View allAll Photos Tagged Sentences
I was reading a Fish & Game publication on wild turkey hunting when I was assaulted by this sentence fragment. Rather than fix it (i.e., turn the period into a comma), I tried to IMPROVE it.
Kurdish man, Hüseyin Baybasin, Turkish national, since 2002 serving a LIFE LONG prison sentence in Dutch custody, on the basis of extremely doubtful information provided by the Turkish state, mostly recorded telephone calls that were manipulated and wrongly translated according to all forensic experts who studied them. The case will be brought for appeal before the highest judicial court in the Netherlands this spring, but prospects are uncertain. The theory goes that the Turks are in the posession of sensitive material regarding a former high-ranked Dutch politician that enables them to actually blackmail the Dutch authorities. Child sex affairs and "legalized" drug trafficking between the two countries are suspected to be involved. Baybasin actually came to the Netherlands seeking political asylum, and now he is in life long custody here. According to Baybasin's lawyer this is probably the most dubious case in Dutch judicial history.
Conquista española
La capital chilena se fundó el 12 de febrero de 1541 por el conquistador Pedro de Valdivia. Su trazado en forma de damero, semejante a un tablero de ajedrez, fue diseñado por el alarife Pedro de Gamboa.9 De esta forma se planificó la construcción de una plaza central en torno a la cual se erigieran los principales edificios administrativos.
En torno a la plaza nacieron las recovas o mercados, pues las carretas con mercancías llegaban a esta zona durante la época de la Colonia. Al medio, se ubicaba la horca para ejecutar a los sentenciados y demostrar el poder de la Justicia Real.
Etapa republicana
Mediante decreto del 20 de enero de 1825 la denominación del lugar cambió de Plaza Mayor a Plaza de la Independencia, nombre que se mantendría durante el siglo xix y posteriormente caería en desuso para retornar a la denominación clásica de Plaza de Armas.
En los años siguientes, la idea de una cuadra totalmente llana cambió y en 1859, siguiendo conceptos arquitectónicos europeos, la plaza fue forestada al instalar árboles y bellos jardines. Posteriormente, en 1896 el paisajista francés avecindado en Chile Guillermo Renner diseñó un jardín pintoresco de forma irregular con araucarias, cedros, ceibos, encinas, palmeras y pataguas, además de lagunas de agua y paseos sinuosos.
A partir de 1872, con la extensión de la línea de tranvías a tracción animal desde la Universidad de Chile hasta el Mercado Central pasando por la Plaza de Armas, este punto se convirtió en el lugar de convergencia de diversos recorridos de los «carros de sangre» y posteriormente de los tranvías eléctricos.
Al lado poniente de la plaza, en la esquina norponiente, se ubica la Catedral Metropolitana de Santiago. Si bien la primera construcción de una iglesia se realizó en conjunto con la fundación de la ciudad, el actual edificio es el quinto construido en el lugar. En 1748 comenzó su construcción, siendo finalizada en 1775. Sin embargo, en 1780, el arquitecto Joaquín Toesca diseñó una nueva fachada para la Catedral y la contigua Iglesia del Sagrario. A finales del siglo xix, Ignacio Cremonesi fue encargado por el obispo Casanova de hacer una remodelación integral de la catedral, que incluyó nuevas fachadas, una modificación de la nave interior y la construcción de dos torres hacia la plaza y una cúpula sobre el altar mayor.
Frente al lado norte de la Plaza se encuentran los antiguos edificios gubernamentales de la Colonia. De poniente a oriente, se ubican el actual Correo Central, el Museo Histórico Nacional y la Ilustre Municipalidad de Santiago.
El edificio del Correo Central de Santiago ocupa el sitio asignado en la fundación al conquistador Pedro de Valdivia, donde posteriormente se construyó la residencia de los Gobernadores de Chile y, después de la independencia, de los Presidentes hasta 1846, cuando la residencia presidencial fue trasladada al Palacio de La Moneda. Sin embargo, un incendio casi destruye por completo el edificio, siendo restaurado en 1881 dándole el estilo neoclásico que posee actualmente. En 1903 fue construido un tercer piso y una cúpula superior.
El Museo Histórico Nacional se ubica en el antiguo edificio del Palacio de la Real Audiencia, el principal tribunal colonial en el país. Construido entre 1804 y 1807 por un discípulo de Toesca, tras la Independencia de Chile fue sede de diversos ministerios hasta que fueron trasladados a La Moneda, al igual que la residencia presidencial. En 1982 fue abierto el museo actual que reúne diversas colecciones históricas.
El edificio de la Municipalidad ocupa el sitio donde se construyó originalmente el cabildo de la ciudad y la antigua cárcel colonial, construida entre 1578 y 1647. En 1679, la segunda construcción del edificio fue demolido y reedificada por Toesca, ahora con estilos neoclasicistas en 1790. Un incendio en 1891 obligó a una reconstrucción realizada por el arquitecto Eugenio Joannon, siendo inaugurado el nuevo edificio en 1895 y oficialmente declarado como sede de la administración comunal.
En torno a la Plaza se ubican también diversos locales comerciales, como el Portal Fernández Concha, ubicado frente al costado sur de la Plaza. Este centro comercial fue construido en 1869 y reúne tanto locales de comida típica chilena como internacional y tiendas con diferentes artículos. En la zona aledaña a la Catedral, en las calles Puente y Catedral, se encuentra una zona que ha sido informalmente denominada «Pequeña Lima» debido a la gran cantidad de inmigrantes de origen peruano y comercio destinado al servicio de estos que se ha instalado en las cercanías.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Spanish conquest
The Chilean capital was founded on February 12, 1541 by the conquistador Pedro de Valdivia. Its layout in the shape of a checkerboard, similar to a chess board, was designed by the builder Pedro de Gamboa.9 In this way, the construction of a central plaza was planned around which the main administrative buildings would be erected.
The alcoves or markets were born around the square, as carts with goods arrived in this area during the colonial era. In the middle, the gallows was located to execute those sentenced and demonstrate the power of Royal Justice.
Republican stage
By decree of January 20, 1825, the name of the place changed from Plaza Mayor to Plaza de la Independencia, a name that would be maintained during the 19th century and would later fall into disuse to return to the classic name of Plaza de Armas.
In the following years, the idea of a completely flat block changed and in 1859, following European architectural concepts, the square was forested by installing trees and beautiful gardens. Later, in 1896, the French landscaper based in Chile, Guillermo Renner, designed a picturesque garden of irregular shape with araucarias, cedars, ceibos, oaks, palms and pataguas, as well as water lagoons and winding paths.
Starting in 1872, with the extension of the animal-drawn tram line from the University of Chile to the Central Market passing through the Plaza de Armas, this point became the place of convergence of various routes of the "blood carts." » and later electric trams.
On the west side of the square, in the north-west corner, is the Metropolitan Cathedral of Santiago. Although the first construction of a church was carried out in conjunction with the founding of the city, the current building is the fifth built on the site. Its construction began in 1748, and was completed in 1775. However, in 1780, the architect Joaquín Toesca designed a new façade for the Cathedral and the adjoining Church of the Sagrario. At the end of the 19th century, Ignacio Cremonesi was commissioned by Bishop Casanova to carry out a comprehensive remodeling of the cathedral, which included new facades, a modification of the interior nave and the construction of two towers facing the square and a dome over the main altar. .
Facing the north side of the Plaza are the old government buildings of the Colony. From west to east, the current Central Post Office, the National Historical Museum and the Illustrious Municipality of Santiago are located.
The building of the Central Post Office of Santiago occupies the site assigned in the foundation to the conqueror Pedro de Valdivia, where the residence of the Governors of Chile was later built and, after independence, of the Presidents until 1846, when the presidential residence was moved to the La Moneda Palace. However, a fire almost completely destroyed the building, and it was restored in 1881, giving it the neoclassical style it currently has. In 1903 a third floor and an upper dome were built.
The National Historical Museum is located in the old building of the Palace of the Royal Court, the main colonial court in the country. Built between 1804 and 1807 by a disciple of Toesca, after the Independence of Chile it was the headquarters of various ministries until they were moved to La Moneda, like the presidential residence. In 1982, the current museum was opened, which brings together various historical collections.
The Municipality building occupies the site where the city council and the old colonial prison were originally built, built between 1578 and 1647. In 1679, the second construction of the building was demolished and rebuilt by Toesca, now with neoclassicist styles in 1790 A fire in 1891 forced a reconstruction carried out by the architect Eugenio Joannon, the new building being inaugurated in 1895 and officially declared the headquarters of the communal administration.
Various commercial premises are also located around the Plaza, such as the Portal Fernández Concha, located in front of the south side of the Plaza. This shopping center was built in 1869 and brings together both typical Chilean and international food establishments and stores with different items. In the area surrounding the Cathedral, on Puente and Catedral streets, there is an area that has been informally called "Little Lima" due to the large number of immigrants of Peruvian origin and commerce aimed at their service that has been established in nearby.
Six Sentences, Volume 3
Edited by Lydia Davis
Third time's a charm! The international authors of "Six Sentences" are back, and this time, no subject matter is taboo, and everything - and everyone - is fair game. The collection features all-new work from some of the finest practitioners of the 6S genre, including Diane Brady, Brian Steel, Joseph Grant, Adam J. Whitlatch, Kim Tairi, Jeanette Cheezum, Kevin Michaels, Emily McPhillips, Rod Drake, Juliana Perry, Linda Simoni-Wastila, Richard M. Johnson, Crorey Lawton, Madam Z, and the former Poet Laureate of Queens, New York, Hal Sirowitz.
Features my short story "The Twelve-Minute War"
$27.95
www.amazon.com/6S-3-Lydia-Davis/dp/1452840067/ref=sr_1_1?...
NJ Governor Phil Murphy announces that he is convening the Criminal Sentencing and Disposition Commission created by the Legislature, to examine racial and ethnic disparities in the state’s criminal justice system on Sunday, February 11th, 2018. Carol McKenna/OIT/Governor’s Office.
Former Peruvian president (1990-2000) Alberto Fujimori waves upon his arrival at the Supreme Court's Special Court 11 December, 2007 in Lima. Fujimori was sentenced Tuesday to six years in prison for ordering an illegal search of an apartment belonging to the wife of his corrupt spymaster Vladimiro Montesinos in November 2000. On Wednesday, Fujimori is scheduled to be back in court for the continuation of the separate trial, in which he is accused of ordering a death squad to kill 25 suspected rebel sympathisers in the early 1990s, the kidnapping of an opposition journalist and a businessman, and several counts of corruption. AFP PHOTO/Eitan ABRAMOVICH (Photo credit should read EITAN ABRAMOVICH/AFP/Getty Images)
Window 16: King Solomon sits in Judgement Hall
King Solomon sits in judgement hall, to settle a dispute between two women. Only the foot is visible of the living child whom they both claim. This judgement, by which life is saved, has probably been transposed with the judgement in window 14, in which the punishment is death. Both windows would thus serve as pendants to the central judgement.
Detail in the tracery.
Fairford Church Windows
Text taken from 'St Mary's Church, Fairford, Gloucestershire'. 4th ed 2001. Revised by Geoff Hawkes and Kenneth Munn.
Since 1986 there has been a programme of restoration of the windows by the Barley Studio in York.
The twenty-eight windows have been used to express and teach by pictures the Christian faith for nearly 500 years. No other parish church in the land has retained a complete set of late medieval glass. The plan of these windows illustrated the Christian faith as in the pages of a picture book. Opposite to the twelve prophets, who foretold the faith, stand twelve apostles, each beneath a sentence of the Apostles' Creed, which expresses the faith. Four evangelists, who recorded the faith, are opposite four doctors of the Church, who expounded the faith. Above stand twelve martyrs, or confessors, who suffered for the faith; opposite are twelve enemies of the faith. Within the chancel screens is shown, in the Life of Christ, the foundation of our faith. In the bottom centre panel of the East window stands Our Lord being judged by Pilate. In the West Window is shown Christ judging the whole world.
Revelation 6:7-8 (ANIV)
7 When the Lamb opened the fourth seal, I heard the voice of the fourth living creature say, "Come!" 8 I looked, and there before me was a pale horse! Its rider was named Death, and Hades was following close behind him. They were given power over a fourth of the earth to kill by sword, famine and plague, and by the wild beasts of the earth.
DRAWING NOTES:
TIME OF DAY:
Not specified in the Bible account above.
LIGHTING NOTES:
There is diffused sunlight illuminating this scene from above.
CHARACTERS PRESENT:
The rider on the pale horse.
RESEARCH/ADDITIONAL NOTES:
I have designed all four riders of Revelation 06 to appear in four different pictures, as there are many elements that I wanted to include, and I thought putting them all in one picture would make that scene far too busy and full! By drawing each of the four riders in separate scenes, the viewer gets to focus on each one I turn. Many artists group all four riders together into a single picture... perhaps I’ll do that in future versions.
There are two versions of this scene:
01) (This page) Revelation 06 - The Scroll seals - Scene 04 - Fourth seal: Pale rider (with scroll).
02) (Next page) Revelation 06 - The Scroll seals - Scene 04 - Fourth seal: Pale rider (without scroll).
The main difference between the two versions is the inclusion or absence of the 7 seal scroll in the bottom left corner of the scene. I wondered if it might detract from the overall impact of the scene for some viewers, hence its absence in the 2nd version.
The (without scroll) version also has a more faded background, to make the horse and rider stand out more on the page.
When the fourth seal was opened, a pale horse came forth. The word “pale” is a little misleading, as we would naturally think that means white, grey, or some other off-shite colour. In fact “pale” literally means pale green, and is the same word used in reference to vegetation; eg in Mark 6:39; where Jesus directed the 5,000 men to sit on the green grass. Having read that description, I decided to make the horse and rider the colour of diseased, gangrenous flesh. You can see through the horses and rider’s transparent skin, to the bones, blood vessels and tissues beneath.
Verse 8 states that “Its rider was named Death, and Hades was following close behind him.” I don’t think this is the personification of death and Hades, but rather a poetic device to indicate the severity of the fourth rider’s effect upon the earth. Hades was the name the Greek and Roman’s called their “god” of the underworld and he was the ruler of the dead. The underworld itself was also known to the Greeks as Hades. I think this may mean that after the first three riders, who brought war, famine, and death, then people will fall prey to a plague and pestilence. Also the wild beasts of the earth (carnivores like lions, hyenas, tigers, etc) will increase in numbers and take advantage to kill human beings.
In the last sentence of verse 8 it is revealed that a fourth of the earth will be killed by this fourth rider. This certainly seems to support the conclusion that the Great Tribulation has begun: an unprecedented time of trouble on earth (see Jeremiah 30:7 *1; Daniel 12:1 *2; Matthew 24:21-22 *3).
I have added the steel armoured head piece on the horse, in keeping with the other horses in the previous scenes. The rider carries a bone handled scythe and is wearing a dark cloaked costume, to increase the sense of brooding doom about to come upon the earth.
Notice that the foreground and right side of the mid and background has wild flowers, grass and trees, and looks very picturesque, but where the horse and rider have been the grass and flowers are rapidly dying, in a “v” shaped pathway of death, behind them. The sky on the right is blue with small clouds, whereas the left hand side of the sky is dark with green, deep violet and black storm clouds gathering, which further indicates the calamity about to be unleashed upon the earth.
*1
Jeremiah 30:7 (ANIV)
7 How awful that day will be!
None will be like it.
It will be a time of trouble for Jacob,
but he will be saved out of it.
*2
Daniel 12:1 (ANIV)
1 "At that time Michael, the great prince who protects your people, will arise. There will be a time of distress such as has not happened from the beginning of nations until then. But at that time your people—everyone whose name is found written in the book—will be delivered.
*3
Matthew 24:21-22 (ANIV)
21 For then there will be great distress, unequalled from the beginning of the world until now—and never to be equalled again. 22 If those days had not been cut short, no-one would survive, but for the sake of the elect those days will be shortened.
Why not visit my website & see all the cartoons there? www.biblecartoons.co.uk
I know everybody gets songs (or, more annoyingly, song fragments) stuck on repeat in their heads, but do you ever get literary fragments stuck in there? A sentence from a novel or story, a line from a play or a poem? I do. All the time. Little snippets of things I've read get conjured by my brain and stuck on a loop, playing over and over again.
The last five lines of the Adrienne Rich poem "Snapshots of a Daughter-In-Law" get stuck a lot (I think I've been turning these lines over for eight years now -- not continuously, but still -- knowing I understand them but there's something else underneath them that I can't quite latch onto and it bugs the hell out of me). And then of course there's that bit from Cat on a Hot Tin Roof: MAGGIE THE CAT IS ALIVE! I love that play and all (I do, because I have this great big soft spot in my heart for the torrid Southernness of Tennessee Williams), but good lord, that's annoying.
And then there's Samuel Beckett. I like Samuel Beckett quite a lot, especially once I moved past Waiting for Godot (Endgame is better) and I found his other stuff, especially all those short little weird ones (Not I, for instance), but despite the fact that I like his writing, and I have laughed more than once at it (because I have that kind of sense of humor), reading him in doses large or small often makes me wish I had a handy bridge to leap from. It's all so bleak. He gets stuck in my head a lot, though, I guess because he's responsible for all sorts of lines that stick easily.
Anyway, all of that to tell you that the title of this is actually the very end of The Unnamable, which I did read a long time ago but kind of forgot about until I came across Beckett for Babies this morning (the fact that I think this is a brilliant idea probably just goes to show you that I am not the mothering type). Somehow -- in my head, at least -- this image matches it, though I couldn't begin to tell you why.
This karabinier is actually a key holder I bought some time ago.
The writing on the gate is saying "Not for climbing".
This sentence has inspired me this surreal work.
In NYC, the day after Chelsea Manning was sentenced to 35 years for releasing evidence of US war crimes.
Irish Penal Reform Trust Open Forum 2010: 'Exploding Prisoner Numbers'. Main contributing guest speakers included Tom O'Malley NUI Galway; Inspector of Prisons, Judge Michael Reilly (Chairperson); Dr Mary Rogan, IPRT; Vivian Geiran, Director of Operations, The Probation Service; Louis Harkin, Assistant Commissioner, An Garda Síochána. Photo by Derek Speirs.
This nifty, mid-century modern ("Googie") four-plus-one burned during Memorial Day weekend last year. I left for Michigan and returned to find it partially burned.
This morning, while walking to the Red Line, I witnessed a city employee affixing the red-X to its facade, indicating that it is slated for demolition.
I can see this building from my condo, and used to like the snowflake Christmas decorations which used to hang from its zig-zag overhang in winter.
Edgewater, Chicago, Illinois.
Tuesday, May 7, 2013.
fuck fuck fuck fuck fuck fuck fuck fuck fuck fuck
i want to read fiction
that is like run on sentence poetry
and never ever again have to listen to stupid, meaningless nature poems read by 20 or 21 year old boys at terribly stupid and long poetry readings
you read an awful poem about morning dew on green grass
that made no sense to anyone and had no meaning at all to anyone
it was nothing but fucking words
words that drive baby blue dodge caravans and eat at burger king sometimes
that wear brown sweaters and dark khaki pants and read nothing but
kafka on the shore
and jack kerouac
and that is fine, at least you are reading
i should not give you such a hard time but all i can think about
is how you are just trying
to fuck every girl in this room
and that when you do it, for it to be
from behind so you wouldn't have to slow down
and how one time i heard you call a girl we know a "bitch"
in a non-ironic way
and i said out loud for once that you were acting sexist
and you said out louder that you were a feminist
i looked at spencer and said i wanted to be robin hood because
i wanted to take all your freckles and give them to people with no freckles
and steal your good haircut
because you are too much of an asshole to deserve a good haircut
Richmond: New re-entry center unveiled for former inmates
By Karina Ioffee
POSTED: 10/13/2015 05:31:40 PM PDT
RICHMOND -- When Edward Williams entered the prison system in 1984, the Internet was an unknown, and he'd never touched a computer.
Once his murder sentence was over three decades later and he arrived back home, Williams felt like he had been dropped on a new planet. Everyone jabbered on cellphones and talked about apps. Most of his relatives, and many friends, were dead, and he now had to think about how he would earn money instead of having tasks assigned to him.
"Everybody wants you to come home, jump into the race and take off, but that ain't going to happen," said Williams, now 74. "They don't understand that prison has its own rules and regulations than the outside, and when you have been gone so long, you have to relearn everything."
Director Nicholas Alexander, center, cuts the ribbon during the grand opening of the Reentry Success Center in Richmond, Calif., on Tuesday, Oct. 13, 2015.
Director Nicholas Alexander, center, cuts the ribbon during the grand opening of the Reentry Success Center in Richmond, Calif., on Tuesday, Oct. 13, 2015. To the left are Contra Costa County Board of Supervisor John Gioia, and Edward Williams, 74, far left, who was recently released from prison after serving 30 years for murder. The center, located in the historic Milens Jewelry Store building on Macdonald Avenue, is funded by realignment money from the state, and will offer former convicts classes, access to computers and other assistance with jobs and housing to help them reintegrate into society. (Jane Tyska/Bay Area News Group) ( JANE TYSKA )
On Tuesday, Williams shared his story at a ribbon-cutting ceremony of the Re-entry Success Center. Located in a former jewelry store in downtown Richmond, the center will help the formerly incarcerated find jobs and housing, access health services and get help with substance abuse and other issues, all under one roof. It formally opens Nov. 2 and will work primarily with people on parole and probation.
"In the past, someone in re-entry would have to go from place to place to get services," said Nicholas Alexander, the center's director. "What we've done is create a hub."
Inside the center, clients will be able to access computers, enroll in GED or college courses, get job-training or placement assistance and meet with a counselor to come up with a re-entry plan. More important, they will have access to a support network that is often missing when people first get out of prison, according to advocates.
"Re-entry is more than just about lowering the cost of ballooning prison costs," Alexander said. "It's about lowering the costs and the impacts to families and children. And it's about growing the workforce and the local economy."
The re-entry center is being funded by a yearly grant of $433,000 from the state, allocated by Assembly Bill 109, better known as "prison realignment." The legislation was passed 2011 as a way to reduce recidivism in California prisons and transfer nonviolent offenders to local jails to serve out the remainder of their sentences.
Another $93,000 per year is being spent by Rubicon Programs, a local organization that offers job training, counseling and other services and that will run the day-to-day operations of the center.
Currently, more than 3,000 people are either on parole or probation in Contra Costa County, according to Alexander, meaning that the demand for the center's work is high.
Advocates for the formerly incarcerated praised the center for being light, airy and not "institutional."
"This is the place we would want to come," said Edwina Perez- Santiago, the founder of Reach Fellowship International, a Richmond organization that offers pre-release and post-release services for women coming out of the prison system. "This is a place where all of our needs will be met. It feels like community."
Contra Costa Supervisor John Gioia praised the center for being a model in re-entry services and said that it had been put together with the input of many former inmates who were able to use their experience to tailor the center's approach.
"Hundreds of organizations came together and understood that we need to invest money not just in county departments or law enforcement, but we need to invest in community-based organizations that are providing real-life services to people re-entering our community," Gioia said.
Contact Karina Ioffee at 510-262-2726 or kioffee@bayareanewsgroup.com. Follow her at Twitter.com/kioffee
MTA New York City Transit President Demetrius Crichlow and EAGLE Team Special Inspector Patrick Daley at Brooklyn Supreme Court on Tuesday, May 26, 2026 where Samuel White was sentenced to 15 years in prison for shooting Daley while on the job in 2023.
(Marc A. Hermann / MTA)
These are my personal notes taken during a geology presentation. I give them here because they may be of some interest. Do not expect them to always be in complete sentences, etc.
-----------------------------------
Graptolites of the Cincinnatian
Presented by: Rich Fuchs (Dry Dredgers, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA)
21 November 1997 & 28 May 2010
----------
Cincinnatian Series Graptolites:
Geniculograptus is the most common graptolites in the Cincinnatian Series (type Upper Ordovician of North America; outcrop belt in & around Cincinnati, Ohio).
(strata.uga.edu/cincy/fauna/graptolithina/DGGeniculograptu...)
(www.flickr.com/photos/jsjgeology/16771115263)
(www.flickr.com/photos/jsjgeology/17203716088)
The Cincinnatian has biserial and uniserial graptoloid graptolites - uniserial forms are not common, while biserial forms are ~common.
James Hall probably was the first to identify Cincinnatian graptolites. Ruedemann named many Cincinnatian species. John Taylor's 1974 University of Cincinnati Master's thesis was about Cincinnatian graptolites - it has some omissions. One problem is tracing original type specimens. Charles Mitchell & Stig Bergström have revised some Cincinnatian graptolites.
Most Cincinnatian forms have had genus reassignments based on modern genus definitions, which are based on sicula structure (the first theca). Graptolite systematics focuses on the proximal end of the skeleton and how thecae begin to bud off.
The nema is attached to the seafloor or something floating in the water or to a float.
Rich Fuchs hasn’t found nemas attached to floats, probably because they got detached. Rich did find a possible float once. Floats are not found because they float away. Graptolites are worldwide.
Dictyonema was a little bush. (www.flickr.com/photos/jsjgeology/15126818037) It’s now shown upside down (attached to floats & hung down, it’s now thought).
Cincinnatian graptolites are usually simple blades.
Tetragraptus from Australia was pendant with 4 stipes.
(www.geo-tools.com/Images/Gallery/Fossil/Big/036.jpg)
Some graptolites were coiled, like the monograptid Spirograptus (Australia; Lower Ordovician of New York).
(www.graptolit.com/spirograptus.png-for-web.jpg)
Many graptolites were floaters - they did get distributed very widely. Graptolites are used for relative dating & correlation.
Ordovician and Silurian rocks are divided into graptolite biozones. The end-Ordovician experienced an Ice Age - all but 1 or 2 genera of graptolite went extinct. Every post-Ordovician graptolite is related to these 1 or 2 genera. All graptolites went extinct in the mid-Mississippian. They may be alive in the present day, though.
There are 7 orders of graptolites.
Dendroidea - sessile, attached; bush-like; have the longest duration of any graptolite group - Middle Cambrian to Middle Mississippian.
Graptoloidea - planktonic (floaters), attached to a float structure; only Ordovician to Silurian.
Dendroids and graptoloids are found in Cincinnatian rocks.
Graptolites like deep water - they are found in shales. They are very fragile. Shale tends to flake as it ages, so that combination means good graptolites are difficult to find.
Sometimes, graptolites are found on limestone - get better preservation.
The Kope Formation (Edenian Stage, lower Cincinnatian Series, Upper Ordovician) has the best Cincinnatian graptolites. There are 16 genera total in the Cincinnatian, not counting the Utica Shale (Middle Ordovician or Upper Ordovician, depending on who you ask). Same for the Fulton Shale.
There are 31 species of graptolites in the Cincinnatian (Upper Ordovician of the Cincinnati, Ohio area): 9 graptoloid graptolites (Kope Formation to Waynesville Formation), 7 dendroid graptolites (including problematic forms) (Kope Formation to Waynesville Formation), 5 encrusters (Kope Formation to Whitewater Formation), plus other problematic species.
Dendroidea
Dictyonema arbusculum - Cincinnatian, Kope Formation; rare; Rich Fuchs hasn’t found one yet; it resembles Dictyonema flabelliforme.
Acanthograptus ulrichi - a dendroid like Dictyonema arbusculum, except that it’s in the Fairview Formation. Rich hasn’t seen it or found one. Acanthograptus ulrichi is bush-like but with thorns.
(digimuse.nmns.edu.tw/DigiMuse/XML/files/000001/80/27/6f/0...)
Graptoloidea
The Cincinnatian Series has scandent, reclined, and reflexed forms - these are prevalent in the Upper Ordovician. Pendant, declined, and deflexed forms tend to be Lower Ordovician. So, there’s change through time.
Geniculograptus typicalis typicalis (strata.uga.edu/cincy/fauna/graptolithina/DGGeniculograptu...) (www.flickr.com/photos/jsjgeology/16771115263) (www.flickr.com/photos/jsjgeology/17203716088)
The first identified Cincinnatian graptolite, the most common, and most well studied Cincinnatian graptolite is the graptoloid Geniculograptus typicalis typicalis (there are other subspecies) - it’s common in the Southgate Member of the Kope Formation; it's upper range is not really known, but it goes down into the Middle Ordovician. James Hall’s 1800s list of New York graptolites listed Climacograptus typicalis but no description accompanied the name. Hall named it and figured it. This was the first reference to that graptolite. Ruedemann’s description gave species credit to Hall, though he never originally described Climacograptus typicalis. Ruedemann claims he described it in 1908. James apparently described it in 1892. This species is biserial. Riva recognized that typicalis isn't a Climacograptus. Mitchell, using sicular morphology, put typicalis in Geniculograptus - it is no longer in Climacograptus. Riva also proposed a new genus name (Uticagraptus), but that name was published one month after Mitchell's new genus name. In northern Kentucky, troughs/trough fillings of Geniculograptus have been found with the graptolites all lined up (Ron Fine has found these). Geniculograptus typicalis typicalis is 2 to 5 centimeters long (3/4 inch to 2 inches). Its thecae have a slightly tapering square appearance. These alternate on either side of the virgula.
Geniculograptus typicalis magnificus is a big biserial form in the Maysville Stage. typicalis typicalis has lengths up to 3.5 centimeters (1 3/8 inches), but typicalis magnificus can get to 7 centimeters long (almost 3 inches). It looks like it has smaller thecae, but they are just spread out more, because the rhabdosome is wider between thecae.
Geniculograptus typicalis posterus is a smaller-than-magnificus form in the Fairview Formation.
Geniculograptus pygmaeus is also a now-well studied form. (www.flickr.com/photos/jsjgeology/17389529022) It has been tossed around from time to time as typicalis. It can be confused with typicalis, but it’s a lot smaller than typicalis. pygmaeus is younger - it occurs in the upper Kope Formation and the lower Fairview Formation. pygmaeus and typicalis do overlap, but pygmaeus is younger & typicalis is older. Geniculograptus pygmaeus is usually less than 1 centimeter long and ~1 millimeter or so wide (this species is small & narrow). Geniculograptus typicalis is ~1.25 inches (2 to 3 centimeters) long. Geniculograptus pygmaeus has square thecae that taper more than in Geniculograptus typicalis.
An intermediate form between G. typicalis typicalis and G. pygmaeus is known - it occurs in the top of the Southgate Member of the Kope Formation in Kentucky - it’s not named yet, apparently - Geniculograptus sp. - it is longer and skinnier than pygmaeus, but still smaller than typicalis.
Orthograptus quadrimucronatus - short spines come out from the sides; found in the Kope Formation to Arnheim Formation (the Richmondian Stage form is a subspecies - O. quadrimucronatus richmondensis). Biserial; thecae are more triangular and have thecal spines; the thecae are chevron-shaped (V-shaped), while Geniculograptus, in contrast, has squarish thecae. This is a larger species than Arnheimograptus anacanthus.
(Orthograptus - www.geodil.com/images/30/3004/mid.jpg)
Arnheimograptus anacanthus - found at the Flat Run Trilobite Lagerstätte site near Mt. Orab, Ohio (look for graptolites there, not trilobites!). This is a relatively new genus (named by Mitchell); it is only ~1 centimeter long, with chevron-shaped thecae; biserial.
Dicranograptus nicholsoni (strata.uga.edu/cincy/fauna/graptolithina/DicranograptusNi...) - Rich Fuchs has never seen it; a reclined graptolite - has a scandent portion, then it splits; it has a two-stipe rhabdosome with a biserial extension (Y-shaped rhabdosome - the root is biserial; the two upper branches are uniserial). Occurs in the bottom of the Kope Formation (Fulton Shale Member), which is mostly flooded now by the Ohio River.
Dicellograptus forchammeri (strata.uga.edu/cincy/fauna/graptolithina/DicellograptusFo...) - a uniserial grapolite supposedly in the Fairveiw Formation; formerly Leptograptus annectens (a Ruedemann name). Mitchell and Bergström reassigned it to Dicellograptus, because Leptograptus has a two-stipe rhabdosome. The Cincinnatian form is actually Dicellograptus sp. aff. Dicellograptus forchammeri. It has a V-shaped or U-shaped rhabdosome.
Amplexograptus maxwelli (www.flickr.com/photos/jsjgeology/17203906150) - occurs in the bottom of the Kope Formation, in the Fulton Shale; it is similar to Geniculograptus typicalis posterus, but don't worry - it occurs in beds below water level along the Ohio River in Cincinnati; biserial; square thecae - slightly rounded lip of thecae; tip is different from Geniculograptus.
(Amplexograptus - jpaleontol.geoscienceworld.org/content/76/5/921/F2.large.jpg)
Climacograptus - there’s still one of these in the Fairview Fm.
Uncertain placement graptolites:
Most of what's been assigned to the Cincinnatian dendroid graptolites is Mastigograptus, but there's lots of conjecture about what it is. There are five or so species of Mastigograptus in the Cincinnatian Series. They appear as plain, black lines (flattened tubes) in rock - "pepper rock". The five species range from the Kope Formation to the Waynesville Formation. The best way to figure out the species is to use the stratigraphic horizon.
Mastigograptus tenuiramosus - delicate; occurs in the bottom half of the Kope Formation; usually fragile - forms pepper rock. Pepper rock usually has scolecodonts. Branch angles are at 45°.
Mastigograptus gracillimus (strata.uga.edu/cincy/fauna/graptolithina/MastigograptusGr...) - these are decent-sized fossils compared with Cincinnatian graptoloids; Kope Formation to Fairview Formation.
Mastigograptus perixilis - Waynesville Formation.
(www.flickr.com/photos/jsjgeology/17203569048)
Mastigograptus strictus - has shallow branching angles. Occurs in the Arnheim Formation - can be found at the Flat Run Trilobite Lagerstätte site near Mt. Orab, Ohio. But, it could be the same species as Mastigograptus tenuiramosus.
Mastigograptus multifasciatus - upper Fairview Formation.
Are there visible thecae in Mastigograptus? Ruedemann said thecae in Mastigograptus are known from other areas. Taylor found only one thecae-bearing specimen. Rich has never seen thecae in Cincinnatian Mastigograptus. The Treatise has thecae drawn in on the Mastigograptus illustration.
Mastigograptus is sometimes listed as a dendroid, sometimes listed as uncertain.
Bulman didn’t know where to place Mastigograptus within the graptolites.
Ultrastructure studies show Mastigograptus is a graptolite. But some say they look like seawhips.
Rich Fuchs thinks that Mastigograptus is similar to seawhips. He thinks it is almost definitely not a graptolite. Seawhips are a form of coral (horny coral). After seawhips die, the outer organic material comes off, resulting in a Mastigograptus-like thing.
[Dave Meyer comment: seawhips now are much larger than Mastigograptus, but the point is well taken. There’s nothing saying Ordovician seawhips couldn’t have been small enough to be Mastigograptus.]
Urbanek did an SEM study of Mastigograptus - it’s structure is consistent with graptolites; the chemistry is the same as graptolites; therefore, it could be a graptolite; but, it still could be something else. There’s still no evidence of thecae.
There are 5 or 6 species of Cincinnatian Chaunograptus named. Most are Liberty Formation forms. Most are based on one specimen. Most of the holotypes are now missing (museum-wise). The Smithsonian renumbered their collections a while ago and lost the Chaunograptus. One was lost in a Dayton flood. Few holotypes are left. Chaunograptus are extremely fragile - not often found.
Chaunograptus is an encruster that may not be a graptolite. It is fairly rare and easily overlooked. It is more like to be found in the Richmondian Stage, especially encrusting brachiopod shells. Chaunograptus is classified as a dendroid or uncertain. There are several species, but some don't look like the rest. Ruedemann listed 11 species - 7 were Upper Ordovician - 6 were Cincinnatian. Now we're down to five species. John Taylor said two of them were synonymous. Taylor's thesis says that Chaunograptus shideleri is the same as Chaunograptus delicatus. Most of the species are Richmondian. Chaunograptus fossils have been found at the Newport Shopping Center. Rich Fuchs has found what he calls Chaunograptus contortus and Chaunograptus delicatus in the Kope Formation. This is probably a form whose ranges are not well known.
Chaunograptus contortus - encrusting black spots on nodules. Twisted thecae with extremely thin lines (nemas). Rich Fuchs has found Chaunograptus contortus in the Kope Formation, but it was described from the Liberty Formation. The type is missing - couldn't be found by Taylor.
(www.flickr.com/photos/jsjgeology/17203753020)
(www.flickr.com/photos/jsjgeology/17389341202)
Chaunograptus delicatus - the type specimen is encrusting a nodule; it has thicker lines than C. contortus; the lines trail around; occasional thecae structures; the lines move out from a central point. Also first described from the Liberty Formation. Occurs in the Liberty Formation and Whitewater Formation. The type specimen is known.
(www.flickr.com/photos/jsjgeology/16771017233)
(www.flickr.com/photos/jsjgeology/16771013283)
Chaunograptus vermiformis - Liberty Formation. The type specimen is in the Smithsonian - it's been renumbered, but it has been found.
Chaunograptus macrothecae - Grant Lake Formation. Type specimen can't be found.
Chaunograptus gemmatus - Kope Formation The type specimen (one specimen) is known.
Inocaulis (www.graptolite.net/INOCAUL.jpg) (www.flickr.com/photos/jsjgeology/17203749888) - a worse genus than Mastigograptus in terms of identifying structure and determining affinities. This is a rare fossil that's supposedly a graptolite. Inocaulis is a non-descript collection of tubes, forming a stem - looks like a series of tubes (= the thecae) bundled together. Two Cincinnatian species - Inocaulis simplex (Kope Formation) and Inocaulis grandis (Maysville Stage); it doesn’t look like a graptolite, but it’s listed as a dendroid. Grammaria is a modern hydrozoan (chess.myspecies.info/sites/chess.myspecies.info/files/gra...) - it has a similar arrangement of tubes put together. Inocaulis may be another graptolite that really isn’t.
-------------------
NJ Governor Phil Murphy announces that he is convening the Criminal Sentencing and Disposition Commission created by the Legislature, to examine racial and ethnic disparities in the state’s criminal justice system on Sunday, February 11th, 2018. Carol McKenna/OIT/Governor’s Office.
Miika Juhana Tenkula (6. maaliskuuta 1974 Oulu – 18. helmikuuta 2009 Muhos) oli suomalainen muusikko, joka tunnetaan vuosina 1989–2005 toimineen Sentenced-yhtyeen soolokitaristina.
Hän kuoli perinnöllisen sydänvian aiheuttamaan äkilliseen sydänkohtaukseen kotonaan Muhoksella 18. helmikuuta 2009. Hänet haudattiin Kirkkosaaren hautausmaalle Muhokselle
----------------------
Miika Tenkula (6 March 1974 – 18 February 2009) was a Finnish heavy metal musician. He was the lead guitarist and the main songwriter for the band Sentenced until it disbanded. He was also the band's original vocalist from 1989 to late 1992.
After Sentenced disbanded, Tenkula withdrew from publicity. He died of a sudden heart attack caused by genetic heart disease at his home in the town of Muhos 18 February 2009. His former band members remembered him by publishing an obituary in the official Sentenced webpage on 22 February 2009.
Sentenced mourned the loss of Miika Tenkula, "a dear friend, a truly remarkable artist and musician, and the very soul of what used to be Sentenced. Rest now, brother – in your music and our hearts you will live forever".
An open memorial was held in the Club Teatria in the city of Oulu on 18 April 2009. In the music containing ceremony was also show Buried Alive - concert movie, that was filmed in the same location in 2005, where Miika Tenkula and the Sentenced held their last concert before disbanding. In the ceremony, music from Miika Tenkula's favourite artists was heard, but also cover versions from the Sentenced songs performed by various Finnish artists and bands.
Finnish melodic death metal band Insomnium's song "Weighed Down with Sorrow" from their 2009 album Across the Dark is dedicated to Tenkula. (Wikipedia)
A Rethink Autism therapist teaching the Academic lesson 'Reading Sentences' using flash cards and a token board.
Rethink Autism offers web-based educational treatment solutions: assessment, training, curriculum & data tracking.
MTA New York City Transit President Demetrius Crichlow and EAGLE Team Special Inspector Patrick Daley at Brooklyn Supreme Court on Tuesday, May 26, 2026 where Samuel White was sentenced to 15 years in prison for shooting Daley while on the job in 2023.
MTA New York City Transit Executive Vice President of Buses Frank Farrell.
(Marc A. Hermann / MTA)
DRONE EVICTION. Male drone is sentenced to death by eviction. Unique bee behavior. See the worker bee chew on her brothers wings and evict him from the HIVE.
Our blog www.mahakobees.com/blog has many interesting beekeeping videos and articles on bees, drones, queen bee and beekeeping ...