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Alisha Walker was sentenced to 15 years in prison for the stabbing death of Alan Filan, a teacher in a Catholic school. Filan had contracted Walker and another sex worker to come to his home for a sexual encounter.
According to Walker, Filan brandished a knife when he began to argue over the terms of the evening. Walker grabbed the knife during the struggle that broke out and by her account, stabbed him 14 times in self defense.
A group of Chicagoans gathered to denounce the 15 year sentence as a miscarriage of justice for a woman with a dangerous job who was only trying to defend herself.
Zofiówka Sanatorium is a defunct mental health facility in the town of Otwock in Poland, built at the beginning of the 20th century. In the Second Polish Republic, the sanatorium complex was expanded with more buildings and staff. Zofiówka initially had 95 beds, but this number had increased to 275 by 1935. The Jewish history of Zofiówka has come to its tragic end in the course of the Holocaust following the invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany.
Construction
The history of the old Jewish sanatorium starts at the beginning of the 20th century. Back then, the institutionalized treatment of mental disorders was in its infancy. In 1906, Polish-Jewish neurologists Adam Wizel, Samuel Goldflam, Ludwik Bregman and Adolf Weisblat formed the "Society for Poor Jews with Nervous and Mental Illnesses" (Polish: Towarzystwo Opieki nad Ubogimi, Nerwowo i Umysłowo Chorymi Żydami). The sanatorium's director was Dr. Stefan Miller.A year later, a donation by the philanthropist Sophia Endelman enabled the purchase of 17 hectares of land and in 1908 the first building of a new sanatorium was built by the association there. An important part of the treatment was restoring patients to society by enabling them to practice employment. In its isolation ward (part of the hospital reserved for the most difficult patients), the mother of famous Polish poet, Julian Tuwim, Adela Tuwim was placed before World War II.
Holocaust history
In late 1940, the asylum fell within the so-called ‘medical zone’ formed by the Germans in the newly established Jewish ghetto of Otwock. The institution was still working during the early stages of the occupation of Poland, but the conditions dramatically worsened. Almost 400 patients were sentenced to a slow and torturous death by starvation as part of the Nazi extermination Aktionen. Zofiówka ended its existence at the same time as ghetto in Otwock.
On the morning of 19 August 1942, the Ukrainian Trawnikis supervised by the Germans, gathered the patients and the hospital crew in the first pavilion. Some 100-140 victims were shot on the spot, the rest were put on the Holocaust train to Treblinka along with Otwock’s Jewish population of 7,000.[2] Only a few doctors, who managed to escape to Warsaw by ambulance, survived. Some of the staff people committed suicide. In 1943 Zofiówka served Germans as Lebensborn, the institution of charity care. The facility also dealt with the Germanization of Polish children, and bringing them up for adoption to families in Germany.
After World War II
Zofiówka returned to its original medical purposes after the Soviet takeover, but patients were mainly children and young people. Between 1985 and mid 90’s, the facility was used in treating neuropsychiatric disorders associated with drug addiction. This continued on until the decision was made to finally close it.
In 2015, the Internet viral video called 11B-X-1371 was found to have been filmed at the abandoned facility, though by whom and when, exactly, are not known.
Delores Lolita Lebron, of New York City, was a Puerto Rican nationalist who was convicted of attempted murder and other crimes after leading an assault on the United States House of Representatives in 1954, resulting in the wounding of five members of the United States Congress.
She was sentenced to between 16 and 50 years in prison. She received an additional six-year prison sentence for sedition later in 1954. Lebrón remained imprisoned 25 years, when President Jimmy Carter issued pardons the shooters involved.
After their release in 1979, the nationalists returned to Puerto Rico, where independence movements received them with a celebration.
Sedition trial:
Following the wounding of five U.S. Representatives in the Capitol building March 1, 1954 by four Puerto Rican nationalists who opened fire on them from a visitor gallery, the U.S. government began a series of mass arrests that resulted in two conspiracy trials 1954-55. A third trial took place in Puerto Rico.
The four participants in the shooting—Delores Lolita Lebron, Rafael Cancel Miranda, Irvin Flores Rodriguez and Andres Figueroa Cordero—were quickly arrested and convicted in the attack with sentences varying from 16 years to 75 years in jail.
But the federal government went further, convening three different grand juries, summoning 91 Puerto Ricans and bringing indictments against 17 members of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party for “seditious conspiracy to overthrow the United States government by force.”
The four charged in the shootings were also among the 17 charged with conspiracy.
The indictment alleged that the defendants were “active members, leaders, officers or persons in control of the Nationalist Party of Puerto Rico, which is charged to be an organization dedicated to bringing about the political independence of Puerto Rico from the United States by force of violence or armed revolution.”
In effect, the government was using the same strategy it was using to break up the U.S. Communist Party during that period. If you were an active member of the Nationalist Party, you were guilty even if you committed no illegal acts yourself.
Four of those charged turned state’s evidence and gave testimony against the other defendants.
At the first month-long trial in October 1954, much of the evidence against the group consisted of testimony by police or informers of speeches given by Nationalist Party leaders who had used slogans like, “Throw the Yankees out at pistol point,” “give your life and property for independence,” and saying that President Harry Truman “could be hanged in a place in San Juan.”
Many of the speeches dated prior to the 1950 attempted armed revolution in Puerto Rico by the Nationalist Party that was defeated and for which many party members were jailed in Puerto Rico.
Defense attorney Conrad J. Lynn charged the government sought “proscription of a dissenting political group because of its ideas.”
Julio Pinto Gandia, a defendant who was acting as his own counsel and was the alleged leader of the group in the U.S., told the court that the party, founded in 1922, was not “a band of terrorists” and that any violent actions arose out of individual “despair.”
The most sensational specific testimony came from one of those indicted who turned state’s evidence--Gonzalo Lebron Sotomayor, brother of Delores Lolita Lebron who was the leader of the four shooters.
Lebron Sotomayor testified that Pinto Gandia told him there would be attacks on Congress, President Dwight Eisenhower and the Puerto Rican Resident Commissioner in Washington, but could not say how the plans would be carried out.
Other specific testimony involved another of those indicted who turned state’s evidence. Angle Luis Medina testified he had purchased a number of pistols and three carbines in Chicago at the direction of a party leader who told him “to be ready in case of a revolution” to free Puerto Rico.
The evidence against most of the defendants committing any specific illegal act was thin.
U.S. Attorney J. Edward Lumbard summed up the case saying that the Nationalist Party had supplied the pistols used in the U.S. Capitol shooting and a 1950 attempt to assassinate President Harry Truman and that each of the 13 defendants had their “moral fingerprints on the guns” used.
Lumbard further told the jury that the government did not have to prove that the defendants were part of a conspiracy to overthrow the U.S. government—only that they had conspired to overthrow the authority of the United States in Puerto Rico.
The defense called five witnesses to testify that the Nationalist Party did not advocate overthrow of the U.S. government and only sought total independence for Puerto Rico.
Lynn told the jury that the government was trying “proscription of a dissenting political group because of its ideas.”
Pinto Gandia had earlier sought dismissal of the indictments against the four shooters as double jeopardy and because the government, “intended to bring the guilt of the four defendants upon the other defendants by association or inference.”
He added, “it is not a crime to preach and work for the freedom of a nation and that membership in the Nationalist Party itself did not indicate anyone was part of a conspiracy.
The jury deliberated only a few hours before finding all the defendants guilty.
Two weeks after the verdicts, more arrests took place and a second trial scheduled.
The trial of 11 other Nationalists took place February-March 1955 and followed the same lines as the first trial, except that Lebron Sotomayer gave additional details to his earlier testimony.
Ten of the 11 were found guilty. Serafin Colon Olivera, 28 of New York, was acquitted. Testimony had indicated he was a Nationalist Party member in 1949 and attended a Nationalist dance in 1953.
Those found guilty in the two trials received sentences ranging from 18 months to six years in prison. Appeals failed.
In Puerto Rico, Nationalist Party leader Pedro Albizu Campos hailed the attack as “sublime heroism.” The governor revoked a previous pardon of the party leader and he was arrested after a shootout and imprisoned.
Charges were placed against 15 party members on the island, however 12 were acquitted at trial in late 1954. The three found guilty were sentenced to prison terms ranging from 3-10 years.
Albizu Campos’ health suffered badly in prison where he suffered a stroke in 1956 that left him unable to talk or walk. He was pardoned in 1964, but died a few months afterward.
The Nationalist Party was all but dead as a result of the U.S. trials and by suppression by authorities in Puerto Rico, although it continues to exist today.
First trial sedition trial in 1954:
Jorge Luis Jimenez, sentenced to six years imprisonment
Manuel Rabago Torres, sentenced to six years imprisonment
Rosa Collazo, sentenced to six years imprisonment
Juan Bernardo Lebron, sentenced to six years imprisonment
Juan Francisco Medina, sentenced to six years imprisonment
Armando Diaz Matos, sentenced to six years imprisonment
Julio Pinto Gandia, sentenced to six years imprisonment
Carmelo Alvarez Roman, sentenced to six years imprisonment
Jose Antonio Otero Otero, sentenced to six years imprisonment
Andress Figueroa Cordero, one of 4 convicted shooters, sentenced to additional six years imprisonment
Rafael Cancel Miranda, one of 4 convicted shooters, sentenced to additional six years imprisonment
Dolores Lolita Lebron, one of 4 convicted shooters, sentenced to additional six years imprisonment
Irvin Flores Rodriguez, one of 4 convicted shooters, sentenced to additional six years imprisonment
Second trial in 1955:
Juan Hernandez Valle, Puerto Rico, sentenced to six years imprisonment
Maximino Pedraza Martinez, sentenced to six years imprisonment
Santiago Gonzalez Castro, sentenced to six years imprisonment
Esteban Quinones Escute, sentenced to four years imprisonment
Angel Luis Arzola Velez, sentenced to four years imprisonment
Antonio Herrera Moreno, sentenced to four years imprisonment
Carmen Dolores Otero Torresola, sentenced to four years imprisonment
Pedro Aviles, sentenced to four years imprisonment
Julio Flores Medina, sentenced to 18 months imprisonment
Miguel Vargas Nieves, sentenced to 18 months imprisonment
Those who turned state’s evidence:
Gonzalo Lebron Sotomayor, suspended sentence
Francisco Cortez Ruiz, suspended sentence
Carlos Aulet, suspended sentence
Angel Luis Medina, suspended sentence
Acquitted at May 1955 trial:
Serafin Colon Olivera
For more information and related images to the 1954-55 conspiracy trials of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party, see flic.kr/s/aHskRMRawC
For more information and related images to the 1950 attempted assassination of President Truman and the 1954 wounding of five U.S. Representatives, see flic.kr/s/aHskghBC71
The photographer is unknown. The photo is believed to be a mugshot. The image is courtesy of the D.C. Public Library Washington Star Collection © Washington Post.
International Women's Day - Women under Martsa ng Kababaihan (Women's March) join the call for the resignation of Mrs. Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo in a protest rally at historic Mendiola Bridge, near the Malacanang Palace. They brought a "warrant of arrest" and symbolic handcuffs and gave Arroyo a sentence of reclusion perpetua or life imprisonment. FDC
Today was the first time ever I discussed verbs, nouns, and adjectives with the children. They got it in about two seconds flat. In Phoenix's case, he'd self-educated about it a bit, but as far as I know today was Halle's first time.
January 10, 2016-- Harlem--Today at the Mount Neboh Baptist Church in Harlem, Governor Andrew M. Cuomo unveiled the twelfth signature proposal of his 2016 agenda: combatting poverty and reducing rampant inequality through the Empire State Poverty Reduction Initiative. The $25 million program will bring together state and local government, non-profit and business groups to design and implement coordinated solutions to increase social mobility in ten communities across upstate New York. (Kevin P. Coughlin/Office of Governor Andrew M. Cuomo)
These are my personal notes taken during a geology presentation. I give them here because they may be of some interest. Do not expect the notes to always be in complete sentences, etc.
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Planet Earth and Its Moon
Presented by: Robert Malcuit (Denison University, Granville, Ohio, USA) (denison.edu/people/robert-malcuit)
24 May 2011
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The Moon has been melted down to 600 km. It has an anorthosite crust (light-colored) - ~all plagioclase feldspar-rock. It also has mare with basalts (dark-colored). The Moon is basically black and white. The astronauts who visited observed that the Moon was “black and white and gray” - no colors.
(www.flickr.com/photos/silversolo/16875006978)
(www.flickr.com/photos/jsjgeology/16602236679)
Earth’s composition indicates it is made of chondritic meteorites.
Most scientists have considered the Moon to have had little significance to the history of Earth. This is now known not to be the case.
Without the Moon, Earth’s rotation rate today would be 12 to 14 hours per day.
Earth’s actual 24 hours per day rotation rate is due to tidal friction from the presence of the Moon.
What is the origin of the Moon? Most advocate the impact model. Here, Malcuit is presenting a different view.
Earth is special - it has liquid water at the surface, it has free oxygen in the atmosphere, it has a highly developed biologic system, it has a strong magnetic field (Jupiter and the Sun have way stronger magnetic fields), it has a very large Moon (mass ratio of 1:81), it’s the only planet with true granite, it’s the only planet with continental crust, it’s the only planet with operational plate tectonics.
(nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/image/planetary/earth/apollo17_earth.jpg)
Moon’s mare deposits (younger) have a weaker magnetic signature than the anorthosite crustal rocks (older). This means that the lunar magnetic field died out from 3.9 to 3.6 Ga.
Earth’s continental crust mostly formed over subduction zones.
Earth plate tectonics have been operating since the beginning of the Earth, some say. Others say modern plate tectonics didn’t start until 1 billion years ago. Before that, Earth was too hot to get subduction. But, there are volcanic arcs that predate 1 billion years. However, a different plate tectonics style probably operated then.
If Earth did not have the Moon, Earth’s rotation rate would be ~12 hours/day, there would be no significant tides (only 10 to 15 centimeters from solar tides), there would be no granite and no continents, there would probably be some ocean water, and Earth would have an all-enclosing basaltic crust. Earth would probably develop bacterial life, and maybe algal life. It would have been difficult to have higher forms of life.
If the Moon was larger than it is, Earth would have 36 hours per day, resulting in extremely cold nights.
If the Moon was smaller than it is, Earth would be very different.
Earth is truly in a goldilocks zone.
Harold Urey (1893-1981), the discoverer of heavy hydrogen, said this: the Moon was a very primitive planetoid; it was a “survivor” of a class of planetoids that did not get consumed by collision with other bodies; the Moon is a major recorder of solar system events; the Moon is a captured satellite; the Moon is the “Rosetta Stone of the Solar System”.
Well, the Moon is as old as the Earth, so it is primitive. The Moon may be a little older than the Earth.
The Moon’s maria are in a straight line - the largest is first, the next largest is next, the next largest is next.
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The origin of the Moon - 4 models.
1) fission models
2) co-formation models
3) capture models - a minority view; calculations demonstrating capture have only been done at Denison University in Granville, Ohio.
4) giant impact models - a popular view; there’s actually not much evidence for it; proponents can’t make a lunar-sized body from the impact debris; if they can, they can’t get the Moon to be the right composition.
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Fission model - Darwin (1880) proposed the fission model. Early Earth spun so fast that the Moon pinched off and orbited Earth. See Wise (1963). Problem with the fission model - how does Earth get to be spinning so quickly for this to happen?
Co-formation model - was popular from 1930 to 1975, after the fission idea died out. Earth and the Moon formed from the same material. Calculations showed that this model didn’t provide a Moon in stable orbit. Plus, Earth & the Moon have different compositions.
Prograde capture model - calculations have been done by Malcuit and others. The Moon moved from a Sun-centered orbit to a geocentric orbit. The energy generated by the Moon capture event was 2.2 x 10 to the 28th power Joules.
Giant impact model - first seriously proposed in 1984 at a Hawaii conference. It has been favored ever since. It doesn’t relate to the geology of Earth or the Moon very well. The model has a Mars-mass body smashing into Proto-Earth. The impact event melts Proto-Earth completely. The debris coalesced into the Moon, which originally formed at 3 Earth radii distance, according to the model. It was 24 hours between the impact and the embryonic Moon. Earth initially rotated ~5 hours per day. No one has made a Moon from the debris, though.
Capture calculations have been done at Denison University since 1987.
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A viable Moon origin model has to explain the following:
1) anhydrous nature of the Moon
2) Potassium index (K index) for Solar System bodies (“banana index”) - the potassium content of planetary bodies decreases in a regular way in the Solar System
3) volatile element depletion patterns for Solar System bodies - water and other volatile element contents of planetary bodies decrease in a regular way in the Solar System
4) body density differences - the Moon has a 5 grams/cubic centimeter density; the Earth has a 3.3 g/cc density
5) lunar crust & mare rock dates
6) maria origin
7) asymmetry of lunar mass distribution
8) temporal patterns of lunar rock magnetization
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The discovery of Moon water was much hyped - it wasn’t quite a hoax, but it was very overstated - wishful thinking. The very thin, scattered coating of water ice on the Moon was mostly implanted by solar wind. People can’t live on the amount of water there.
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The giant impact model talking points:
1) it accounts for the masses of the Moon and the Earth (actually, it doesn’t)
2) it accounts for the angular momentum of the Earth-Moon system (actually, it doesn’t)
3) it accounts for the iron depletion of the Moon (yes, it does)
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The tidal capture model talking points:
1) it accounts for the masses of the Moon and the Earth (yes)
2) it accounts for the angular momentum of the Earth-Moon system (yes, it does) - a 10 hours/day rotating Earth that captures the Moon results in an angular momentum that we have now
3) it accounts for iron depletion of the Moon, relative to Earth (this is now explained by the capture model since 2003 understandings)
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The Earth-Moon system is unique. Moon origin models require an unusual explanation. Uncommon objects, like the Moon, require an uncommon origin.
Leaning toward the capture model - it was the default explanation from 1975 to 1984.
Capture vs. collision models - a David vs. Goliath scenario.
Tens of millions of dollars have been spent on computer simulations of the giant impact model, mainly at Los Alamos. There’s lots of investment in the impact model.
Earth can’t dissipate the high amounts of energy generated by the capture event over short periods of time. The Moon can.
If capture happened, where did the Moon come from? Didn’t know, originally.
When Malcuit retired in 1999, he still didn’t have an answer.
The capture scenario turns out to be far more complex and fascinating than realized 15 years ago.
Compare the Moon capture model with plate tectonics and Milankovitch climate cyclicity. It took 60 years for plate tectonics to be accepted (1912 to 1972) - a long incubation period for the concept. It took 64 years for the Milankovitch model of Ice Ages to be accepted (1912-1976) - also a long incubation period.
The capture model is simple in principle but complex in the details.
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Where did the Moon come from?
Possibilities:
1) near Earth’s orbit. If so, would get a Moon with the same composition as Earth. (which it isn’t)
2) in the inner part of the Asteroid Belt. If so, would get a Moon with ices/water. (which it doesn’t)
3) in the inner part of the Solar System, near the Sun - a near-Sun origin for the Moon was first suggested in the 1970s.
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Relevant ideas - X-Wind Model, Cool Early Earth Model, K Index for Solar System Bodies, calculations by Evans & Tabachnik (1999)
The X-Wind Model allows for an iron-poor Moon forming near the Sun. Calcium-aluminum inclusions (CAIs) in carbonaceous chondrite meteorites are also explained by the X-Wind Model. The giant impact model can’t explain CAIs.
The most stable orbits in the Solar System have been found to occur at 0.1 to 0.2 AU (astronomical units). Orbits at this distance from the Sun are stable for up to 1 billion years. Objects that orbited the Sun at this distance (= closer than Mercury - solarviews.com/raw/merc/mercury.jpg) have been called Vulcanoids. No one has seen a Vulcanoid, it’s been thought. Let’s start the Moon in a Vulcanoid orbit.
Potassium (K) depletion trends:
carbonaceous chondrite meteorites (CI, CM, CV chondrites) have high K contents.
(www.flickr.com/photos/jsjgeology/albums/72157645997754616)
From there, in order of decreasing K content:
Mars (mysite.du.edu/~jcalvert/astro/mars2003.jpg)
Earth
Vesta (= parent body of eucrite meteorites) (upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Vesta_full_mo...) (www.flickr.com/photos/jsjgeology/14785947504)
Moon
Angra (= parent body of angrite meteorites - not yet identified, but probably in the Asteroid Belt now - www.flickr.com/photos/jsjgeology/5867996330).
The Moon is chemically associated with Vesta and Angra (eucrites & angrites).
Primitive meteorites have chondrules, calcium-aluminum inclusions (CAIs), and matrix. Chondrules are 1-5 mm spherical structures in primitive meteorites (www.flickr.com/photos/jsjgeology/14778331004). Calcium-aluminum inclusions (CAIs) are 1-3 mm spherical structures in primitive meteorites (www.flickr.com/photos/jsjgeology/14787764392). They are rare, except in a meteorite that fell in 1969. The matrix is fine dust - it has element ratios very similar to the Sun.
Compositions of planets & planetoids - Mars is ~90% matrix material. Earth and Venus are a combination of chondrules and matrix + some CAI material. The Moon, Vesta, and Angra have ~90% CAI compositions.
When the Sun formed (very hot) (www.daviddarling.info/images/Sun_021203.jpg), it pushed water and all other volatiles out to the snowline, at 5 AU. Jupiter picked up that material and grew like mad. (sos.noaa.gov/images/Solar_System/jupiter.jpg)
The iron line is at 0.4 AU, where Mercury orbits. ~1200° C. Get a concentration of iron at 0.4 AU - this is why Mercury is so Fe-rich (huge Fe core, compared to planet size).
~0.15 AU is where the Moon formed - inside the iron line, resulting in an Fe-depleted Moon (which it is). ~0.15 AU is a stable orbit zone.
The X-Wind Model explains CAIs - they formed at the reconnection ring shown in an X-Wind diagram and then they got swept elsewhere in the Solar System.
(www.sciencemag.org/content/277/5331/1475/F1.large.jpg)
Cool Early Earth - proposed by John Valley et al. (2002).
4.4 billion year old zircons from the Jack Hills, Australia were discovered in 1986. The zircons indicate Earth was cool at 4.4 Ga - cool enough to have surface water. Many Earth geologic time scales start with the Hadean - Earth was supposed to have been hotter-than-hell back then. 4.4 Ga zircons indicate that wasn’t the case.
The Moon capture event occurred at 3.95 billion years ago. The older lunar maria rocks came into existence then.
Earth’s primitive crust got recycled at 3.95 Ga - this is seen in Australia, Greenland, and South Africa.
Earth was moonless for 600 million years after its formation. Lunar capture started at 3.95 Ga.
Looking at the relationship between Mercury, the Moon, and Vesta. The spacecraft Dawn will orbit Vesta soon.
SPZ - the stable planetoid zone inside Mercury’s orbit. Angra was closest to the Sun, Luna (the Moon) was a bit farther out, and Vesta was a bit farther than that - all inside the orbit of Mercury. The reconnection ring (= CAI formation locality) is inside the orbit of Angra. The area had fluctuating ~1600° K temperatures. There were other bodies in the SPZ - “No Names”.
Why did the Moon get melted to a depth of 600 km? The same thing happened to Mercury.
The Sun entered a T-Tauri stage, after the X-Wind stage. X-Wind involved generation of x-rays and more powerful radiation. The T-Tauri stage was a slow burn - microwave radiation. Luna (Moon), Vesta, and Angra were heated & baked from the outside-in by the T-Tauri event. This melted the top 600 km of the Moon. Luna then had a stronger electromagnetic field.
Luna formed at 0.15 AU and ended up as a Moon of the Earth at 1 AU by prograde gravitational capture - a “benign estrangement” scenario.
Capture models in general - captured bodies can enter a retrograde orbit or a prograde orbit - there’s a 50-50 chance for each. Happily for us, the Moon was captured in a prograde orbit - it has been getting farther away from Earth through time. If it was captured in a retrograde orbit, the Moon would be getting closer to Earth through time - that would be bad.
Vesta was born at 0.19 AU and ended up at 2.4 AU, in the Asteroid Belt. Vesta was tossed around Mercury and Venus. Vesta is too small to have been captured. Options for Vesta - collision with larger bodies or passed by larger bodies. The latter is what happened - it's now in the Asteroid Belt.
Angra was born at 0.1 AU - it’s current location is unknown, but it is probably in the Asteroid Belt.
Adonis - a 0.5 Moon-mass body born at ~0.22 AU. Was gravitationally captured by Venus (0.7 AU) into a retrograde orbit. Adonis approached Venus through geologic time, and eventually coalesced with Venus at ~1 billion years to ~500 million years ago. This is why Venus is a basalt cauldron - a smoldering mass - campfire.andycamper.com/wp-content/media/2011/05/venus.jpg. This is a “fatal attraction” scenario - retrograde capture + coalescence at half a billion to a billion years ago.
Earth would have been like Venus & Adonis if the Moon was captured in retrograde orbit.
So, looking at the Moon as a vulcanoid. Vulcanoids were named in 1978. No one’s seen a vulcanoid. Well, we have been seeing a vulcanoid all this time.
The Moon has a blow-out hole (Mare Orientale - cumbriansky.files.wordpress.com/2012/12/screenshot_2012-1...) - material necked out by tidal disruption and fell back to the Moon’s surface to form the maria in a great circle pattern. ~18 orbits after Moon capture, there was possibly a solar perturbation that pushed the Moon closer to Earth - got maria splashes.
The X-Wind Model well explains CAIs and dehydration events. It doesn’t explain chondrules. The T-Tauri phase microwaved the Moon.
Where did chondrules form? After the dehydration event, the entire inner Solar System must have been chondrules. Chondrules formed by shock waves in the inner Solar System. The shock waves may have originated during Jupiter planetesimal coalescence events. Jupiter formed from large balls of hydrogen and helium and solid material. If two of these balls collided, would get a shock wave. With another ball collision, another shock wave was generated. Chondrules formed by melting of material by the shock waves, like a lightning strike, resulting in droplets in space. They cooled quickly into glass and later crystallized. Very rapid formation for chondrules.
The potassium index pattern developed before chondrules formed.
Earth and Venus are ~the same.
Moon, Adonis, Vesta, Angra - 4 vulcanoids.
Capture is simple in principle. Capture is complex in detail.
Earth has a large Moon - prograde capture.
Triton, a moon of Neptune, was captured for sure - it’s going the wrong way, orbit-wise.
Most of the energy generated by the Moon capture event was absorbed by the Moon.
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See Professor Malcuit's new book, published in 2015: "The Twin Sister Planets Venus and Earth, Why Are They So Different?" (www.springer.com/us/book/9783319113876)
This book summarizes the contents of the above talk.
________________________________________
Summary of talk provided by Professor Malcuit: The origin of the Moon is still an unsolved problem in the natural sciences. In recent years many investigators have jumped onto the “bandwagon” to espouse the merits of the Giant Impact Model. This model proposes that the Moon was formed as a result of a collision of a mars-mass body with the primitive earth about 30 million years after the formation of the Earth. Although the Giant Impact Model appears to be physically possible, at least in part, the model does not relate very well to the rock records of the Earth or the Moon.
The other physically possible model is the Gravitational Capture Model. Most of the recent work, 1972 to present, has been done at Denison University as a combined geology and physics project. Our Capture Model is now undergoing a “renaissance” in light of (1) the Potassium Index for solar system bodies (~1995), (2) the discovery of a multitude of stable planetoid orbits between the orbits of planet Mercury and the Sun (~1999), and (3) the Cool Early Earth Model (~2002). In other words, the Gravitational Capture Model does relate to a number of features of the rock records of both the Earth and the Moon.
This presentation will summarize some of the scientific evidence in favor of the Gravitational Capture Model and compare and contrast this information with the main features of Giant Impact Model.
________________________________________
Biographical information on Professor Malcuit: Bob Malcuit received his Bachelor and Master degrees in Geology from Kent State Univeristy in 1968 and 1970 and his Ph.D in Geology from Michigan State University in 1973. Bob’s current research is in Planetary Geology and one of the themes of several of his projects is that “THE MOON IS THE ROSETTA STONE OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM”. He inherited this concept from Harold Urey (American chemist) and Zdenek Kopal (Czech astronomer). In other words, Bob thinks that the Earth’s Moon is one of the most important recorders of scientific information in the Solar System (a minority view at the present time). He is also promoting the view that without a large satellite like our Moon, planet Earth would be very different from what it is today. For example, without the Moon and the associated rock and ocean tidal action, the Earth would probably not be habitable for life forms higher than bacteria and algae.
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Five members of United Cafeteria and Restaurant Workers union Local 471 are sentenced to six months in jail for clashes on the picket line during their 78-day strike in 1948.
The April 18, 1948 Washington Post article reports on the sentences that were given after the strike was settled.
As the article reports, the harsh sentences were designed to send a message to Local 471 and other unions.
For more information and related images, see flic.kr/s/aHsm1ZnVra
For a deep dive into the 1948 cafeteria workers strike, see washingtonspark.wordpress.com/2018/01/02/against-the-cold...
The image is part of an article published in the Washington Post April 18, 1948.
Mr Thomas Lubanga Dyilo in ICC Courtroom I for his sentencing hearing on 10 July 2012 © ICC-CPI/Jerry Lampen/ANP
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People hate when sentences do not end the way they potato.
Like this design? Come and give Sentences That End In Potato a rating on www.ShirtRater.com.
Over the coming months, thousands of gleaming letters of the alphabet will be constructed, imaginatively designed and equipped with LEDs and receivers. And all these constructors are invited to bring their letters to Linz’s riverside Donaupark on the evening of September 1, when these works of art will get connected up to the voestalpine Klangwolke and become part of a gigantic spectacle. After all: it’s the interplay with thousands of other letters that enables each individual character to unfold its full potential—to become components of words, and, in turn, sentences in which information morphs into communication.
credit: Emiko Ogawa
Barry Robinson was a prisoner in Gartree prison in the 80s when he discovered his talent for scraperboard. His parents were from Staffordshire and held exhibitions of his work. He died after his release, some time before 2006.
Anyone that can offer any more information regarding this fine talent, please get in touch or join the Barry Robinson Flickr Group
Looking forward to hearing from you.
On May 8, 1973 New York Governor Nelson Rockefeller signed the Rockefeller Drug Laws, which established mandatory minimums for the sale and possession of illegal narcotics with a minimum sentence of 15 years and a maximum of 25 years to life.
In Boston, about 45 demonstrators, including a dozen speakers, out for Pvt. Manning on the day of her sentencing. A number of speakers took up the PVT Manning Support Network's call to urge people to sign the petition at pardon.privatemanning.org that calls on President Obama to issue a pardon. Other speakers expressed the view that this approach will be ineffective and that other approaches need to be considered. Everyone who spoke agreed that the 35 year sentence for acts of whistle-blowing is excessive. A number of folks discussed the issues with onlookers and passers-by.
VIsit www.privatemanning.org to learn more about the heroic whistleblower.
The Barnwell Sentence, Riverside, Cambridge, 31 Mar 2015
When I first saw this I though it was clever street art.
When I saw it close up I realised somebody had been spending lots of money!
'The Barnwell Sentence' mural in Kingsley Walk was created in late 2014 by Lucy Skaer, and is on marble tiles.
The web site says that the artwork takes the form of a 100m ‘sentence', winding its way through the Cambridge Riverside development. It is made up of imprints that tell a story of this site and its proximity. The sculptures and pictograms include Carp fish, strawberries, and school blazers, the largest being a life-sized blue whale skeleton, marking the entrance to the site from Newmarket Road.
I don't speak Barnwell, so don't really understand the meaning of the blue whale. But it does have an exclamation mark!
Reading about the death sentences, Luoyang 1984. In 1984 there was a massive crackdown on crime, and there were many executions with parades through the street, which I witnessed once
10-30
This Mallard won't migrate but die early because of Angel Wing.
For many, feeding birds at ponds and parks is a cherished childhood memory; one they lovingly recreate for their children and grandchildren. Tragically, thousands of birds die annually due to a condition overwhelmingly caused by people who don’t know this beloved activity can be deadly.
What is Angel Wing?
“Angel wing” is a deformity commonly found in ducks, geese, swans, and other waterfowl. There has been little scientific study done on the condition, yet most wildlife and waterfowl experts agree the overwhelming cause of angel wing is an unhealthily-high protein and/or carbohydrate-based diet. The disorder causes the last joint in one or both wings to unnaturally twist outward, rather than lying flat against the bird’s body.
Birds with angel wing are stripped of their ability to fly and therefore their main method of defense. Since the affected birds are unable to escape predators, they are often maimed or killed by them. Additionally, when life-threatening weather conditions develop, they are unable to fly away to safety, and instead starve, succumbing to injuries or freeze to death.
How Do Birds Contract Angel Wing?
The birds most likely to contract angel wing are those residing in parks, on ponds, and in public areas where people feed them unhealthy food. As they grow, young birds subsisting on bread and other inappropriate food sources can develop issues preventing their bones from forming normally, resulting in angel wing.
Angel Wing can occur naturally as well. The theorized causes of angel wing are genetics, the excessive intake of carbohydrates and proteins, together with insufficient intake of vitamin low dietary calcium and manganese deficiency but when you find them in the parks and public places it is most likely caused by human food.
How Is Angel Wing Treated?
Cape Wildlife Center, a Barnstable, Mass.-based wildlife rehabilitation center operated by The Fund for Animals, an affiliate of The Humane Society of the United States, treats about 2,000 animals per year, including a significant number of geese, swans, and ducks suffering from angel wing. The highest incidence of admission is late fall or winter when affected birds have grown enough for the condition to be fully and painfully apparent.
If the patients treated are very young, the condition can sometimes be minimized by splinting and repositioning the affected wing while feeding them a proper diet for optimal growth. Even then, a full recovery is not guaranteed. For rehabilitators, it can be emotionally taxing to see birds denied the chance for a full and productive life because people didn’t know about the dangers of improperly feeding them.
For adult birds, the condition is almost always a death sentence: They are struck by cars, killed by predators, or die from nutritional deficiencies or weather extremes. Even birds who are rescued and brought to a rehabilitation center will surely die if set free. They must be placed with a sanctuary for the remainder of their life, and there are not enough sanctuaries to meet demand.
How Can I Help?
Angel wing can be drastically reduced by not feeding birds “people food,” including bread, popcorn, or crackers. This simple rule will literally save lives.
This doesn’t mean the enjoyable and bonding activity of feeding birds must be eliminated – you just have to identify areas where feeding waterfowl is supported, and offer the birds the right food to sustain their health.
Nutritious waterfowl feed or duck pellets are inexpensive, easy to carry, and can be purchased at most feed stores. Seedless grapes cut in half, shredded kale, Swiss chard or romaine lettuce, and grains, including wheat, barley and oats, are all healthy food sources that will appeal to most waterfowl. Make sure anything you feed is bite-sized to avoid choking hazards.
Feeding wild birds a proper diet preserves a treasured family tradition while teaching children the importance of making choices that strengthen, rather than undercut, the human-animal bond. In this way, we will rear generations of people recognizing the necessity for responsible stewardship and celebrate the value of compassionate co-existence with wildlife.
Not one of my photos is to be used or reproduced in any way, shape or form. Please understand clearly these are my photographs and use of them by anyone is an infringement of my copyrights and personal artistic property!
@ All rights reserved worldwide. Use without permission is illegal!
If you are interested in any of the photos shown please contact me.
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The moment a man hears his sentence from a judge. His freedom ends in an instant; for the first time in his life his self-determination is taken from him. Life as he has known it ends and a future in which his every move is controlled begins,
(further information and pictures you can see by clicking on the link at the end of page!)
Schottenstift
Schottenstift Exterior - © Schottenstift
In the heart of Vienna lies the abbey of Our Lady to the Scots, the habitat of Benedictine monks who know themselves addressed by this sentence from the book of Psalms in person.
By the aim of the search for God and by the concrete form of life the monks are associated with the many Benedictine monks and Benedictine nuns all over the world. In addition, they know themselves in solidarity with all people of good will, like them, seeking true life.
Schottenstift - © Schottenstift
Following the Benedictine rules, the monastery but provides also very specific services. In the spirit of Benedictine hospitality the Schottenstift offers »monastery for a limited time", in the as a bed and breakfast run Benediktushaus guests from all over the world are welcome. The pastoral and spiritual care are just as much part of everyday life of the members of the Convention as the teaching in the traditional Scots high school and youth work in the basement. In the spirited Scots parish a lively cultural activity can unfold.
History of the Schottenstift
Duke Henry II Jasomirgott made Vienna the residence of Babenbergerreiches (Kingdom of the Babenberg). To emphasize the importance of the new capital, he convened in 1155 iroschottische (Irish-Scottish) monks from the St. Jakob monastery in Regensburg to Vienna. The new foundation in the first place should be a place of prayer, but then also a place where pilgrims and guests could find admission, a refuge for asylum seekers (the name "Freyung" still today reminds of that) and a center of cultural life.
Scots Church - © S. Gaube, Citype Scots Church - © S. Gaube, Citype
In the years from 1160 to 1200 outside the former city limits arose a mighty Romanesque church, which was a lot bigger than today's church, and the eastern part of the Roman church reached about 25 meters beyond the east wall of the present house of worship. In 1200, the church and convent were consecrated by the Bishop of Passau Wolfger von Ellenbrechtskirchen. Already in 1276 much of this troublesome erected complex fell victim to a fire. Earthquakes in the years 1348 and 1443 again left traces of destruction. In the mid-15th Century thus arose a new monastery.
Scots Church - © S. Gaube, Citype
In 1418 the era of Irish-Scottish monks ended, since in the course of the Melker Reform they were encouraged also to integrate locals into their ranks because junior staff more and more became sparse. The Iroschotten but prefered to return to their mother abbey in Regensburg. The name "Scots" but remained to this day.
Schottenstift Deed - © Schottenstift
Deed of Foundation
The fundamental redesign of Scots Abbey falls in the 17th and 18th Century. 1648, the present church was completed, in the following decades the monastery complex was changed from its very foundations.
Decisive role in these buildings had Abbot Carl Fetzer (1705-1750). Today's "Schottenhof (Court)" under abbot Andreas Wenzel (1807-1831) by the architect Josef Kornhäusel was classicist redesigned. The intensive study of science and close ties to the in 1365 founded University of Vienna resulted yet in the times of irish-scottish monks in the emergence of a first library. Although from those roots today almost nothing remains, the number of medieval manuscripts and incunabula in the following centuries grew. In this regard, wrote Albert P. Huebl (1867-1931) all currently valid printed catalogs. During the reorganization of the monastery, a new library hall was built under Abbot Andreas Wenzel for printed books, whose current division Vincent P. Knauer (1828-1894) had created. Under his leadership, a handwritten nominal catalog of books was created in 1883.
In 1807 on the request of the emperor it came to the foundation of the "Schottengymnasium" which took up the old school tradition of the house on the Freyung and should it continue. The prestigious school has become a main area of work of the monks. Concerning the building structure, the two world wars the Schottenstift on the whole has survived intact, for the Convention itself they entailed great damage, be it the economic troubles after the first world war or the great human bloodletting in the years 1939 to 1945. Numerous brothers fell in the war or did not return, the gates of the school remained closed from 1938 to 1945. The Second Vatican Council for the Scots Abbey, too, entailed the profound reflection upon the peculiarities of the monastic life and the tasks, which a Benedictine community in the world of today should and can shoulder.
The museum in Schottenstift
Schottenstift - © Schottenstift
Important art dating back several centuries
The Vienna Schottenstift on Freyung is among the most important Benedictine monasteries in Austria. Yet in the 15th Century, the Abbey of the Scots developed into a center of the Vienna spiritual and city life. Not coincidentally shows the Scots masters altar the first topographically correct view of the city of Vienna. The reign of Barockabtes (Baroque abbot) Carl Fetzer (1705-1750) was an economic and cultural heyday. The 1826-1832 by Josef Kornhäusel designed Prelature now houses the "Museum in the Abbey of the Scots". In addition to an extensive collection of paintings, furniture, tapestries, vestments and liturgical utensils and vestments, it shows an impressive documentation of the monastery history.
Schottenstift - © Schottenstift
Scots Champion - © Schottenstift Scots Masters - © Schottenstift
The high altar of the original Gothic collegiate church was removed about 1640. Today, the altar of the "Wiener Scots Master (Schottenmeister)", originating from 1469 to 1480, is a masterpiece of late Gothic painting in Austria and the center of the museum in Schottenstift. History, development process, workshop operations, among others, illustrates an informative documentary, which complement the successor works to Flemish painting of the 17th Century by Josse de Momper the Younger and David Vinckboons.
In Schottenstift the Interested visitor finds in addition to major religious paintings (among others by Peter Paul Rubens, Jan Cossiers and Giovanni Battista Pittoni), portrait and landscape painting of the 17th and 18th Century (eg by Johann Christian Brand, Christian Seybold, Christoph Paudiss and Simon de Vos) and Vienna Biedermeier painting by Johann Baptist Drechsler, Johann Knapp, Thomas Ender and Johann Peter Krafft. Works of the Dutch and Austrian still life painting of the 17th and 18th Century complement the valuable private collection. The large-sized former Baroque high altar painting by Joachim von Sandrart »The heavenly glory" (1671) in Prälatensaal is, like the lecture hall with works of Austrian baroque painters, as Peter Paul Strudel and Tobias Pock, integrated into the museum complex.
This was my ceramics project for the theme "confront". It had to be a piece that hung out from the wall and, optionally, could be a "confronting" issue. I chose to do both. Here is my artist statement regarding this work:
"As an artist I create with a number of different objectives - sometimes it’s to tell a story, mine or someone else; other times it’s to express and evoke emotion. For this piece, “sentence” I was aiming to make people consider the roles society often forces women into. Personally, as a woman who was raised in a two person working household, obtained degrees in higher education and then chose to stay home while my children were young, the apron is an item that I cherish. I wore an apron almost everyday for a variety of motherly activities, but I chose to don that apron. I could have easily chosen to pursue a career and work outside of the home. This is the goal of feminism, that women have a choice (for anything and everything) the same as men. Society’s aim to decide for women where they are best served is akin to deciding that a criminal should be monitored and detained. Therefore, I made this apron like a convict’s uniform. I gave her the inmate number 01152020, which was the date (January 15, 2020) when the Equal Rights Amendment final received the 38th state ratification. The apron provides three pockets that each hold a key. On the pockets are the photographs of Alice Paul, Betty Friedan, and Shirley Chisholm. These women all served pivotal roles in the evolution of the feminist movement. On each of the keys is a quote by that woman. These keys (and their words) demonstrate the wisdom, knowledge, and bravery of these feminist pioneers to release women from societal prison."
Judge Turner Imprisons Demetria Dunn Requires Restitution
On Tuesday, Judge Turner signed an Order of Commitment To Jail' for Demetria Dunn.
Added by Staff Writers on January 19, 2017.
Saved under Breaking News, City of Cullman News, Cullman County News, Cullman Crime Watch, State of Alabama News
Tags: Demetria Dunn, Imprisonment, Judge, Wells Turner
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This order imprisons Demetria Dunn to 12 months at the Cullman County Detention Center – effective immediately. – Judge Turner Imprisons Demetria Dunn Requires Restitution
Judge Turner Imprisons Demetria Dunn Requires Restitution
Judge Turner Imprisons Demetria Dunn Requires Restitution
As you may recall, Cullman Today in conjunction with the Worthless Check Unit of the Office of District Attorney C. Wilson Blaylock and the Cullman Police Department issued a community-wide crime alert for a black female believed to be in her mid-thirties who had been on a crime spree in late 2016.
The person of interest was officially known as:
Demetria Dunn
Dunn had 219 known criminal charges on her record. She also has 16 known outstanding warrants against her in Cullman County alone. She was alleged to have been passing countless bogus checks throughout the City of Cullman and portions of Cullman County and beyond into other jurisdictions around Christmas time.
Judge Turner Imprisons Demetria Dunn Requires Restitution
Judge Turner Imprisons Demetria Dunn Requires Restitution
Most of Demetria Dunn’s charges involve two main areas of criminal activity:
★ Negotiating Worthless Negotiable Instruments
★ Theft By Deception
Dunn had also been charged with Failure To Appear.
Judge Turner Imprisons Demetria Dunn Requires Restitution
Beth Richards
At the time of the community-wide crime alert, she was also in violation of probation in Cullman County for convictions linked to previous crimes. She has been imprisoned for similar charges in the past. An open bench warrant was in place for her arrest.
At the time, Beth Richards of the District Attorney’s Worthless Check Unit called Dunn a ‘super persuasive, highly intelligent, charismatic, and very conscious bad check artist’.
Within 12 hours of the issuance, the crime alert paid dividends
Following a lead generated by the joint community crime watch announcement, a citizen tipster in Blount County responded to the public request for determining the whereabouts of Dunn.
Calling Blount County 9-1-1, the caller indicated that an individual matching the description of Dunn was likely at the Jack’s Family Restaurant on Alabama Highway 79 in Locust Fork. A Blount County Sheriff’s Deputy aware of the community crime watch announcement immediately responded to the call. Arriving at the location, the deputy arrived at Jack’s finding Dunn inside.
Demetria Dunn was promptly arrested.
Judge Turner Imprisons Demetria Dunn Requires Restitution
Judge Turner Imprisons Demetria Dunn Requires Restitution
After being booked in Blount County, Demetria Dunn was then transferred to the Cullman County Detention Center where she remained with NO BOND until her court date and subsequent sentencing.
After the arrest, Officer Cindy Rohrscheib with the Cullman Police Department said:
“The really good news is Dunn is now off the streets where she can longer steal from people. If it weren’t for the community crime watch announcement, she’d almost certainly still be on the streets victimizing merchants ahead of the Christmas holiday. I greatly appreciate the concern and proactive response by the many citizens who came forward since the story and announcement last night. This is a great example of the media, citizens and law enforcement agencies working in cooperation to take bad folks off the streets.”
Judge Turner Imprisons Demetria Dunn Requires Restitution
The Honorable Wells Turner, II District Judge
On the morning of Tuesday, January 10, 2017, Demetria Dun was transported from the Cullman County Detention Center in shackles to appear before The Honorable Wells Turner, III District Judge.
In a plea agreement reached between Judge Turner and Dunn’s court appointed attorney Joshua O’Neal, Demetria Dunn pleaded GUILTY to 16 separate charges of Negotiating A Worthless Instrument in violation of Alabama Code 13A-9-13.
Judge Turner sentenced her to 12 months in the Cullman County Jail (suspended) placing her on probation for a period of 24 months. She was also required to pay FULL restitution to each of the 16 victims of her crimes as well as the following fees for each charge:
• $30 merchant fees
• $176 Worthless Check Unit Service Charge
• All Court Costs with 85% going for use in law enforcement,
• $21 Solicitors Fee
• $25 Crime Victims Compensation Fee
In the same court appearance, Judge Turner signed an Order of Commitment To Jail. This order imprisons Demetria Dunn to 12 months in the Cullman County Detention Center – effective immediately.
Judge Turner Imprisons Demetria Dunn Requires Restitution
Jeff Roberts
This imprisonment was tied to a similar arrest/charge early in 2016 where Dunn passed a bogus check with Pizza Hut in the amount of $27.08 and received a motion from the court to revoke her probation.
Jeff Roberts, Cullman Assistant District Attorney, weighed in on the Dunn cases after sentencing was handed down:
“Ms. Dunn had previously been arrested and plead guilty to multiple worthless check cases in Cullman County, but continued writing bad checks, not only here, but in several other counties. It has been and will always be the policy of this office to work with someone who makes the mistake of writing bad checks one time. It is also our policy to place people in jail who willfully continue to write bad checks, in order to protect our merchants and citizens from further loss.”
Dunn has charges pending in at least twelve other Counties and/or jurisdictions across north and central Alabama.
It is generally believed that when she finishes her 12-month sentence at the Cullman County Detention Center, law enforcement agencies in those jurisdictions will immediately wish to interview Dunn on those additional warrants/charges with further arrests, sentencing, and imprisonment possible.
Beth Richards, Cullman Worthless Check Unit Coordinator, was pleased with the process that led to Dunn’s arrest and the outcome of her legal process:
“We really appreciate how quickly this story went out into the community and the huge response it generated. The people who shared the article and those who gave tips to law enforcement about locating Ms. Dunn have our gratitude.”
cullmantoday.com/2017/01/19/judge-turner-imprisons-demetr...
I was reading a Fish & Game publication on wild turkey hunting when I was assaulted by this sentence fragment. Rather than fix it (i.e., turn the period into a comma), I tried to IMPROVE it.
Six Sentences, Volume 3
Edited by Lydia Davis
Third time's a charm! The international authors of "Six Sentences" are back, and this time, no subject matter is taboo, and everything - and everyone - is fair game. The collection features all-new work from some of the finest practitioners of the 6S genre, including Diane Brady, Brian Steel, Joseph Grant, Adam J. Whitlatch, Kim Tairi, Jeanette Cheezum, Kevin Michaels, Emily McPhillips, Rod Drake, Juliana Perry, Linda Simoni-Wastila, Richard M. Johnson, Crorey Lawton, Madam Z, and the former Poet Laureate of Queens, New York, Hal Sirowitz.
Features my short story "The Twelve-Minute War"
$27.95
www.amazon.com/6S-3-Lydia-Davis/dp/1452840067/ref=sr_1_1?...
NJ Governor Phil Murphy announces that he is convening the Criminal Sentencing and Disposition Commission created by the Legislature, to examine racial and ethnic disparities in the state’s criminal justice system on Sunday, February 11th, 2018. Carol McKenna/OIT/Governor’s Office.
Former Peruvian president (1990-2000) Alberto Fujimori waves upon his arrival at the Supreme Court's Special Court 11 December, 2007 in Lima. Fujimori was sentenced Tuesday to six years in prison for ordering an illegal search of an apartment belonging to the wife of his corrupt spymaster Vladimiro Montesinos in November 2000. On Wednesday, Fujimori is scheduled to be back in court for the continuation of the separate trial, in which he is accused of ordering a death squad to kill 25 suspected rebel sympathisers in the early 1990s, the kidnapping of an opposition journalist and a businessman, and several counts of corruption. AFP PHOTO/Eitan ABRAMOVICH (Photo credit should read EITAN ABRAMOVICH/AFP/Getty Images)