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With the conversion of route 453 to New Routemaster operation during November/December 2014, 30 surplus Enviro400s are moving from Mandela Way Depot to Camberwell Garage where they seem to be used mostly on routes 68 (Euston-West Norwood) and 468 (Elephant & Castle-South Croydon). E181 is seen at Elephant & Castle Station on Monday 8th December.
The E400s are displacing a similr number of WVL-class Wright Gemini/Volvo B7TL. Twelve are going to Metrobus at Orpington to replace Scania OmniDekkas, whilst the rest are being dispersed to various G-Ahead London garages to cover spares and increased PVRs.
Back in 1986 when the line from Tonbridge to Bopeep Junction at St.Leonards was electrified it spelt the end for the unique Hastings line DEMU's built to loading gauge zero because of the restricted tunnel clearances on the route. It also saw the closure of the cross country route from Tunbridge Wells to Eridge.
Local staff and British Rail produced several badges for staff associated with the route to wear. These badges produced in small numbers commemorated the passing of the old order and arrival of the new.
The badge top left was produced to mark the opening of the route to electric traction. While the one top right maked the sad closure of the Eridge line the year before. This line was closed to allow the mainline to be electrified as it was said at the time money couldn't be justified for a new junction at Grove and providing electrification through to Eridge. The Hastings line was electrified on the cheap with only two new sub stations instead of the three required. This meant south of Tunbridge Wells trains would be restricted to 8-cars only as 12-car formations would exceed the lines current index. Add to that the branch to Eridge and it was never going to survive without the third sub station or replacement stock.
The third badge (bottom) marked the closure of West Marina as a traincrew depot. It did however remain as a carriage servicing shed. The 1986 electrification saw the amalgamation of two depots on the Coast namely Ore and West Marina which moved to Hastings. The biggest loser being Tunbridge Wells West depot which shut with work moved to Norwood and Tonbridge.
Blue Mountain, Carbon and Lehigh Counties, as seen from a rail-trail at the Lehigh Gap Nature Center.
Our road trip route across the US. Stars show cities we started and ended in, as well as the cities we stayed in overnight, which are marked with the day number in red.
The Wright Streetlite Maxi Demo bus LK13AEJ working the Route-13.48 Broadstone Broadway to Poole service on Saturday 9 November 2013 head's along Kitchener Crescent.
abellio 9034 on route 381, seen leaving Southwark Street for Borough High Street, the Underground sign is for one of the entrances to London Bridge tube station.
Busy route 49 transferred from London United to Abellio London's Battersea Garage from Saturday 6th September. The route serves areas of inner West and South West London that have traditionally been poorly linked by rail, and although these have improved recently with the arrival of London Overground and a new station at Shepherd's Bush, the presence of Westfield Shopping Centre has ensured that business remains buoyant.
New '64'-registered ADL Enviro400H hybrids were delivered for the route, with most entering service on other Battersea-operated routes during the preceding week in order to identify and iron out any minor niggles. 2480 is seen again on Freiday 26th September, this time negotiating Shepherd's Bush Roundabout en-route to Clapham Junction.
Route 66 Jewelry
Since 2003 I have been a fan of Route 66 and traveled many miles in my 1965 Pontiac Parisienne Convertible.
I have been creating this artwork since my first run on the route where I searched for memorable tokens of my trip. I hope to meet you on the route soon.
Safe travels!!!
Ljubljana (also known by other historical names) is the capital and largest city of Slovenia, located along a trade route between the northern Adriatic Sea and the Danube region, north of the country's largest marsh, it has been inhabited since prehistoric times. It is the country's cultural, educational, economic, political and administrative center and the seat of the Urban Municipality of Ljubljana.
During antiquity, a Roman city called Emona stood in the area. The city was first mentioned in the first half of the 12th century. It was the historical capital of Carniola, one of the Slovene-inhabited parts of the Habsburg monarchy. It was under Habsburg rule from the Middle Ages until the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1918. After World War II, Ljubljana became the capital of the Socialist Republic of Slovenia, part of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. The city retained this status until Slovenia became independent in 1991 and Ljubljana became the capital of the newly formed state.
Name
Depiction of the city's coat of arms featuring the dragon on top of the castle, from Valvasor's The Glory of the Duchy of Carniola, 1689
The exact origin of the name Ljubljana is unclear. In medieval times, both the river and the town were also called Laibach (pronounced [ˈlaɪbax] in German. This name was used within the region until 1918 and continues to be used in German. In Italian, the city is referred to as Lubiana, and in Latin, it is known as Labacum. An archaic English form of the city's name is Lublyana, used primarily by Slovene Americans.
The German name was first documented in 1144, and the Slovenian form appeared in records as early as 1146. The 10th-century work Life of Gregentios provides the Greek variant Λυπλιανές (Lyplianés) and situates it among the Avars in the 6th century. This account is influenced by an earlier northern Italian source written shortly after the conquest of 774.
The connection between the Slovene and German names has posed a puzzle for scholars. In 2007, linguist Tijmen Pronk, an authority in comparative Indo-European linguistics and Slovene dialectology from the University of Leiden, provided strong support for the theory that the Slavic ljub- 'to love, like' was the most likely origin. He argued that the river's name likely stemmed from the settlement's name. Silvo Torkar, a linguist with expertise in Slovene names, put forth the idea that Ljubljana's name has its roots in Ljubija, the original name of the Ljubljanica River. This can be traced back to the Old Slavic male name Ljubovid, which translates to 'the one with a lovely appearance'. Torkar also asserted that the name Laibach is a combination of German and Slovene, sharing its origins with the same personal name.
Dragon symbol
The city's symbol is the Ljubljana Dragon. It is depicted on the top of the tower of Ljubljana Castle in the Ljubljana coat of arms and on the Ljubljanica-crossing Dragon Bridge (Zmajski most). It represents power, courage, and greatness.
Several explanations describe the origin of the Ljubljana Dragon. According to a Slavic myth, the slaying of a dragon releases the waters and ensures the fertility of the earth, and it is thought that the myth is tied to the Ljubljana Marsh, the expansive marshy area that periodically threatens Ljubljana with flooding. According to Greek legend, the Argonauts on their return home after having taken the Golden Fleece found a large lake surrounded by a marsh between the present-day towns of Vrhnika and Ljubljana. There Jason struck down a monster. This monster evolved into the dragon that today is present in the city coat of arms and flag.
It is historically more believable that the dragon was adopted from Saint George, the patron of the Ljubljana Castle chapel built in the 15th century.[citation needed] In the legend of Saint George, the dragon represents the old ancestral paganism overcome by Christianity. According to another explanation, related to the second, the dragon was at first only a decoration above the city coat of arms. In the Baroque, it became part of the coat of arms and, in the 19th and especially the 20th century, it outstripped the tower and other elements in importance.
History
Prehistory
Around 2000 BC, the Ljubljana Marsh was settled by people living in pile dwellings. Prehistoric pile dwellings and the oldest wooden wheel in the world are among the most notable archeological findings from the marshland. These lake-dwelling people survived through hunting, fishing and primitive agriculture. To get around the marshes, they used dugout canoes made by cutting out the inside of tree trunks. Their archaeological remains, nowadays in the Municipality of Ig, have been designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site since June 2011, in the common nomination of six Alpine states.
Later, the area remained a transit point, for groups including the Illyrians, followed by a mixed nation of the Celts and the Illyrians called the Iapodes, and then in the 3rd century BC a Celtic tribe, the Taurisci.
Antiquity
Around 50 BC, the Romans built a military encampment that later became a permanent settlement called Iulia Aemona. This entrenched fort was occupied by the Legio XV Apollinaris. In 452, it was destroyed by the Huns under Attila's orders, and later by the Ostrogoths and the Lombards. Emona housed 5,000 to 6,000 inhabitants and played an important role during battles. Its plastered brick houses, painted in different colours, were connected to a drainage system.
In the 6th century, the ancestors of the Slovenes moved in. In the 9th century, they fell under Frankish domination, while experiencing frequent Magyar raids. Not much is known about the area during the settlement of Slavs in the period between the downfall of Emona and the Early Middle Ages.
Middle Ages
The parchment sheet Nomina defunctorum ("Names of the Dead"), most probably written in the second half of 1161, mentions the nobleman Rudolf of Tarcento, a lawyer of the Patriarchate of Aquileia, who had bestowed a canon with 20 farmsteads beside the castle of Ljubljana (castrum Leibach) to the Patriarchate. According to the historian Peter Štih's deduction, this happened between 1112 and 1125, the earliest mention of Ljubljana.
The property changed hands repeatedly until the first half of the 12th century. The territory south of the Sava where Ljubljana developed, gradually became property of the Carinthian Dukes of the House of Sponheim. Urban settlement started in the second half of the 12th century. At around 1200, market rights were granted to Old Square (Stari trg), which at the time was one of Ljubljana's three original districts. The other two districts were an area called "Town" (Mesto), built around the predecessor of the present-day Ljubljana Cathedral at one side of the Ljubljanica River, and New Square (Novi trg) at the other side. The Franciscan Bridge, a predecessor of the present-day Triple Bridge, and the Butchers' Bridge connected the walled areas with wooden buildings. Ljubljana acquired the town privileges at some time between 1220 and 1243. Seven fires erupted during the Middle Ages.[43] Artisans organised themselves into guilds. The Teutonic Knights, the Conventual Franciscans, and the Franciscans settled there. In 1256, when the Carinthian duke Ulrich III of Spanheim became lord of Carniola, the provincial capital was moved from Kamnik to Ljubljana.
In the late 1270s, Ljubljana was conquered by King Ottokar II of Bohemia. In 1278, after Ottokar's defeat, it became—together with the rest of Carniola—property of Rudolph of Habsburg. It was administered by the Counts of Gorizia from 1279 until 1335, when it became the capital town of Carniola. Renamed Laibach, it was owned by the House of Habsburg until 1797. In 1327, the Ljubljana's "Jewish Quarter"—now only "Jewish Street" (Židovska ulica) remains—was established with a synagogue, and lasted until Emperor Maximilian I in 1515 and expelled the Jews from Ljubljana at the request of its citizens, for which he demanded a certain payment from the town. In 1382, in front of St. Bartholomew's Church in Šiška, at the time a nearby village, now part of Ljubljana, a peace treaty was signed between the Republic of Venice and Leopold III of Habsburg.
Early modern
In the 15th century, Ljubljana became recognised for its art, particularly painting and sculpture. The Latin Catholic Archdiocese of Ljubljana was established in 1461 and the Church of St. Nicholas became the diocesan cathedral. After the 1511 Idrija earthquake, the city was rebuilt in the Renaissance style and a new wall was built around it. Wooden buildings were forbidden after a large fire at New Square in 1524.
In the 16th century, the population of Ljubljana numbered 5,000, 70% of whom spoke Slovene as their first language, with most of the rest using German. The first secondary school, public library and printing house opened in Ljubljana. Ljubljana became an important educational centre.
From 1529, Ljubljana had an active Slovene Protestant community. They were expelled in 1598, marking the beginning of the Counter-Reformation. Catholic Bishop Thomas Chrön ordered the public burning of eight cartloads of Protestant books.
In 1597, the Jesuits arrived, followed in 1606 by the Capuchins, seeking to eradicate Protestantism. Only 5% of all the residents of Ljubljana at the time were Catholic, but eventually they re-Catholicized the town. The Jesuits staged the first theatre productions, fostered the development of Baroque music, and established Catholic schools. In the middle and the second half of the 17th century, foreign architects built and renovated monasteries, churches, and palaces and introduced Baroque architecture. In 1702, the Ursulines settled in the town, and the following year they opened the first public school for girls in the Slovene Lands. Some years later, the construction of the Ursuline Church of the Holy Trinity started. In 1779, St. Christopher's Cemetery replaced the cemetery at St. Peter's Church as Ljubljana's main cemetery.
Late modern
From 1809 to 1813, during the "Napoleonic interlude", Ljubljana (as Laybach) was the capital of the Illyrian Provinces. In 1813, the city returned to Austria and from 1815 to 1849 was the administrative centre of the Kingdom of Illyria in the Austrian Empire. In 1821, it hosted the Congress of Laibach, which fixed European political borders for that period. The first train arrived in 1849 from Vienna and in 1857 the line extended to Trieste.
In 1895, Ljubljana, then a city of 31,000, suffered a severe earthquake with a moment magnitude of 6.1 and a maximum EMS intensity of VIII–IX ("heavily damaging – destructive"). 21 people died due to the earthquake and some 10% of the city's 1,400 buildings were destroyed. During the subsequent reconstruction, some districts were rebuilt in the Vienna Secession style. Public electric lighting arrived in 1898. The rebuilding period between 1896 and 1910 is referred to as the "revival of Ljubljana" because of architectural changes that defined the city and for reform of urban administration, health, education and tourism. The rebuilding and quick modernisation of the city were led by the mayor Ivan Hribar.
In 1918, following the dissolution of Austria-Hungary, the region joined the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. In 1929, Ljubljana became the capital of the Drava Banovina, a Yugoslav province.
In 1941, during World War II, Fascist Italy occupied the city, and then on 3 May 1941 made Lubiana the capital of Italy's Province of Ljubljana with former Yugoslav general Leon Rupnik as mayor. After the Italian capitulation, Nazi Germany with SS-general Erwin Rösener and Friedrich Rainer took control in 1943, but formally the city remained the capital of an Italian province until 9 May 1945. In Ljubljana, the Axis forces established strongholds and command centres of Quisling organisations, the Anti-Communist Volunteer Militia under Italy and the Home Guard under German control. Starting in February 1942, the city was surrounded by barbed wire, later fortified by bunkers, to prevent co-operation between the resistance movements that operated inside and outside the fence. Since 1985, the commemorative trail has ringed the city where this iron fence once stood. Postwar reprisals filled mass graves.
After World War II, Ljubljana became the capital of the Socialist Republic of Slovenia, part of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. It retained this status until Slovene independence in 1991.
Contemporary situation
Ljubljana is the capital of independent Slovenia, which joined the European Union in 2004.
Geography
The city covers 163.8 km2 (63.2 sq mi).[1] It is situated in the Ljubljana Basin in Central Slovenia, between the Alps and the Karst. Ljubljana is located some 320 km (200 mi) south of Munich, 477 km (296 mi) east of Zürich, 250 km (160 mi) east of Venice, 350 km (220 mi) southwest of Vienna, 124 km (77 mi) west of Zagreb and 400 km (250 mi) southwest of Budapest. Ljubljana has grown considerably since the 1970s, mainly by merging with nearby settlements.
Geology
The city stretches out on an alluvial plain dating to the Quaternary era. The mountainous regions nearby are older, dating from the Mesozoic (Triassic) or Paleozoic. Earthquakes have repeatedly devastated Ljubljana, notably in 1511 and 1895.
Topography
Ljubljana has an elevation of 295 m (968 ft). The city centre, located along the river, sits at 298 m (978 ft). Ljubljana Castle, which sits atop Castle Hill (Grajski grič) south of the city centre, has an elevation of 366 m (1,201 ft). The highest point of the city, called Grmada, reaches 676 m (2,218 ft), 3 m (9.8 ft) more than the nearby Mount Saint Mary (Šmarna gora) peak, a popular hiking destination. These are located in the northern part of the city.
(Wikipedia)
Ljubljana (Ljubljana slowenisch [ljuˈbljàːna], umgangssprachlich [luˈblàːna], deutsch Laibach, italienisch Lubiana) ist die Hauptstadt Sloweniens und mit 288.382 Einwohnern (2024) zugleich bevölkerungsreichste Gemeinde des Landes.
Die Stadt ist das politische, wirtschaftliche und kulturelle Zentrum Sloweniens. Ljubljana ist Sitz des gleichnamigen römisch-katholischen Erzbistums und seit 1919 Universitätsstadt.
Die Stadt Ljubljana bildet gemeinsam mit einigen kleineren umliegenden Siedlungen die Stadtgemeinde Ljubljana (slowenisch Mestna občina Ljubljana, abgekürzt MOL).
Name der Stadt
Für die Herkunft des slowenischen Namens der Stadt gibt es mehrere Erklärungen: nach der einen, wohl volksetymologischen Erklärung kommt er vom slowenischen ljubljena („geliebte Stadt“), nach der anderen von dem lateinischen Flussnamen Aluviana. Der Stadtname wurde in dieser Form zum ersten Mal 1146 als Luwigana erwähnt.
Im deutschsprachigen Raum hat sich neben dem Namen Ljubljana auch der historische deutsche, ursprünglich wohl wie der gleichlautende Flussname aus dem Slawischen abgeleitete Name Laibach gehalten, der heute vor allem in Österreich gebräuchlich ist. In der österreichischen Diplomatie wird die Stadt amtlich Laibach bezeichnet. Der deutsche Name der Stadt wurde zum ersten Mal 1112–1125 als Leibach erwähnt. Diese Form ist auch gleichzeitig die älteste bekannte Erwähnung der Stadt.
Geschichte
Vorgeschichte
Von 3600 bis 3100 v. Chr. finden sich die frühesten Seebehausungen (Pfahlbauten) im Laibacher Moor.
Zwischen 1000 und 700 v. Chr. existierten erste illyrische und venetische Siedlungen und um 400 v. Chr. folgte die Periode der Kelten.
Als erster mythischer Bewohner gilt Iason (siehe den Abschnitt Wappen).
Römisches Reich
Im 1. Jahrhundert v. Chr. wurde von den Römern eine militärische Festung an der Stelle des heutigen Ljubljana errichtet und im Jahr 14 die römische Siedlung Emona oder Aemona (Colonia Aemona Iulia tribu Claudia) angelegt. Administrativ gehörte diese Stadt während der Antike zu Italien. Sie befand sich zwar an der Stelle des heutigen Ljubljana, ging jedoch in der Völkerwanderung unter und ist daher nur eine Vorgängersiedlung der heutigen Stadt, deren Straße Emonska cesta den Namen bewahrt.
Völkerwanderung und Fränkisches Reich
Um 600 wanderten slawische Stämme in das Gebiet, gefolgt von einem Niedergang Emonas. Um 800 fiel das Gebiet von Laibach unter die Herrschaft der Franken.
Heiliges Römisches Reich
Die Stadt vor dem 13. Jahrhundert
Im Ostfränkischen und später Heiligen Römischen Reich gehörte das Gebiet um Ljubljana zur Mark Krain. Der Zeitraum zwischen 1112 und 1125 ist die Entstehungszeit der ersten schriftlichen Aufzeichnungen von Laibach. Die erste urkundliche Erwähnung der Stadt stammt aus dem Jahr 1144.[8] Die von den Spanheimern gegründete Siedlung wurde um 1220 erstmals Stadt genannt, 1243 sind ihr Marktrecht und ihre Stadtmauer aktenkundig, 1280 wurden die Einwohner cives (Bürger) genannt.
1270 wurde Laibach von dem böhmischen König Přemysl Ottokar II. erobert, der sich zuvor nach dem Aussterben der Babenberger im Mannesstamm, 1246, deren österreichisches Herrschaftsgebiet untertan gemacht hatte.
Habsburgische Herrschaft, Reformation und Gegenreformation
1278 ging Laibach nach der Niederlage des Königs Ottokar II. gegen Rudolf von Habsburg in den Besitz der Habsburger über.
1335 wurde Laibach unter den Habsburgern Hauptstadt des zum Heiligen Römischen Reich zählenden Herzogtums Krain. Im Jahr 1415 widerstand Laibach einer türkischen Invasion.
Im Jahr 1461 wurde die Diözese Laibach gegründet (siehe auch: Liste der Bischöfe von Ljubljana) und die Kirche St. Nikolaus wurde zur Kathedrale. 1504 fand die Wahl des ersten Bürgermeisters statt. 1511 erlebte Laibach sein erstes großes Erdbeben.
Die erste reformatorische Predigt wurde spätestens 1523 gehalten. Gefördert durch die Krainer Landstände errichteten Protestanten im Jahr 1536 eine professionelle Lateinschule im Range eines Gymnasiums. Prägend für die reformatorische Entwicklung war neben dem Humanismus vor allem der slowenische Reformator Primož Trubar (Primus Truber, 1508–1586) durch seine in slowenischer Sprache gehaltenen reformatorischen Predigten. Mit seinem umfangreichen, slowenisch abgefassten Schriftwerk gilt er als Begründer der slowenischen Schriftsprache. 2016 wurde Ljubljana durch die Gemeinschaft Evangelischer Kirchen in Europa der Ehrentitel „Reformationsstadt Europas“ verliehen.
Nachdem 1597 die Jesuiten in Laibach eintrafen, die zwei Jahre später ihr eigenes Gymnasium errichteten, kam die Reformation Trubars in Slowenien im ersten Drittel des 17. Jahrhunderts an ihr Ende. Mit der Gegenreformation wurde das Kirchen- und Schulministerium in Laibach geschlossen, evangelische Prediger wurden ausgewiesen, eine Religions-Reformationskommission wurde eingerichtet und der konversionsunwillige Adel des Landes verwiesen. Zu evangelischen Gemeindeneugründungen kam es – ermöglicht durch das Toleranzpatent Josephs II. von 1781 – in Laibach in der Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts. Seit 1945 existiert die Slowenische Kirche A.B. (Augsburger Bekenntnisses).
1693 erfolgte die Gründung der Academia Operosum, einer Vereinigung der angesehensten Gelehrten, und 1701 die Gründung der Academia Philharmonicorum.
1754 lag die Bevölkerungszahl der Stadt bei 9.300 Einwohnern. 1773 bis 1781 wurden der Gruberkanal (Gruberjev kanal) und der Gruber-Palast (Gruberjeva palača) erbaut. 1797 wurde die erste Tageszeitung von Slowenien herausgegeben.
Kaisertum Österreich
1804 wurde Laibach Teil des neu proklamierten Kaisertums Österreich. Nach dem Frieden von Schönbrunn musste die Stadt mit dem Umland an das napoleonische Frankreich abgetreten werden, und die Stadt wurde unter dem Namen Laybach 1809 bis 1813 Hauptstadt der Illyrischen Provinzen Frankreichs. 1814/15 kehrte sie mit dem Wiener Kongress wieder zu Österreich zurück.
1810 erfolgte die Gründung des Botanischen Gartens. 1821 fand auf Einladung von Kaiser Franz I. der Laibacher Kongress der Heiligen Allianz statt. Am 4. Oktober 1831 konnte der Präsident der Landwirtschaftlichen Gesellschaft für Krain, Franz von Hohenwart, in Laibach im Beisein des Landesgouverneurs Joseph Camillo von Schmidburg das Landesmuseum eröffnen.
Im Jahr 1849 wurde die Eisenbahnverbindung Laibach–Wien, die österreichische Südbahn, erbaut und 1857 als Verlängerung die Verbindung Laibach–Triest.
Im Jahr 1861 erfolgte die Einführung der öffentlichen Gasbeleuchtung und 1890 der Bau der öffentlichen Wasserversorgung. Nach einem verheerenden Erdbeben verpflichtete sich Laibach 1895 zu einem modernen Aussehen. 1898 wurde die öffentliche elektrische Beleuchtung eingeführt. Drei Jahre später, 1901, folgte die Einführung der elektrischen Straßenbahn in Laibach.
Im Jahr 1900 hatte Laibach inklusive Garnison 36.547 Einwohner. Davon waren 29.733 slowenisch- (81 %) und 5.423 deutschsprachig (15 %).
Vor dem Ersten Weltkrieg war Laibach österreichisch-ungarische Garnisonstadt. Im Jahre 1914 waren hier ganz oder in Teilen stationiert: der Stab der k. u. k. 28. Infanterie Truppen Division, das k.u.k. Krainische Infanterie-Regiment Nr. 17, das k.u.k. Steirische Infanterie-Regiment Nr. 27, das k.k. Landwehr Infanterie-Regiment Nr. 27 und das k.u.k. Feldkanonen Regiment Nr. 7. Die strategischen Entscheidungen für die Italienfront, insbesondere für die Isonzofront, wurden vom Armeekommando in Laibach getroffen, wo unter anderen Feldmarschall Boroević und der spätere österreichische Bundespräsident Körner tätig waren.
Königreich der Serben, Kroaten und Slowenen und Königreich Jugoslawien
Ende Oktober 1918 wurde Ljubljana Teil des neu gegründeten Königreichs der Serben, Kroaten und Slowenen. 1919 erfolgte die Gründung der Universität von Ljubljana. 1929 wurde Ljubljana Hauptstadt der Banschaft Drau (Dravska banovina) im Königreich Jugoslawien.
Italienische Annexion und deutsche Besetzung
Nach dem Überfall auf Jugoslawien im Zweiten Weltkrieg wurde am 3. Mai 1941 Ljubljana mit dem ehemaligen jugoslawischen General Leon Rupnik als Bürgermeister unter der Bezeichnung Lubiana Hauptstadt der annektierten italienischen Provincia di Lubiana. Der Großteil der Laibacher Deutschen, das waren rund 2.400 Personen, wurde im Winter 1941/42 auf Grund eines Abkommens zwischen Adolf Hitler und Benito Mussolini ins Großdeutsche Reich umgesiedelt, mehrheitlich in die Oberkrain und die Untersteiermark.
Im Jahr 1942 riegelten italienische Truppen die Stadt mit Stacheldrahtzaun und Wachtürmen ab und durchkämmten sie danach mehrfach im Rahmen der italienischen Repression gegen den slowenischen Widerstand. Bis zur Kapitulation Italiens beim Waffenstillstand von Cassibile im September 1943 wurden etwa achtzehn Prozent der Bevölkerung von Lubiana in italienische Konzentrationslager deportiert.
Nach der Kapitulation Italiens ging sie in deutsche Kontrolle über (SS-General Erwin Rösener und Friedrich Rainer als Chef der Zivilverwaltung) bis zur vollständigen Kapitulation der Wehrmacht am 8. Mai 1945.
Massengräber in Ljubljana
Während und direkt nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg fanden auf dem Gebiet des heutigen Slowenien Massentötungen statt. Die Opfer waren deutsche Kriegsgefangene, zwangsrepatriierte Soldaten der slowenischen Heimwehr und weitere, den jeweiligen Machthabern unliebsame Menschen. Die Getöteten wurden in Massengräbern abgelegt.
Meistens wurde ihre Existenz zwischen 1945 und 1990 geheim gehalten. Heute sind sie in Slowenien auch unter den Bezeichnungen „verborgene Gräberfelder“ (slowenisch: prikrita grobišča) oder „stille Gräberfelder“ (zamolčana grobišča) bekannt. Einige der Stätten gehören zu den größten Massengräbern Europas. Fast 600 solcher Stätten wurden von der Kommission für verborgene Massengräber in Slowenien (Komisija Vlade Republike Slovenije za reševanje vprašanj prikritih grobišč) registriert. Historiker schätzen, dass es insgesamt bis zu 750 Massengräber mit Hinrichtungsopfern gibt.[20] Diese enthalten die Überreste von bis zu 100.000 Opfern.
Auf dem Gebiet der Stadtgemeinde Ljubljana wurden zwanzig Massengräber aus der Zeit des Zweiten Weltkriegs gefunden, und zwar fünf in der Stadt Ljubljana selbst, sowie vier bzw. 11 in den zur Stadtgemeinde gehörenden Ortschaften Pance und Selo pri Pancah.
Sozialistische Föderative Republik Jugoslawien
Am 9. Mai 1945 erfolgte die formale Auflösung der Provincia di Lubiana. 1945 mussten die verbliebenen Laibacher Deutschen ebenso wie die übrigen Sloweniendeutschen auf Grund der AVNOJ-Beschlüsse das Land verlassen. Zahlreiche Menschen wurden ermordet.
Im Jahr 1945 wurde Ljubljana Hauptstadt der Volksrepublik Slowenien in der Föderativen Volksrepublik Jugoslawien.
1958 startete der erste slowenische Fernsehsender mit regelmäßigen Übertragungen und in diesem Jahr wurde die Straßenbahn stillgelegt; der Büroturm S2 wurde 1978 fertiggestellt. 1980 starb der jugoslawische Staatspräsident Josip Broz Tito in Ljubljana.
Republik Slowenien
Im Jahr 1991 feierte die Stadt Sloweniens Unabhängigkeit. Die österreichischen Journalisten Norbert Werner und Nikolas Vogel starben in Ljubljana am 28. Juni 1991 während des 10-Tage-Krieges am Flughafen Ljubljana als Opfer eines Raketenangriffes der jugoslawischen Volksarmee auf ihr Auto. Im Rahmen der Feier anlässlich des endgültigen Beitritts Sloweniens zum Schengen-Raum im Jahr 2008 gedachte Premierminister Janez Janša auf dem Flugfeld von Ljubljana der beiden Toten.
2002 fand das Gipfeltreffen Bush/Putin in Ljubljana statt.
Nur wenige Wochen nach Entdeckung eines neuen Massengrabes mit über 4000 von Tito-Partisanen Ermordeten in einem slowenischen Bergwerk beschloss der Stadtrat von Ljubljana mit der Mehrheit der Linksparteien im April 2009, wieder eine Straße nach Josip Broz Tito zu benennen, nachdem bereits von 1952 bis 1954 die heutige Slovenska cesta (Slowenische Straße) nach ihm benannt war.
Bevölkerung
Die Bevölkerung der Stadt bestand seit dem Hochmittelalter vor allem aus Deutschsprachigen. Nach 1848 fungierte die Stadt als kultureller Mittelpunkt der Slowenen. Zur Volkszählung im Jahr 1880 waren die 5.658 Deutschsprachigen (23 % der Bevölkerung) bereits eine Minderheit.
Bei der Volkszählung 2002 waren 84,1 % der Einwohner von Ljubljana slowenische Staatsbürger, 7,5 % Bosnier, 3,5 % Kroaten, 3,2 % Serben, 0,7 % EU-Bürger (damals EU-15), 0,6 % Nordmazedonier und 0,5 % andere.
Slowenisch ist alleinige Amtssprache der Stadtgemeinde Ljubljana und wurde bei dieser Volkszählung von 78,9 % der Bevölkerung als Muttersprache angegeben. Ferner sprachen nach eigenen Angaben 4,1 % Serbisch, 3,9 % Kroatisch, 3,9 % Serbokroatisch, 3,4 % Bosnisch und 1,9 % sonstige Sprachen.
Geografie
Lagebeschreibung
Ljubljana liegt auf 298 m. i. J. am Rande des Laibacher Beckens an der Ljubljanica (Laibach), die noch im Stadtgebiet in die Save mündet. Südlich tut sich der Karst auf, nach Norden erlaubt das Becken freien Blick in die Karawanken und die Steiner Alpen.
Südwestlich erstreckt sich die Ebene des teilweise trockengelegten Laibacher Moores (Ljubljansko barje).
Die Altstadt liegt an einer Schlinge der Ljubljanica um den Schlossberg. Zur Erleichterung der damaligen Schifffahrt wurde diese Schlinge im Jahr 1750 durch den Gruberkanal (Gruberjev Prekop) abgeschnitten.
(Wikipedia)
Morning briefing about the days route for the start of our week long adventure through the mountains of Andaluz.
Students at Humboldt State use their Jack Pass for an easy commute around town.
now.humboldt.edu/news/high-jack-pass-use-prompts-service-...
Route 407 : Sutton Town Centre / Marshall’s Road - Caterham / Caterham Valley
📍 Purley Cross, Purley
I took Historic Route 66 from Kingman, Arizona to Needles, California. Lots of great motels, gas stations, and signs offered fun photo ops.
Taken at the Route 66 Village historic park alongside the old Route 66 in Tulsa, Oklahoma.
For more info on the park and train, check out their site:
Taken in Tulsa, Oklahoma
November 2011
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ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
Stagecoach Somerset Route 99 at my local bus stop on West Coker Road, in Yeovil, yards from where I live during university holiday periods.
This route has been improved beyond all recognition, when I first came to Yeovil visiting relatives back in 2002 there were 3 routes serving this stop Safeway Services Route 682 Yeovil-Crewkerne-South Petherton around 5 journeys each way at odd times Monday-Saturday, First Route 61 Yeovil-Crewkerne-Chard around 6-7 journeys each way at odd times Monday-Saturday and every 120 mins on Sundays and First Route 47 Yeovil-Crewkerne-Bridport 4 journeys Monday-Friday, 3 on Saturday.
Safeway Services packed up, First amalgamated two routes and diverted it via here (Route 56), First lost the Monday-Saturday 61 to Stagecoach who added a new route 60 doubling the service but withdrawing the Evening journeys, Nippy Bus introduced an hourly Night Bus on Wednesday-Saturday nights until 0300 am FIrst lost the 56 to Nippy Bus who renumbered it the N8 increasing the service to hourly, they later introduced a low floor solo owing to increasing demand, the 60 and 61 were joined to the 99 route creating new Routes 99/99A/99B with an hourly service all day for the first time, new Optare Versa's were purchased for the service which initially ran Yeovil-Crewkerne-Chard-Taunton-Wellington however reliability issues caused Stagecoach to reduce the length of the route to Taunton only. At this point this stop had a service every 20 minutes. Nippy Bus decide to reroute the N8 back to its original route the old 56 route pre-2004 and thus we lost this service from here, First introduced a Sunday service as a trial over the summer on the 47 which was successful and so it now operates all year.
So in 2011 we have
47 (First Hampshire & Dorset) Yeovil-Crewkerne-Beaminster-Bridport (4 Journeys) (Daily)
61 (First Somerset & Avon) Yeovil-Crewkerne-Chard (Every 120 mins) (Sundays)
99/99A/99B (Stagecoach Somerset) Yeovil-Crewkerne-Chard-Taunton (Every 60 mins) (Monday-Saturday)
N4 (Nippy Bus) Yeovil-Watercombe Heights (This Stop) (Every 60 mins) (Weds, Thurs, Fri & Sat Nights)
Somerset is becoming Optare County with operators including Stagecoach (Versa & Solo), South West Coaches (Versa & Solo), Webberbus (Versa & Solo), Nippy Bus (Solo), Hatch Green Coaches (Solo & soon to be Solo EV), Frome Minibuses (Solo), NORDCAT (Solo & soon to be Solo EV I believe), Bakers Coaches (Solo), Somerbus (Solo), First (Solo), Go Ahead Damory (Solo & Spectra) all taking the manufacturer's buses! The main competition is from Alexander Dennis with examples of Enviro 200's recently delivered to First, Webberbus & Quantock Motor Services.
Different pouches for the different routes serviced by West Ham
Resembling an old-fashioned aerodrome, West Ham Garage consists of four long round-roofed blocks, two open-facing and two sealed.
The building was designed to replace Stratford and Waterden Road Garages (demolished as part of the Olympic Park developments). The garage was a brownfield site, previously occupied by a Parcelforce Depot.
Demolition at the ParcelForce site began late in 2007 and by February 2008 the operation of the Stratford garage had moved to part of the new site. Operations from the other garage, known as Waterden Road, relocated initially to newly acquired and refurbished premises at Rainham, moving to the temporary West Ham site in May 2008.
Construction of the new garage took place immediately to the south of the temporary premises and the main garage structure was basically complete by the end of March 2009, at which time ParcelForce vacated their site further to the south of the garage that would become the bus parking area. By December 2009 the garage’s engineering and operating staff had moved in to the new building, joined by head office staff from Ilford in February 2010. Work on the parking, washing and fuelling area was completed in June 2010 when the contractors handed over the site.
[Stagecoach Bus]
The building was Pringle Richards Sharratt Architects.
Environmental aspects of the design include green roofs (50% of which is covered in lichen) which also captures rainwater for re-use, natural lighting and ventilation in the offices, and a turbine generating power.
The conversion of route 453 (Marylebone Station-Deptford Bridge) to New Routemaster operation was just about complete in early December, with all the buses delivered. However a few have yet to enter service and a few Enviro400s are still operating on the route, such as E185 seen approaching Elephant and Castle Station on Monday 8th December.
The arrival of the New Routemasters has triggered a cascade within Go-Ahead London, and 30 Enviro 400s are moving from Mandela Way Depot to Camberwell Garage, displacing a similar number of Wright Gemini/Volvo B7TL to a number of different Go-Ahead London garages. 18 are for spare cover and PVR increases, whilst 12 are going to Metrobus at Orpington to replace Scania OmniDekkas.
Route 453 was introduced on 15th February 2003, as part of a scheme to increase capacity on the bus network with the introduction of congestion charging; as part of the scheme route 53 was cut back from Oxford Circus to Whitehall. Route 453 was operated with articulated Mercedes Citaros from its inception until 24th September 2011.
Route 245 is currebtly being converted from single to double-deck operation, using buses displaced from route 24's conversion to New Bus for London. However the Volvo B9TL/Wright Gemini 2s are very similar to those already used on route 83 from the same garage, Alperton, and it is one of the latter which is seen resting at Golders Green Bus Station in between runs. It is one of the few buses still carrying the fleetnames and vehicle number (VN37799) of its former owner. The Enviro200 behind is also on route 245, showing that on Wednesday 7th August at least the double-decking was still a work in progress.
The conversion was made possible by Metroline's acquisition of route 245 and its operating base, Alperton Garage, from First London on 22nd July 2012; and is an early by-product of the merger. The vehicles are very similar to those allocated to route 83 from the same Garage, and the two batches appear to be mixed in practice. The interlopers are however instantly recognisable as they have blue dashboard panels instead of grey, and they have been fitted with the new standard white-on-black blinds.
The German cruise liner (under the Maltese flag) Mein Schiff 5 cruising past Freddie's Beach Bar at dinner time, sailing from Heraklion, Crete to Corfu.
Picture and data from the Marine Traffic app.