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Brian Montes, Adrian Cortez, Josh Vargas, and Eric Kim look to solve a problem on their catapult for the upcoming pumpkin launch.
contax II
jena 50 1.5
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honolulu hawaii
the shutter curtain is stalling hanging up intermittently
hopefully it will clear with some 'exercise'
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This is actually a 365 day project reject, but seriously - look at this damn dog's paws. It's an allergy, but I can't figure out what kind - food or grass. It's impossible to keep him off the grass, so I've been doing trial and error with food for month.
It's a good thing he's the best dog in the world.
It brakes my heart to do this, but I know I need to do it. Roaglaan, I received those decals today, thought I did not order them or even traded for them. Is it normal you have send those to me? I'm not sure, so are those for me or for somebody else?
What do I do with those?
I just deleted this album then re-loaded it to un tag a dealer i have problems with and to blow off steam about his companies' problem. it won't take the wind out of my sales for the love of life on the road. I just spent the last two hours deleting tags to dealers I’ve made large purchases from. The next step is to take their name off of my Truck and Fifth Wheel! That will teach them! I’ve even deleted two entire albums of photos with tags leading friends to the dealerships. My small protest but to have to spend more money in civil court. There should be a court for dealing with consumer products after large purchases and problems exist. Who can afford to do that and or spend the time teaching the bad dealer a lesson! It’s hard when you live on fantasy island and want to believe there are people out there that are true pros and true craftsmen. I know there are a few people out there because I met them and refused to do business with other dealers because I met them too. I’ve seen a guy weld a Holiday Rambler that broke in half over night at the frame and get me back on the road. There is even an RV dealer five minutes from my house that did such a poor job on a 30 foot trailer I want to restore that they lost a ten-grand restoration job! I went elsewhere for a purchase. Where is Brett Michaels when you need him! Now to find the proper venues to vent. Do you think the dealer’s sites post bad reviews? I’m the perfect sucker for a Salesman that cares nothing but for the commission or if they aren’t paid on commission for the BS they lay on you to kill time to eventually close the sale. I shopped for years at many different places within the State and even some Florida dealers for the right RV for me. I have twenty years’ road experience with travel trailers in and out of campgrounds and dealers. The hard part is when you find a good mechanic you are often down the road on the next adventure. The dealer can’t take away my enthusiasm for the joy of my new trailer. They are so useful when built properly and so versatile for travel or events or full time Road Warriors! Who wouldn’t be frustrated when there are 18 jobs that need attention! I was told by the salesman I’d get a good education from top to bottom and the demo guy was going to send me out of the dealership with the fifth wheel receiver or jaws ungreased with no Teflon pad for the fifth wheel! I really needed a fifth wheel hooking and unhooking lesson along with good Hydraulic jack lesson. I was good for most other things except how the solar panel works. But they try hard to push you off on the useless manuals or Destruction books because they are over worked and under staffed in the service area. I get that. Except learning the hard way almost cost me my hand with a bed and the fifth wheel. Luckily I’m quick. Sometimes I don’t know if I should have been a great mechanic a teacher or a great lawyer. I walked HIM through greasing the B&W hitch and greasing the receiver and made him put the Teflon pad he was going to make me leave without that I bought two years ago in anticipation of having a fifth wheel from Mark (the good guy) at the RV show in Greensboro. No kidding, I put a lot of thought into this. Needless to say, he has mechanical skills beyond my capability and they used the excuse it was market time or the RV show to be short with me. Now that I have tested things on the trailer before a trip and found at least 18 jobs that need to be done after waiting for a call for parts that had already been delivered and a call never received then accused of not paying for screens that didn’t fit and that a $125.00 per hour fee was going to be charged, who wouldn’t be upset? Did I mention this? It will always be something! They can just put the nail in the coffin for the common belief that it is over after the Sale is done. Getting passed off from one department to the other is unforgiveable! The excuse is familiar. I just do Sales; you have to talk to Service. Service says we just do Service, you have to go to parts. Even with lifetime warranty printed and tagged all over the trailer with a promise to teach you about how everything works I’ve found out the hard way from a popular dealer in Rural Hall, NC that it is not the case! It’s too bad I didn’t buy my Truck or RV and drive all the way to Atlanta to deal with @Scott Trail or find a similar friend that would make sure everything is right. Dream on Consumer! So, if any name bashing starts remember we always have one friend in the car, RV, insurance or Sales business. When we overall call all Salesman assholes or all insurance companies thieves or all dealings with service mechanics complete disasters we have to remember we have people on our friend’s lists that have those jobs. You know what, right now after a huge purchase and being shuffled it’s amazing I can work up any mercy for any of them. I’ve tried to be a Salesman. Service over profit was my downfall. I’ve tried to be a Customer Service Rep. It was difficult talking to people that needed parts after a large purchase when you just learned there aren’t any parts! We are all selling something whether we know it or not. If you aren’t taking pride in your job to be the best you can be and just killing time you are a part of this problem! Not everyone has a dream job. But it is just my turn to take a punch, but I’m swinging back! It is just unfortunate for them I know a little about RVs. I must have too high a standard to believe that there are really people that give a damn about products or follow through after the sale. I hate that we just don’t care attitude that leaves you searching for a better place. I had a place in Mooresville that I will find again for service. Hopefully the same family runs the place. It is near the Lake in Terrell. I need to return to and find another mobile mechanic once that moved on to a dealer in the mountains and I can’t dig his name up. There are good people out there. They are so hard to find. Maybe it is just me. I expect too much after laying down a hard-earned wage or a life savings for a house, new car, recreation vehicle or piece of equipment that is supposed to work. When I get a new toy, I want to take a photo of every nut bolt and screw on it, one because I am proud, the other reason is for future reference when things fall apart. Buyer’s remorse sucks even if you know the term all too well, Buyer Beware! I saw one guy at the current dealership I am dealing with now running, literally running to get from customer to customer after my purchase. In between him and the good mechanics are problems! The good guy’s name is Mark. He is extremely smart and knows RV’s and fifth wheels up and down. He was literally running with a ladder and carrying three heavy hitches with him to try to wait on at least two customers at the same time. I’m always leaving a window or looking for the good and hoping I’m not back on fantasy island. There were excellent qualified educated trailer technicians in the service in a good building with the right tools to build trailers from scratch, including paint. Getting to them is a full-time job on the customer’s end. They even had parts delivered that they owed me on what they call a we owe and hadn’t bothered to call in a three-week period. They wanted to double charge for some bug screens around 50 bucks until I produced a paid receipt. Even after the Salesmen told (I know his name) the parts manager he personally sat with the mechanic for a half hour trying patiently to put on the wrong screen. Even with lifetime warranty written all over my trailer they wanted to charge me for service $125.00 per hour for labor. That must be some sort of trick. For $125.00 an hour most any parts should be free! I waited three hours even with a scheduled appointment to even get told they were ready to take her in. Two days later I had to force the call to get an eta on when she would be ready. Imagine if I were a full timer living full time in my RV or still doing three shows a day in three different cities a day. Fortunately, I am gifted with a little time. The service manager mentioned to do the 18 jobs I needed to be done he still had to order parts. Imagine I was sold a unit that I (The Customer) found at least 18 things to do after leaving the lot and running the unit. So, I am going to rescue my unit tomorrow and hope what they did fix after two days waiting can get me through my first trip until parts come for the rest of the job. Do you think I am a fool to take it back? It is a hard call! I’ll know tomorrow if I receive a bill or the trailer is in good shape. The tough part is, after you have been tough with service now your unit is at their mercy. I was told by a good agent I don’t take any crap from anyone. But sometimes it costs me. But those of you that are passive and just let them walk all over you take a bigger beating. With full time jobs or people that depend on their unit as a full-time vehicle you can imagine the pressure to change up vacation times or deal with time off from your job to take care of problems.
Occasionally I get this issue [only on Android] where the image gets messed up between uploading and posting/
Somehow though, this time around, it's actually made the picture better.
Es madrugada, y si a mí me preguntaran, que no lo han hecho, diría que el problema con los muertos son los vivos.
Porque luego suele aparecer esa disputa absurda, ociosa e indignante por su ausencia.
El “yo los conocí-vi-me dijeron” es sólo una coartada que oculta el “yo soy el administrador de esa vida porque administro su muerte”.
Algo así como el “copyright” de la muerte, entonces convertida en mercancía que se posee, se intercambia, circula y es consumida. Vaya, hasta hay establecimientos para ello: libros de historiografía, biografías, museos, efemérides, tesis, periódicos, revistas y coloquios.
Y está esa trampa de la edición de la historia propia para limar errores.
Se usan entonces a los muertos para sobre de ellos levantarse un monumento.
Pero, según mi humilde opinión, el problema con los muertos es sobrevivirlos.
O se muere uno con ellos, un poco o un mucho cada vez.
O se adjudica uno mismo el título de vocero de ellos. Al fin y al cabo no pueden hablar, y no es su historia, la de ellos, la que se cuenta, sino que se justifica la propia.
O se puede también usarlos para pontificar con el aburrido “yo a tu/su edad”. Cuando la única forma honesta de completar ese chantaje barato y nada original (casi siempre dirigido a jóvenes e infantes), sería rematar con un “había cometido más errores que tú/usted”.
Y, detrás del secuestro de esos muertos, está el culto por la historiografía, tan de arriba, tan incoherente, tan inútil. Eso de que la historia que vale y cuenta es la que está en un libro, una tesis, un museo, un monumento, y en los equivalentes actuales y futuros, que no son sino una forma pueril de domesticar la historia de abajo.
Porque están quienes viven a costa de la muerte de otros, y sobre su ausencia construyen tesis, ensayos, escritos, libros, películas, corridos, canciones, y otras formas más o menos estilizadas de justificar la inacción propia… o la acción estéril.
El “no has muerto” puede no ser más que una consigna, si nadie sigue caminando. Porque en nuestro modesto y no académico punto de vista, lo que importa es el camino no el caminante.
Y, aprovechando que estoy rebobinando esta cinta de días, meses, años, décadas ya, pregunto, por ejemplo:
Del SubPedro, del señor Ik, de la comandanta Ramona ¿valen sus árboles genealógicos? ¿Sus ADN? ¿Sus actas de nacimiento con nombre y apellidos?
¿O lo que vale es el camino que con los sin nombre y sin rostro –es decir, sin linaje familiar y/o escudo heráldico- anduvieron?
De SubPedro ¿vale su nombre real, su rostro, su modo, recogidos en una tesis, una biografía –es decir, en una mentira documentada a conveniencia-?
¿O vale la memoria que de él hay en los pueblos que organizó? Seguro que los fanáticos de la religión lo hubieran acusado, juzgado y condenado por ser ateo, y los fanáticos de la raza también, pero por ser mestizo y no tener la piel del color de la tierra, en ese racismo inverso que se pretende “indígena”.
Pero la decisión de luchar de SubPedro, del Comandante Hugo, de la Comandanta Ramona, de los insurgentes Álvaro, Fredy, Rafael, ¿vale porque alguien le pone nombre, calendario, geografía? ¿O porque esa decisión es colectiva y hay quien sigue?
Cuando alguien vive y muere luchando, ¿nos dice en su ausencia “recuérdenme”, “hónrenme”, “cárguenme”? ¿O nos impone “sigan”, “no se rindan”, “no claudiquen”, “no se vendan”?
Quiero decir, yo siento (y hablando con otros compas sé que no es sólo mi sentimiento) que la cuenta que tengo que darle a nuestros muertos es qué se ha hecho, qué falta y qué se está haciendo para completar lo que motivó esa lucha.
Probablemente esté equivocado, y alguien me diga que el sentido de toda lucha es perdurar en la historiografía, la historia escrita o hablada, porque es el ejemplo de los muertos, su biografía administrada, la que motiva a los pueblos a luchar, y no las condiciones de injusticia, de esclavitud (que es el nombre real para la falta de libertad), de autoritarismo.
He platicado con algunas compañeras, compañeros, zapatistas del EZLN. Cierto, no con tod@s, pero sí con quienes todavía puedo ver, con quienes puedo estar.
Hubo tabaco, café, palabras, silencios, acuerdos.
No fue el ansia de perdurar, sino el sentido del deber lo que nos colocó aquí, para bien o para mal. La necesidad de algo hacer frente a la injusticia milenaria, esa indignación que sentimos como la característica más contundente de “humanidad”. No pretendemos lugar alguno en museos, tesis, biografías, libros.
Así que, en el aliento postrero, una zapatista, un zapatista, nos preguntamos “¿me recordarán?” O nos preguntamos “¿se dio un paso en el camino?”, “¿hay quién lo sigue andando?”
Nosotras, nosotros, cuando vamos a la tumba de Pedro, ¿le decimos lo que hemos hecho para que lo recuerden o le contamos lo que se ha hecho en la lucha, lo que hace falta (siempre falta lo que falta), lo pequeños que somos aún?
¿Le damos buenas cuentas si tomamos el “Poder” y si le levantamos una estatua?
¿O si le podemos decir “Oí Pedrín, aquí seguimos, no nos vendimos, no claudicamos, no nos rendimos”?
Y, bueno, ya en esto de cuestionar…
Esto de tomar otro nombre y ocultar el rostro, ¿es para escondernos del enemigo o para desafiar su escalafón de mausoleo, su nomenclatura jerárquica, sus ofertas de compra-venta así sea disfrazadas de puestos burocráticos, premios, loas y alabanzas, clubes grandes o pequeños de seguidores?
/sí mi buen, los tiempos cambian, antes al maestro o maestra –o al equivalente de mandarín del conocimiento- se le cortejaba cargándole los libros, lisonjeando sus palabras, mirándol@ con arrobamiento. Ahora se postea en sus escritos, se dan “likes” en sus páginas web, se suma en el número de seguidores que trinan desordenados…/
Quiero decir, ¿nos importa quiénes somos? ¿O nos importa lo que hacemos?
La evaluación que nos interesa y afecta, ¿es la de afuera o la de la realidad?
¿La medida de nuestro éxito o fracaso está en lo que de nosotros aparezca en los medios de paga, en las tesis, en los comentarios, en los “pulgares arriba”, en los libros de historia, en los museos?
¿O en lo logrado, lo fallado, lo acertado, lo pendiente?
Y rebobinando más…
(...) nosotros (y otr@s como nosotros, muchos, muchas, tod@s) luchamos por ser mejores, y aceptamos cuando la realidad nos dice que no lo hemos logrado, pero no por eso dejamos de seguir luchando.
Porque no es que acá no honremos a nuestros muertos. Lo hacemos, sí. Pero es que luchando lo hacemos. Todos los días, a todas horas. Y así hasta que miremos el suelo, primero al mismo nivel, luego hacia arriba, cubriéndonos con el paso compañero. (...)
FULL TEXT @ enlacezapatista.ezln.org.mx/2013/12/22/rebobinar-2-de-la-...
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Photo: MCP proyect, 2011, NA-SM-MAREZ-PUY III. jpazkual.
Graffiti (plural; singular graffiti or graffito, the latter rarely used except in archeology) is art that is written, painted or drawn on a wall or other surface, usually without permission and within public view. Graffiti ranges from simple written words to elaborate wall paintings, and has existed since ancient times, with examples dating back to ancient Egypt, ancient Greece, and the Roman Empire (see also mural).
Graffiti is a controversial subject. In most countries, marking or painting property without permission is considered by property owners and civic authorities as defacement and vandalism, which is a punishable crime, citing the use of graffiti by street gangs to mark territory or to serve as an indicator of gang-related activities. Graffiti has become visualized as a growing urban "problem" for many cities in industrialized nations, spreading from the New York City subway system and Philadelphia in the early 1970s to the rest of the United States and Europe and other world regions
"Graffiti" (usually both singular and plural) and the rare singular form "graffito" are from the Italian word graffiato ("scratched"). The term "graffiti" is used in art history for works of art produced by scratching a design into a surface. A related term is "sgraffito", which involves scratching through one layer of pigment to reveal another beneath it. This technique was primarily used by potters who would glaze their wares and then scratch a design into them. In ancient times graffiti were carved on walls with a sharp object, although sometimes chalk or coal were used. The word originates from Greek γράφειν—graphein—meaning "to write".
The term graffiti originally referred to the inscriptions, figure drawings, and such, found on the walls of ancient sepulchres or ruins, as in the Catacombs of Rome or at Pompeii. Historically, these writings were not considered vanadlism, which today is considered part of the definition of graffiti.
The only known source of the Safaitic language, an ancient form of Arabic, is from graffiti: inscriptions scratched on to the surface of rocks and boulders in the predominantly basalt desert of southern Syria, eastern Jordan and northern Saudi Arabia. Safaitic dates from the first century BC to the fourth century AD.
Some of the oldest cave paintings in the world are 40,000 year old ones found in Australia. The oldest written graffiti was found in ancient Rome around 2500 years ago. Most graffiti from the time was boasts about sexual experiences Graffiti in Ancient Rome was a form of communication, and was not considered vandalism.
Ancient tourists visiting the 5th-century citadel at Sigiriya in Sri Lanka write their names and commentary over the "mirror wall", adding up to over 1800 individual graffiti produced there between the 6th and 18th centuries. Most of the graffiti refer to the frescoes of semi-nude females found there. One reads:
Wet with cool dew drops
fragrant with perfume from the flowers
came the gentle breeze
jasmine and water lily
dance in the spring sunshine
side-long glances
of the golden-hued ladies
stab into my thoughts
heaven itself cannot take my mind
as it has been captivated by one lass
among the five hundred I have seen here.
Among the ancient political graffiti examples were Arab satirist poems. Yazid al-Himyari, an Umayyad Arab and Persian poet, was most known for writing his political poetry on the walls between Sajistan and Basra, manifesting a strong hatred towards the Umayyad regime and its walis, and people used to read and circulate them very widely.
Graffiti, known as Tacherons, were frequently scratched on Romanesque Scandinavian church walls. When Renaissance artists such as Pinturicchio, Raphael, Michelangelo, Ghirlandaio, or Filippino Lippi descended into the ruins of Nero's Domus Aurea, they carved or painted their names and returned to initiate the grottesche style of decoration.
There are also examples of graffiti occurring in American history, such as Independence Rock, a national landmark along the Oregon Trail.
Later, French soldiers carved their names on monuments during the Napoleonic campaign of Egypt in the 1790s. Lord Byron's survives on one of the columns of the Temple of Poseidon at Cape Sounion in Attica, Greece.
The oldest known example of graffiti "monikers" found on traincars created by hobos and railworkers since the late 1800s. The Bozo Texino monikers were documented by filmmaker Bill Daniel in his 2005 film, Who is Bozo Texino?.
In World War II, an inscription on a wall at the fortress of Verdun was seen as an illustration of the US response twice in a generation to the wrongs of the Old World:
During World War II and for decades after, the phrase "Kilroy was here" with an accompanying illustration was widespread throughout the world, due to its use by American troops and ultimately filtering into American popular culture. Shortly after the death of Charlie Parker (nicknamed "Yardbird" or "Bird"), graffiti began appearing around New York with the words "Bird Lives".
Modern graffiti art has its origins with young people in 1960s and 70s in New York City and Philadelphia. Tags were the first form of stylised contemporary graffiti. Eventually, throw-ups and pieces evolved with the desire to create larger art. Writers used spray paint and other kind of materials to leave tags or to create images on the sides subway trains. and eventually moved into the city after the NYC metro began to buy new trains and paint over graffiti.
While the art had many advocates and appreciators—including the cultural critic Norman Mailer—others, including New York City mayor Ed Koch, considered it to be defacement of public property, and saw it as a form of public blight. The ‘taggers’ called what they did ‘writing’—though an important 1974 essay by Mailer referred to it using the term ‘graffiti.’
Contemporary graffiti style has been heavily influenced by hip hop culture and the myriad international styles derived from Philadelphia and New York City Subway graffiti; however, there are many other traditions of notable graffiti in the twentieth century. Graffiti have long appeared on building walls, in latrines, railroad boxcars, subways, and bridges.
An early graffito outside of New York or Philadelphia was the inscription in London reading "Clapton is God" in reference to the guitarist Eric Clapton. Creating the cult of the guitar hero, the phrase was spray-painted by an admirer on a wall in an Islington, north London in the autumn of 1967. The graffito was captured in a photograph, in which a dog is urinating on the wall.
Films like Style Wars in the 80s depicting famous writers such as Skeme, Dondi, MinOne, and ZEPHYR reinforced graffiti's role within New York's emerging hip-hop culture. Although many officers of the New York City Police Department found this film to be controversial, Style Wars is still recognized as the most prolific film representation of what was going on within the young hip hop culture of the early 1980s. Fab 5 Freddy and Futura 2000 took hip hop graffiti to Paris and London as part of the New York City Rap Tour in 1983
Commercialization and entrance into mainstream pop culture
Main article: Commercial graffiti
With the popularity and legitimization of graffiti has come a level of commercialization. In 2001, computer giant IBM launched an advertising campaign in Chicago and San Francisco which involved people spray painting on sidewalks a peace symbol, a heart, and a penguin (Linux mascot), to represent "Peace, Love, and Linux." IBM paid Chicago and San Francisco collectively US$120,000 for punitive damages and clean-up costs.
In 2005, a similar ad campaign was launched by Sony and executed by its advertising agency in New York, Chicago, Atlanta, Philadelphia, Los Angeles, and Miami, to market its handheld PSP gaming system. In this campaign, taking notice of the legal problems of the IBM campaign, Sony paid building owners for the rights to paint on their buildings "a collection of dizzy-eyed urban kids playing with the PSP as if it were a skateboard, a paddle, or a rocking horse".
Tristan Manco wrote that Brazil "boasts a unique and particularly rich, graffiti scene ... [earning] it an international reputation as the place to go for artistic inspiration". Graffiti "flourishes in every conceivable space in Brazil's cities". Artistic parallels "are often drawn between the energy of São Paulo today and 1970s New York". The "sprawling metropolis", of São Paulo has "become the new shrine to graffiti"; Manco alludes to "poverty and unemployment ... [and] the epic struggles and conditions of the country's marginalised peoples", and to "Brazil's chronic poverty", as the main engines that "have fuelled a vibrant graffiti culture". In world terms, Brazil has "one of the most uneven distributions of income. Laws and taxes change frequently". Such factors, Manco argues, contribute to a very fluid society, riven with those economic divisions and social tensions that underpin and feed the "folkloric vandalism and an urban sport for the disenfranchised", that is South American graffiti art.
Prominent Brazilian writers include Os Gêmeos, Boleta, Nunca, Nina, Speto, Tikka, and T.Freak. Their artistic success and involvement in commercial design ventures has highlighted divisions within the Brazilian graffiti community between adherents of the cruder transgressive form of pichação and the more conventionally artistic values of the practitioners of grafite.
Graffiti in the Middle East has emerged slowly, with taggers operating in Egypt, Lebanon, the Gulf countries like Bahrain or the United Arab Emirates, Israel, and in Iran. The major Iranian newspaper Hamshahri has published two articles on illegal writers in the city with photographic coverage of Iranian artist A1one's works on Tehran walls. Tokyo-based design magazine, PingMag, has interviewed A1one and featured photographs of his work. The Israeli West Bank barrier has become a site for graffiti, reminiscent in this sense of the Berlin Wall. Many writers in Israel come from other places around the globe, such as JUIF from Los Angeles and DEVIONE from London. The religious reference "נ נח נחמ נחמן מאומן" ("Na Nach Nachma Nachman Meuman") is commonly seen in graffiti around Israel.
Graffiti has played an important role within the street art scene in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), especially following the events of the Arab Spring of 2011 or the Sudanese Revolution of 2018/19. Graffiti is a tool of expression in the context of conflict in the region, allowing people to raise their voices politically and socially. Famous street artist Banksy has had an important effect in the street art scene in the MENA area, especially in Palestine where some of his works are located in the West Bank barrier and Bethlehem.
There are also a large number of graffiti influences in Southeast Asian countries that mostly come from modern Western culture, such as Malaysia, where graffiti have long been a common sight in Malaysia's capital city, Kuala Lumpur. Since 2010, the country has begun hosting a street festival to encourage all generations and people from all walks of life to enjoy and encourage Malaysian street culture.
The modern-day graffitists can be found with an arsenal of various materials that allow for a successful production of a piece. This includes such techniques as scribing. However, spray paint in aerosol cans is the number one medium for graffiti. From this commodity comes different styles, technique, and abilities to form master works of graffiti. Spray paint can be found at hardware and art stores and comes in virtually every color.
Stencil graffiti is created by cutting out shapes and designs in a stiff material (such as cardboard or subject folders) to form an overall design or image. The stencil is then placed on the "canvas" gently and with quick, easy strokes of the aerosol can, the image begins to appear on the intended surface.
Some of the first examples were created in 1981 by artists Blek le Rat in Paris, in 1982 by Jef Aerosol in Tours (France); by 1985 stencils had appeared in other cities including New York City, Sydney, and Melbourne, where they were documented by American photographer Charles Gatewood and Australian photographer Rennie Ellis
Tagging is the practice of someone spray-painting "their name, initial or logo onto a public surface" in a handstyle unique to the writer. Tags were the first form of modern graffiti.
Modern graffiti art often incorporates additional arts and technologies. For example, Graffiti Research Lab has encouraged the use of projected images and magnetic light-emitting diodes (throwies) as new media for graffitists. yarnbombing is another recent form of graffiti. Yarnbombers occasionally target previous graffiti for modification, which had been avoided among the majority of graffitists.
Theories on the use of graffiti by avant-garde artists have a history dating back at least to the Asger Jorn, who in 1962 painting declared in a graffiti-like gesture "the avant-garde won't give up"
Many contemporary analysts and even art critics have begun to see artistic value in some graffiti and to recognize it as a form of public art. According to many art researchers, particularly in the Netherlands and in Los Angeles, that type of public art is, in fact an effective tool of social emancipation or, in the achievement of a political goal
In times of conflict, such murals have offered a means of communication and self-expression for members of these socially, ethnically, or racially divided communities, and have proven themselves as effective tools in establishing dialog and thus, of addressing cleavages in the long run. The Berlin Wall was also extensively covered by graffiti reflecting social pressures relating to the oppressive Soviet rule over the GDR.
Many artists involved with graffiti are also concerned with the similar activity of stenciling. Essentially, this entails stenciling a print of one or more colors using spray-paint. Recognized while exhibiting and publishing several of her coloured stencils and paintings portraying the Sri Lankan Civil War and urban Britain in the early 2000s, graffitists Mathangi Arulpragasam, aka M.I.A., has also become known for integrating her imagery of political violence into her music videos for singles "Galang" and "Bucky Done Gun", and her cover art. Stickers of her artwork also often appear around places such as London in Brick Lane, stuck to lamp posts and street signs, she having become a muse for other graffitists and painters worldwide in cities including Seville.
Graffitist believes that art should be on display for everyone in the public eye or in plain sight, not hidden away in a museum or a gallery. Art should color the streets, not the inside of some building. Graffiti is a form of art that cannot be owned or bought. It does not last forever, it is temporary, yet one of a kind. It is a form of self promotion for the artist that can be displayed anywhere form sidewalks, roofs, subways, building wall, etc. Art to them is for everyone and should be showed to everyone for free.
Graffiti is a way of communicating and a way of expressing what one feels in the moment. It is both art and a functional thing that can warn people of something or inform people of something. However, graffiti is to some people a form of art, but to some a form of vandalism. And many graffitists choose to protect their identities and remain anonymous or to hinder prosecution.
With the commercialization of graffiti (and hip hop in general), in most cases, even with legally painted "graffiti" art, graffitists tend to choose anonymity. This may be attributed to various reasons or a combination of reasons. Graffiti still remains the one of four hip hop elements that is not considered "performance art" despite the image of the "singing and dancing star" that sells hip hop culture to the mainstream. Being a graphic form of art, it might also be said that many graffitists still fall in the category of the introverted archetypal artist.
Banksy is one of the world's most notorious and popular street artists who continues to remain faceless in today's society. He is known for his political, anti-war stencil art mainly in Bristol, England, but his work may be seen anywhere from Los Angeles to Palestine. In the UK, Banksy is the most recognizable icon for this cultural artistic movement and keeps his identity a secret to avoid arrest. Much of Banksy's artwork may be seen around the streets of London and surrounding suburbs, although he has painted pictures throughout the world, including the Middle East, where he has painted on Israel's controversial West Bank barrier with satirical images of life on the other side. One depicted a hole in the wall with an idyllic beach, while another shows a mountain landscape on the other side. A number of exhibitions also have taken place since 2000, and recent works of art have fetched vast sums of money. Banksy's art is a prime example of the classic controversy: vandalism vs. art. Art supporters endorse his work distributed in urban areas as pieces of art and some councils, such as Bristol and Islington, have officially protected them, while officials of other areas have deemed his work to be vandalism and have removed it.
Pixnit is another artist who chooses to keep her identity from the general public. Her work focuses on beauty and design aspects of graffiti as opposed to Banksy's anti-government shock value. Her paintings are often of flower designs above shops and stores in her local urban area of Cambridge, Massachusetts. Some store owners endorse her work and encourage others to do similar work as well. "One of the pieces was left up above Steve's Kitchen, because it looks pretty awesome"- Erin Scott, the manager of New England Comics in Allston, Massachusetts.
Graffiti artists may become offended if photographs of their art are published in a commercial context without their permission. In March 2020, the Finnish graffiti artist Psyke expressed his displeasure at the newspaper Ilta-Sanomat publishing a photograph of a Peugeot 208 in an article about new cars, with his graffiti prominently shown on the background. The artist claims he does not want his art being used in commercial context, not even if he were to receive compensation.
Territorial graffiti marks urban neighborhoods with tags and logos to differentiate certain groups from others. These images are meant to show outsiders a stern look at whose turf is whose. The subject matter of gang-related graffiti consists of cryptic symbols and initials strictly fashioned with unique calligraphies. Gang members use graffiti to designate membership throughout the gang, to differentiate rivals and associates and, most commonly, to mark borders which are both territorial and ideological.
Graffiti has been used as a means of advertising both legally and illegally. Bronx-based TATS CRU has made a name for themselves doing legal advertising campaigns for companies such as Coca-Cola, McDonald's, Toyota, and MTV. In the UK, Covent Garden's Boxfresh used stencil images of a Zapatista revolutionary in the hopes that cross referencing would promote their store.
Smirnoff hired artists to use reverse graffiti (the use of high pressure hoses to clean dirty surfaces to leave a clean image in the surrounding dirt) to increase awareness of their product.
Graffiti often has a reputation as part of a subculture that rebels against authority, although the considerations of the practitioners often diverge and can relate to a wide range of attitudes. It can express a political practice and can form just one tool in an array of resistance techniques. One early example includes the anarcho-punk band Crass, who conducted a campaign of stenciling anti-war, anarchist, feminist, and anti-consumerist messages throughout the London Underground system during the late 1970s and early 1980s. In Amsterdam graffiti was a major part of the punk scene. The city was covered with names such as "De Zoot", "Vendex", and "Dr Rat". To document the graffiti a punk magazine was started that was called Gallery Anus. So when hip hop came to Europe in the early 1980s there was already a vibrant graffiti culture.
The student protests and general strike of May 1968 saw Paris bedecked in revolutionary, anarchistic, and situationist slogans such as L'ennui est contre-révolutionnaire ("Boredom is counterrevolutionary") and Lisez moins, vivez plus ("Read less, live more"). While not exhaustive, the graffiti gave a sense of the 'millenarian' and rebellious spirit, tempered with a good deal of verbal wit, of the strikers.
I think graffiti writing is a way of defining what our generation is like. Excuse the French, we're not a bunch of p---- artists. Traditionally artists have been considered soft and mellow people, a little bit kooky. Maybe we're a little bit more like pirates that way. We defend our territory, whatever space we steal to paint on, we defend it fiercely.
The developments of graffiti art which took place in art galleries and colleges as well as "on the street" or "underground", contributed to the resurfacing in the 1990s of a far more overtly politicized art form in the subvertising, culture jamming, or tactical media movements. These movements or styles tend to classify the artists by their relationship to their social and economic contexts, since, in most countries, graffiti art remains illegal in many forms except when using non-permanent paint. Since the 1990s with the rise of Street Art, a growing number of artists are switching to non-permanent paints and non-traditional forms of painting.
Contemporary practitioners, accordingly, have varied and often conflicting practices. Some individuals, such as Alexander Brener, have used the medium to politicize other art forms, and have used the prison sentences enforced on them as a means of further protest. The practices of anonymous groups and individuals also vary widely, and practitioners by no means always agree with each other's practices. For example, the anti-capitalist art group the Space Hijackers did a piece in 2004 about the contradiction between the capitalistic elements of Banksy and his use of political imagery.
Berlin human rights activist Irmela Mensah-Schramm has received global media attention and numerous awards for her 35-year campaign of effacing neo-Nazi and other right-wing extremist graffiti throughout Germany, often by altering hate speech in humorous ways.
In Serbian capital, Belgrade, the graffiti depicting a uniformed former general of Serb army and war criminal, convicted at ICTY for war crimes and crimes against humanity, including genocide and ethnic cleansing in Bosnian War, Ratko Mladić, appeared in a military salute alongside the words "General, thank to your mother". Aleks Eror, Berlin-based journalist, explains how "veneration of historical and wartime figures" through street art is not a new phenomenon in the region of former Yugoslavia, and that "in most cases is firmly focused on the future, rather than retelling the past". Eror is not only analyst pointing to danger of such an expressions for the region's future. In a long expose on the subject of Bosnian genocide denial, at Balkan Diskurs magazine and multimedia platform website, Kristina Gadže and Taylor Whitsell referred to these experiences as a young generations' "cultural heritage", in which young are being exposed to celebration and affirmation of war-criminals as part of their "formal education" and "inheritance".
There are numerous examples of genocide denial through celebration and affirmation of war criminals throughout the region of Western Balkans inhabited by Serbs using this form of artistic expression. Several more of these graffiti are found in Serbian capital, and many more across Serbia and Bosnian and Herzegovinian administrative entity, Republika Srpska, which is the ethnic Serbian majority enclave. Critics point that Serbia as a state, is willing to defend the mural of convicted war criminal, and have no intention to react on cases of genocide denial, noting that Interior Minister of Serbia, Aleksandar Vulin decision to ban any gathering with an intent to remove the mural, with the deployment of riot police, sends the message of "tacit endorsement". Consequently, on 9 November 2021, Serbian heavy police in riot gear, with graffiti creators and their supporters, blocked the access to the mural to prevent human rights groups and other activists to paint over it and mark the International Day Against Fascism and Antisemitism in that way, and even arrested two civic activist for throwing eggs at the graffiti.
Graffiti may also be used as an offensive expression. This form of graffiti may be difficult to identify, as it is mostly removed by the local authority (as councils which have adopted strategies of criminalization also strive to remove graffiti quickly). Therefore, existing racist graffiti is mostly more subtle and at first sight, not easily recognized as "racist". It can then be understood only if one knows the relevant "local code" (social, historical, political, temporal, and spatial), which is seen as heteroglot and thus a 'unique set of conditions' in a cultural context.
A spatial code for example, could be that there is a certain youth group in an area that is engaging heavily in racist activities. So, for residents (knowing the local code), a graffiti containing only the name or abbreviation of this gang already is a racist expression, reminding the offended people of their gang activities. Also a graffiti is in most cases, the herald of more serious criminal activity to come. A person who does not know these gang activities would not be able to recognize the meaning of this graffiti. Also if a tag of this youth group or gang is placed on a building occupied by asylum seekers, for example, its racist character is even stronger.
By making the graffiti less explicit (as adapted to social and legal constraints), these drawings are less likely to be removed, but do not lose their threatening and offensive character.
Elsewhere, activists in Russia have used painted caricatures of local officials with their mouths as potholes, to show their anger about the poor state of the roads. In Manchester, England, a graffitists painted obscene images around potholes, which often resulted in them being repaired within 48 hours.
In the early 1980s, the first art galleries to show graffitists to the public were Fashion Moda in the Bronx, Now Gallery and Fun Gallery, both in the East Village, Manhattan.
A 2006 exhibition at the Brooklyn Museum displayed graffiti as an art form that began in New York's outer boroughs and reached great heights in the early 1980s with the work of Crash, Lee, Daze, Keith Haring, and Jean-Michel Basquiat. It displayed 22 works by New York graffitists, including Crash, Daze, and Lady Pink. In an article about the exhibition in the magazine Time Out, curator Charlotta Kotik said that she hoped the exhibition would cause viewers to rethink their assumptions about graffiti.
From the 1970s onwards, Burhan Doğançay photographed urban walls all over the world; these he then archived for use as sources of inspiration for his painterly works. The project today known as "Walls of the World" grew beyond even his own expectations and comprises about 30,000 individual images. It spans a period of 40 years across five continents and 114 countries. In 1982, photographs from this project comprised a one-man exhibition titled "Les murs murmurent, ils crient, ils chantent ..." (The walls whisper, shout and sing ...) at the Centre Georges Pompidou in Paris.
In Australia, art historians have judged some local graffiti of sufficient creative merit to rank them firmly within the arts. Oxford University Press's art history text Australian Painting 1788–2000 concludes with a long discussion of graffiti's key place within contemporary visual culture, including the work of several Australian practitioners.
Between March and April 2009, 150 artists exhibited 300 pieces of graffiti at the Grand Palais in Paris.
Spray paint has many negative environmental effects. The paint contains toxic chemicals, and the can uses volatile hydrocarbon gases to spray the paint onto a surface.
Volatile organic compound (VOC) leads to ground level ozone formation and most of graffiti related emissions are VOCs. A 2010 paper estimates 4,862 tons of VOCs were released in the United States in activities related to graffiti.
In China, Mao Zedong in the 1920s used revolutionary slogans and paintings in public places to galvanize the country's communist movement.
Based on different national conditions, many people believe that China's attitude towards Graffiti is fierce, but in fact, according to Lance Crayon in his film Spray Paint Beijing: Graffiti in the Capital of China, Graffiti is generally accepted in Beijing, with artists not seeing much police interference. Political and religiously sensitive graffiti, however, is not allowed.
In Hong Kong, Tsang Tsou Choi was known as the King of Kowloon for his calligraphy graffiti over many years, in which he claimed ownership of the area. Now some of his work is preserved officially.
In Taiwan, the government has made some concessions to graffitists. Since 2005 they have been allowed to freely display their work along some sections of riverside retaining walls in designated "Graffiti Zones". From 2007, Taipei's department of cultural affairs also began permitting graffiti on fences around major public construction sites. Department head Yong-ping Lee (李永萍) stated, "We will promote graffiti starting with the public sector, and then later in the private sector too. It's our goal to beautify the city with graffiti". The government later helped organize a graffiti contest in Ximending, a popular shopping district. graffitists caught working outside of these designated areas still face fines up to NT$6,000 under a department of environmental protection regulation. However, Taiwanese authorities can be relatively lenient, one veteran police officer stating anonymously, "Unless someone complains about vandalism, we won't get involved. We don't go after it proactively."
In 1993, after several expensive cars in Singapore were spray-painted, the police arrested a student from the Singapore American School, Michael P. Fay, questioned him, and subsequently charged him with vandalism. Fay pleaded guilty to vandalizing a car in addition to stealing road signs. Under the 1966 Vandalism Act of Singapore, originally passed to curb the spread of communist graffiti in Singapore, the court sentenced him to four months in jail, a fine of S$3,500 (US$2,233), and a caning. The New York Times ran several editorials and op-eds that condemned the punishment and called on the American public to flood the Singaporean embassy with protests. Although the Singapore government received many calls for clemency, Fay's caning took place in Singapore on 5 May 1994. Fay had originally received a sentence of six strokes of the cane, but the presiding president of Singapore, Ong Teng Cheong, agreed to reduce his caning sentence to four lashes.
In South Korea, Park Jung-soo was fined two million South Korean won by the Seoul Central District Court for spray-painting a rat on posters of the G-20 Summit a few days before the event in November 2011. Park alleged that the initial in "G-20" sounds like the Korean word for "rat", but Korean government prosecutors alleged that Park was making a derogatory statement about the president of South Korea, Lee Myung-bak, the host of the summit. This case led to public outcry and debate on the lack of government tolerance and in support of freedom of expression. The court ruled that the painting, "an ominous creature like a rat" amounts to "an organized criminal activity" and upheld the fine while denying the prosecution's request for imprisonment for Park.
In Europe, community cleaning squads have responded to graffiti, in some cases with reckless abandon, as when in 1992 in France a local Scout group, attempting to remove modern graffiti, damaged two prehistoric paintings of bison in the Cave of Mayrière supérieure near the French village of Bruniquel in Tarn-et-Garonne, earning them the 1992 Ig Nobel Prize in archeology.
In September 2006, the European Parliament directed the European Commission to create urban environment policies to prevent and eliminate dirt, litter, graffiti, animal excrement, and excessive noise from domestic and vehicular music systems in European cities, along with other concerns over urban life.
In Budapest, Hungary, both a city-backed movement called I Love Budapest and a special police division tackle the problem, including the provision of approved areas.
The Anti-social Behaviour Act 2003 became Britain's latest anti-graffiti legislation. In August 2004, the Keep Britain Tidy campaign issued a press release calling for zero tolerance of graffiti and supporting proposals such as issuing "on the spot" fines to graffiti offenders and banning the sale of aerosol paint to anyone under the age of 16. The press release also condemned the use of graffiti images in advertising and in music videos, arguing that real-world experience of graffiti stood far removed from its often-portrayed "cool" or "edgy'" image.
To back the campaign, 123 Members of Parliament (MPs) (including then Prime Minister Tony Blair), signed a charter which stated: "Graffiti is not art, it's crime. On behalf of my constituents, I will do all I can to rid our community of this problem."
In the UK, city councils have the power to take action against the owner of any property that has been defaced under the Anti-social Behaviour Act 2003 (as amended by the Clean Neighbourhoods and Environment Act 2005) or, in certain cases, the Highways Act. This is often used against owners of property that are complacent in allowing protective boards to be defaced so long as the property is not damaged.
In July 2008, a conspiracy charge was used to convict graffitists for the first time. After a three-month police surveillance operation, nine members of the DPM crew were convicted of conspiracy to commit criminal damage costing at least £1 million. Five of them received prison sentences, ranging from eighteen months to two years. The unprecedented scale of the investigation and the severity of the sentences rekindled public debate over whether graffiti should be considered art or crime.
Some councils, like those of Stroud and Loerrach, provide approved areas in the town where graffitists can showcase their talents, including underpasses, car parks, and walls that might otherwise prove a target for the "spray and run".
Graffiti Tunnel, University of Sydney at Camperdown (2009)
In an effort to reduce vandalism, many cities in Australia have designated walls or areas exclusively for use by graffitists. One early example is the "Graffiti Tunnel" located at the Camperdown Campus of the University of Sydney, which is available for use by any student at the university to tag, advertise, poster, and paint. Advocates of this idea suggest that this discourages petty vandalism yet encourages artists to take their time and produce great art, without worry of being caught or arrested for vandalism or trespassing.[108][109] Others disagree with this approach, arguing that the presence of legal graffiti walls does not demonstrably reduce illegal graffiti elsewhere. Some local government areas throughout Australia have introduced "anti-graffiti squads", who clean graffiti in the area, and such crews as BCW (Buffers Can't Win) have taken steps to keep one step ahead of local graffiti cleaners.
Many state governments have banned the sale or possession of spray paint to those under the age of 18 (age of majority). However, a number of local governments in Victoria have taken steps to recognize the cultural heritage value of some examples of graffiti, such as prominent political graffiti. Tough new graffiti laws have been introduced in Australia with fines of up to A$26,000 and two years in prison.
Melbourne is a prominent graffiti city of Australia with many of its lanes being tourist attractions, such as Hosier Lane in particular, a popular destination for photographers, wedding photography, and backdrops for corporate print advertising. The Lonely Planet travel guide cites Melbourne's street as a major attraction. All forms of graffiti, including sticker art, poster, stencil art, and wheatpasting, can be found in many places throughout the city. Prominent street art precincts include; Fitzroy, Collingwood, Northcote, Brunswick, St. Kilda, and the CBD, where stencil and sticker art is prominent. As one moves farther away from the city, mostly along suburban train lines, graffiti tags become more prominent. Many international artists such as Banksy have left their work in Melbourne and in early 2008 a perspex screen was installed to prevent a Banksy stencil art piece from being destroyed, it has survived since 2003 through the respect of local street artists avoiding posting over it, although it has recently had paint tipped over it.
In February 2008 Helen Clark, the New Zealand prime minister at that time, announced a government crackdown on tagging and other forms of graffiti vandalism, describing it as a destructive crime representing an invasion of public and private property. New legislation subsequently adopted included a ban on the sale of paint spray cans to persons under 18 and increases in maximum fines for the offence from NZ$200 to NZ$2,000 or extended community service. The issue of tagging become a widely debated one following an incident in Auckland during January 2008 in which a middle-aged property owner stabbed one of two teenage taggers to death and was subsequently convicted of manslaughter.
Graffiti databases have increased in the past decade because they allow vandalism incidents to be fully documented against an offender and help the police and prosecution charge and prosecute offenders for multiple counts of vandalism. They also provide law enforcement the ability to rapidly search for an offender's moniker or tag in a simple, effective, and comprehensive way. These systems can also help track costs of damage to a city to help allocate an anti-graffiti budget. The theory is that when an offender is caught putting up graffiti, they are not just charged with one count of vandalism; they can be held accountable for all the other damage for which they are responsible. This has two main benefits for law enforcement. One, it sends a signal to the offenders that their vandalism is being tracked. Two, a city can seek restitution from offenders for all the damage that they have committed, not merely a single incident. These systems give law enforcement personnel real-time, street-level intelligence that allows them not only to focus on the worst graffiti offenders and their damage, but also to monitor potential gang violence that is associated with the graffiti.
Many restrictions of civil gang injunctions are designed to help address and protect the physical environment and limit graffiti. Provisions of gang injunctions include things such as restricting the possession of marker pens, spray paint cans, or other sharp objects capable of defacing private or public property; spray painting, or marking with marker pens, scratching, applying stickers, or otherwise applying graffiti on any public or private property, including, but not limited to the street, alley, residences, block walls, and fences, vehicles or any other real or personal property. Some injunctions contain wording that restricts damaging or vandalizing both public and private property, including but not limited to any vehicle, light fixture, door, fence, wall, gate, window, building, street sign, utility box, telephone box, tree, or power pole.
To help address many of these issues, many local jurisdictions have set up graffiti abatement hotlines, where citizens can call in and report vandalism and have it removed. San Diego's hotline receives more than 5,000 calls per year, in addition to reporting the graffiti, callers can learn more about prevention. One of the complaints about these hotlines is the response time; there is often a lag time between a property owner calling about the graffiti and its removal. The length of delay should be a consideration for any jurisdiction planning on operating a hotline. Local jurisdictions must convince the callers that their complaint of vandalism will be a priority and cleaned off right away. If the jurisdiction does not have the resources to respond to complaints in a timely manner, the value of the hotline diminishes. Crews must be able to respond to individual service calls made to the graffiti hotline as well as focus on cleanup near schools, parks, and major intersections and transit routes to have the biggest impact. Some cities offer a reward for information leading to the arrest and prosecution of suspects for tagging or graffiti related vandalism. The amount of the reward is based on the information provided, and the action taken.
When police obtain search warrants in connection with a vandalism investigation, they are often seeking judicial approval to look for items such as cans of spray paint and nozzles from other kinds of aerosol sprays; etching tools, or other sharp or pointed objects, which could be used to etch or scratch glass and other hard surfaces; permanent marking pens, markers, or paint sticks; evidence of membership or affiliation with any gang or tagging crew; paraphernalia including any reference to "(tagger's name)"; any drawings, writing, objects, or graffiti depicting taggers' names, initials, logos, monikers, slogans, or any mention of tagging crew membership; and any newspaper clippings relating to graffiti crime.
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and you thought your life was tough? Count the number of pots she's carrying. And she lives right next to the Panshet dam too. Irony of life.
This loaf has a doughy center, and look at the oats. White flecks clearly visible. I've baked with oats a number of times before but it's never looked like this. Usually the oats blend in with the bread and are kind of hard to notice. I think I under-baked the bread. But what's weird is the boule, baked for the same length of time, looked quite different. I guess this goes to show how much shape matters.
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Through GoPro Through GoPro - They are heroes, look through their eyes
Case update: returned to gopro for replacement.Enjoy this GoProHero video
GoPro Video, average rating: 4 / 5
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5x7 Colour Paper negative
It all started with a new lens - My new Kodak Ektar 203mm lens...
When I tool a picture I had a double image.
Hmmm?
Must be light reflecting inside the many (4) filters...
Tried again with different light sources - still the same problem.
Ahh! must be the new lensboard doesn't fit right!
I build a new lens board, took a few more pics - still the same problem...
Ahh!!!
Must be that the lens board does not fit perfectly... again rebuilt the lens board (looks quite nice now with the fancy black felt backing, BTW). Tooks a few more pics - still the same problem.
suddenly - that Ah-ha moment!
I took a picture for 1 minute without opening the shutter - sure enough I had a picture.
1 minute in a dark room with a flashlight confirmed it - Pinholes in the bellows. My previous lens was 180 - this new lens extended the bellows more than any other!
after 12 bad pictures and some acrylic paint mixed with white glue, I think I
've solved the problem - really this time.
We decided to go for a city break rather than sun in Tenerife again this September. Other than a few days in the North East we haven’t been away since last March and wanted a change and hopefully some sun. The problem is getting flights from the north of England to the places we want to go to. We chose Valencia as we could fly from East Midlands – which was still a pain to get to as it involved the most notorious stretch of the M1 at five in the morning. In the end we had a fairly good journey, the new Ryanair business class pre-booked scheme worked quite well and bang on time as usual. It was dull when we landed with storms forecast all week, the sky was bright grey – the kiss of death to the photography I had in mind. I was full of cold and wishing I was at work. It did rain but it was overnight on our first night and didn’t affect us. There has been a drought for eleven months apparently and it rained on our first day there! The forecast storms didn’t materialise in Valencia but they got it elsewhere.
Over the course of a Monday to Sunday week we covered 75 miles on foot and saw most of the best of Valencia – The City of Bell Towers. The Old City covers a pretty large area in a very confusing layout. There was a lot of referring to maps – even compass readings! – a first in a city for us. The problem with photography in Valencia is that most of the famous and attractive building are closely built around, some have poor quality housing built on to them. Most photographs have to be taken from an extreme angle looking up. There are no high points as it is pan flat, there are a small number of buildings where you can pay to go up on to the roof for a better view and we went up them – more than once!
The modern buildings of The City of Arts and Sciences – ( Ciutat de Las Arts I de les Ciencies ) are what the city has more recently become famous for, with tourists arriving by the coachload all day until late at night. They must be photographed millions of times a month. We went during the day and stayed till dark one evening, I gave it my best shot but a first time visit is always a compromise between ambition and realism, time dictates that we have to move on to the next destination. I travelled with a full size tripod – another first – I forgot to take it with me to TCoAaS! so It was time to wind up the ISO, again! Needless to say I never used the tripod.
On a day when rain was forecast but it stayed fine, albeit a bit dull, we went to the Bioparc north west of the city, a zoo by another name. There are many claims made for this place, were you can appear to walk alongside some very large animals, including, elephants, lions, giraffe, rhino, gorillas and many types of monkey to name a few. It is laid out in different geographical regions and there is very little between you and the animals, in some cases there is nothing, you enter the enclosure through a double door arrangement and the monkeys are around you. It gets rave reviews and we stayed for most of the day. The animals it has to be said gave the appearance of extreme boredom and frustration and I felt quite sorry for them.
The course of The River Turia was altered after a major flood in the 50’s. The new river runs west of the city flanked by a motorway. The old river, which is massive, deep and very wide between ancient walls, I can’t imagine how it flooded, has been turned into a park that is five miles long. There is an athletics track, football pitches, cycle paths, restaurants, numerous kids parks, ponds, fountains, loads of bridges, historic and modern. At the western end closest to the sea sits The City of Arts and Sciences – in the river bed. Where it meets the sea there is Valencia’s urban Formula One racetrack finishing in the massive marina built for The Americas Cup. The race track is in use as roadways complete with fully removable street furniture, kerbs, bollards, lights, islands and crossings, everything is just sat on the surface ready to be moved.
We found the beach almost by accident, we were desperate for food after putting in a lot of miles and the afternoon was ticking by. What a beach, 100’s of metres wide and stretching as far as the eye could see with a massive promenade. The hard thing was choosing, out of the dozens of restaurants, all next door to each other, all serving traditional Paella – rabbit and chicken – as well as seafood, we don’t eat seafood and it constituted 90% of the menu in most places. Every restaurant does a fixed price dish of the day, with a few choices, three courses and a drink. Some times this was our only meal besides making the most of the continental breakfast at the hotel. We had a fair few bar stops with the local wine being cheap and pleasant it would have been a shame not to, there would have been a one woman riot – or strike!
On our final day, a Sunday, we were out of bed and down for breakfast at 7.45 as usual, the place was deserted barring a waiter. We walked out of the door at 8.30 – in to the middle of a mass road race with many thousands of runners, one of a series that take place in Valencia – apparently! We struggled to find out the distance, possibly 10km. The finish was just around the corner so off we went with the camera gear, taking photos of random runners and groups. There was a TV crew filming it and some local celebrity (I think) commentating. Next we came across some sort of wandering religious and musical event. Some sort of ritual was played out over the course of Sunday morning in various locations, it involved catholic priests and religious buildings and another film crew. The Catholic tourists and locals were filling the (many) churches for Sunday mass. Amongst all of this we had seen men walking around in Arab style dress – the ones in black looked like the ones from ISIS currently beheading people – all carrying guns. A bit disconcerting. We assumed that there had been some sort of battle enactment. We were wrong, it hadn’t happened yet. A while later, about 11.30 we could hear banging, fireworks? No it was our friends with the guns. We were caught up in total mayhem, around 60 men randomly firing muskets with some sort of blank rounds, the noise, smoke and flames from the muzzles were incredible. We were about to climb the Torres de Serranos which is where, unbeknown to us, the grand, and deafening, finale was going to be. We could feel the blast in our faces on top of the tower. Yet again there was a film camera in attendance. I couldn’t get close ups but I got a good overview and shot my first video with the 5D, my first in 5 years of owning a DLSR with the capability. I usually use my phone ( I used my phone as well). Later in the day there was a bullfight taking place, the ring was almost next to our hotel, in the end we had other things to do and gave it a miss, it was certainly a busy Sunday in the city centre, whether it’s the norm or not I don’t know.
There is a tram system in Valencia but it goes from the port area into the newer part of the city on the north side, it wouldn’t be feasible to serve the historic old city really. A quick internet search told me that there are 55,000 university students in the city, a pretty big number. I think a lot of the campus is on the north side and served by the tram although there is a massive fleet of buses as well. There is a massive, very impressive market building , with 100’s of stalls that would make a photo project on its own, beautiful on the inside and out but very difficult to get decent photos of the exterior other than detail shots owing to the closeness of other buildings and the sheer size of it. Across town, another market has been beautifully renovated and is full of bars and restaurants and a bit of a destination in its own right.
A downside was the all too typical shafting by the taxi drivers who use every trick in the book to side step the official tariffs and rob you. The taxi from the airport had a “broken” meter and on the way home we were driven 22 km instead of the nine that is the actual distance. Some of them seem to view tourists as cash cows to be robbed at all costs. I emailed the Marriot hotel as they ordered the taxi, needless to say no answer from Marriot – they’ve had their money. We didn’t get the rip off treatment in the bars etc. that we experienced in Rome, prices are very fair on most things, certainly considering the city location.
All in all we had a good trip and can highly recommend Valencia.
The main street of Bailieborough in County Cavan. I certainly wouldnt even attempt to remove the wires from this photo. If you view it on large you can see just how many there are.
Graffiti is art that is written, painted or drawn on a wall or other surface, usually without permission and within public view. Graffiti ranges from simple written words to elaborate wall paintings, and has existed since ancient times, with examples dating back to ancient Egypt, ancient Greece, and the Roman Empire.
Graffiti is a controversial subject. In most countries, marking or painting property without permission is considered by property owners and civic authorities as defacement and vandalism, which is a punishable crime, citing the use of graffiti by street gangs to mark territory or to serve as an indicator of gang-related activities. Graffiti has become visualized as a growing urban "problem" for many cities in industrialized nations, spreading from the New York City subway system and Philadelphia in the early 1970s to the rest of the United States and Europe and other world regions
"Graffiti" (usually both singular and plural) and the rare singular form "graffito" are from the Italian word graffiato ("scratched"). The term "graffiti" is used in art history for works of art produced by scratching a design into a surface. A related term is "sgraffito", which involves scratching through one layer of pigment to reveal another beneath it. This technique was primarily used by potters who would glaze their wares and then scratch a design into them. In ancient times graffiti were carved on walls with a sharp object, although sometimes chalk or coal were used. The word originates from Greek γράφειν—graphein—meaning "to write".
The term graffiti originally referred to the inscriptions, figure drawings, and such, found on the walls of ancient sepulchres or ruins, as in the Catacombs of Rome or at Pompeii. Historically, these writings were not considered vanadlism, which today is considered part of the definition of graffiti.
The only known source of the Safaitic language, an ancient form of Arabic, is from graffiti: inscriptions scratched on to the surface of rocks and boulders in the predominantly basalt desert of southern Syria, eastern Jordan and northern Saudi Arabia. Safaitic dates from the first century BC to the fourth century AD.
Some of the oldest cave paintings in the world are 40,000 year old ones found in Australia. The oldest written graffiti was found in ancient Rome around 2500 years ago. Most graffiti from the time was boasts about sexual experiences Graffiti in Ancient Rome was a form of communication, and was not considered vandalism.
Ancient tourists visiting the 5th-century citadel at Sigiriya in Sri Lanka write their names and commentary over the "mirror wall", adding up to over 1800 individual graffiti produced there between the 6th and 18th centuries. Most of the graffiti refer to the frescoes of semi-nude females found there. One reads:
Wet with cool dew drops
fragrant with perfume from the flowers
came the gentle breeze
jasmine and water lily
dance in the spring sunshine
side-long glances
of the golden-hued ladies
stab into my thoughts
heaven itself cannot take my mind
as it has been captivated by one lass
among the five hundred I have seen here.
Among the ancient political graffiti examples were Arab satirist poems. Yazid al-Himyari, an Umayyad Arab and Persian poet, was most known for writing his political poetry on the walls between Sajistan and Basra, manifesting a strong hatred towards the Umayyad regime and its walis, and people used to read and circulate them very widely.
Graffiti, known as Tacherons, were frequently scratched on Romanesque Scandinavian church walls. When Renaissance artists such as Pinturicchio, Raphael, Michelangelo, Ghirlandaio, or Filippino Lippi descended into the ruins of Nero's Domus Aurea, they carved or painted their names and returned to initiate the grottesche style of decoration.
There are also examples of graffiti occurring in American history, such as Independence Rock, a national landmark along the Oregon Trail.
Later, French soldiers carved their names on monuments during the Napoleonic campaign of Egypt in the 1790s. Lord Byron's survives on one of the columns of the Temple of Poseidon at Cape Sounion in Attica, Greece.
The oldest known example of graffiti "monikers" found on traincars created by hobos and railworkers since the late 1800s. The Bozo Texino monikers were documented by filmmaker Bill Daniel in his 2005 film, Who is Bozo Texino?.
In World War II, an inscription on a wall at the fortress of Verdun was seen as an illustration of the US response twice in a generation to the wrongs of the Old World:
During World War II and for decades after, the phrase "Kilroy was here" with an accompanying illustration was widespread throughout the world, due to its use by American troops and ultimately filtering into American popular culture. Shortly after the death of Charlie Parker (nicknamed "Yardbird" or "Bird"), graffiti began appearing around New York with the words "Bird Lives".
Modern graffiti art has its origins with young people in 1960s and 70s in New York City and Philadelphia. Tags were the first form of stylised contemporary graffiti. Eventually, throw-ups and pieces evolved with the desire to create larger art. Writers used spray paint and other kind of materials to leave tags or to create images on the sides subway trains. and eventually moved into the city after the NYC metro began to buy new trains and paint over graffiti.
While the art had many advocates and appreciators—including the cultural critic Norman Mailer—others, including New York City mayor Ed Koch, considered it to be defacement of public property, and saw it as a form of public blight. The ‘taggers’ called what they did ‘writing’—though an important 1974 essay by Mailer referred to it using the term ‘graffiti.’
Contemporary graffiti style has been heavily influenced by hip hop culture and the myriad international styles derived from Philadelphia and New York City Subway graffiti; however, there are many other traditions of notable graffiti in the twentieth century. Graffiti have long appeared on building walls, in latrines, railroad boxcars, subways, and bridges.
An early graffito outside of New York or Philadelphia was the inscription in London reading "Clapton is God" in reference to the guitarist Eric Clapton. Creating the cult of the guitar hero, the phrase was spray-painted by an admirer on a wall in an Islington, north London in the autumn of 1967. The graffito was captured in a photograph, in which a dog is urinating on the wall.
Films like Style Wars in the 80s depicting famous writers such as Skeme, Dondi, MinOne, and ZEPHYR reinforced graffiti's role within New York's emerging hip-hop culture. Although many officers of the New York City Police Department found this film to be controversial, Style Wars is still recognized as the most prolific film representation of what was going on within the young hip hop culture of the early 1980s. Fab 5 Freddy and Futura 2000 took hip hop graffiti to Paris and London as part of the New York City Rap Tour in 1983
Commercialization and entrance into mainstream pop culture
Main article: Commercial graffiti
With the popularity and legitimization of graffiti has come a level of commercialization. In 2001, computer giant IBM launched an advertising campaign in Chicago and San Francisco which involved people spray painting on sidewalks a peace symbol, a heart, and a penguin (Linux mascot), to represent "Peace, Love, and Linux." IBM paid Chicago and San Francisco collectively US$120,000 for punitive damages and clean-up costs.
In 2005, a similar ad campaign was launched by Sony and executed by its advertising agency in New York, Chicago, Atlanta, Philadelphia, Los Angeles, and Miami, to market its handheld PSP gaming system. In this campaign, taking notice of the legal problems of the IBM campaign, Sony paid building owners for the rights to paint on their buildings "a collection of dizzy-eyed urban kids playing with the PSP as if it were a skateboard, a paddle, or a rocking horse".
Tristan Manco wrote that Brazil "boasts a unique and particularly rich, graffiti scene ... [earning] it an international reputation as the place to go for artistic inspiration". Graffiti "flourishes in every conceivable space in Brazil's cities". Artistic parallels "are often drawn between the energy of São Paulo today and 1970s New York". The "sprawling metropolis", of São Paulo has "become the new shrine to graffiti"; Manco alludes to "poverty and unemployment ... [and] the epic struggles and conditions of the country's marginalised peoples", and to "Brazil's chronic poverty", as the main engines that "have fuelled a vibrant graffiti culture". In world terms, Brazil has "one of the most uneven distributions of income. Laws and taxes change frequently". Such factors, Manco argues, contribute to a very fluid society, riven with those economic divisions and social tensions that underpin and feed the "folkloric vandalism and an urban sport for the disenfranchised", that is South American graffiti art.
Prominent Brazilian writers include Os Gêmeos, Boleta, Nunca, Nina, Speto, Tikka, and T.Freak. Their artistic success and involvement in commercial design ventures has highlighted divisions within the Brazilian graffiti community between adherents of the cruder transgressive form of pichação and the more conventionally artistic values of the practitioners of grafite.
Graffiti in the Middle East has emerged slowly, with taggers operating in Egypt, Lebanon, the Gulf countries like Bahrain or the United Arab Emirates, Israel, and in Iran. The major Iranian newspaper Hamshahri has published two articles on illegal writers in the city with photographic coverage of Iranian artist A1one's works on Tehran walls. Tokyo-based design magazine, PingMag, has interviewed A1one and featured photographs of his work. The Israeli West Bank barrier has become a site for graffiti, reminiscent in this sense of the Berlin Wall. Many writers in Israel come from other places around the globe, such as JUIF from Los Angeles and DEVIONE from London. The religious reference "נ נח נחמ נחמן מאומן" ("Na Nach Nachma Nachman Meuman") is commonly seen in graffiti around Israel.
Graffiti has played an important role within the street art scene in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), especially following the events of the Arab Spring of 2011 or the Sudanese Revolution of 2018/19. Graffiti is a tool of expression in the context of conflict in the region, allowing people to raise their voices politically and socially. Famous street artist Banksy has had an important effect in the street art scene in the MENA area, especially in Palestine where some of his works are located in the West Bank barrier and Bethlehem.
There are also a large number of graffiti influences in Southeast Asian countries that mostly come from modern Western culture, such as Malaysia, where graffiti have long been a common sight in Malaysia's capital city, Kuala Lumpur. Since 2010, the country has begun hosting a street festival to encourage all generations and people from all walks of life to enjoy and encourage Malaysian street culture.
The modern-day graffitists can be found with an arsenal of various materials that allow for a successful production of a piece. This includes such techniques as scribing. However, spray paint in aerosol cans is the number one medium for graffiti. From this commodity comes different styles, technique, and abilities to form master works of graffiti. Spray paint can be found at hardware and art stores and comes in virtually every color.
Stencil graffiti is created by cutting out shapes and designs in a stiff material (such as cardboard or subject folders) to form an overall design or image. The stencil is then placed on the "canvas" gently and with quick, easy strokes of the aerosol can, the image begins to appear on the intended surface.
Some of the first examples were created in 1981 by artists Blek le Rat in Paris, in 1982 by Jef Aerosol in Tours (France); by 1985 stencils had appeared in other cities including New York City, Sydney, and Melbourne, where they were documented by American photographer Charles Gatewood and Australian photographer Rennie Ellis
Tagging is the practice of someone spray-painting "their name, initial or logo onto a public surface" in a handstyle unique to the writer. Tags were the first form of modern graffiti.
Modern graffiti art often incorporates additional arts and technologies. For example, Graffiti Research Lab has encouraged the use of projected images and magnetic light-emitting diodes (throwies) as new media for graffitists. yarnbombing is another recent form of graffiti. Yarnbombers occasionally target previous graffiti for modification, which had been avoided among the majority of graffitists.
Theories on the use of graffiti by avant-garde artists have a history dating back at least to the Asger Jorn, who in 1962 painting declared in a graffiti-like gesture "the avant-garde won't give up"
Many contemporary analysts and even art critics have begun to see artistic value in some graffiti and to recognize it as a form of public art. According to many art researchers, particularly in the Netherlands and in Los Angeles, that type of public art is, in fact an effective tool of social emancipation or, in the achievement of a political goal
In times of conflict, such murals have offered a means of communication and self-expression for members of these socially, ethnically, or racially divided communities, and have proven themselves as effective tools in establishing dialog and thus, of addressing cleavages in the long run. The Berlin Wall was also extensively covered by graffiti reflecting social pressures relating to the oppressive Soviet rule over the GDR.
Many artists involved with graffiti are also concerned with the similar activity of stenciling. Essentially, this entails stenciling a print of one or more colors using spray-paint. Recognized while exhibiting and publishing several of her coloured stencils and paintings portraying the Sri Lankan Civil War and urban Britain in the early 2000s, graffitists Mathangi Arulpragasam, aka M.I.A., has also become known for integrating her imagery of political violence into her music videos for singles "Galang" and "Bucky Done Gun", and her cover art. Stickers of her artwork also often appear around places such as London in Brick Lane, stuck to lamp posts and street signs, she having become a muse for other graffitists and painters worldwide in cities including Seville.
Graffitist believes that art should be on display for everyone in the public eye or in plain sight, not hidden away in a museum or a gallery. Art should color the streets, not the inside of some building. Graffiti is a form of art that cannot be owned or bought. It does not last forever, it is temporary, yet one of a kind. It is a form of self promotion for the artist that can be displayed anywhere form sidewalks, roofs, subways, building wall, etc. Art to them is for everyone and should be showed to everyone for free.
Graffiti is a way of communicating and a way of expressing what one feels in the moment. It is both art and a functional thing that can warn people of something or inform people of something. However, graffiti is to some people a form of art, but to some a form of vandalism. And many graffitists choose to protect their identities and remain anonymous or to hinder prosecution.
With the commercialization of graffiti (and hip hop in general), in most cases, even with legally painted "graffiti" art, graffitists tend to choose anonymity. This may be attributed to various reasons or a combination of reasons. Graffiti still remains the one of four hip hop elements that is not considered "performance art" despite the image of the "singing and dancing star" that sells hip hop culture to the mainstream. Being a graphic form of art, it might also be said that many graffitists still fall in the category of the introverted archetypal artist.
Banksy is one of the world's most notorious and popular street artists who continues to remain faceless in today's society. He is known for his political, anti-war stencil art mainly in Bristol, England, but his work may be seen anywhere from Los Angeles to Palestine. In the UK, Banksy is the most recognizable icon for this cultural artistic movement and keeps his identity a secret to avoid arrest. Much of Banksy's artwork may be seen around the streets of London and surrounding suburbs, although he has painted pictures throughout the world, including the Middle East, where he has painted on Israel's controversial West Bank barrier with satirical images of life on the other side. One depicted a hole in the wall with an idyllic beach, while another shows a mountain landscape on the other side. A number of exhibitions also have taken place since 2000, and recent works of art have fetched vast sums of money. Banksy's art is a prime example of the classic controversy: vandalism vs. art. Art supporters endorse his work distributed in urban areas as pieces of art and some councils, such as Bristol and Islington, have officially protected them, while officials of other areas have deemed his work to be vandalism and have removed it.
Pixnit is another artist who chooses to keep her identity from the general public. Her work focuses on beauty and design aspects of graffiti as opposed to Banksy's anti-government shock value. Her paintings are often of flower designs above shops and stores in her local urban area of Cambridge, Massachusetts. Some store owners endorse her work and encourage others to do similar work as well. "One of the pieces was left up above Steve's Kitchen, because it looks pretty awesome"- Erin Scott, the manager of New England Comics in Allston, Massachusetts.
Graffiti artists may become offended if photographs of their art are published in a commercial context without their permission. In March 2020, the Finnish graffiti artist Psyke expressed his displeasure at the newspaper Ilta-Sanomat publishing a photograph of a Peugeot 208 in an article about new cars, with his graffiti prominently shown on the background. The artist claims he does not want his art being used in commercial context, not even if he were to receive compensation.
Territorial graffiti marks urban neighborhoods with tags and logos to differentiate certain groups from others. These images are meant to show outsiders a stern look at whose turf is whose. The subject matter of gang-related graffiti consists of cryptic symbols and initials strictly fashioned with unique calligraphies. Gang members use graffiti to designate membership throughout the gang, to differentiate rivals and associates and, most commonly, to mark borders which are both territorial and ideological.
Graffiti has been used as a means of advertising both legally and illegally. Bronx-based TATS CRU has made a name for themselves doing legal advertising campaigns for companies such as Coca-Cola, McDonald's, Toyota, and MTV. In the UK, Covent Garden's Boxfresh used stencil images of a Zapatista revolutionary in the hopes that cross referencing would promote their store.
Smirnoff hired artists to use reverse graffiti (the use of high pressure hoses to clean dirty surfaces to leave a clean image in the surrounding dirt) to increase awareness of their product.
Graffiti often has a reputation as part of a subculture that rebels against authority, although the considerations of the practitioners often diverge and can relate to a wide range of attitudes. It can express a political practice and can form just one tool in an array of resistance techniques. One early example includes the anarcho-punk band Crass, who conducted a campaign of stenciling anti-war, anarchist, feminist, and anti-consumerist messages throughout the London Underground system during the late 1970s and early 1980s. In Amsterdam graffiti was a major part of the punk scene. The city was covered with names such as "De Zoot", "Vendex", and "Dr Rat". To document the graffiti a punk magazine was started that was called Gallery Anus. So when hip hop came to Europe in the early 1980s there was already a vibrant graffiti culture.
The student protests and general strike of May 1968 saw Paris bedecked in revolutionary, anarchistic, and situationist slogans such as L'ennui est contre-révolutionnaire ("Boredom is counterrevolutionary") and Lisez moins, vivez plus ("Read less, live more"). While not exhaustive, the graffiti gave a sense of the 'millenarian' and rebellious spirit, tempered with a good deal of verbal wit, of the strikers.
I think graffiti writing is a way of defining what our generation is like. Excuse the French, we're not a bunch of p---- artists. Traditionally artists have been considered soft and mellow people, a little bit kooky. Maybe we're a little bit more like pirates that way. We defend our territory, whatever space we steal to paint on, we defend it fiercely.
The developments of graffiti art which took place in art galleries and colleges as well as "on the street" or "underground", contributed to the resurfacing in the 1990s of a far more overtly politicized art form in the subvertising, culture jamming, or tactical media movements. These movements or styles tend to classify the artists by their relationship to their social and economic contexts, since, in most countries, graffiti art remains illegal in many forms except when using non-permanent paint. Since the 1990s with the rise of Street Art, a growing number of artists are switching to non-permanent paints and non-traditional forms of painting.
Contemporary practitioners, accordingly, have varied and often conflicting practices. Some individuals, such as Alexander Brener, have used the medium to politicize other art forms, and have used the prison sentences enforced on them as a means of further protest. The practices of anonymous groups and individuals also vary widely, and practitioners by no means always agree with each other's practices. For example, the anti-capitalist art group the Space Hijackers did a piece in 2004 about the contradiction between the capitalistic elements of Banksy and his use of political imagery.
Berlin human rights activist Irmela Mensah-Schramm has received global media attention and numerous awards for her 35-year campaign of effacing neo-Nazi and other right-wing extremist graffiti throughout Germany, often by altering hate speech in humorous ways.
In Serbian capital, Belgrade, the graffiti depicting a uniformed former general of Serb army and war criminal, convicted at ICTY for war crimes and crimes against humanity, including genocide and ethnic cleansing in Bosnian War, Ratko Mladić, appeared in a military salute alongside the words "General, thank to your mother". Aleks Eror, Berlin-based journalist, explains how "veneration of historical and wartime figures" through street art is not a new phenomenon in the region of former Yugoslavia, and that "in most cases is firmly focused on the future, rather than retelling the past". Eror is not only analyst pointing to danger of such an expressions for the region's future. In a long expose on the subject of Bosnian genocide denial, at Balkan Diskurs magazine and multimedia platform website, Kristina Gadže and Taylor Whitsell referred to these experiences as a young generations' "cultural heritage", in which young are being exposed to celebration and affirmation of war-criminals as part of their "formal education" and "inheritance".
There are numerous examples of genocide denial through celebration and affirmation of war criminals throughout the region of Western Balkans inhabited by Serbs using this form of artistic expression. Several more of these graffiti are found in Serbian capital, and many more across Serbia and Bosnian and Herzegovinian administrative entity, Republika Srpska, which is the ethnic Serbian majority enclave. Critics point that Serbia as a state, is willing to defend the mural of convicted war criminal, and have no intention to react on cases of genocide denial, noting that Interior Minister of Serbia, Aleksandar Vulin decision to ban any gathering with an intent to remove the mural, with the deployment of riot police, sends the message of "tacit endorsement". Consequently, on 9 November 2021, Serbian heavy police in riot gear, with graffiti creators and their supporters, blocked the access to the mural to prevent human rights groups and other activists to paint over it and mark the International Day Against Fascism and Antisemitism in that way, and even arrested two civic activist for throwing eggs at the graffiti.
Graffiti may also be used as an offensive expression. This form of graffiti may be difficult to identify, as it is mostly removed by the local authority (as councils which have adopted strategies of criminalization also strive to remove graffiti quickly). Therefore, existing racist graffiti is mostly more subtle and at first sight, not easily recognized as "racist". It can then be understood only if one knows the relevant "local code" (social, historical, political, temporal, and spatial), which is seen as heteroglot and thus a 'unique set of conditions' in a cultural context.
A spatial code for example, could be that there is a certain youth group in an area that is engaging heavily in racist activities. So, for residents (knowing the local code), a graffiti containing only the name or abbreviation of this gang already is a racist expression, reminding the offended people of their gang activities. Also a graffiti is in most cases, the herald of more serious criminal activity to come. A person who does not know these gang activities would not be able to recognize the meaning of this graffiti. Also if a tag of this youth group or gang is placed on a building occupied by asylum seekers, for example, its racist character is even stronger.
By making the graffiti less explicit (as adapted to social and legal constraints), these drawings are less likely to be removed, but do not lose their threatening and offensive character.
Elsewhere, activists in Russia have used painted caricatures of local officials with their mouths as potholes, to show their anger about the poor state of the roads. In Manchester, England, a graffitists painted obscene images around potholes, which often resulted in them being repaired within 48 hours.
In the early 1980s, the first art galleries to show graffitists to the public were Fashion Moda in the Bronx, Now Gallery and Fun Gallery, both in the East Village, Manhattan.
A 2006 exhibition at the Brooklyn Museum displayed graffiti as an art form that began in New York's outer boroughs and reached great heights in the early 1980s with the work of Crash, Lee, Daze, Keith Haring, and Jean-Michel Basquiat. It displayed 22 works by New York graffitists, including Crash, Daze, and Lady Pink. In an article about the exhibition in the magazine Time Out, curator Charlotta Kotik said that she hoped the exhibition would cause viewers to rethink their assumptions about graffiti.
From the 1970s onwards, Burhan Doğançay photographed urban walls all over the world; these he then archived for use as sources of inspiration for his painterly works. The project today known as "Walls of the World" grew beyond even his own expectations and comprises about 30,000 individual images. It spans a period of 40 years across five continents and 114 countries. In 1982, photographs from this project comprised a one-man exhibition titled "Les murs murmurent, ils crient, ils chantent ..." (The walls whisper, shout and sing ...) at the Centre Georges Pompidou in Paris.
In Australia, art historians have judged some local graffiti of sufficient creative merit to rank them firmly within the arts. Oxford University Press's art history text Australian Painting 1788–2000 concludes with a long discussion of graffiti's key place within contemporary visual culture, including the work of several Australian practitioners.
Between March and April 2009, 150 artists exhibited 300 pieces of graffiti at the Grand Palais in Paris.
Spray paint has many negative environmental effects. The paint contains toxic chemicals, and the can uses volatile hydrocarbon gases to spray the paint onto a surface.
Volatile organic compound (VOC) leads to ground level ozone formation and most of graffiti related emissions are VOCs. A 2010 paper estimates 4,862 tons of VOCs were released in the United States in activities related to graffiti.
In China, Mao Zedong in the 1920s used revolutionary slogans and paintings in public places to galvanize the country's communist movement.
Based on different national conditions, many people believe that China's attitude towards Graffiti is fierce, but in fact, according to Lance Crayon in his film Spray Paint Beijing: Graffiti in the Capital of China, Graffiti is generally accepted in Beijing, with artists not seeing much police interference. Political and religiously sensitive graffiti, however, is not allowed.
In Hong Kong, Tsang Tsou Choi was known as the King of Kowloon for his calligraphy graffiti over many years, in which he claimed ownership of the area. Now some of his work is preserved officially.
In Taiwan, the government has made some concessions to graffitists. Since 2005 they have been allowed to freely display their work along some sections of riverside retaining walls in designated "Graffiti Zones". From 2007, Taipei's department of cultural affairs also began permitting graffiti on fences around major public construction sites. Department head Yong-ping Lee (李永萍) stated, "We will promote graffiti starting with the public sector, and then later in the private sector too. It's our goal to beautify the city with graffiti". The government later helped organize a graffiti contest in Ximending, a popular shopping district. graffitists caught working outside of these designated areas still face fines up to NT$6,000 under a department of environmental protection regulation. However, Taiwanese authorities can be relatively lenient, one veteran police officer stating anonymously, "Unless someone complains about vandalism, we won't get involved. We don't go after it proactively."
In 1993, after several expensive cars in Singapore were spray-painted, the police arrested a student from the Singapore American School, Michael P. Fay, questioned him, and subsequently charged him with vandalism. Fay pleaded guilty to vandalizing a car in addition to stealing road signs. Under the 1966 Vandalism Act of Singapore, originally passed to curb the spread of communist graffiti in Singapore, the court sentenced him to four months in jail, a fine of S$3,500 (US$2,233), and a caning. The New York Times ran several editorials and op-eds that condemned the punishment and called on the American public to flood the Singaporean embassy with protests. Although the Singapore government received many calls for clemency, Fay's caning took place in Singapore on 5 May 1994. Fay had originally received a sentence of six strokes of the cane, but the presiding president of Singapore, Ong Teng Cheong, agreed to reduce his caning sentence to four lashes.
In South Korea, Park Jung-soo was fined two million South Korean won by the Seoul Central District Court for spray-painting a rat on posters of the G-20 Summit a few days before the event in November 2011. Park alleged that the initial in "G-20" sounds like the Korean word for "rat", but Korean government prosecutors alleged that Park was making a derogatory statement about the president of South Korea, Lee Myung-bak, the host of the summit. This case led to public outcry and debate on the lack of government tolerance and in support of freedom of expression. The court ruled that the painting, "an ominous creature like a rat" amounts to "an organized criminal activity" and upheld the fine while denying the prosecution's request for imprisonment for Park.
In Europe, community cleaning squads have responded to graffiti, in some cases with reckless abandon, as when in 1992 in France a local Scout group, attempting to remove modern graffiti, damaged two prehistoric paintings of bison in the Cave of Mayrière supérieure near the French village of Bruniquel in Tarn-et-Garonne, earning them the 1992 Ig Nobel Prize in archeology.
In September 2006, the European Parliament directed the European Commission to create urban environment policies to prevent and eliminate dirt, litter, graffiti, animal excrement, and excessive noise from domestic and vehicular music systems in European cities, along with other concerns over urban life.
In Budapest, Hungary, both a city-backed movement called I Love Budapest and a special police division tackle the problem, including the provision of approved areas.
The Anti-social Behaviour Act 2003 became Britain's latest anti-graffiti legislation. In August 2004, the Keep Britain Tidy campaign issued a press release calling for zero tolerance of graffiti and supporting proposals such as issuing "on the spot" fines to graffiti offenders and banning the sale of aerosol paint to anyone under the age of 16. The press release also condemned the use of graffiti images in advertising and in music videos, arguing that real-world experience of graffiti stood far removed from its often-portrayed "cool" or "edgy'" image.
To back the campaign, 123 Members of Parliament (MPs) (including then Prime Minister Tony Blair), signed a charter which stated: "Graffiti is not art, it's crime. On behalf of my constituents, I will do all I can to rid our community of this problem."
In the UK, city councils have the power to take action against the owner of any property that has been defaced under the Anti-social Behaviour Act 2003 (as amended by the Clean Neighbourhoods and Environment Act 2005) or, in certain cases, the Highways Act. This is often used against owners of property that are complacent in allowing protective boards to be defaced so long as the property is not damaged.
In July 2008, a conspiracy charge was used to convict graffitists for the first time. After a three-month police surveillance operation, nine members of the DPM crew were convicted of conspiracy to commit criminal damage costing at least £1 million. Five of them received prison sentences, ranging from eighteen months to two years. The unprecedented scale of the investigation and the severity of the sentences rekindled public debate over whether graffiti should be considered art or crime.
Some councils, like those of Stroud and Loerrach, provide approved areas in the town where graffitists can showcase their talents, including underpasses, car parks, and walls that might otherwise prove a target for the "spray and run".
Graffiti Tunnel, University of Sydney at Camperdown (2009)
In an effort to reduce vandalism, many cities in Australia have designated walls or areas exclusively for use by graffitists. One early example is the "Graffiti Tunnel" located at the Camperdown Campus of the University of Sydney, which is available for use by any student at the university to tag, advertise, poster, and paint. Advocates of this idea suggest that this discourages petty vandalism yet encourages artists to take their time and produce great art, without worry of being caught or arrested for vandalism or trespassing.[108][109] Others disagree with this approach, arguing that the presence of legal graffiti walls does not demonstrably reduce illegal graffiti elsewhere. Some local government areas throughout Australia have introduced "anti-graffiti squads", who clean graffiti in the area, and such crews as BCW (Buffers Can't Win) have taken steps to keep one step ahead of local graffiti cleaners.
Many state governments have banned the sale or possession of spray paint to those under the age of 18 (age of majority). However, a number of local governments in Victoria have taken steps to recognize the cultural heritage value of some examples of graffiti, such as prominent political graffiti. Tough new graffiti laws have been introduced in Australia with fines of up to A$26,000 and two years in prison.
Melbourne is a prominent graffiti city of Australia with many of its lanes being tourist attractions, such as Hosier Lane in particular, a popular destination for photographers, wedding photography, and backdrops for corporate print advertising. The Lonely Planet travel guide cites Melbourne's street as a major attraction. All forms of graffiti, including sticker art, poster, stencil art, and wheatpasting, can be found in many places throughout the city. Prominent street art precincts include; Fitzroy, Collingwood, Northcote, Brunswick, St. Kilda, and the CBD, where stencil and sticker art is prominent. As one moves farther away from the city, mostly along suburban train lines, graffiti tags become more prominent. Many international artists such as Banksy have left their work in Melbourne and in early 2008 a perspex screen was installed to prevent a Banksy stencil art piece from being destroyed, it has survived since 2003 through the respect of local street artists avoiding posting over it, although it has recently had paint tipped over it.
In February 2008 Helen Clark, the New Zealand prime minister at that time, announced a government crackdown on tagging and other forms of graffiti vandalism, describing it as a destructive crime representing an invasion of public and private property. New legislation subsequently adopted included a ban on the sale of paint spray cans to persons under 18 and increases in maximum fines for the offence from NZ$200 to NZ$2,000 or extended community service. The issue of tagging become a widely debated one following an incident in Auckland during January 2008 in which a middle-aged property owner stabbed one of two teenage taggers to death and was subsequently convicted of manslaughter.
Graffiti databases have increased in the past decade because they allow vandalism incidents to be fully documented against an offender and help the police and prosecution charge and prosecute offenders for multiple counts of vandalism. They also provide law enforcement the ability to rapidly search for an offender's moniker or tag in a simple, effective, and comprehensive way. These systems can also help track costs of damage to a city to help allocate an anti-graffiti budget. The theory is that when an offender is caught putting up graffiti, they are not just charged with one count of vandalism; they can be held accountable for all the other damage for which they are responsible. This has two main benefits for law enforcement. One, it sends a signal to the offenders that their vandalism is being tracked. Two, a city can seek restitution from offenders for all the damage that they have committed, not merely a single incident. These systems give law enforcement personnel real-time, street-level intelligence that allows them not only to focus on the worst graffiti offenders and their damage, but also to monitor potential gang violence that is associated with the graffiti.
Many restrictions of civil gang injunctions are designed to help address and protect the physical environment and limit graffiti. Provisions of gang injunctions include things such as restricting the possession of marker pens, spray paint cans, or other sharp objects capable of defacing private or public property; spray painting, or marking with marker pens, scratching, applying stickers, or otherwise applying graffiti on any public or private property, including, but not limited to the street, alley, residences, block walls, and fences, vehicles or any other real or personal property. Some injunctions contain wording that restricts damaging or vandalizing both public and private property, including but not limited to any vehicle, light fixture, door, fence, wall, gate, window, building, street sign, utility box, telephone box, tree, or power pole.
To help address many of these issues, many local jurisdictions have set up graffiti abatement hotlines, where citizens can call in and report vandalism and have it removed. San Diego's hotline receives more than 5,000 calls per year, in addition to reporting the graffiti, callers can learn more about prevention. One of the complaints about these hotlines is the response time; there is often a lag time between a property owner calling about the graffiti and its removal. The length of delay should be a consideration for any jurisdiction planning on operating a hotline. Local jurisdictions must convince the callers that their complaint of vandalism will be a priority and cleaned off right away. If the jurisdiction does not have the resources to respond to complaints in a timely manner, the value of the hotline diminishes. Crews must be able to respond to individual service calls made to the graffiti hotline as well as focus on cleanup near schools, parks, and major intersections and transit routes to have the biggest impact. Some cities offer a reward for information leading to the arrest and prosecution of suspects for tagging or graffiti related vandalism. The amount of the reward is based on the information provided, and the action taken.
When police obtain search warrants in connection with a vandalism investigation, they are often seeking judicial approval to look for items such as cans of spray paint and nozzles from other kinds of aerosol sprays; etching tools, or other sharp or pointed objects, which could be used to etch or scratch glass and other hard surfaces; permanent marking pens, markers, or paint sticks; evidence of membership or affiliation with any gang or tagging crew; paraphernalia including any reference to "(tagger's name)"; any drawings, writing, objects, or graffiti depicting taggers' names, initials, logos, monikers, slogans, or any mention of tagging crew membership; and any newspaper clippings relating to graffiti crime.
Putting another clutch in the bike at the side of a mosquitoe infested road. Mexico. 1989 Hiding behind the bike is my ex- girlfriends Honda XL600R - which ran faultlessly for her 10,000 mile trip, she didn't even have a manual, let alone service it!
1954 - Grünenthal patents thalidomide
1957 - Thalidomide is licensed in Germany
1957 - Germany main release of the drug (test marketing started at least a year earlier)
1958 - Thalidomide is licensed in the UK to Distillers
1958 - UK distribution begins through the NHS
1960 - Drug companies attempted to release Thalidomide in the USA but held back by Dr Frances Kelsey of the FDA until evidence of its safety was proven
1961 - Drug withdrawal announced in Germany, UK withdrawal commenced within a week, newborns still affected till 1965
1962 - A Belgian woman was found not guilty of murdering her thalidomide baby
1962 - First (and final) public announcement in UK that drug was not to be used
1964 - It's discovered that the drug had a radical effect on some of the painful symptoms of leprosy
1973 - The Thalidomide Trust is established
1978 - The first German pharmaceutical law was passed in 1978, tests for teratogenicity became a legal requirement for drug approval.
1980s - Scientists once again became interested in the drug's complex properties and researchers began to explore its use in the treatment of a number of diseases, including cancer
1986 - Guinness bought Distillers
Late 1990's - It becomes apparent that many of the thalidomide surviors were encountering health problems including accelerated wear of joints and limbs, which were causing pain and further disability. By the age of 40, a number have had to have hip replacements and even shoulder replacements
1995 - Guinness agrees to contribute financially to the Thalidomide Trust
1997 - Dr. Bart Barlogie’s reported thalidomide’s initial effectiveness against Multiple Myeloma and it was later approved in the United States by the FDA for use in this malignancy
1998 - Guinness merges with Grand Metropolitan and forms Diageo
2004 - the government agrees to grant tax exemption to thalidomide beneficiaries of the Thalidomide Trust
2005 - Diageo makes an agreement with the Thalidomide Trust to increase funds
2009 - The UK Government admits it will contribute three years of limited funding to the Thalidomide Trust to assist with health needs
2010 - The UK Government acknowledges the pain and suffering caused by all those affected by thalidomide
www.twitter.com/Memoire2cite « Non aux bidonvilles, non aux villes-bidon. L'urbanisme est un acte politique au service du peuple ». L'Atelier populaire des Beaux-Arts, en mai 1968, cristallise derrière ce slogan le mécontentement croissant face à la fabrique de la ville et à la multiplication de ce qu’on commence à appeler les Grands Ensembles. Délinquance juvénile, ennui, dépression, prostitution, ségrégation spatiale et sous-équipement... tels sont les symptômes d'une nouvelle maladie qui, selon L'Echo Régional du 22 mars 1962, frappe les villes dans les années 1960 : la « sarcellite ». Ce jugement très sévère sur les Grands Ensembles est partagé à la fois par les sociologues comme par les géographes voire par les politiques à en juger par le titre d'une note interne de la Commission Nationale du Logement en 1975 : « Grands Ensembles, grands problèmes ».Les quelques albums pour enfants qui entendent parler de l'époque dans laquelle leurs jeunes lecteurs vivent reprennent en cœur cette image austère de tours et de barres grises sans charmes. À l'instar de C'est le bouquet, de Claude Roy et Alain Le Foll édité en 1963 par Robert Delpire, l'extension horizontale de la fleur qui parvient à pousser à travers le béton et dans laquelle les habitants de la cité viennent se lover s'oppose à l'empilement des appartements dans les nombreuses tours. De la même façon, le troisième album des « Barbapapas », série créée en 1968, dénonce ces grandes barres grises qui brisent le rêve et l’imagination. Pourtant, face à cette critique qui met en avant davantage l'aspect esthétique ou inesthétique, une série, parue aux éditions La Farandole, fait résistance et entend porter un tout autre regard sur les Grands Ensembles et notamment sur le cadre de vie de ses habitants. Les six albums de la série « Nicole », réalisés entre 1969 et 1978, sont une idée d'Andrée Clair, auteure confirmée et militante communiste, mise en images par la toute jeune illustratrice débutante Bernadette Després.
La série des Nicole constitue probablement le témoignage d’un autre courant né dans les années 1960 mais qui s’affirme au sein de la gauche française et particulièrement du PCF après 1968 : il s’agit de la « Deuxième Gauche ». Dans cet article, il s’agira donc de montrer en quoi cette série peut être rattachée à ce nouveau courant et comment elle fait rupture avec le discours habituel sur les Grands Ensembles. Pour ce faire, nous entreprendrons d'abord de décrire la représentation des Grands Ensembles dans le paysage pictural français des albums pour enfants à la fin des années 1960. Ensuite, l’intentionnalité éditoriale qui a donné le jour à la série des « Nicole » dans la collection « Mille Images » sera interrogée. Enfin, les représentations et le discours socio-spatial original portés par la série sur les Grands Ensembles seront analysés. Grands chantiers, grands ensembles
1 « Quarante mille voisins », Cinq colonnes à la Une, Radiodiffusion de la Télévision Française, 2 dé (...)
« Dans quelques années, quand vous traverserez la banlieue parisienne, c’est en hélicoptère sans doute que vous irez. Et partout, vous survolerez des villes dans le genre de celle-ci. On les appelle les Grands Ensembles. On les appelle les villes-dortoirs. Elles doivent permettre aux familles de vivre loin de l’agitation et de l’air malsain des grandes cités. Elles existent dans le monde entier. Les urbanistes et les sociologues leur consacrent des volumes et des congrès1. »
C’est par ces mots que le journaliste de l’émission de télévision, Cinq colonnes à la Une, Pierre Tchernia, survolant en hélicoptère Sarcelles, présente en 1960 ce phénomène urbanistique original et sans réel précédent en France si l’on considère la vitesse de sa diffusion et l’ampleur des chantiers occasionnés. Le Ministère de la Reconstruction et de l’Urbanisme fut le moteur de ces constructions d’habitations mécanisées, préfabriquées et montées en série qui répondaient à une demande urgente de logements au lendemain de la Seconde guerre mondiale. Le Ministère se dota d’un arsenal de lois et de programmes de construction comme le programme de logements économique de première nécessité en 1955 et le décret du 31 décembre 1958 qui créa des Zones à Urbaniser en Priorité (ZUP) aux marges des grandes villes. Entre 1953 et 1978, ce sont 300 000 logements par an qui furent ainsi ouverts à l’habitation à loyer modéré. Plus de six millions de logements furent construits au total. L’émission de Cinq Colonnes à la Une se situe près de cinq ans après l’ouverture des premiers chantiers et l’on sent déjà dans le ton du journaliste le doute s’installer. « Elles doivent permettre aux familles de vivre loin de l’agitation et de l’air malsain des grandes cités », nous dit-il. Ces constructions commanditées par l’Etat, ayant recours aux méthodes de construction les plus modernes doivent améliorer les conditions de vie des habitants. Mais d’ailleurs comment nommer ces habitations ? On sent que le journaliste hésite : « grands ensembles », « villes dortoirs » ? En 1963, le géographe Yves Lacoste entreprend de donner une définition : Yves Lacoste, « Un problème complexe et débattu : les Grands Ensembles », Bulletin de l’Association (...)
Le Grand Ensemble apparaît comme une unité d’habitation relativement autonome formée de bâtiments collectifs, édifiés dans un assez bref laps de temps, en fonction d’un plan global qui comprend plus de 1000 logements environ2.
Raphaële Bertho, « Les grands ensembles », Études photographiques, 31, printemps 2014, [en ligne], (...)
cf. à ce propos Raphaële Bertho, op. cit.
Par « bâtiments collectifs », il faut comprendre une architecture de barres et de tours édifiées sur des zones d’implantation assez vastes ayant en commun d’appartenir à une même opération de grande envergure et visant à offrir des logements à loyer relativement bon marché. Raphaële Bertho souligne qu’avec le début des années 1960, « de réalisations glorieuses d’une Nation tournée vers l’avenir, [les grands ensembles] deviennent les symboles d’un État planificateur imbu de sa puissance3. » C’est d’ailleurs cette « toute puissance » qui est donnée à voir dans les premières images de Cinq Colonnes à la Une par une vue oblique depuis l’hélicoptère. L’observateur domine la création, l’aménagement et l’organisation humains. C’est tout le génie de l’architecte-urbaniste qui est mis en exergue ici dans ces images qui reprennent d’ailleurs une représentation très fréquente4 de ces manifestations bétonnées de la « modernisation triomphante ». Raphaële Bertho insiste sur l’image de cet « urbanisme nouveau » des Grands Ensembles qui est donnée par les services de l’État :
Dominique Gauthey, « Les archives de la reconstruction (1945-1979) », Etudes géographiques, n°3, no (...)
Raphaële Bertho, op. cit.
Les Grands Ensembles y sont présentés comme l’anticipation en actes d’une ville pensée et prévue pour l’homme, cités idéales où l’on retrouve l’importance accordée au soleil, à l’espace et à la verdure dans le credo moderniste. Une orientation manifeste, que l’on observe notamment dans la mise en scène des clichés lors des Salons des arts ménagers dans les années 1950, lesquels sont les vecteurs privilégiés de cette « planification intégrale du bonheur5 » auprès du public. Celui-ci est ainsi accueilli par la vision d’enfants profitant des espaces de loisirs nouvellement aménagés dans ces “cités radieuses”.Les enfants ont ainsi toute leur place dans ces projets modernes. Ces derniers sont en grande partie construits pour eux, part de la population française la plus nombreuse dans ce tout début de baby-boom. Louis Caro, « Psychiatres et sociologues dénoncent la folie des grands ensembles », Sciences et Vie(...)
L’Humanité du 5 novembre 1963.
Pourtant dès 1959, les grands ensembles sont mis sur la sellette. Dans Science et Vie, Louis Caro consacre un article entier à la formation des bandes de voyous dans les Grands Ensembles7. Dans les années 1962-1963, Sarcelles et ses avatars subissent de sévères critiques depuis qu’un des occupants d’une tour s’est défenestré. Les médias commencent à parler de « sarcellite », une maladie qui toucherait les habitants de Sarcelles et de tous les Grands Ensembles. Ainsi est-elle définie dans les colonnes de L’Humanité en 1963 : « Sarcellite, total désenchantement, indifférence à la vie sociale, ennui insurmontable, aboutissant à la dépression nerveuse dans les cas bénins, au suicide dans les cas aigus8. » Dès lors, les grands ensembles ne sont plus aussi radieux pour les enfants qui y habitent et il conviendrait peut-être de grandir ailleurs qu’à l’ombre des tours et des barres de béton armé. Claude Roy, Alain Le Fol, C’est le bouquet ! Gallimard, 1979, p.9.
10C’est à cette même époque que l’édition pour enfants s’intéresse au sujet et principalement certaines petites maisons d’édition. En 1963, Robert Delpire publie une histoire écrite par Claude Roy et mise en images par Alain Le Fol : C’est le bouquet ! Deux enfants, Claudelun et Claudelune, habitent au neuvième étage d’une tour d’un « Grand Ensemble de 2000 maisons avec un total de 200 000 appartements9 » situé tout près de Paris. La famille qui vivait jusque là dans des « coins-recoins-celliers-et-machin » au cœur de Paris, avait subi la crise du logement et était venue s’installer en banlieue dans des habitations imaginées par un Architecte malin :
L’Architecte, avec sa règle graduée, son équerre et sa bouteille d’encre de Chine, l’Architecte avait pensé à tout. Il avait prévu un vide-épluchures et vide-bouteilles, un vide-poussière et un vide-enfants. Mais il n’avait pas prévu les gens, et les gens s’ennuyaient dans tout ce ciment, ce verre, et ce vent, dans ces grands appartements tous pareils, qui ressemblaient à des cages à mouches empilées dans le ciel.
Roy, Cana, C’est le bouquet ! (1963), p. 10-11. © GallimardLa description qui est faite par Claude Roy d’un grand ensemble rejoint en tout point les griefs formulés contre ces grandes constructions grises : la tristesse, la monotonie, le fonctionnalisme poussé à l’excès. Les illustrations d’Alain Le Fol jouent sur l’opposition des constructions grises atoniques et de la « nature » multicolore. Cette opposition est développée tout au long de l’histoire, d’abord avec l’Oiseau Moqueur qui voit s’installer la famille, ensuite avec la croissance d’une plante semée accidentellement par l’un des deux enfants. Au début de l’histoire, la tour est perçue comme un supplice, une punition infligée aux enfants. L’Oiseau Moqueur se demande d’ailleurs : « Qu’est-ce qu’ils ont donc fait pour avoir mérité d’être enfermés dans ces cages-à-gens11 ? » Plus loin, lorsque la Mère veut calmer ses enfants qui semblent tourner en rond dans l’appartement, « elle les mettait dans le vide-enfants et ils allaient s’ennuyer sur le tas de sable à enfants à air conditionné ». À la fin, la fraxilumèle, cette plante aux couleurs merveilleuses, a dépassé les tours et envahi le Grand Ensemble. Elle est devenue l’aire de jeu la plus réjouissante dans laquelle enfants et adultes se retrouvent et s’amusent. On retrouvera cette même opposition entre la grisaille du béton et les couleurs liées au rêve et à l’enchantement dans un album de 1979 publié par le Père Castor, Fleur de béton de Michel Gansel et Monique Touvay. Dans cet ouvrage, trois jeunes garçons d’une cité HLM sortent de l’école et vont rendre visite à un de leur camarade malade et alité. Pour lui remonter le moral, ils lui confectionnent une grande fleur multicolore.Gansel, Touvay, Fleur de béton (1979), p. 4-5. © Père Castor/Flammarion
En 1968, Talus Taylor, un biologiste de San Francisco, rencontre à Paris une jeune architecte française, Annette Tison. Tous les deux imaginent sur une nappe de la brasserie Zeyer, place d’Alésia, un personnage hors norme, protéiforme, d’un rose très vif : Barbapapa. Ce dernier est né d’une graine et a pris naissance dans la Terre. Le premier album est publié en 1970 par la toute récente maison d’édition de l’École des loisirs. Deux ans plus tard, Barbapapa qui s’est construit une famille multicolore doit fuir une ville livrée à la démolition. Il est alors relogé dans de Grands Ensembles où il vit très mal l’entassement et l’ennui. La famille Barbapapa quitte alors la ville pour aller s’installer à la campagne.
Tison, Taylor, La Maison de Barbapapa (1972), p. 8-9. © Le Dragon d’or Ces trois ouvrages sont assez représentatifs du peu d’albums qui évoquent et représentent les grands ensembles entre 1960 et 1970. Le discours est toujours le même : éloigner les enfants de la « sarcellite » qui ne peut être qu’inéluctable dans ces grandes constructions que l’on s’emploie à représenter grises et tristes, sans joie et sans vie. Ce discours sera d’ailleurs maintenu bien après 1968. Cependant, à côté de cette production rare de quelques petits éditeurs et du silence des grandes maisons d’édition pour la jeunesse telles qu’Hachette, la série des « Nicole » a su attirer notre attention. Son discours sur les Grands Ensembles est à la fois très favorable et très engagé.
Sous le béton, la plage ! Nicole au quinzième étage est la première aventure d’une série de six éditée par La Farandole en 1969. Nicole et sa famille viennent d’emménager dans un appartement situé au quinzième étage d’une tour HLM. La jeune fille s’extasie, apprécie le confort et passe sa journée à la fenêtre à regarder la ville depuis le quinzième étage. Dans le deuxième album, Nicole et l’ascenseur (1971), c’est la diversité régnant dans cette tour de dix-huit étages qui est célébrée. Nicole dans le grand pré (1973) et Nicole et l’étoile de mer (1978) montrent qu’au cœur des Grands Ensembles existent des espaces verts de loisirs dans lesquels les enfants peuvent s’ébattre et s’épanouir au contact de la nature. Dans Nicole ne voit plus rien (1975), une panne d’électricité, aléa du modernisme, plonge la cité HLM dans le noir. Enfin Nicole et Djamila (1976) traite de la découverte de l’altérité au sein de ces grands ensembles qui ont accueilli une grande partie de la population immigrée venue offrir son travail en France depuis le milieu des années 1950. Ces six albums couvrent près de dix ans. La série se termine en 1978 et correspond, presque par hasard, avec la fin des politiques publiques des Grands Ensembles. Tous les albums en donnent une vision extrêmement positive. Aucune des illustrations ne montre de la grisaille, bien au contraire, tous les albums utilisent des couleurs très vives. L’illustratrice, Bernadette Després, n’a jamais recours au noir ou au gris pour dessiner les contours des Grands Ensembles mais au jaune d’or ou au bleu. La série toute entière, appartenant à la collection « Mille images » de la maison d’édition communiste La Farandole, est consacrée au bonheur de vivre dans les Grands Ensembles. On serait alors tenté de croire qu’il s’agit d’une prise de position politique éditoriale très marquée, rendant hommage à l’amélioration de la vie de la classe ouvrière. Cependant, il n’en est rien. D’autres ouvrages, publiés par La Farandole à la même époque que la série des Nicole, ont un discours très critique sur les Grands Ensembles.: Garonnaire, La Tour part en voyage (1974), couverture. © La Farandole
Prenons par exemple La Tour part en voyage de Jean Garonnaire en 1974. Les habitants d’une tour attristés par la vie au milieu de la cité HLM décident de desceller leur tour du sol pour l’emmener à la campagne, au milieu des bois et des prairies fleuries. Nous retrouvons ici encore une opposition ville/campagne, anthropisation/nature, qui semble être le courant dominant dans la littérature de jeunesse de l’époque qui veut bien s’intéresser à ce phénomène urbain. Il en va de même pour Grégoire et la grande cité (1979) de Jean-Pierre Serenne et Sylvia Maddonni où, dès la couverture, l’opposition cité HLM/champs fleuris est annoncé. : Serenne, Maddonni, Grégoire et la grande cité (1979), couverture. © La Farandole La ligne idéologique de La Farandole n’est donc pas fixée sur ce sujet à l’instar, d’ailleurs, de la ligne politique des membres du parti communiste français au sein duquel les avis sur la question des Grands Ensembles sont très partagés. Rappelons que L’Humanité fut l’un des premiers quotidiens à parler de « sarcellite » et que la jeunesse communiste de mai 1968 revendique davantage un urbaniste au service du peuple que le contraire. Il faut donc bien l’admettre, la série des « Nicole » est une œuvre originale dans le paysage de la littérature de jeunesse de cette époque et elle doit davantage son idéologie marquée pour les Grands Ensembles au militantisme de son auteure, Andrée Clair, qu’à celui de la maison d’édition ou du parti politique auquel elle se trouve rattachée. Hélène Bonnefond, « Les années "Lilenstein" de La Farandole », La Revue des livres pour enfants, n° (...) Ce à quoi semblent véritablement attachées Paulette Michel, l’épouse de Jean Jérôme, membre dirigeant du PCF, et Madeleine Gilard, les deux fondatrices de La Farandole en 1955, est une forme de « parler vrai » et de « montrer vrai ». Ceci peut se concevoir comme une véritable ligne éditoriale novatrice au milieu des années 1950. Hélène Bonnefond note que chez certains petits éditeurs comme La Farandole mais aussi Delpire, Harlin Quist ou l’École des Loisirs, « de plus en plus se développe l’idée que la jeunesse est un lectorat qui ne doit pas être restreint à des lectures angéliques, qu’il est capable de lire des histoires qui sont le reflet de la réalité sociale, culturelle, scientifique ou historique ». Sébastien Jolis, « Du logement au cadre de vie. Mobilisations associatives et vie sociale dans les (...)
22Comme le montre Sébastien Jolis14, au sein même du PCF, le regard sur les Grands Ensembles change au lendemain de mai 1968. La rupture est même consommée le 25 novembre de cette même année, après la journée nationale d’étude sur les équipements sociaux et culturels. En effet, si certains continuent à remettre en cause le financement par l’État de projets immobiliers collectifs, minimisant la place allouée aux équipements socio-culturels, d’autres, issus de la « Deuxième Gauche », qui s’étaient opposés au totalitarisme et au colonialisme, défendent une gestion partagée par les usagers des ZUP, une sorte de réappropriation des Grands Ensembles par la culture et les usagers eux-mêmes. C’est très sûrement avec la connaissance de cette faille au sein du PCF qu’il faut lier et comprendre le travail d’Andrée Clair dans la série des Nicole.
Andrée Clair, de son vrai nom Renée Jung, est née en 1916. Elle grandit dans la banlieue parisienne où son père est contrôleur des PTT et sa mère femme au foyer. Elle fait des études d’ethnologie à la Sorbonne puis part à Brazzaville où elle décroche un poste d’ethnologue assistante. Elle reste en Afrique pendant plusieurs années et y exerce plusieurs emplois liés à l’enseignement. Militante communiste, en 1949 elle est rapatriée d’office pour avoir contribué au développement du mouvement syndical africain. Elle retourne en Afrique après les indépendances et, de 1961 à 1974, elle devient conseillère culturelle du président Hamani Diori au Niger. Forcée de rentrer en France après le renversement de ce dernier, elle s’installe à Paris puis à Dreux où elle décèdera en 1982. Andrée Clair, « Pourquoi et pour qui j’écris ? », Enfance, tome 9, n°3, 1956, p.75.
Elle collabore avec les éditions de La Farandole depuis 1957. Elle écrit pour la jeunesse des romans et des albums qui ont très souvent pour toile de fond l’Afrique : Eau ficelée et ficelle de fumée (1957), Aminatou (1959), Dijé (1961), Les Découvertes d’Alkassoum (1964). Andrée Clair est une véritable militante engagée dans la vie sociale. En 1956, dans un numéro de la revue Enfance, elle écrit : « Pourquoi j’écris ? Pour remettre les choses en place. Autant que je le peux. Pour qui ? Pour les enfants, parce que... 15». Comme elle le dit elle-même, c’est la « rage » qui la pousse à écrire, celle de dénoncer le faux :
Ce n’est pas drôle d’avoir honte de la couleur de sa peau. Ce n’est pas drôle de découvrir que ce que vous avez toujours cru est faux. La rage déborda. Il fallait que je dise aux gens ce qu’était l’Afrique, l’enseignement, le racisme permanent, la vie de chaque jour. Il fallait dire la vérité. Cette vérité si difficile à trouver ici, pour qui n’a que de « bonnes » lectures. Comment le dire, sinon en écrivant ? Pour qui écrire, sinon pour des enfants ? J’avais été trompée. Je voulais détromper @ Le projet des « Nicole » naît de cette même rage d’expliquer aux enfants. Dans un entretien que j’ai pu avoir avec l’illustratrice, Bernadette Després m’a appris que le premier volume de la série, Nicole au quinzième étage, était une réaction à l’ouvrage de Claude Roy et Alain Le Fol, C’est le bouquet ! Pour Andrée Clair, il fallait donner une autre image des cités. Elle regardait C’est le bouquet ! comme une littérature bourgeoise adressée à des enfants qui ne connaissaient pas et ne connaîtraient sans doute jamais les Grands Ensembles.
« Je tiens à l’absolue exactitude de ce que j’écris [...] : géographie, ethnologie, milieu, ambiance17 », écrit encore Andrée Clair. Lorsqu’elle a l’idée du personnage de Nicole et de sa première aventure, La Farandole lui fait rencontrer une jeune illustratrice qui travaille pour la maison depuis quatre ans, Bernadette Després. Cette dernière a la même envie que son auteure : dessiner la vie des enfants au plus près de la réalité, ne pas chercher à leur mentir. Dès leur première rencontre en 1968, Andrée Clair entreprend de faire découvrir à Bernadette Després ces Grands Ensembles qu’elle devra dessiner, elle qui a grandi dans le VIIe arrondissement de Paris. Andrée Clair a une amie qui vit au quinzième étage d’une tour HLM dans le quartier de l’Argonne à Orléans. Elle y emmène Bernadette Després, lui fait voir la ville du haut de la tour. Bernadette Després prend tout en notes, fait des croquis de l’appartement. Andrée Clair supervise le travail de l’illustratrice de façon à être au plus proche de la réalité, s’accordant parfois la liberté de gommer les signes religieux comme la cathédrale d’Orléans qui est remplacée par un château fort. Andrée Clair, comme tous les auteurs de littérature pour enfants de La Farandole, fait partie du co (...)
Andrée Clair mise donc sur la sérialité ainsi que sur des histoires vraies18 de tous les jours pour accrocher ses jeunes lecteurs et faire passer un certain nombre de valeurs. Cette intentionnalité, elle l’exprimait déjà en 1956 :
Je suis contre la guerre (d’oppression, de conquête) et pour les résistants. Je suis contre le racisme, la bêtise, les mesquineries, la méchanceté. Je suis pour la beauté, la gaieté, l’amitié, la dignité, la lucidité. Pour la joie et l’enthousiasme. Pour ce qui est simple et sain, réel et humain. C’est dans ce sens que je veux entrainer mes lecteurs. Cette intentionnalité, quasi idéologique, est à la fois sociale et spatiale dans la mesure où elle est, dans le cas de la série « Nicole », liée à un lieu : les Grands Ensembles. Le travail d’illustratrice de Bernadette Després devient très important dès lors qu’il s’agit de créer un iconotexte dans lequel le récit textuel veut être en interdépendance avec le récit iconique.
Le Paradis des enfants Dans le discours iconotextuel de la série des « Nicole », trois arguments majeurs sont développés en faveur des Grands Ensembles : l’amélioration du niveau de vie des habitants, les bienfaits du vivre ensemble et une sorte d’égalité au droit à la ville. Ce sont ces trois arguments que nous souhaiterions développer ici à partir de quelques planches extraites de la série et qui nous semblent révélateurs du tournant que put représenter 1968. Clair, Després, Nicole au quinzième étage (1969), p.2-3. © La Farandole @ Andrée Clair, Bernadette Després, Nicole au quinzième étage, La Farandole, 1969, p.2.
30« J’habite au quinzième étage. Depuis une semaine, depuis le 4 décembre. Avant, nous habitions une pièce et une cuisine, au rez-de-chaussée, au fond d’une cour. C’était tout petit et on ne voyait jamais le soleil20 ». Ainsi commence Nicole au quinzième étage. Et dès la première double page, l’illustratrice joue sur les oppositions : l’enfermement et l’exiguïté des petites maisons entassées sur la page de gauche (p. 3) contrastent avec l’élévation et la prise d’espace sur la page de droite (p. 4). Le Grand Ensemble est une conquête spatiale et la petite famille de Nicole (son père, sa mère, sa grande sœur et son petit frère) vont dorénavant vivre à cinq dans un trois pièces-cuisine. Clair, Després, Nicole au quinzième étage (1969), p.4-5. © La Farandole
Cette conquête spatiale continue à la double-page suivante (p. 5-6). Sur la page de gauche, Nicole regarde le nouveau quartier à ses pieds desservi par une ligne de chemin de fer et une route à grande circulation. Sur la page de droite, une vue cavalière de l’appartement laisse deviner son agencement : « Notre appartement a trois pièces, une cuisine, une salle d’eau, un couloir, un séchoir, des placards. Quelle place !21 ». L’appartement est fonctionnel : les pièces de « long séjour » (chambres, salle de séjour, cuisine), donnant toutes sur l’extérieur, s’organisent autour de pièces dites de « court séjour », aveugles (buanderie, toilettes, salle de bain). Ce logement répond aux exigences du moment, telles qu’elles ont pu être définies dès la Reconstruction par des architectes comme Auguste Perret : confort (ensoleillement, chambres des enfants et des parents séparées), modernité (cuisine équipée, sanitaires, eau courante, électricité) et flexibilité (cloisons fines permettant un réaménagement de l’espace). Les tours sont équipées d’un indispensable ascenseur pour desservir les dix-huit étages. Cette couleur très visible sur les originaux se transforme en un orange vif sur les épreuves.
32« Nous avons notre chambre pour nous toutes seules. Nous avons chacun notre lit. Luc, le tout petit frère, dort dans la chambre de papa et maman. Le soir, nous dînons dans la salle de séjour. À midi, papa mange à la cantine de son usine. Luc se régale avec sa bouillie et son fruit, puis maman, Janine et moi, nous déjeunons dans la cuisine. Elle est claire. Dans toutes les pièces, il y a des grandes fenêtres. Quand il y a du soleil, il entre partout22. » À plusieurs reprises le texte insiste sur le gain de place, sur l’amélioration des conditions de vie apportées à une famille ouvrière. L’omniprésence du soleil se retrouve dans les images dans lesquelles Bernadette Després a eu abondamment recours à la couleur or23. Les traits de crayons donnent à ces couleurs un effet de scintillement.
Clair, Després, Nicole ne voit plus rien (1975), p.8-9. © La Farandole Andrée Clair, Bernadette Després, Nicole ne voit plus rien, La Farandole, 1975, p.6 Andrée Clair, op. cit., p.77.
Dans Nicole ne voit plus rien, l’aléa d’une panne d’électricité plonge la tour entière dans le noir. Le modernisme a ses limites ! « Mais... il n’y a plus de lumières nulle part. Oh !... c’est une panne d’électricité. Ce n’est que ça ! Maintenant qu’elle sait, Nicole n’a presque plus peur24. » Dans cette aventure, Nicole, restée seule à la maison, va devoir surmonter ses peurs en regardant par la fenêtre, en continuant à accomplir ses tâches. L’accident est appréhendé de manière optimiste et constitue pour Andrée Clair une véritable leçon de vie. « J’affirme que l’optimisme, la gaieté, l’entrain sont une forme de courage25 », déclare-t-elle en 1956. Les Grands Ensembles sont également pour Andrée Clair des espaces de mixité sociale où la diversité et la découverte de l’altérité sont bien réelles. L’exemple de Nicole et l’ascenseur en est un premier aperçu. Dans la tour où habite Nicole, les ascenseurs sont en panne. La mère de Nicole, qui revient du marché, doit monter les quinze étages à pied avec ses courses et son enfant en bas âge. Arrivée au dixième étage, les sacs se renversent et toutes les provisions tombent dans les escaliers. Cet accident devient une formidable occasion pour les habitants de la tour de venir en aide à la famille de Nicole. La majeure partie de l’histoire se déroule dans la cage d’escalier qui s’enroule autour des ascenseurs. De cette longue colonne vertébrale de la tour, Bernadette Després en fait un espace multigénérationnel, où les habitants se rencontrent et s’entraident. On sait combien la découverte de l’altérité est un aspect très cher à Andrée Clair. Les Grands Ensembles sont justement des lieux qui permettent la rencontre de l’Autre. C’est d’ailleurs tout le propos de l’album Nicole et Djamila, paru en 1976. Le père de Nicole arrive un soir à la maison avec une petite fille, Djamila. Son père a eu un accident du travail et sa mère est encore à la maternité. Djamila va donc passer quelques jours dans la famille de Nicole. Les deux fillettes qui semblent avoir le même âge vont partager la même chambre. cf. Yves Gastaut, « La flambée raciste de 1973 en France », Revue européenne des migrations interna (...) On ne peut éviter de replacer cet album dans son contexte historique. L’album est publié en 1976 au moment où la France connaît une flambée raciste et ce depuis la première crise économique de 1973. Face à la montée du chômage, l’État réglemente de manière plus drastique l’immigration en fermant les frontières26 et en multipliant les ordres de quitter le territoire national. Des affrontements racistes éclatent entre les partisans de l’Ordre Nouveau, favorable au retour des immigrés, et des partisans du PCF, à Paris et à Lyon. À Grasse et à Marseille, dans le courant de l’automne et de l’été 1973, des agressions racistes contre des Algériens font cinquante morts et près de trois cents blessés. Nous avons déjà évoqué précédemment le dégoût d’Andrée Clair pour le racisme et la bêtise humaine. Ce cinquième album de la série correspond encore à ce qu’écrivait Andrée Clair en 1956 : Andrée Clair, op. cit., p.76.
Ne pas insister sur les différences qui, si apparentes soient-elles, restent superficielles : peau, cheveux, forme des maisons ou art culinaire ; mais faire remarquer discrètement ce qui est semblable : causes de joie ou de tristesse, ennuis, soucis de chaque jour. Insister sur la richesse du cœur, de la pensée, de l’art. [...] Expliquer, toujours expliquer @ Clair, Després, Nicole et Djamila (1976), couverture. © La Farandole Dès la couverture, Bernadette Després montre davantage ce qui réunit les deux fillettes que ce qui pourrait les séparer : toutes les deux ont le sourire et jouent à la poupée dans la chambre de Nicole où de nombreux jouets sont éparpillés sur le sol. Rien dans l’image ne laisse entendre que la fillette aux cheveux longs est une petite Algérienne si ce n’est dans le titre. Le rapprochement entre les deux fillettes est doublé par le rapprochement de leurs deux poupées.: Clair, Després, Nicole et Djamila (1976), p.8 © La Farandole Andrée Clair, Bernadette Després, op. cit., 1976, p.9. Les différences de culture sont très discrètes. L’image panoramique des pages 8-9 représente une scène de table : le père de Djamila a été invité chez les parents de Nicole. Les convives partagent un plat unique qui ressemble à un hachis Parmentier. Dans un phylactère émanant du père de Djamila, Bernadette Després a dessiné un repas chez les parents de Djamila : « On n’a pas encore fêté la naissance de Karim. Samedi, nous invitons des amis. Ma femme voudrait que vous veniez. Moi aussi28. » Retour de bon procédé, les convives partagent un couscous. D’après Bernadette Després, Andrée Clair avait absolument tenu à ce que la famille algérienne soit assise sur des chaises et non par terre de façon à ce qu’on ne puisse pas se moquer d’eux. Pour terminer cette analyse de la série des « Nicole », un dernier aspect qui ne semble pas évident au premier coup d’œil le devient dès lors que l’on abandonne le point de vue contemporain et que l’on se replace dans le contexte de cette fin des années 1960. La série semble redéfinir la ville. Du haut de sa tour Nicole voit la ville se déployer, sortir de ses anciennes limites. La périphérie, les banlieues qu’elle habite s’étendent avec le développement des Grands Ensembles. Le phénomène peut parler à n’importe quel enfant dans la mesure où il est général à la France entière. Ces transformations fondamentales, ces transmutations de la ville industrielle en une forme tentaculaire, perceptibles dans les albums de la série, un philosophe les décrit, les analyse et s’en alerte en 1968, c’est Henri Lefebvre Henri Lefebvre, Le Droit à la ville, Anthropos, 1968 (2009), p. 8. Le Droit à la ville paraît en mars 1968. Dans cet ouvrage, Lefebvre décrit le processus « d’implosion-explosion » que subissent toutes les villes des grands pays industriels : « Les gens se déplacent vers des périphéries lointaines, résidentielles ou productives. Des bureaux remplacent les logements dans les centres urbains29. » Au terme de « ville », qu’il conserve pour parler des villes industrielles d’avant 1945, le philosophe préfère le terme de « tissu urbain » ou « d’urbain ». Cette réalité nouvelle affirme l’éclatement de la ville classique en périphéries industrielles, pavillonnaires ou faites de grands ensembles et le grignotement progressif de la campagne. Lefebvre alerte des dangers potentiels de cette urbanisation « capitaliste » qui subordonne la campagne à l’urbain, qui empêche l’appropriation par ses habitants, qui créé des îlots de pauvreté à la marge et qui renforce une centralité soumise à l’argent. Pour Lefebvre, les habitants des quartiers périphériques, dénués selon lui d’urbanité, se verraient spolier leur « droit à la ville ». Est-ce l’impression qui se dégage des planches de la série des Nicole ? Non. Nicole et le grand pré (1973), Nicole et l’étoile de mer (1978).Sébastien Jolis, op. cit., p. 42. On pourrait dire, bien au contraire, qu’à travers les différentes aventures de Nicole dans sa cité HLM, Andrée Clair revendique un « droit à la ville pour tous ». La famille de Nicole, en occupant un humble deux pièces au fond d’une cour dans le centre-ville, se trouvait finalement à la marge de la ville, ne pouvant profiter d’aucune des innovations offertes par la modernisation. Habiter les Grands Ensembles a permis à cette famille d’y avoir accès et, en même temps, de jouir des services de la ville. La cité HLM, située en périphérie, n’est pas déconnectée du centre-ville : les moyens de transport (lignes de bus, chemin de fer) sont régulièrement représentés dans les histoires. Le lien avec la « nature » est toujours maintenu. Dans deux des albums de la série30, Nicole passe ses loisirs dans un « centre aéré » situé à proximité de chez elle : le Grand Pré. Pour ce centre aéré, Andrée Clair s’est inspirée du centre aéré de la ville de Saint-Pierre-des-Corps (Indre-et-Loire), Les Grands Arbres. Ce centre a été créé en 1964, en bord de Loire, à quelques mètres de Grands Ensembles, et continue à recevoir les enfants de la ville sous des tentes plantées au milieu d’une prairie ombragée. Il constitue un élément, voire une infrastructure paysagère, sur lequel les partisans de la « Deuxième Gauche » vont s’appuyer pour modifier le regard porté au Grands Ensembles après 1968. En mobilisant l’attention sur le cadre de vie, ils défendent « une amélioration de leur condition d’habitat, en rejetant l’idée d’un divorce entre les habitants et leur habitat en grand ensemble31 ». Clair, Després, Nicole et Djamila (1976), p.3. (détail) © La Farandol Enfin, à de nombreuses occasions, Bernadette Després représente la vue depuis la fenêtre de la cuisine ou de la chambre de Nicole : il s’agit du centre-ville, de son château et de ses vieilles maisons, de sa gare et de ses usines. Cette vue est, au même titre que les quelques images accrochées au mur et qui représentent la montagne ou la campagne, un tableau. Cette vue de la ville quasi-omniprésente dans les albums est la manifestation d’une sorte d’appropriation de la ville. À la différence des images encadrées, le centre-ville lui est bien réel, aisément accessible, à portée d’œil et de main La cité HLM n’est pas un espace sans vie, sans âme. Elle est, sous la plume d’Andrée Clair et les pinceaux de Bernadette Després une émanation de la ville, une partie parfaitement connectée au reste du tissu urbain. Elle est le lieu qui donne aux classes populaires « droit à la ville ». Voilà en quelques mots l’intentionnalité socio-spatiale qui est présente à travers les six volumes de la série des Nicole. Cette intentionnalité, on l’a vu, n’est pas éditoriale mais est propre à une auteure engagée et militante, défendant le réalisme au nom d’un certain nombre de valeurs telles que la tolérance, le droit au bonheur, l’amélioration du niveau de vie pour tous Peu d’ouvrages pour enfants se sont intéressés au phénomène des Grands Ensembles et quand ce fut le cas, ce fut presque tout le temps pour les dénigrer et en présenter les dangers. La série des Nicole apparaît alors comme une exception, une originalité, qui entend s’adresser aux enfants et, à travers eux, aux adultes qu’ils deviendront. Pour Andrée Clair, écrire pour les enfants c’est les aider à grandir.
Andrée Clair, op. cit., p.76. En parlant de Moudaïna ou Deux enfants au cœur de l’Afrique (1952), Andrée Clair écrivait : « Il reste toujours quelque chose des livres d’enfants que l’on a aimés. Les lecteurs de ce livre ne pensent peut-être plus aux enfants noirs comme ils y penseraient s’ils ne l’avaient pas lu. C’est un point de gagné contre le racisme et contre la bêtise. Car jamais deux monstruosités n’ont été si bien ensemble que ces deux-là32 » Marie-Claude Monchaux, Écrits Pour nuire, Paris, UNI, 1985, p. 12 Ibid., p. 54.
47La série des « Nicole » entendait « parler vrai » aux enfants. Ce « parler vrai », ce « montrer vrai » de la société et de ce qui entoure l’enfant a pu passer, aux yeux de certains critiques conservateurs, pour de la littérature de jeunesse subversive. En 1985, par exemple, Marie-Claude Monchaux, dans Écrits pour nuire, mène une campagne à charge contre ce « volontaire pourrissement qu’on constate dans les livres pour enfants depuis 196833 ». Ce qu’elle reproche à ces éditeurs comme La Farandole c’est de priver les enfants du « droit sacré du rêve34 » p. 54.
Je demande pour eux des îles, et des amours enfantines qui s’épanouissent avec les couleurs de la vie la plus belle, car ils ont le droit de l’espérer autrement que par le truchement d’un droit syndical. […] Mais non, on lui coupe dès huit ans sous le pied l’herbe naissante ! La vie, mon petit, c’est ce petit HLM, ces petits sentiments, ces petits frôlements de peau à peau, ces petits amours dont on change, cet air mesuré et qui empeste les frites, ces mamans qui pour l’instant n’ont pas de petit ami, ces petits couplets sur le droit de grève @ Un débat idéologique post-68 est ici manifestement présent. Pour Andrée Clair, en revanche, il n’y a absolument pas d’aliénation du droit au rêve. Seulement, elle affirme que le rêve peut prendre sa place au milieu du béton et des tours où règnent diversité, altérité et mixité.
www.dailymotion.com/video/xw6lak?playlist=x34ije -Rue neuve 1956 la reconstruction de la France dix ans après la fin de la seconde guerre mondiale, villes, villages, grands ensembles réalisation : Jack Pinoteau , Panorama de la reconstruction de la France dix ans après la fin de la seconde guerre mondiale, ce film de commande évoque les villes et villages français détruits puis reconstruits dans un style respectant la tradition : Saint-Malo, Gien, Thionville, Ammerschwihr, etc. ainsi que la reconstruction en rupture avec l'architecture traditionnelle à Châtenay-Malabry, Arles, Saint Étienne, Évreux, Chambéry, Villeneuve-Saint-Georges, Abbeville, Le Havre, Marseille, Boulogne-sur-Mer, Dunkerque. Le documentaire explique par exemple la manière dont a été réalisée la reconstruction de Saint-Malo à l'intérieur des rempart de la vieille ville : "c'est la fidélité à l'histoire et la force du souvenir qui a guidé l'architecte". Dans le même esprit à Gien, au trois quart détruite en 1940, seul le château construit en 1494 pour Anne de Beaujeu, fille aînée de Louis XI, fut épargné par les bombardements. La ville fut reconstruite dans le style des rares immeubles restant. Gien est relevé de ses ruines et le nouvel ensemble harmonieux est appelé « Joyau de la Reconstruction française ».
Dans un deuxième temps est abordé le chapitre de la construction des cités et des grands ensembles, de l’architecture du renouveau qualifiée de "grandiose incontestablement". S’il est précisé "on peut aimer ou de ne pas aimer ce style", l’emporte au final l’argument suivant : les grands ensembles, c'est la campagne à la ville, un urbanisme plus aéré, plus vert." les films caravelles 1956, Réalisateur : Jack Pinoteau (connu pour être le metteur en scène du film Le Triporteur 1957 qui fit découvrir Darry Cowl)
www.dailymotion.com/video/xuz3o8?playlist=x34ije ,
Film d'archive actualités de 1952 Reconstruction de la France sept ans après la fin de la seconde guerre mondiale état des lieux de la crise du logement , Actualités de 1952.
Sept ans après la fin de la seconde guerre Mondiale état des lieux de la reconstruction de la France et de la crise du logement à l’œuvre, pénurie de logement, logements insalubres. Les actualités montrent des images d'archives de la destruction de la France, les Chars de la division Leclerc qui défilent sur les Champs Elysees. Le commentaire dénonce la lenteur de la reconstruction et notamment des manifestations qui ont eu lieue à Royan afin d''accélérer la reconstruction de la ville détruite.
Le film montre à Strasbourg, Mulhouse, des réalisation moderne de grands ensembles et des images d'archive de la reconstruction du Havre de Saint Nazaire.
Le film se termine à Marseille sur les réalisation nouvelles autour du vieux port puis on assiste à l'inauguration de la Cité Radieuse par le ministre de la Reconstruction et de l'Urbanisme Eugène Claudius-Petit en présence de son architecte Le Corbusier à qui le ministre remet la cravate de commandeur de la légion d'honneur. www.dailymotion.com/video/xk1g5j?playlist=x34ije Brigitte Gros - Urbanisme - Filmer les grands ensembles 2016 - par Camille Canteux chercheuse au CHS -Centre d'Histoire Sociale - Jeanne Menjoulet - Ce film du CHS daté de 2014 www.youtube.com/watch?v=VDUBwVPNh0s … L'UNION SOCIALE POUR L'HABITAT le Musée des H.L.M. musee-hlm.fr/ / - www.union-habitat.org/ / - www.institutfrancais.com/sites/default/files/dp_expositio... archives-histoire.centraliens.net/pdfs/revues/rev625.pdf tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00554230/document
Abdominal weight problems, colloquially referred to as tummy fat or scientifically as primary weight problems, is the accumulation of visceral fat leading to an increase in midsection size. Basically, it refers to the existence of excess fat in the tummy area. Those that are apple-shaped have the tendency to keep excess physical body fat around their tummy as well as abdomen. Abdominal weight problems is often gauged by midsection area; a size of 40 inches and even much more in males as well as 35 inches or more in ladies suggests tummy weight problems
Excess fat in the abdomen is considered an independent predictor of risk elements as well as morbidity, meaning the probability for creating illness is higher for those with tummy extreme weight.
An extra of visceral fat is referred to as primary weight issues, the "pot tummy" or "tummy" result, where the abdominal area stands out exceedingly. This body type is furthermore referred to as "apple formed", in contrast to "pear" shape, where fat is transferred on the hips as well as buttocks. This body is likewise referred to as apple formed, as opposed to "pear" type, in which fat is transferred on the hips and also buttocks.
Precisely exactly what are the measures to take to prevent Abdominal Weight problems?
Dr. Deepak states, "More than exercise, simply what you eat problems; a proper diet program is a must if you wish to keep away from tummy extreme weight." He much more adds, "Abdominal weight problems suggests high insulin degree or tension hormonal agent. If you have tummy extreme weight, it clearly recommends that there is something falling short in your system as well as you have to solve it by taking excellent actions to avoid illness. The best means to ward off abdominal extreme weight from your life is by taking preventive measures. Comply with these efficient preventive measures and also that understands, you could bid farewell to stomach extreme weight permanently.
Drink wonderful offers of water throughout the day. Water is the most efficient all-natural resource easily available to throw away waste.
Consume your meals at your own time. Chew it extensively prior to ingesting it as eating promptly can cause air swallowing. For this reason, decelerate and also enjoy your tasty meal. Limitation usage of carbonated water. As an alternate eat lemon water. State NO to sugary products. Eat bunches of fresh fruits and also vegetables. Eat little meals, as well as eat after every 3-4 hours. Prevent late night meals or snacks.
Include in your routine a minimum of 45 minutes of everyday exercise in your life and also making sure you obtain an appropriate 8 hours of rest every night.
Include low body fat nutritional products like skimmed milk as well as low body fat cheese as well as yoghurt.
Be conscious of the precursors or problems leading to high blood stress, much more so if you have a family tree. Then take those measures to manage or handle hypertension with the assistance of your physician. Screen your cholesterol levels regularly and also remain to manage your weight.
Abdominal weight problems, colloquially understood as tummy fat or scientifically as primary weight problems, is the accumulation of visceral fatty tissue resulting in an increase in midsection size. Just put, it refers to the existence of excess fat in the tummy area. Those that are apple-shaped have the tendency to keep excess physical body fat around their tummy and likewise abdomen. Abdominal weight problems is often gauged by midsection area; a size of 40 inches or even much more in males as well as 35 inches or more in ladies suggests tummy weight problems
An extra of visceral fat is understood as primary weight issues, the "pot tummy" or "tummy" result, where the abdominal area sticks out exceedingly. liposuctionmelbourne.com.au/liposuction-melbourne-2/abdom...
The problem with the world is that the intelligent people are full of doubts while the stupid ones are full of confidence
Cantaloupe are responsible for nearly 30 outbreaks and recalls since 1990, killing two people and sickening more than 1,200. The fruit's netted rind hides harmful pathogens like salmonella and E. coli, which can eventually penetrate the shell and infect the fleshy, nutrient-rich core. (Photo by Brandon Quester/News21)
Cantaloupe are responsible for nearly 30 outbreaks and recalls since 1990, killing two people and sickening more than 1,200. The fruit's netted rind hides harmful pathogens like salmonella and E. coli, which can eventually penetrate the shell and infect the fleshy, nutrient-rich core. (Photo by Brandon Quester/News21)