integrity and impartiality of the judiciary. The hostility and distrust generated by this judge’s irresponsible statements created an additional burden for the entire judiciary.”

 

Hampton Defeated

 

In December 1994, Judge Hampton narroly lost and appeals court election to Judge Barbara Rosenberg, a Democrat. Rosenberg campaigned on a fairness theme, and referred to Hampton’s earlier censure in her television ads.

  

Twenty offences incurring a potential death sentence as laid out in a document from July 1945 originating in the Allied Kommandatura, and signed by Colonel General AV Gorbatov, USSR, Major General FL Parks, USA and Major General LO Lyne, Great Britain. Note the absence of a French representative, at this time they were still demanding a slice of Berlin. The Soviet Government refused to make any adjustment to their sector to accommodate the French, so the Americans and British gave up part of theirs, hence the Western Allied sectors being smaller than the Soviet Sector.

 

One evening, in July 1994, shortly before posting back to UK to the Joint Arms Control Implementation Group, I was walking past HQ British Military Government in London Block and noted a skip outside into which they were throwing out a lot of their "rubbish", including this handbook. I helped myself to a bit of Berlin History, taking several various booklets from 1945 to the 1971 Quadripartite Agreement which governed inter-allied procedures during my time in Berlin.

Pedro Aviles of New York City, shown in a November 1954 photograph, was a Puerto Rican Nationalist Party member accused of conspiracy to overthrow the government of the United States.

 

Aviles, 28, was sentenced in 1955 to four years in prison for sedition.

 

Sedition trial:

 

Following the wounding of five U.S. Representatives in the Capitol building March 1, 1954 by four Puerto Rican nationalists who opened fire on them from a visitor gallery, the U.S. government began a series of mass arrests that resulted in two conspiracy trials 1954-55. A third trial took place in Puerto Rico.

 

The four participants in the shooting—Delores Lolita Lebron, Rafael Cancel Miranda, Irvin Flores Rodriguez and Andres Figueroa Cordero—were quickly arrested and convicted in the attack with sentences varying from 16 years to 75 years in jail.

 

But the federal government went further, convening three different grand juries, summoning 91 Puerto Ricans and bringing indictments against 17 members of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party for “seditious conspiracy to overthrow the United States government by force.”

 

The four charged in the shootings were also among the 17 charged with conspiracy.

 

The indictment alleged that the defendants were “active members, leaders, officers or persons in control of the Nationalist Party of Puerto Rico, which is charged to be an organization dedicated to bringing about the political independence of Puerto Rico from the United States by force of violence or armed revolution.”

 

In effect, the government was using the same strategy it was using to break up the U.S. Communist Party during that period. If you were an active member of the Nationalist Party, you were guilty even if you committed no illegal acts yourself.

 

Four of those charged turned state’s evidence and gave testimony against the other defendants.

 

At the first month-long trial in October 1954, much of the evidence against the group consisted of testimony by police or informers of speeches given by Nationalist Party leaders who had used slogans like, “Throw the Yankees out at pistol point,” “give your life and property for independence,” and saying that President Harry Truman “could be hanged in a place in San Juan.”

 

Many of the speeches dated prior to the 1950 attempted armed revolution in Puerto Rico by the Nationalist Party that was defeated and for which many party members were jailed in Puerto Rico.

 

Defense attorney Conrad J. Lynn charged the government sought “proscription of a dissenting political group because of its ideas.”

 

Julio Pinto Gandia, a defendant who was acting as his own counsel and was the alleged leader of the group in the U.S., told the court that the party, founded in 1922, was not “a band of terrorists” and that any violent actions arose out of individual “despair.”

 

The most sensational specific testimony came from one of those indicted who turned state’s evidence--Gonzalo Lebron Sotomayor, brother of Delores Lolita Lebron who was the leader of the four shooters.

 

Lebron Sotomayor testified that Pinto Gandia told him there would be attacks on Congress, President Dwight Eisenhower and the Puerto Rican Resident Commissioner in Washington, but could not say how the plans would be carried out.

 

Other specific testimony involved another of those indicted who turned state’s evidence. Angle Luis Medina testified he had purchased a number of pistols and three carbines in Chicago at the direction of a party leader who told him “to be ready in case of a revolution” to free Puerto Rico.

 

The evidence against most of the defendants committing any specific illegal act was thin.

 

U.S. Attorney J. Edward Lumbard summed up the case saying that the Nationalist Party had supplied the pistols used in the U.S. Capitol shooting and a 1950 attempt to assassinate President Harry Truman and that each of the 13 defendants had their “moral fingerprints on the guns” used.

 

Lumbard further told the jury that the government did not have to prove that the defendants were part of a conspiracy to overthrow the U.S. government—only that they had conspired to overthrow the authority of the United States in Puerto Rico.

 

The defense called five witnesses to testify that the Nationalist Party did not advocate overthrow of the U.S. government and only sought total independence for Puerto Rico.

 

Lynn told the jury that the government was trying “proscription of a dissenting political group because of its ideas.”

 

Pinto Gandia had earlier sought dismissal of the indictments against the four shooters as double jeopardy and because the government, “intended to bring the guilt of the four defendants upon the other defendants by association or inference.”

 

He added, “it is not a crime to preach and work for the freedom of a nation and that membership in the Nationalist Party itself did not indicate anyone was part of a conspiracy.

 

The jury deliberated only a few hours before finding all the defendants guilty.

 

Two weeks after the verdicts, more arrests took place and a second trial scheduled.

 

The trial of 11 other Nationalists took place February-March 1955 and followed the same lines as the first trial, except that Lebron Sotomayer gave additional details to his earlier testimony.

 

Ten of the 11 were found guilty. Serafin Colon Olivera, 28 of New York, was acquitted. Testimony had indicated he was a Nationalist Party member in 1949 and attended a Nationalist dance in 1953.

 

Those found guilty in the two trials received sentences ranging from 18 months to six years in prison. Appeals failed.

 

In Puerto Rico, Nationalist Party leader Pedro Albizu Campos hailed the attack as “sublime heroism.” The governor revoked a previous pardon of the party leader and he was arrested after a shootout and imprisoned.

 

Charges were placed against 15 party members on the island, however 12 were acquitted at trial in late 1954. The three found guilty were sentenced to prison terms ranging from 3-10 years.

 

Albizu Campos’ health suffered badly in prison where he suffered a stroke in 1956 that left him unable to talk or walk. He was pardoned in 1964, but died a few months afterward.

 

The Nationalist Party was all but dead as a result of the U.S. trials and by suppression by authorities in Puerto Rico, although it continues to exist today.

 

First trial sedition trial in 1954:

 

Jorge Luis Jimenez, sentenced to six years imprisonment

Manuel Rabago Torres, sentenced to six years imprisonment

Rosa Collazo, sentenced to six years imprisonment

Juan Bernardo Lebron, sentenced to six years imprisonment

Juan Francisco Medina, sentenced to six years imprisonment

Armando Diaz Matos, sentenced to six years imprisonment

Julio Pinto Gandia, sentenced to six years imprisonment

Carmelo Alvarez Roman, sentenced to six years imprisonment

Jose Antonio Otero Otero, sentenced to six years imprisonment

Andress Figueroa Cordero, one of 4 convicted shooters, sentenced to additional six years imprisonment

Rafael Cancel Miranda, one of 4 convicted shooters, sentenced to additional six years imprisonment

Dolores Lolita Lebron, one of 4 convicted shooters, sentenced to additional six years imprisonment

Irvin Flores Rodriguez, one of 4 convicted shooters, sentenced to additional six years imprisonment

 

Second trial in 1955:

 

Juan Hernandez Valle, Puerto Rico, sentenced to six years imprisonment

Maximino Pedraza Martinez, sentenced to six years imprisonment

Santiago Gonzalez Castro, sentenced to six years imprisonment

Esteban Quinones Escute, sentenced to four years imprisonment

Angel Luis Arzola Velez, sentenced to four years imprisonment

Antonio Herrera Moreno, sentenced to four years imprisonment

Carmen Dolores Otero Torresola, sentenced to four years imprisonment

Pedro Aviles, sentenced to four years imprisonment

Julio Flores Medina, sentenced to 18 months imprisonment

Miguel Vargas Nieves, sentenced to 18 months imprisonment

 

Those who turned state’s evidence:

 

Gonzalo Lebron Sotomayor, suspended sentence

Francisco Cortez Ruiz, suspended sentence

Carlos Aulet, suspended sentence

Angel Luis Medina, suspended sentence

 

Acquitted at May 1955 trial:

 

Serafin Colon Olivera

 

For more information and related images to the 1954-55 conspiracy trials of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party, see flic.kr/s/aHskRMRawC

 

For more information and related images to the 1950 attempted assassination of President Truman and the 1954 wounding of five U.S. Representatives, see flic.kr/s/aHskghBC71

 

The photographer is unknown. The photo is believed to be a mugshot. The image is courtesy of the D.C. Public Library Washington Star Collection © Washington Post.

  

This a snapshot of UX concept before design. The general idea is using "sentence-based" UI, where the buttons/actions are part of a sentence that explains what can be done at this point in time.

 

Responses from Twitterverse:

* twitter.com/10ch/statuses/744168672

* twitter.com/jmccay/statuses/744346832

The woman for drug trafficking, was sentenced to death. Be taken to his death and executed.

Leandro Katz (Argentine, born 1938)

 

The decoded sentence reads, "When we pulverize words, what is left is neither mere noise nor arbitrary, pure elements, but still other words, reflection of an invisible and yet indelible representation: this is the myth in which we now transcribe the most obscure and real powers of language."

 

Created with twenty-six phases of the moon, each phase representing a letter of the alphabet.

An invented alphabet!

Angel Luis Medina, shown in a November 1954 photograph, was a Puerto Rican Nationalist Party member accused of conspiracy to overthrow the government of the United States.

 

Medina was described as the secretary for Nationalist Party in New York.

 

Medina turned state’s evidence, pleaded guilty to sedition and was given a suspended sentence.

 

Sedition trial:

 

Following the wounding of five U.S. Representatives in the Capitol building March 1, 1954 by four Puerto Rican nationalists who opened fire on them from a visitor gallery, the U.S. government began a series of mass arrests that resulted in two conspiracy trials 1954-55. A third trial took place in Puerto Rico.

 

The four participants in the shooting—Delores Lolita Lebron, Rafael Cancel Miranda, Irvin Flores Rodriguez and Andres Figueroa Cordero—were quickly arrested and convicted in the attack with sentences varying from 16 years to 75 years in jail.

 

But the federal government went further, convening three different grand juries, summoning 91 Puerto Ricans and bringing indictments against 17 members of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party for “seditious conspiracy to overthrow the United States government by force.”

 

The four charged in the shootings were also among the 17 charged with conspiracy.

 

The indictment alleged that the defendants were “active members, leaders, officers or persons in control of the Nationalist Party of Puerto Rico, which is charged to be an organization dedicated to bringing about the political independence of Puerto Rico from the United States by force of violence or armed revolution.”

 

In effect, the government was using the same strategy it was using to break up the U.S. Communist Party during that period. If you were an active member of the Nationalist Party, you were guilty even if you committed no illegal acts yourself.

 

Four of those charged turned state’s evidence and gave testimony against the other defendants.

 

At the first month-long trial in October 1954, much of the evidence against the group consisted of testimony by police or informers of speeches given by Nationalist Party leaders who had used slogans like, “Throw the Yankees out at pistol point,” “give your life and property for independence,” and saying that President Harry Truman “could be hanged in a place in San Juan.”

 

Many of the speeches dated prior to the 1950 attempted armed revolution in Puerto Rico by the Nationalist Party that was defeated and for which many party members were jailed in Puerto Rico.

 

Defense attorney Conrad J. Lynn charged the government sought “proscription of a dissenting political group because of its ideas.”

 

Julio Pinto Gandia, a defendant who was acting as his own counsel and was the alleged leader of the group in the U.S., told the court that the party, founded in 1922, was not “a band of terrorists” and that any violent actions arose out of individual “despair.”

 

The most sensational specific testimony came from one of those indicted who turned state’s evidence--Gonzalo Lebron Sotomayor, brother of Delores Lolita Lebron who was the leader of the four shooters.

 

Lebron Sotomayor testified that Pinto Gandia told him there would be attacks on Congress, President Dwight Eisenhower and the Puerto Rican Resident Commissioner in Washington, but could not say how the plans would be carried out.

 

Other specific testimony involved another of those indicted who turned state’s evidence. Angle Luis Medina testified he had purchased a number of pistols and three carbines in Chicago at the direction of a party leader who told him “to be ready in case of a revolution” to free Puerto Rico.

 

The evidence against most of the defendants committing any specific illegal act was thin.

 

U.S. Attorney J. Edward Lumbard summed up the case saying that the Nationalist Party had supplied the pistols used in the U.S. Capitol shooting and a 1950 attempt to assassinate President Harry Truman and that each of the 13 defendants had their “moral fingerprints on the guns” used.

 

Lumbard further told the jury that the government did not have to prove that the defendants were part of a conspiracy to overthrow the U.S. government—only that they had conspired to overthrow the authority of the United States in Puerto Rico.

 

The defense called five witnesses to testify that the Nationalist Party did not advocate overthrow of the U.S. government and only sought total independence for Puerto Rico.

 

Lynn told the jury that the government was trying “proscription of a dissenting political group because of its ideas.”

 

Pinto Gandia had earlier sought dismissal of the indictments against the four shooters as double jeopardy and because the government, “intended to bring the guilt of the four defendants upon the other defendants by association or inference.”

 

He added, “it is not a crime to preach and work for the freedom of a nation and that membership in the Nationalist Party itself did not indicate anyone was part of a conspiracy.

 

The jury deliberated only a few hours before finding all the defendants guilty.

 

Two weeks after the verdicts, more arrests took place and a second trial scheduled.

 

The trial of 11 other Nationalists took place February-March 1955 and followed the same lines as the first trial, except that Lebron Sotomayer gave additional details to his earlier testimony.

 

Ten of the 11 were found guilty. Serafin Colon Olivera, 28 of New York, was acquitted. Testimony had indicated he was a Nationalist Party member in 1949 and attended a Nationalist dance in 1953.

 

Those found guilty in the two trials received sentences ranging from 18 months to six years in prison. Appeals failed.

 

In Puerto Rico, Nationalist Party leader Pedro Albizu Campos hailed the attack as “sublime heroism.” The governor revoked a previous pardon of the party leader and he was arrested after a shootout and imprisoned.

 

Charges were placed against 15 party members on the island, however 12 were acquitted at trial in late 1954. The three found guilty were sentenced to prison terms ranging from 3-10 years.

 

Albizu Campos’ health suffered badly in prison where he suffered a stroke in 1956 that left him unable to talk or walk. He was pardoned in 1964, but died a few months afterward.

 

The Nationalist Party was all but dead as a result of the U.S. trials and by suppression by authorities in Puerto Rico, although it continues to exist today.

 

First trial sedition trial in 1954:

 

Jorge Luis Jimenez, sentenced to six years imprisonment

Manuel Rabago Torres, sentenced to six years imprisonment

Rosa Collazo, sentenced to six years imprisonment

Juan Bernardo Lebron, sentenced to six years imprisonment

Juan Francisco Medina, sentenced to six years imprisonment

Armando Diaz Matos, sentenced to six years imprisonment

Julio Pinto Gandia, sentenced to six years imprisonment

Carmelo Alvarez Roman, sentenced to six years imprisonment

Jose Antonio Otero Otero, sentenced to six years imprisonment

Andress Figueroa Cordero, one of 4 convicted shooters, sentenced to additional six years imprisonment

Rafael Cancel Miranda, one of 4 convicted shooters, sentenced to additional six years imprisonment

Dolores Lolita Lebron, one of 4 convicted shooters, sentenced to additional six years imprisonment

Irvin Flores Rodriguez, one of 4 convicted shooters, sentenced to additional six years imprisonment

 

Second trial in 1955:

 

Juan Hernandez Valle, Puerto Rico, sentenced to six years imprisonment

Maximino Pedraza Martinez, sentenced to six years imprisonment

Santiago Gonzalez Castro, sentenced to six years imprisonment

Esteban Quinones Escute, sentenced to four years imprisonment

Angel Luis Arzola Velez, sentenced to four years imprisonment

Antonio Herrera Moreno, sentenced to four years imprisonment

Carmen Dolores Otero Torresola, sentenced to four years imprisonment

Pedro Aviles, sentenced to four years imprisonment

Julio Flores Medina, sentenced to 18 months imprisonment

Miguel Vargas Nieves, sentenced to 18 months imprisonment

 

Those who turned state’s evidence:

 

Gonzalo Lebron Sotomayor, suspended sentence

Francisco Cortez Ruiz, suspended sentence

Carlos Aulet, suspended sentence

Angel Luis Medina, suspended sentence

 

Acquitted at May 1955 trial:

 

Serafin Colon Olivera

 

For more information and related images to the 1954-55 conspiracy trials of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party, see flic.kr/s/aHskRMRawC

 

For more information and related images to the 1950 attempted assassination of President Truman and the 1954 wounding of five U.S. Representatives, see flic.kr/s/aHskghBC71

 

The photographer is unknown. The photo is believed to be a mugshot. The image is courtesy of the D.C. Public Library Washington Star Collection © Washington Post.

   

The illegal occupationist forces lead by the United States Government had no right to try Saddam Hussein and any other Iraqis for purported crimes. The invasion was illegal and the consequent occupation is a serious crime against humanity. MECAWI is calling for demonstrations if and when the death sentence is enforced.

Se for usar a foto, por favor dê créditos.

Breno Carollo

@breno123 facebook.com/brenocarollo

Irish Penal Reform Trust Open Forum 2010: 'Exploding Prisoner Numbers'. Main contributing guest speakers included Tom O'Malley NUI Galway; Inspector of Prisons, Judge Michael Reilly (Chairperson); Dr Mary Rogan, IPRT; Vivian Geiran, Director of Operations, The Probation Service; Louis Harkin, Assistant Commissioner, An Garda Síochána. Photo by Derek Speirs.

Irish Penal Reform Trust Open Forum 2010: 'Exploding Prisoner Numbers'. Main contributing guest speakers included Tom O'Malley NUI Galway; Inspector of Prisons, Judge Michael Reilly (Chairperson); Dr Mary Rogan, IPRT; Vivian Geiran, Director of Operations, The Probation Service; Louis Harkin, Assistant Commissioner, An Garda Síochána. Photo by Derek Speirs.

Carlos Aulet, shown in a November 1954 photograph, was a Puerto Rican Nationalist Party member accused of conspiracy to overthrow the government of the United States.

 

Aulet was described as a courier and bodyghuard for Nationalist Party in Chicago.

 

Cortez Ruiz turned state’s evidence, pleaded guilty and was given a suspended sentence.

 

Sedition trial

 

Following the wounding of five U.S. Representatives in the Capitol building March 1, 1954 by four Puerto Rican nationalists who opened fire on them from a visitor gallery, the U.S. government began a series of mass arrests that resulted in two conspiracy trials 1954-55. A third trial took place in Puerto Rico.

 

The four participants in the shooting—Delores Lolita Lebron, Rafael Cancel Miranda, Irvin Flores Rodriguez and Andres Figueroa Cordero—were quickly arrested and convicted in the attack with sentences varying from 16 years to 75 years in jail.

 

But the federal government went further, convening three different grand juries, summoning 91 Puerto Ricans and bringing indictments against 17 members of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party for “seditious conspiracy to overthrow the United States government by force.”

 

The four charged in the shootings were also among the 17 charged with conspiracy.

 

The indictment alleged that the defendants were “active members, leaders, officers or persons in control of the Nationalist Party of Puerto Rico, which is charged to be an organization dedicated to bringing about the political independence of Puerto Rico from the United States by force of violence or armed revolution.”

 

In effect, the government was using the same strategy it was using to break up the U.S. Communist Party during that period. If you were an active member of the Nationalist Party, you were guilty even if you committed no illegal acts yourself.

 

Four of those charged turned state’s evidence and gave testimony against the other defendants.

 

At the first month-long trial in October 1954, much of the evidence against the group consisted of testimony by police or informers of speeches given by Nationalist Party leaders who had used slogans like, “Throw the Yankees out at pistol point,” “give your life and property for independence,” and saying that President Harry Truman “could be hanged in a place in San Juan.”

 

Many of the speeches dated prior to the 1950 attempted armed revolution in Puerto Rico by the Nationalist Party that was defeated and for which many party members were jailed in Puerto Rico.

 

Defense attorney Conrad J. Lynn charged the government sought “proscription of a dissenting political group because of its ideas.”

 

Julio Pinto Gandia, a defendant who was acting as his own counsel and was the alleged leader of the group in the U.S., told the court that the party, founded in 1922, was not “a band of terrorists” and that any violent actions arose out of individual “despair.”

 

The most sensational specific testimony came from one of those indicted who turned state’s evidence--Gonzalo Lebron Sotomayor, brother of Delores Lolita Lebron who was the leader of the four shooters.

 

Lebron Sotomayor testified that Pinto Gandia told him there would be attacks on Congress, President Dwight Eisenhower and the Puerto Rican Resident Commissioner in Washington, but could not say how the plans would be carried out.

 

Other specific testimony involved another of those indicted who turned state’s evidence. Angle Luis Medina testified he had purchased a number of pistols and three carbines in Chicago at the direction of a party leader who told him “to be ready in case of a revolution” to free Puerto Rico.

 

The evidence against most of the defendants committing any specific illegal act was thin.

 

U.S. Attorney J. Edward Lumbard summed up the case saying that the Nationalist Party had supplied the pistols used in the U.S. Capitol shooting and a 1950 attempt to assassinate President Harry Truman and that each of the 13 defendants had their “moral fingerprints on the guns” used.

 

Lumbard further told the jury that the government did not have to prove that the defendants were part of a conspiracy to overthrow the U.S. government—only that they had conspired to overthrow the authority of the United States in Puerto Rico.

 

The defense called five witnesses to testify that the Nationalist Party did not advocate overthrow of the U.S. government and only sought total independence for Puerto Rico.

 

Lynn told the jury that the government was trying “proscription of a dissenting political group because of its ideas.”

 

Pinto Gandia had earlier sought dismissal of the indictments against the four shooters as double jeopardy and because the government, “intended to bring the guilt of the four defendants upon the other defendants by association or inference.”

 

He added, “it is not a crime to preach and work for the freedom of a nation and that membership in the Nationalist Party itself did not indicate anyone was part of a conspiracy.

 

The jury deliberated only a few hours before finding all the defendants guilty.

 

Two weeks after the verdicts, more arrests took place and a second trial scheduled.

 

The trial of 11 other Nationalists took place February-March 1955 and followed the same lines as the first trial, except that Lebron Sotomayer gave additional details to his earlier testimony.

 

Ten of the 11 were found guilty. Serafin Colon Olivera, 28 of New York, was acquitted. Testimony had indicated he was a Nationalist Party member in 1949 and attended a Nationalist dance in 1953.

 

Those found guilty in the two trials received sentences ranging from 18 months to six years in prison. Appeals failed.

 

In Puerto Rico, Nationalist Party leader Pedro Albizu Campos hailed the attack as “sublime heroism.” The governor revoked a previous pardon of the party leader and he was arrested after a shootout and imprisoned.

 

Charges were placed against 15 party members on the island, however 12 were acquitted at trial in late 1954. The three found guilty were sentenced to prison terms ranging from 3-10 years.

 

Albizu Campos’ health suffered badly in prison where he suffered a stroke in 1956 that left him unable to talk or walk. He was pardoned in 1964, but died a few months afterward.

 

The Nationalist Party was all but dead as a result of the U.S. trials and by suppression by authorities in Puerto Rico, although it continues to exist today.

 

First trial sedition trial in 1954:

 

Jorge Luis Jimenez, sentenced to six years imprisonment

Manuel Rabago Torres, sentenced to six years imprisonment

Rosa Collazo, sentenced to six years imprisonment

Juan Bernardo Lebron, sentenced to six years imprisonment

Juan Francisco Medina, sentenced to six years imprisonment

Armando Diaz Matos, sentenced to six years imprisonment

Julio Pinto Gandia, sentenced to six years imprisonment

Carmelo Alvarez Roman, sentenced to six years imprisonment

Jose Antonio Otero Otero, sentenced to six years imprisonment

Andress Figueroa Cordero, one of 4 convicted shooters, sentenced to additional six years imprisonment

Rafael Cancel Miranda, one of 4 convicted shooters, sentenced to additional six years imprisonment

Dolores Lolita Lebron, one of 4 convicted shooters, sentenced to additional six years imprisonment

Irvin Flores Rodriguez, one of 4 convicted shooters, sentenced to additional six years imprisonment

 

Second trial in 1955:

 

Juan Hernandez Valle, Puerto Rico, sentenced to six years imprisonment

Maximino Pedraza Martinez, sentenced to six years imprisonment

Santiago Gonzalez Castro, sentenced to six years imprisonment

Esteban Quinones Escute, sentenced to four years imprisonment

Angel Luis Arzola Velez, sentenced to four years imprisonment

Antonio Herrera Moreno, sentenced to four years imprisonment

Carmen Dolores Otero Torresola, sentenced to four years imprisonment

Pedro Aviles, sentenced to four years imprisonment

Julio Flores Medina, sentenced to 18 months imprisonment

Miguel Vargas Nieves, sentenced to 18 months imprisonment

 

Those who turned state’s evidence:

 

Gonzalo Lebron Sotomayor, suspended sentence

Francisco Cortez Ruiz, suspended sentence

Carlos Aulet, suspended sentence

Angel Luis Medina, suspended sentence

 

Acquitted at May 1955 trial:

 

Serafin Colon Olivera

 

For more information and related images to the 1954-55 conspiracy trials of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party, see flic.kr/s/aHskRMRawC

 

For more information and related images to the 1950 attempted assassination of President Truman and the 1954 wounding of five U.S. Representatives, see flic.kr/s/aHskghBC71

 

The photographer is unknown. The photo is believed to be a mugshot. The image is courtesy of the D.C. Public Library Washington Star Collection © Washington Post.

   

Manuel Rabago Torres is shown in a November 1954 photograph. He was a Puerto Rican Nationalist Party member accused of conspiracy to overthrow the government of the United States.

 

Rabago Torres was convicted and sentenced in 1954 to six years in prison for sedition.

 

Sedition trial:

 

Following the wounding of five U.S. Representatives in the Capitol building March 1, 1954 by four Puerto Rican nationalists who opened fire on them from a visitor gallery, the U.S. government began a series of mass arrests that resulted in two conspiracy trials 1954-55. A third trial took place in Puerto Rico.

 

The four participants in the shooting—Delores Lolita Lebron, Rafael Cancel Miranda, Irvin Flores Rodriguez and Andres Figueroa Cordero—were quickly arrested and convicted in the attack with sentences varying from 16 years to 75 years in jail.

 

But the federal government went further, convening three different grand juries, summoning 91 Puerto Ricans and bringing indictments against 17 members of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party for “seditious conspiracy to overthrow the United States government by force.”

 

The four charged in the shootings were also among the 17 charged with conspiracy.

 

The indictment alleged that the defendants were “active members, leaders, officers or persons in control of the Nationalist Party of Puerto Rico, which is charged to be an organization dedicated to bringing about the political independence of Puerto Rico from the United States by force of violence or armed revolution.”

 

In effect, the government was using the same strategy it was using to break up the U.S. Communist Party during that period. If you were an active member of the Nationalist Party, you were guilty even if you committed no illegal acts yourself.

 

Four of those charged turned state’s evidence and gave testimony against the other defendants.

 

At the first month-long trial in October 1954, much of the evidence against the group consisted of testimony by police or informers of speeches given by Nationalist Party leaders who had used slogans like, “Throw the Yankees out at pistol point,” “give your life and property for independence,” and saying that President Harry Truman “could be hanged in a place in San Juan.”

 

Many of the speeches dated prior to the 1950 attempted armed revolution in Puerto Rico by the Nationalist Party that was defeated and for which many party members were jailed in Puerto Rico.

 

Defense attorney Conrad J. Lynn charged the government sought “proscription of a dissenting political group because of its ideas.”

 

Julio Pinto Gandia, a defendant who was acting as his own counsel and was the alleged leader of the group in the U.S., told the court that the party, founded in 1922, was not “a band of terrorists” and that any violent actions arose out of individual “despair.”

 

The most sensational specific testimony came from one of those indicted who turned state’s evidence--Gonzalo Lebron Sotomayor, brother of Delores Lolita Lebron who was the leader of the four shooters.

 

Lebron Sotomayor testified that Pinto Gandia told him there would be attacks on Congress, President Dwight Eisenhower and the Puerto Rican Resident Commissioner in Washington, but could not say how the plans would be carried out.

 

Other specific testimony involved another of those indicted who turned state’s evidence. Angle Luis Medina testified he had purchased a number of pistols and three carbines in Chicago at the direction of a party leader who told him “to be ready in case of a revolution” to free Puerto Rico.

 

The evidence against most of the defendants committing any specific illegal act was thin.

 

U.S. Attorney J. Edward Lumbard summed up the case saying that the Nationalist Party had supplied the pistols used in the U.S. Capitol shooting and a 1950 attempt to assassinate President Harry Truman and that each of the 13 defendants had their “moral fingerprints on the guns” used.

 

Lumbard further told the jury that the government did not have to prove that the defendants were part of a conspiracy to overthrow the U.S. government—only that they had conspired to overthrow the authority of the United States in Puerto Rico.

 

The defense called five witnesses to testify that the Nationalist Party did not advocate overthrow of the U.S. government and only sought total independence for Puerto Rico.

 

Lynn told the jury that the government was trying “proscription of a dissenting political group because of its ideas.”

 

Pinto Gandia had earlier sought dismissal of the indictments against the four shooters as double jeopardy and because the government, “intended to bring the guilt of the four defendants upon the other defendants by association or inference.”

 

He added, “it is not a crime to preach and work for the freedom of a nation and that membership in the Nationalist Party itself did not indicate anyone was part of a conspiracy.

 

The jury deliberated only a few hours before finding all the defendants guilty.

 

Two weeks after the verdicts, more arrests took place and a second trial scheduled.

 

The trial of 11 other Nationalists took place February-March 1955 and followed the same lines as the first trial, except that Lebron Sotomayer gave additional details to his earlier testimony.

 

Ten of the 11 were found guilty. Serafin Colon Olivera, 28 of New York, was acquitted. Testimony had indicated he was a Nationalist Party member in 1949 and attended a Nationalist dance in 1953.

 

Those found guilty in the two trials received sentences ranging from 18 months to six years in prison. Appeals failed.

 

In Puerto Rico, Nationalist Party leader Pedro Albizu Campos hailed the attack as “sublime heroism.” The governor revoked a previous pardon of the party leader and he was arrested after a shootout and imprisoned.

 

Charges were placed against 15 party members on the island, however 12 were acquitted at trial in late 1954. The three found guilty were sentenced to prison terms ranging from 3-10 years.

 

Albizu Campos’ health suffered badly in prison where he suffered a stroke in 1956 that left him unable to talk or walk. He was pardoned in 1964, but died a few months afterward.

 

The Nationalist Party was all but dead as a result of the U.S. trials and by suppression by authorities in Puerto Rico, although it continues to exist today.

 

First trial sedition trial in 1954:

 

Jorge Luis Jimenez, sentenced to six years imprisonment

Manuel Rabago Torres, sentenced to six years imprisonment

Rosa Collazo, sentenced to six years imprisonment

Juan Bernardo Lebron, sentenced to six years imprisonment

Juan Francisco Medina, sentenced to six years imprisonment

Armando Diaz Matos, sentenced to six years imprisonment

Julio Pinto Gandia, sentenced to six years imprisonment

Carmelo Alvarez Roman, sentenced to six years imprisonment

Jose Antonio Otero Otero, sentenced to six years imprisonment

Andress Figueroa Cordero, one of 4 convicted shooters, sentenced to additional six years imprisonment

Rafael Cancel Miranda, one of 4 convicted shooters, sentenced to additional six years imprisonment

Dolores Lolita Lebron, one of 4 convicted shooters, sentenced to additional six years imprisonment

Irvin Flores Rodriguez, one of 4 convicted shooters, sentenced to additional six years imprisonment

 

Second trial in 1955:

 

Juan Hernandez Valle, Puerto Rico, sentenced to six years imprisonment

Maximino Pedraza Martinez, sentenced to six years imprisonment

Santiago Gonzalez Castro, sentenced to six years imprisonment

Esteban Quinones Escute, sentenced to four years imprisonment

Angel Luis Arzola Velez, sentenced to four years imprisonment

Antonio Herrera Moreno, sentenced to four years imprisonment

Carmen Dolores Otero Torresola, sentenced to four years imprisonment

Pedro Aviles, sentenced to four years imprisonment

Julio Flores Medina, sentenced to 18 months imprisonment

Miguel Vargas Nieves, sentenced to 18 months imprisonment

 

Those who turned state’s evidence:

 

Gonzalo Lebron Sotomayor, suspended sentence

Francisco Cortez Ruiz, suspended sentence

Carlos Aulet, suspended sentence

Angel Luis Medina, suspended sentence

 

Acquitted at May 1955 trial:

 

Serafin Colon Olivera

 

For more information and related images to the 1954-55 conspiracy trials of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party, see flic.kr/s/aHskRMRawC

 

For more information and related images to the 1950 attempted assassination of President Truman and the 1954 wounding of five U.S. Representatives, see flic.kr/s/aHskghBC71

 

The photographer is unknown. The photo is believed to be a mugshot. The image is courtesy of the D.C. Public Library Washington Star Collection © Washington Post.

   

Juan Bernardo Lebron from New York City is shown in a November 1954 photograph. He was a Puerto Rican Nationalist Party member accused of conspiracy to overthrow the government of the United States.

 

Lebron was convicted of sedition and sentenced in 1954 to six years in prison in prison for sedition.

 

Sedition trial:

 

Following the wounding of five U.S. Representatives in the Capitol building March 1, 1954 by four Puerto Rican nationalists who opened fire on them from a visitor gallery, the U.S. government began a series of mass arrests that resulted in two conspiracy trials 1954-55. A third trial took place in Puerto Rico.

 

The four participants in the shooting—Delores Lolita Lebron, Rafael Cancel Miranda, Irvin Flores Rodriguez and Andres Figueroa Cordero—were quickly arrested and convicted in the attack with sentences varying from 16 years to 75 years in jail.

 

But the federal government went further, convening three different grand juries, summoning 91 Puerto Ricans and bringing indictments against 17 members of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party for “seditious conspiracy to overthrow the United States government by force.”

 

The four charged in the shootings were also among the 17 charged with conspiracy.

 

The indictment alleged that the defendants were “active members, leaders, officers or persons in control of the Nationalist Party of Puerto Rico, which is charged to be an organization dedicated to bringing about the political independence of Puerto Rico from the United States by force of violence or armed revolution.”

 

In effect, the government was using the same strategy it was using to break up the U.S. Communist Party during that period. If you were an active member of the Nationalist Party, you were guilty even if you committed no illegal acts yourself.

 

Four of those charged turned state’s evidence and gave testimony against the other defendants.

 

At the first month-long trial in October 1954, much of the evidence against the group consisted of testimony by police or informers of speeches given by Nationalist Party leaders who had used slogans like, “Throw the Yankees out at pistol point,” “give your life and property for independence,” and saying that President Harry Truman “could be hanged in a place in San Juan.”

 

Many of the speeches dated prior to the 1950 attempted armed revolution in Puerto Rico by the Nationalist Party that was defeated and for which many party members were jailed in Puerto Rico.

 

Defense attorney Conrad J. Lynn charged the government sought “proscription of a dissenting political group because of its ideas.”

 

Julio Pinto Gandia, a defendant who was acting as his own counsel and was the alleged leader of the group in the U.S., told the court that the party, founded in 1922, was not “a band of terrorists” and that any violent actions arose out of individual “despair.”

 

The most sensational specific testimony came from one of those indicted who turned state’s evidence--Gonzalo Lebron Sotomayor, brother of Delores Lolita Lebron who was the leader of the four shooters.

 

Lebron Sotomayor testified that Pinto Gandia told him there would be attacks on Congress, President Dwight Eisenhower and the Puerto Rican Resident Commissioner in Washington, but could not say how the plans would be carried out.

 

Other specific testimony involved another of those indicted who turned state’s evidence. Angle Luis Medina testified he had purchased a number of pistols and three carbines in Chicago at the direction of a party leader who told him “to be ready in case of a revolution” to free Puerto Rico.

 

The evidence against most of the defendants committing any specific illegal act was thin.

 

U.S. Attorney J. Edward Lumbard summed up the case saying that the Nationalist Party had supplied the pistols used in the U.S. Capitol shooting and a 1950 attempt to assassinate President Harry Truman and that each of the 13 defendants had their “moral fingerprints on the guns” used.

 

Lumbard further told the jury that the government did not have to prove that the defendants were part of a conspiracy to overthrow the U.S. government—only that they had conspired to overthrow the authority of the United States in Puerto Rico.

 

The defense called five witnesses to testify that the Nationalist Party did not advocate overthrow of the U.S. government and only sought total independence for Puerto Rico.

 

Lynn told the jury that the government was trying “proscription of a dissenting political group because of its ideas.”

 

Pinto Gandia had earlier sought dismissal of the indictments against the four shooters as double jeopardy and because the government, “intended to bring the guilt of the four defendants upon the other defendants by association or inference.”

 

He added, “it is not a crime to preach and work for the freedom of a nation and that membership in the Nationalist Party itself did not indicate anyone was part of a conspiracy.

 

The jury deliberated only a few hours before finding all the defendants guilty.

 

Two weeks after the verdicts, more arrests took place and a second trial scheduled.

 

The trial of 11 other Nationalists took place February-March 1955 and followed the same lines as the first trial, except that Lebron Sotomayer gave additional details to his earlier testimony.

 

Ten of the 11 were found guilty. Serafin Colon Olivera, 28 of New York, was acquitted. Testimony had indicated he was a Nationalist Party member in 1949 and attended a Nationalist dance in 1953.

 

Those found guilty in the two trials received sentences ranging from 18 months to six years in prison. Appeals failed.

 

In Puerto Rico, Nationalist Party leader Pedro Albizu Campos hailed the attack as “sublime heroism.” The governor revoked a previous pardon of the party leader and he was arrested after a shootout and imprisoned.

 

Charges were placed against 15 party members on the island, however 12 were acquitted at trial in late 1954. The three found guilty were sentenced to prison terms ranging from 3-10 years.

 

Albizu Campos’ health suffered badly in prison where he suffered a stroke in 1956 that left him unable to talk or walk. He was pardoned in 1964, but died a few months afterward.

 

The Nationalist Party was all but dead as a result of the U.S. trials and by suppression by authorities in Puerto Rico, although it continues to exist today.

 

First trial sedition trial in 1954:

 

Jorge Luis Jimenez, sentenced to six years imprisonment

Manuel Rabago Torres, sentenced to six years imprisonment

Rosa Collazo, sentenced to six years imprisonment

Juan Bernardo Lebron, sentenced to six years imprisonment

Juan Francisco Medina, sentenced to six years imprisonment

Armando Diaz Matos, sentenced to six years imprisonment

Julio Pinto Gandia, sentenced to six years imprisonment

Carmelo Alvarez Roman, sentenced to six years imprisonment

Jose Antonio Otero Otero, sentenced to six years imprisonment

Andress Figueroa Cordero, one of 4 convicted shooters, sentenced to additional six years imprisonment

Rafael Cancel Miranda, one of 4 convicted shooters, sentenced to additional six years imprisonment

Dolores Lolita Lebron, one of 4 convicted shooters, sentenced to additional six years imprisonment

Irvin Flores Rodriguez, one of 4 convicted shooters, sentenced to additional six years imprisonment

 

Second trial in 1955:

 

Juan Hernandez Valle, Puerto Rico, sentenced to six years imprisonment

Maximino Pedraza Martinez, sentenced to six years imprisonment

Santiago Gonzalez Castro, sentenced to six years imprisonment

Esteban Quinones Escute, sentenced to four years imprisonment

Angel Luis Arzola Velez, sentenced to four years imprisonment

Antonio Herrera Moreno, sentenced to four years imprisonment

Carmen Dolores Otero Torresola, sentenced to four years imprisonment

Pedro Aviles, sentenced to four years imprisonment

Julio Flores Medina, sentenced to 18 months imprisonment

Miguel Vargas Nieves, sentenced to 18 months imprisonment

 

Those who turned state’s evidence:

 

Gonzalo Lebron Sotomayor, suspended sentence

Francisco Cortez Ruiz, suspended sentence

Carlos Aulet, suspended sentence

Angel Luis Medina, suspended sentence

 

Acquitted at May 1955 trial:

 

Serafin Colon Olivera

 

For more information and related images to the 1954-55 conspiracy trials of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party, see flic.kr/s/aHskRMRawC

 

For more information and related images to the 1950 attempted assassination of President Truman and the 1954 wounding of five U.S. Representatives, see flic.kr/s/aHskghBC71

 

The photographer is unknown. The photo is believed to be a mugshot. The image is courtesy of the D.C. Public Library Washington Star Collection © Washington Post.

   

It was the only way I could steal a photo of her.

Julio Flores Medina, 44, of Chicago is shown in a November 1954 photograph. He was a Puerto Rican Nationalist Party member accused of conspiracy to overthrow the government of the United States.

 

Medina was convicted of sedition and sentenced in 1955 to 18 months in prison for sedition.

 

Sedition trial:

 

Following the wounding of five U.S. Representatives in the Capitol building March 1, 1954 by four Puerto Rican nationalists who opened fire on them from a visitor gallery, the U.S. government began a series of mass arrests that resulted in two conspiracy trials 1954-55. A third trial took place in Puerto Rico.

 

The four participants in the shooting—Delores Lolita Lebron, Rafael Cancel Miranda, Irvin Flores Rodriguez and Andres Figueroa Cordero—were quickly arrested and convicted in the attack with sentences varying from 16 years to 75 years in jail.

 

But the federal government went further, convening three different grand juries, summoning 91 Puerto Ricans and bringing indictments against 17 members of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party for “seditious conspiracy to overthrow the United States government by force.”

 

The four charged in the shootings were also among the 17 charged with conspiracy.

 

The indictment alleged that the defendants were “active members, leaders, officers or persons in control of the Nationalist Party of Puerto Rico, which is charged to be an organization dedicated to bringing about the political independence of Puerto Rico from the United States by force of violence or armed revolution.”

 

In effect, the government was using the same strategy it was using to break up the U.S. Communist Party during that period. If you were an active member of the Nationalist Party, you were guilty even if you committed no illegal acts yourself.

 

Four of those charged turned state’s evidence and gave testimony against the other defendants.

 

At the first month-long trial in October 1954, much of the evidence against the group consisted of testimony by police or informers of speeches given by Nationalist Party leaders who had used slogans like, “Throw the Yankees out at pistol point,” “give your life and property for independence,” and saying that President Harry Truman “could be hanged in a place in San Juan.”

 

Many of the speeches dated prior to the 1950 attempted armed revolution in Puerto Rico by the Nationalist Party that was defeated and for which many party members were jailed in Puerto Rico.

 

Defense attorney Conrad J. Lynn charged the government sought “proscription of a dissenting political group because of its ideas.”

 

Julio Pinto Gandia, a defendant who was acting as his own counsel and was the alleged leader of the group in the U.S., told the court that the party, founded in 1922, was not “a band of terrorists” and that any violent actions arose out of individual “despair.”

 

The most sensational specific testimony came from one of those indicted who turned state’s evidence--Gonzalo Lebron Sotomayor, brother of Delores Lolita Lebron who was the leader of the four shooters.

 

Lebron Sotomayor testified that Pinto Gandia told him there would be attacks on Congress, President Dwight Eisenhower and the Puerto Rican Resident Commissioner in Washington, but could not say how the plans would be carried out.

 

Other specific testimony involved another of those indicted who turned state’s evidence. Angle Luis Medina testified he had purchased a number of pistols and three carbines in Chicago at the direction of a party leader who told him “to be ready in case of a revolution” to free Puerto Rico.

 

The evidence against most of the defendants committing any specific illegal act was thin.

 

U.S. Attorney J. Edward Lumbard summed up the case saying that the Nationalist Party had supplied the pistols used in the U.S. Capitol shooting and a 1950 attempt to assassinate President Harry Truman and that each of the 13 defendants had their “moral fingerprints on the guns” used.

 

Lumbard further told the jury that the government did not have to prove that the defendants were part of a conspiracy to overthrow the U.S. government—only that they had conspired to overthrow the authority of the United States in Puerto Rico.

 

The defense called five witnesses to testify that the Nationalist Party did not advocate overthrow of the U.S. government and only sought total independence for Puerto Rico.

 

Lynn told the jury that the government was trying “proscription of a dissenting political group because of its ideas.”

 

Pinto Gandia had earlier sought dismissal of the indictments against the four shooters as double jeopardy and because the government, “intended to bring the guilt of the four defendants upon the other defendants by association or inference.”

 

He added, “it is not a crime to preach and work for the freedom of a nation and that membership in the Nationalist Party itself did not indicate anyone was part of a conspiracy.

 

The jury deliberated only a few hours before finding all the defendants guilty.

 

Two weeks after the verdicts, more arrests took place and a second trial scheduled.

 

The trial of 11 other Nationalists took place February-March 1955 and followed the same lines as the first trial, except that Lebron Sotomayer gave additional details to his earlier testimony.

 

Ten of the 11 were found guilty. Serafin Colon Olivera, 28 of New York, was acquitted. Testimony had indicated he was a Nationalist Party member in 1949 and attended a Nationalist dance in 1953.

 

Those found guilty in the two trials received sentences ranging from 18 months to six years in prison. Appeals failed.

 

In Puerto Rico, Nationalist Party leader Pedro Albizu Campos hailed the attack as “sublime heroism.” The governor revoked a previous pardon of the party leader and he was arrested after a shootout and imprisoned.

 

Charges were placed against 15 party members on the island, however 12 were acquitted at trial in late 1954. The three found guilty were sentenced to prison terms ranging from 3-10 years.

 

Albizu Campos’ health suffered badly in prison where he suffered a stroke in 1956 that left him unable to talk or walk. He was pardoned in 1964, but died a few months afterward.

 

The Nationalist Party was all but dead as a result of the U.S. trials and by suppression by authorities in Puerto Rico, although it continues to exist today.

 

First trial sedition trial in 1954:

 

Jorge Luis Jimenez, sentenced to six years imprisonment

Manuel Rabago Torres, sentenced to six years imprisonment

Rosa Collazo, sentenced to six years imprisonment

Juan Bernardo Lebron, sentenced to six years imprisonment

Juan Francisco Medina, sentenced to six years imprisonment

Armando Diaz Matos, sentenced to six years imprisonment

Julio Pinto Gandia, sentenced to six years imprisonment

Carmelo Alvarez Roman, sentenced to six years imprisonment

Jose Antonio Otero Otero, sentenced to six years imprisonment

Andress Figueroa Cordero, one of 4 convicted shooters, sentenced to additional six years imprisonment

Rafael Cancel Miranda, one of 4 convicted shooters, sentenced to additional six years imprisonment

Dolores Lolita Lebron, one of 4 convicted shooters, sentenced to additional six years imprisonment

Irvin Flores Rodriguez, one of 4 convicted shooters, sentenced to additional six years imprisonment

 

Second trial in 1955:

 

Juan Hernandez Valle, Puerto Rico, sentenced to six years imprisonment

Maximino Pedraza Martinez, sentenced to six years imprisonment

Santiago Gonzalez Castro, sentenced to six years imprisonment

Esteban Quinones Escute, sentenced to four years imprisonment

Angel Luis Arzola Velez, sentenced to four years imprisonment

Antonio Herrera Moreno, sentenced to four years imprisonment

Carmen Dolores Otero Torresola, sentenced to four years imprisonment

Pedro Aviles, sentenced to four years imprisonment

Julio Flores Medina, sentenced to 18 months imprisonment

Miguel Vargas Nieves, sentenced to 18 months imprisonment

 

Those who turned state’s evidence:

 

Gonzalo Lebron Sotomayor, suspended sentence

Francisco Cortez Ruiz, suspended sentence

Carlos Aulet, suspended sentence

Angel Luis Medina, suspended sentence

 

Acquitted at May 1955 trial:

 

Serafin Colon Olivera

 

For more information and related images to the 1954-55 conspiracy trials of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party, see flic.kr/s/aHskRMRawC

 

For more information and related images to the 1950 attempted assassination of President Truman and the 1954 wounding of five U.S. Representatives, see flic.kr/s/aHskghBC71

 

The photographer is unknown. The photo is believed to be a mugshot. The image is courtesy of the D.C. Public Library Washington Star Collection © Washington Post.

   

Santiago Gonzales Castro, 36, of New York is shown in a November 1954 photograph. He was a Puerto Rican Nationalist Party member accused of conspiracy to overthrow the government of the United States.

 

Gonzales Castro had previously been convicted of a murder committed on behalf on the Nationalist Party in Puerto Rico in 1938 where he had been sentenced to life in prison, but was later pardoned.

 

Gonzales Castro was convicted of sedition in 1955 and sentenced to six years in prison

 

Sedition trial:

 

Following the wounding of five U.S. Representatives in the Capitol building March 1, 1954 by four Puerto Rican nationalists who opened fire on them from a visitor gallery, the U.S. government began a series of mass arrests that resulted in two conspiracy trials 1954-55. A third trial took place in Puerto Rico.

 

The four participants in the shooting—Delores Lolita Lebron, Rafael Cancel Miranda, Irvin Flores Rodriguez and Andres Figueroa Cordero—were quickly arrested and convicted in the attack with sentences varying from 16 years to 75 years in jail.

 

But the federal government went further, convening three different grand juries, summoning 91 Puerto Ricans and bringing indictments against 17 members of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party for “seditious conspiracy to overthrow the United States government by force.”

 

The four charged in the shootings were also among the 17 charged with conspiracy.

 

The indictment alleged that the defendants were “active members, leaders, officers or persons in control of the Nationalist Party of Puerto Rico, which is charged to be an organization dedicated to bringing about the political independence of Puerto Rico from the United States by force of violence or armed revolution.”

 

In effect, the government was using the same strategy it was using to break up the U.S. Communist Party during that period. If you were an active member of the Nationalist Party, you were guilty even if you committed no illegal acts yourself.

 

Four of those charged turned state’s evidence and gave testimony against the other defendants.

 

At the first month-long trial in October 1954, much of the evidence against the group consisted of testimony by police or informers of speeches given by Nationalist Party leaders who had used slogans like, “Throw the Yankees out at pistol point,” “give your life and property for independence,” and saying that President Harry Truman “could be hanged in a place in San Juan.”

 

Many of the speeches dated prior to the 1950 attempted armed revolution in Puerto Rico by the Nationalist Party that was defeated and for which many party members were jailed in Puerto Rico.

 

Defense attorney Conrad J. Lynn charged the government sought “proscription of a dissenting political group because of its ideas.”

 

Julio Pinto Gandia, a defendant who was acting as his own counsel and was the alleged leader of the group in the U.S., told the court that the party, founded in 1922, was not “a band of terrorists” and that any violent actions arose out of individual “despair.”

 

The most sensational specific testimony came from one of those indicted who turned state’s evidence--Gonzalo Lebron Sotomayor, brother of Delores Lolita Lebron who was the leader of the four shooters.

 

Lebron Sotomayor testified that Pinto Gandia told him there would be attacks on Congress, President Dwight Eisenhower and the Puerto Rican Resident Commissioner in Washington, but could not say how the plans would be carried out.

 

Other specific testimony involved another of those indicted who turned state’s evidence. Angle Luis Medina testified he had purchased a number of pistols and three carbines in Chicago at the direction of a party leader who told him “to be ready in case of a revolution” to free Puerto Rico.

 

The evidence against most of the defendants committing any specific illegal act was thin.

 

U.S. Attorney J. Edward Lumbard summed up the case saying that the Nationalist Party had supplied the pistols used in the U.S. Capitol shooting and a 1950 attempt to assassinate President Harry Truman and that each of the 13 defendants had their “moral fingerprints on the guns” used.

 

Lumbard further told the jury that the government did not have to prove that the defendants were part of a conspiracy to overthrow the U.S. government—only that they had conspired to overthrow the authority of the United States in Puerto Rico.

 

The defense called five witnesses to testify that the Nationalist Party did not advocate overthrow of the U.S. government and only sought total independence for Puerto Rico.

 

Lynn told the jury that the government was trying “proscription of a dissenting political group because of its ideas.”

 

Pinto Gandia had earlier sought dismissal of the indictments against the four shooters as double jeopardy and because the government, “intended to bring the guilt of the four defendants upon the other defendants by association or inference.”

 

He added, “it is not a crime to preach and work for the freedom of a nation and that membership in the Nationalist Party itself did not indicate anyone was part of a conspiracy.

 

The jury deliberated only a few hours before finding all the defendants guilty.

 

Two weeks after the verdicts, more arrests took place and a second trial scheduled.

 

The trial of 11 other Nationalists took place February-March 1955 and followed the same lines as the first trial, except that Lebron Sotomayer gave additional details to his earlier testimony.

 

Ten of the 11 were found guilty. Serafin Colon Olivera, 28 of New York, was acquitted. Testimony had indicated he was a Nationalist Party member in 1949 and attended a Nationalist dance in 1953.

 

Those found guilty in the two trials received sentences ranging from 18 months to six years in prison. Appeals failed.

 

In Puerto Rico, Nationalist Party leader Pedro Albizu Campos hailed the attack as “sublime heroism.” The governor revoked a previous pardon of the party leader and he was arrested after a shootout and imprisoned.

 

Charges were placed against 15 party members on the island, however 12 were acquitted at trial in late 1954. The three found guilty were sentenced to prison terms ranging from 3-10 years.

 

Albizu Campos’ health suffered badly in prison where he suffered a stroke in 1956 that left him unable to talk or walk. He was pardoned in 1964, but died a few months afterward.

 

The Nationalist Party was all but dead as a result of the U.S. trials and by suppression by authorities in Puerto Rico, although it continues to exist today.

 

First trial sedition trial in 1954:

 

Jorge Luis Jimenez, sentenced to six years imprisonment

Manuel Rabago Torres, sentenced to six years imprisonment

Rosa Collazo, sentenced to six years imprisonment

Juan Bernardo Lebron, sentenced to six years imprisonment

Juan Francisco Medina, sentenced to six years imprisonment

Armando Diaz Matos, sentenced to six years imprisonment

Julio Pinto Gandia, sentenced to six years imprisonment

Carmelo Alvarez Roman, sentenced to six years imprisonment

Jose Antonio Otero Otero, sentenced to six years imprisonment

Andress Figueroa Cordero, one of 4 convicted shooters, sentenced to additional six years imprisonment

Rafael Cancel Miranda, one of 4 convicted shooters, sentenced to additional six years imprisonment

Dolores Lolita Lebron, one of 4 convicted shooters, sentenced to additional six years imprisonment

Irvin Flores Rodriguez, one of 4 convicted shooters, sentenced to additional six years imprisonment

 

Second trial in 1955:

 

Juan Hernandez Valle, Puerto Rico, sentenced to six years imprisonment

Maximino Pedraza Martinez, sentenced to six years imprisonment

Santiago Gonzalez Castro, sentenced to six years imprisonment

Esteban Quinones Escute, sentenced to four years imprisonment

Angel Luis Arzola Velez, sentenced to four years imprisonment

Antonio Herrera Moreno, sentenced to four years imprisonment

Carmen Dolores Otero Torresola, sentenced to four years imprisonment

Pedro Aviles, sentenced to four years imprisonment

Julio Flores Medina, sentenced to 18 months imprisonment

Miguel Vargas Nieves, sentenced to 18 months imprisonment

 

Those who turned state’s evidence:

 

Gonzalo Lebron Sotomayor, suspended sentence

Francisco Cortez Ruiz, suspended sentence

Carlos Aulet, suspended sentence

Angel Luis Medina, suspended sentence

 

Acquitted at May 1955 trial:

 

Serafin Colon Olivera

 

For more information and related images to the 1954-55 conspiracy trials of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party, see flic.kr/s/aHskRMRawC

 

For more information and related images to the 1950 attempted assassination of President Truman and the 1954 wounding of five U.S. Representatives, see flic.kr/s/aHskghBC71

 

The photographer is unknown. The photo is believed to be a mugshot. The image is courtesy of the D.C. Public Library Washington Star Collection © Washington Post.

   

Antonio Herrera Moreno of New York, shown in a November 1954 photograph, was a Puerto Rican Nationalist Party member accused of conspiracy to overthrow the government of the United States.

 

Moreno, 28, was convicted and sentenced in 1955 to four years in prison for sedition.

 

Sedition trial:

 

Following the wounding of five U.S. Representatives in the Capitol building March 1, 1954 by four Puerto Rican nationalists who opened fire on them from a visitor gallery, the U.S. government began a series of mass arrests that resulted in two conspiracy trials 1954-55. A third trial took place in Puerto Rico.

 

The four participants in the shooting—Delores Lolita Lebron, Rafael Cancel Miranda, Irvin Flores Rodriguez and Andres Figueroa Cordero—were quickly arrested and convicted in the attack with sentences varying from 16 years to 75 years in jail.

 

But the federal government went further, convening three different grand juries, summoning 91 Puerto Ricans and bringing indictments against 17 members of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party for “seditious conspiracy to overthrow the United States government by force.”

 

The four charged in the shootings were also among the 17 charged with conspiracy.

 

The indictment alleged that the defendants were “active members, leaders, officers or persons in control of the Nationalist Party of Puerto Rico, which is charged to be an organization dedicated to bringing about the political independence of Puerto Rico from the United States by force of violence or armed revolution.”

 

In effect, the government was using the same strategy it was using to break up the U.S. Communist Party during that period. If you were an active member of the Nationalist Party, you were guilty even if you committed no illegal acts yourself.

 

Four of those charged turned state’s evidence and gave testimony against the other defendants.

 

At the first month-long trial in October 1954, much of the evidence against the group consisted of testimony by police or informers of speeches given by Nationalist Party leaders who had used slogans like, “Throw the Yankees out at pistol point,” “give your life and property for independence,” and saying that President Harry Truman “could be hanged in a place in San Juan.”

 

Many of the speeches dated prior to the 1950 attempted armed revolution in Puerto Rico by the Nationalist Party that was defeated and for which many party members were jailed in Puerto Rico.

 

Defense attorney Conrad J. Lynn charged the government sought “proscription of a dissenting political group because of its ideas.”

 

Julio Pinto Gandia, a defendant who was acting as his own counsel and was the alleged leader of the group in the U.S., told the court that the party, founded in 1922, was not “a band of terrorists” and that any violent actions arose out of individual “despair.”

 

The most sensational specific testimony came from one of those indicted who turned state’s evidence--Gonzalo Lebron Sotomayor, brother of Delores Lolita Lebron who was the leader of the four shooters.

 

Lebron Sotomayor testified that Pinto Gandia told him there would be attacks on Congress, President Dwight Eisenhower and the Puerto Rican Resident Commissioner in Washington, but could not say how the plans would be carried out.

 

Other specific testimony involved another of those indicted who turned state’s evidence. Angle Luis Medina testified he had purchased a number of pistols and three carbines in Chicago at the direction of a party leader who told him “to be ready in case of a revolution” to free Puerto Rico.

 

The evidence against most of the defendants committing any specific illegal act was thin.

 

U.S. Attorney J. Edward Lumbard summed up the case saying that the Nationalist Party had supplied the pistols used in the U.S. Capitol shooting and a 1950 attempt to assassinate President Harry Truman and that each of the 13 defendants had their “moral fingerprints on the guns” used.

 

Lumbard further told the jury that the government did not have to prove that the defendants were part of a conspiracy to overthrow the U.S. government—only that they had conspired to overthrow the authority of the United States in Puerto Rico.

 

The defense called five witnesses to testify that the Nationalist Party did not advocate overthrow of the U.S. government and only sought total independence for Puerto Rico.

 

Lynn told the jury that the government was trying “proscription of a dissenting political group because of its ideas.”

 

Pinto Gandia had earlier sought dismissal of the indictments against the four shooters as double jeopardy and because the government, “intended to bring the guilt of the four defendants upon the other defendants by association or inference.”

 

He added, “it is not a crime to preach and work for the freedom of a nation and that membership in the Nationalist Party itself did not indicate anyone was part of a conspiracy.

 

The jury deliberated only a few hours before finding all the defendants guilty.

 

Two weeks after the verdicts, more arrests took place and a second trial scheduled.

 

The trial of 11 other Nationalists took place February-March 1955 and followed the same lines as the first trial, except that Lebron Sotomayer gave additional details to his earlier testimony.

 

Ten of the 11 were found guilty. Serafin Colon Olivera, 28 of New York, was acquitted. Testimony had indicated he was a Nationalist Party member in 1949 and attended a Nationalist dance in 1953.

 

Those found guilty in the two trials received sentences ranging from 18 months to six years in prison. Appeals failed.

 

In Puerto Rico, Nationalist Party leader Pedro Albizu Campos hailed the attack as “sublime heroism.” The governor revoked a previous pardon of the party leader and he was arrested after a shootout and imprisoned.

 

Charges were placed against 15 party members on the island, however 12 were acquitted at trial in late 1954. The three found guilty were sentenced to prison terms ranging from 3-10 years.

 

Albizu Campos’ health suffered badly in prison where he suffered a stroke in 1956 that left him unable to talk or walk. He was pardoned in 1964, but died a few months afterward.

 

The Nationalist Party was all but dead as a result of the U.S. trials and by suppression by authorities in Puerto Rico, although it continues to exist today.

 

First trial sedition trial in 1954:

 

Jorge Luis Jimenez, sentenced to six years imprisonment

Manuel Rabago Torres, sentenced to six years imprisonment

Rosa Collazo, sentenced to six years imprisonment

Juan Bernardo Lebron, sentenced to six years imprisonment

Juan Francisco Medina, sentenced to six years imprisonment

Armando Diaz Matos, sentenced to six years imprisonment

Julio Pinto Gandia, sentenced to six years imprisonment

Carmelo Alvarez Roman, sentenced to six years imprisonment

Jose Antonio Otero Otero, sentenced to six years imprisonment

Andress Figueroa Cordero, one of 4 convicted shooters, sentenced to additional six years imprisonment

Rafael Cancel Miranda, one of 4 convicted shooters, sentenced to additional six years imprisonment

Dolores Lolita Lebron, one of 4 convicted shooters, sentenced to additional six years imprisonment

Irvin Flores Rodriguez, one of 4 convicted shooters, sentenced to additional six years imprisonment

 

Second trial in 1955:

 

Juan Hernandez Valle, Puerto Rico, sentenced to six years imprisonment

Maximino Pedraza Martinez, sentenced to six years imprisonment

Santiago Gonzalez Castro, sentenced to six years imprisonment

Esteban Quinones Escute, sentenced to four years imprisonment

Angel Luis Arzola Velez, sentenced to four years imprisonment

Antonio Herrera Moreno, sentenced to four years imprisonment

Carmen Dolores Otero Torresola, sentenced to four years imprisonment

Pedro Aviles, sentenced to four years imprisonment

Julio Flores Medina, sentenced to 18 months imprisonment

Miguel Vargas Nieves, sentenced to 18 months imprisonment

 

Those who turned state’s evidence:

 

Gonzalo Lebron Sotomayor, suspended sentence

Francisco Cortez Ruiz, suspended sentence

Carlos Aulet, suspended sentence

Angel Luis Medina, suspended sentence

 

Acquitted at May 1955 trial:

 

Serafin Colon Olivera

 

For more information and related images to the 1954-55 conspiracy trials of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party, see flic.kr/s/aHskRMRawC

 

For more information and related images to the 1950 attempted assassination of President Truman and the 1954 wounding of five U.S. Representatives, see flic.kr/s/aHskghBC71

 

The photographer is unknown. The photo is believed to be a mugshot. The image is courtesy of the D.C. Public Library Washington Star Collection © Washington Post.

   

Milton Bradley copyright 1966. My sister's school was throwing these out!

In honor of Erin Morgenstern’s visit to Nashville and the library this month, we are hosting a 10 Sentence Story Contest inspired by her Flax-Golden stories. Submit your own story based on this picture.

 

Stories must be no longer than ten sentences and submitted by 3pm on January 25, 2012

Winner will be announced on January 26, during Salon@615

Submit your story in the comments or email to stephanie.koehler at nplf.org

 

Prize: autographed copy of The Night Circus

 

The woman for drug trafficking, was sentenced to death. Be taken to his death and executed.

SYDNEY, 11 July 2014. As Jonathan Moylan faces sentencing for sending a press release purporting to be from ANZ bank saying they have divested from the Maules Creek project, over 150 supporters gathered in silent vigil outside the courtroom.

Jailed Russian former oil tycoon Mikhail Khodorkovsky (L) stands in the defendants' cage during a court session in Moscow December 30, 2010. A Russian judge sentenced Khodorkovsky to six additional years in prison on Thursday after convicting him on multi-billion dollar theft and money-laundering charges. REUTERS/Denis Sinyakov (RUSSIA - Tags: POLITICS CRIME LAW)

Sentenced to be hanged (Isernia, South Italy - August 31, 2005 - digital camera)

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