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Patan (Sanskrit: पाटन Pātan, Newar: यल Yala), officially Lalitpur Sub-Metropolitan City, is the third largest city of Nepal after Kathmandu and Pokhara and it is located in the south-central part of Kathmandu Valley. Patan is also known as Manigal. It is best known for its rich cultural heritage, particularly its tradition of arts and crafts. It is called city of festival and feast, fine ancient art, making of metallic and stone carving statue. At the time of the 2011 Nepal census it had a population of 226,728 in 54,748 individual households. The city received extensive damage from an earthquake on 25 April 2015.
GEOGRAPHY
Patan is on the elevated tract of land in Kathmandu Valley on the south side of the Bagmati River, which separates it from the city of Kathmandu on the northern and western side. The Nakkhu Khola acts as the boundary on the southern side. It was developed on relatively thin layers of deposited clay and gravel in the central part of a dried ancient lake known as the Nagdaha.
It is the third largest city of the country, after Kathmandu, and Pokhara.
The city has an area of 15.43 square kilometres and is divided into 22 municipal wards. It is bounded by:
East: Imadol VDC and Harisiddhi VDC
West: Kirtipur Municipality and Kathmandu Metropolitan City (KMC)
North: Kathmandu Metropolitan City (KMC)
South: Saibu VDC, Sunakothi VDC and Dhapakhel VDC
CLIMATE
Climate is characterized by relatively high temperatures and evenly distributed precipitation throughout the year. The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is "Cfa" (Humid Subtropical Climate).
HISTORY
Lalitpur is believed to have been founded in the third century BC by the Kirat dynasty and later expanded by Licchavis in the sixth century. It was further expanded by the Mallas during the medieval period.
There are many legends about its name. The most popular one is the legend of the God Rato Machhindranath, who was brought to the valley from Kamaru Kamachhya, located in Assam, India, by a group of three people representing the three kingdoms centered in the Kathmandu Valley.
One of them was called Lalit, a farmer who carried God Rato Machhindranath to the valley all the way from Assam, India. The purpose of bringing the God Rato Machhindranath to the valley was to overcome the worst drought there. There was a strong belief that the God Rato Machhindranath would bring rain in the valley. It was due to Lalit's effort that the God Rato Machhindranath was settled in Lalitpur. Many believe that the name of the town is kept after his name Lalit and pur meaning township.
In May, a chariot festival honoring the deity known as Bunga Dyah Jatra is held in Patan. It is the longest and one of the most important religious celebrations in Patan.
During the month-long festival, an image of Rato Machhendanath is placed on a tall chariot and pulled through the city streets in stages.
Lalitpur said to have been founded by King Veer Deva in 299 AD, but there is unanimity among scholars that Patan was a well established and developed town since ancient times. Several historical records including many other legends indicate that Patan is the oldest of all the cities of Kathmandu Valley. According to a very old Kirat chronicle, Patan was founded by Kirat rulers long before the Licchavi rulers came into the political scene in Kathmandu Valley. According to that chronicle, the earliest known capital of Kirat rulers was Thankot. Kathmandu, the present capital was most possibly removed from Thankot to Patan after the Kirati King Yalamber came into power sometimes around second century AD.
One of the most used and typical Newar names of Patan is Yala. It is said that King Yalamber or Yellung Hang named this city after himself, and ever since this ancient city was known as Yala.
In 1768, Lalitpur was annexed to the Gorkha Kingdom by Prithvi Narayan Shah in the Battle of Lalitpur.
HISTORICAL MONUMENTS
The city was initially designed in the shape of the Buddhist Dharma-Chakra (Wheel of Righteousness). The four thurs or mounds on the perimeter of Patan are ascribed around, one at each corner of its cardinal points, which are popularly known as Asoka Stupas. Legend has it that Emperor Asoka (the legendary King of India) visited with his daughter Charumati to Kathmandu in 250 BC and erected five Asoka Stupas, four in the surrounding and one at the middle of the Patan. The size and shape of these stupas seem to breathe their antiquity in a real sense. There are more than 1,200 Buddhist monuments of various shapes and sizes scattered in and around the city.
The most important monument of the city is Patan Durbar Square, which has been listed by UNESCO as one of seven Monument Zones that make up the Kathmandu Valley World Heritage Site. The seven monument zones were included in the World Heritage List in 1979 as one integrated site. The monument zones are declared as protected and preserved according to the Monuments Preservation Act of 1956. The Square was heavily damaged on 25 April 2015 by an earthquake.
Patan City was planned in Vihars and Bahils. Out of 295 Vihars and Bahils of the valley 56% of them are in Patan. The water conduits, stone spouts, Jaladroni (water tanks), artistic gate ways, Hindu temples and Buddhist Vihars adorn the city. The in built cultural heritage like the royal palace, with intricately carved doors and windows and beautiful courtyards adorned with exquisite icons enhance the beauty of the city. Such art pieces are found in stone, metal, terracotta ivory and other objects. All these artifacts exhibit artistic excellence of the craftsmen and the whole city looks like an open museum.
ECONOMY
A substantial portion of the population is engaged in trades, notably in traditional handicrafts and small scale cottage industries, and some residents work in agriculture. Lalitpur has produced the highest number of renowned artists and finest craftsmen ever recorded in the history of Nepali art.
Patan has maintained a culture of craftwork even in the face of rapid urbanization and many social and political upheavals.
The city is less urbanized than Kathmandu, north of the Bagmati river, but is home to many workshops, stores, restaurants, hotels, schools, embassies and other important sectors of the Kathmandu Valley economy.
Buddha Air has its headquarters in Jawalakhel, near Patan.
EDUCATION
POSTSECONDARY EDUCATION
Patan is home to Pulchowk Engineering Campus, one of the oldest and most reputed colleges affiliated with the Institute of Engineering, Tribhuvan University. Patan Academy of Health Sciences is the only medical university in the city with Patan Hospital as its primary teaching hospital, and there is another medical school - KIST Medical College in Lalitpur. Other instituitions of higher learning in Patan include Kathmandu University School of Management (KUSOM) and Patan Multiple Campus.
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY EDUCATION
The city is served by a number of private and public instituitions providing education from primary until secondary level. Among all, the largest and reputed schools are Adarsha Vidya Mandir, St. Xavier's School, St. Mary's, Little Angels School, Graded English Medium School, Rato Bangala School, DAV Sushil Kedia, Adarsha Kanya Niketan, The British School, Adarsha Saral Madhyamik Vidyalay and Gyanodaya Bal Batika School.
LIBRARIES
Nepal National Library which was established in 1957 AD was moved to Patan from Singha Durbar in 2061 AD. It is at Harihar Bhawan. Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya which awards the Madan Puraskar and Jagadamba Shree Puraskar literary prizes is in the city.
PLACES OF INTEREST
Patan is renowned as a very artistic city. Most of the Nepalese art is devoted to Gods, and there are an abundance of temples and viharas. Notable places of interest include:
Patan Durbar Square: The palace square and residence of the Malla rulers of Patan state which now houses a museum.
Patan Dhoka: One of the historical entrances to the old city.
Bhaskerdev Samskarita Hiranyabarna Mahavihara: A Buddhist temple known locally as Golden Temple.
Mahabouddha Temple: Also known as 1000 Buddha Temple modeled liked the Mahabodhi temple in Bodh Gaya.
Kumbheswor Temple: A Shiva temple with two ponds whose water is believed to come from Gosaikunda.
Ratnakar Mahavihar: Also known as Ha Baha, the viahara complex is the official residence of the Kumari of Patan.
Krishna Mandir: One of the most beautiful stone temples of Nepal built by King Siddhinarsingh Malla in the 16th century.
Park Gallery: an artist run space founded in 1970.
TRANSPORTATION
AIRPORTS
ROADS
Walking is the easiest method of transportation within the city as the core is densely populated. In terms of motor transport, Kathmandu Valley Ring Road which encircles the central part of the valley is a strategic road in the city. Connection to Kathmandu over the Bagmati River is provided by a host of road and pedestrian bridges. The most trafficked and important bridge connecting to the centre of Kathmandu is Thapathali Bridge. Since pedestrians and vehicles often have to share the same road, traffic congestion is a major problem in Patan. Efforts are being made to widen roads to make them more suitable to vehicular traffic.
PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION
Private companies operate a number of routes connecting Patan with other places in the valley. Buses, micro-buses and electric tempos are the most common forms of public transport seen in the city. Lalitpur Yatayat buses connects the touristic Thamel area of Kathmandu with buses stopping at Patan Dhoka, a five-minute walk to Patan Durbar Square. Lagankhel Bus Park is the central transport hub.
MEDIA
To Promote local culture Patan has one FM radio station Radio Sagarmatha - 102.4 MHz which is a Community radio station.
LANGUAGE
The original native language of Patan is Nepal Bhasa's Lalitpur dialect. Though due to the migration form other places to Patan, other languages like Nepali, Tamang, etc. are also spoken.
WIKIPEDIA
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42 SAINT ETIENNE ZUP de MONTREYNAUD SAINT SAENS ANRU 2 @ Démolition Janequin HABITAT & METROPOLE youtube.com/watch?v=iOeXHsnMmZ8 @ le Logement Collectif* dans tous ses états..Histoire & Mémoire de l'Habitat / Archives ANRU / Rétro Banlieue / Renouvellement Urbain / Urbanisme / HLM Les actions de la Métropole en matière d'habitat www.youtube.com/watch?v=8JD_-j9mKp8 #ANRU les affiches de la renovation urbaine une Marianne des démolitions #HLM ... #Habitat & Métropole SEM #SaintEtienne Métropole le 1er opérateur de l'Habitat en métropole Stéphanoise .. twitter.com/Memoire2cite - A l'état initiale MONTREYNAUD devait etre Gigantesque , le projet complet ne çe fera pas ^^ c'etait la même chose pour Bergson du gigantisme à tout va , le saviez vous? moi oui ;) La tour plein ciel à Montreynaud va être détruite jeudi. Les habitants de Montreynaud parlent de leur quartier et de cette destruction entre nostalgie et soulagement içi en video www.dailymotion.com/video/xmiwfk
À partir de l’analyse de la trajectoire des perceptions de la tour Plein-Ciel à Saint-Étienne, Rachid Kaddour montre que certaines tours de grands ensembles peuvent faire l’objet d’un système de représentations plus complexes que celui, dévalorisant, présenté dans les discours de légitimation de la rénovation urbaine. L’image de la tour est en France encore fortement attachée à celle du logement populaire, du fait notamment de la présence de ce type d’édifice dans les grands ensembles. Or, si l’on parle des tours d’habitat populaire depuis 2003, c’est essentiellement à propos des démolitions : l’Agence nationale pour la rénovation urbaine (ANRU) incite les bailleurs à détruire prioritairement dans les zones urbaines sensibles les immeubles les plus imposants, dont les tours les plus hautes. Mais l’image négative du « problème des banlieues » et de ses dysfonctionnements est-elle la seule associée aux tours d’habitat populaire ? Ne tend-elle pas à laisser dans l’ombre d’autres représentations attachées à ces édifices ?
Une réflexion sur la tour Plein-Ciel à Saint-Étienne est, sur ces points, riche d’enseignements. Tenant une place prépondérante dans le paysage stéphanois, emblématique de l’image des grands ensembles, cette tour édifiée en 1972 est démolie en 2011. La constitution et l’analyse d’un corpus d’une dizaine d’images promotionnelles et artistiques (films, photographies de communication) la mettant en scène permet d’en établir une chronique. Cette dernière met en évidence un système de représentations complexe : tout au long de ses quarante ans d’histoire, l’édifice est en effet perçu comme symbole de modernité, emblème de grand ensemble en difficulté et monument dans le paysage stéphanois. Ces deux dernières représentations, l’une stigmatisée, l’autre valorisée, coexistent même lors des dernières années de la vie de l’édifice. Dans toutes ces représentations différenciées et concurrentes, la verticalité de l’édifice tient un rôle essentiel.
Acte 1 : la tour Plein-Ciel, symbole de modernité
L’image la plus ancienne identifiée date de 1970. Il s’agit d’un cliché de la maquette de la zone à urbaniser en priorité (ZUP) de Montreynaud, pris sur le stand de l’exposition « Saint-Étienne demain » de la Foire économique. Cette exposition vante les grandes opérations d’urbanisme en cours dans la ville, et vise à montrer « les transformations de la cité et son nouveau visage », afin de rompre avec la « légende de ville noire, industrielle et fixée dans le XIXe siècle » [1]. L’exposition fait partie d’une communication orchestrée par le maire Michel Durafour (1964‑1977). À partir de 1973, les reportages photographiques ou les films [2] mettent à l’honneur Montreynaud (jusqu’à 4 400 logements prévus) et en particulier sa tour Plein-Ciel (par l’architecte Raymond Martin), avec sa verticalité (18 niveaux), le château d’eau qui la coiffe et sa situation en rupture avec la ville ancienne. À Saint-Étienne comme ailleurs, les raisons de la réalisation de constructions si modernes durant les Trente Glorieuses relèvent en partie de la réponse donnée à la crise du logement et de la réorganisation industrielle du pays (fixation de la main-d’œuvre, industrialisation du BTP). Mais il faut aussi y voir la traduction physique d’un projet sociopolitique moderne porté par un État centralisateur et des pouvoirs publics puissants (Tomas et al. 2003 ; Dufaux et Fourcaut 2004 ; Veschambre 2011). Le pays est alors dans une période où les aspirations et idéologies portent vers la construction d’une nouvelle ère urbaine, avec ses ambitions (le bien-être, l’hygiène…), et en rupture avec les difficultés d’alors (le taudis, la maladie, l’individualisme…). Le logement, jusqu’ici inconfortable et insuffisant, devient l’un des axes majeurs d’intervention : plus de huit millions d’unités sont construites durant la période.
La forme de ces logements se doit d’être aussi moderne que le projet. De grands noms et une nouvelle génération d’architectes sont mobilisés. Ceux-ci dessinent des formes géométriques épurées et, dans les opérations importantes, les évolutions techniques leur permettent de multiplier les signaux que sont les longues barres ou hautes tours autour desquelles se structurent les autres immeubles.
Saint-Étienne, ville industrielle durement frappée par la crise du logement, est exemplaire du mouvement. Les grands ensembles s’y multiplient. Implantés sur des sommets de collines aux entrées de la ville, ils doivent signifier le renouveau. Montreynaud, « nouvelle petite ville à part entière » [3], joue de ce point de vue un rôle clé. Sa tour, en sommet de colline et dont le château d’eau est illuminé la nuit, en est l’emblème, un « symbole de la modernité » [4]. La tour doit son nom au fait de proposer « des appartements en plein-ciel » [5], et l’on peut voir dans cette dénomination une valorisation de la verticalité, à la fois comme source d’oxygène et de lumière, mais aussi comme signal urbain.
Acte 2 : la tour Plein-Ciel, symbole d’un grand ensemble en difficulté
Si l’on classe chronologiquement le corpus d’images identifiées, la tour Plein-Ciel ressurgit significativement dans les champs de la communication institutionnelle et des arts au tournant des années 2000‑2010. Dans la littérature, l’intrigue de la saga Les Sauvages de Sabri Louatah débute à Saint-Étienne, et la tour Plein-Ciel en est un cadre important :
« La tour Plein-Ciel se dressait avec une majesté sinistre au sommet de la colline de Montreynaud […]. À l’aube du XXIe siècle, sa démolition avait été plébiscitée par les riverains […]. La célèbre tour au bol était visible depuis la gare en arrivant de Lyon, et beaucoup de Stéphanois la considéraient […] comme le point doublement culminant de la ville : du haut de ses soixante-quatre mètres qui dominaient les six autres collines mais aussi en tant qu’emblème, d’un désastre urbain éclatant et d’une ville résignée à la désindustrialisation » (Louatah 2011, p. 89).
Cette description exprime bien la situation dans laquelle la tour se trouve à la rédaction du roman : en attente de démolition. En 2011, les photographies de Pierre Grasset (voir un exemple ci-dessous), missionné par la ville, montrent l’édifice moribond. Comment la tour Plein-Ciel a-t-elle pu passer de symbole de modernité à « emblème d’un désastre urbain » condamné à la démolition ? Tout d’abord, une partie des équipements de la ZUP et la moitié seulement des logements sont réalisés, du fait de prévisions démographiques non atteintes (Vant 1981 ; Tomas et al. 2003). L’inachèvement accentue les désagréments de la situation à six kilomètres du centre, derrière des infrastructures lourdes. Ensuite, tout au long des années 1980 et 1990, la population de Montreynaud se paupérise (départ des plus aisés vers la propriété, montée du chômage) et « s’ethnicise », avec pour effet, suivant des mécanismes analysés ailleurs (Tissot 2003 ; Masclet 2005), que le regard porté sur elle change : dans les discours politiques et la presse, Montreynaud acquiert l’image d’un quartier dangereux. Dès lors, le quartier entre dans les réhabilitations puis la rénovation [6], mais sans effet important sur la vacance, la pauvreté, l’échec scolaire, la délinquance ou les discriminations. Pour de nombreux Stéphanois, il devient un « là‑haut » [7] relégué.
La tour devient le symptôme visible de cette dégradation. Des rumeurs se diffusent dès les années 1970 sur sa stabilité et l’isolation du château d’eau [8]. Dix ans après sa livraison, seuls 50 des 90 appartements sont vendus. Cette vacance conduit à l’aménagement d’un « foyer de logements » pour personnes dépendantes psychiatriques qui accentue l’image d’un quartier de relégation. La gestion difficile du foyer et les problèmes financiers d’une partie des propriétaires amènent à classer la copropriété comme « fragile » en 2002. Une étude indique que la démolition « aurait un impact positif sur la requalification du parc de logements du quartier et permettrait également de promouvoir un changement d’image du site » [9]. Le dernier habitant est relogé fin 2008.
Acte 3 : la tour Plein-Ciel, monument symbole de Saint-Étienne
D’autres images du corpus indiquent toutefois que, à partir des années 2000, l’image stigmatisée de la tour Plein-Ciel comme emblème d’un grand ensemble en difficulté entre en tension avec une autre image plus valorisante d’édifice symbole de Saint-Étienne. En en faisant l’un des théâtres stéphanois de sa saga, Sabri Louatah reconnaît à la tour Plein-Ciel une place particulière dans la ville. Cette représentation se retrouve, de manière beaucoup plus consciente et militante, dans d’autres productions artistiques durant les années 2000. La tour est notamment représentée sur les affiches du festival Gaga Jazz. Si le festival se veut d’ampleur régionale, son nom montre un ancrage stéphanois – le « gaga » désigne le parler local. Le choix d’identité visuelle va dans le même sens : il s’agit « d’utiliser l’image d’un bâtiment symbole à Saint-Étienne » [10]. Pour les graphistes, la tour s’impose, parce qu’elle est « un monument connu de tous les Stéphanois ». Un monument qui a les honneurs d’une carte postale en 1987 [11], et qui, comme il se doit, est abondamment photographié. Jacques Prud’homme, par exemple, la montre sur plusieurs sténopés visibles sur son blog [12]. Pour lui aussi, la tour est l’un des « symboles de Saint-Étienne ». Pourquoi la tour Plein-Ciel a-t-elle pu être ainsi considérée comme « un monument ancré dans le paysage stéphanois » [13] ? La combinaison peut-être unique en France d’une tour d’habitation à un château d’eau en fait un édifice singulier. Couplée avec son implantation en sommet de colline, cette singularité fait de la tour un point de repère important pour les Stéphanois, mais aussi pour les nombreux supporters de l’AS Saint-Étienne qui se rendent au stade, dont elle est voisine. D’ailleurs, la tour est utilisée comme édifice emblème de la ville sur au moins un autocollant et un tifo de supporters, aux côtés des symboles miniers (chevalement, « crassiers ») et du stade Geoffroy-Guichard.
Cette représentation faisant de la tour un « monument » aurait pu sauver l’édifice, suivant un mécanisme, classique dans l’histoire du patrimoine, de défense devant une menace de démolition. De nombreux Stéphanois réagissent, et, pour l’association Gaga Jazz, « les affiches et flyers invitant les Stéphanois aux concerts de jazz font aussi office d’actes de revendication pour la conservation ». La nouvelle équipe municipale socialiste de Maurice Vincent, élue en 2008, reconnaît que la tour « représente un symbole » [14]. Elle soumet en 2010 au vote des habitants de Montreynaud deux possibilités : développer la valeur et la fonction de repère de la tour en la transformant en « symbole artistique de la ville de Saint-Étienne » [15] via l’intervention d’un plasticien, ou bien la démolir et aménager un parc : 71 % des votants se prononcent pour la démolition, soit 230 personnes sur les 318 votants. Les défenseurs de la conservation expriment un double regret : l’ouverture du vote aux seuls habitants de Montreynaud, et la très faible mobilisation de ces derniers.
La démolition de la tour a lieu le 24 novembre 2011. Son foudroyage la met une dernière fois sous les projecteurs des nombreux appareils audiovisuels présents. Les images produites s’ajoutent à celles existantes, et constituent autant de traces d’un immeuble dont il n’en reste plus aucune sur le terrain.
Cette fin dramatique donne à cette chronique des allures de représentation théâtrale, en trois actes : naissance puis mort de l’édifice, avec un ultime soubresaut sous la forme d’une tentative vaine de sauvetage au nom du patrimoine. C’est une troisième définition du terme de représentation qui est mobilisée dans cette conclusion. Ce sont en effet des représentations, en images et en mots, qui ont permis de constituer cette chronique de la tour. Cette dernière révèle que trois représentations mentales sont associées à l’édifice et à sa verticalité : pour la puissance publique ayant commandé sa réalisation et pour les premiers résidents, la tour est un symbole de modernité ; pour une partie des Stéphanois, mais aussi pour les acteurs ayant décidé sa démolition, elle est l’emblème d’un grand ensemble stigmatisé ; et enfin, pour d’autres Stéphanois, habitants de Montreynaud ou artistes entre autres, la tour est un objet phare et patrimonial dans le paysage de Saint-Étienne.
Aux côtés, par exemple, de la Tour panoramique à la Duchère (à Lyon), qui a été profondément rénovée, cette mise en évidence de la trajectoire des perceptions de la tour Plein-Ciel permet d’expliciter que la verticalité dont nos villes ont hérité, tout du moins celle présente dans les grands ensembles, fait l’objet d’un système de représentations complexe et en tout cas plus varié que celui présenté dans les discours de légitimation de la rénovation urbaine.
Bibliographie Dufaux, F. et Fourcaut A. (dir.). 2004. Le Monde des grands ensembles, Paris : Créaphis.
Louatah, S. 2011. Les Sauvages, tome 1, Paris : Flammarion–Versilio.
Masclet, O. 2005. « Du “bastion” au “ghetto”, le communisme municipal en butte à l’immigration », Actes de la recherche en sciences sociales, n° 159, p. 10‑25.
Tissot, S. 2003. « De l’emblème au “problème”, histoire des grands ensembles dans une ville communiste », Les Annales de la recherche urbaines, n° 93, p. 123‑129.
Tomas, F., Blanc, J.-N. et Bonilla, M. 2003. Les Grands Ensembles, une histoire qui continue, Saint-Étienne : Publications de l’université de Saint-Étienne.
Vant, A. 1981. Imagerie et urbanisation, recherches sur l’exemple stéphanois, Saint-Étienne : Centre d’études foréziennes.
Veschambre, V. 2011. « La rénovation urbaine dans les grands ensembles : de la monumentalité à la banalité ? », in Iosa, I. et Gravari-Barbas, M. (dir.), Monumentalité(s) urbaine(s) aux XIXe et XXe siècles. Sens, formes et enjeux urbains, Paris : L’Harmattan, p. 193‑206.
Notes
Extraits tirés du film Saint-Étienne, on en parle (Atlantic Film, 1970) associé à l’exposition.
Dont Les grands travaux à Saint-Étienne, ville de Saint-Étienne, 1974.
Brochure publicitaire Montreynaud, Saint-Étienne, résidence les Hellènes, non daté.
Propos tenus par un habitant installé dès l’époque.
Brochure publicitaire Des appartements en plein-ciel. La tour de Montreynaud, non daté.
Avec, dans un premier temps, le grand projet de ville (GPV) en 2001, puis la convention avec l’Agence nationale pour la rénovation urbaine (ANRU) en 2005.
Expression régulièrement entendue lors des entretiens.
« Le château d’eau : mille m³ qui ne fuiront pas », La Tribune, 17 novembre 1978, p. 14.
Lettre d’information aux habitants de Montreynaud, ville de Saint-Étienne, mai 2003.
Entretien avec Damien et Sébastien Murat (DMS photo), graphistes.
] « Saint-Étienne – le quartier de Montreynaud », en dépôt aux archives municipales de Saint-Étienne, Voir aussi le blog participatif 42 Yeux : 42yeux.over-blog.com/categorie-11117393.html.
Source : « Tour Plein-Ciel : rayonner ou s’effacer », La Tribune–Le Progrès, 4 février 2009, p. 11.
Propos de l’adjoint à l’urbanisme, « Tour Plein-Ciel : rayonner ou s’effacer », op. cit., p. 11.
@ FOREZ INFOS : Le 24 novembre 2011, à 10h45, le célèbre immeuble "Plein Ciel" de Montreynaud, qualifié tour à tour de tour-signal, phare de Saint-Etienne, tour de Babel et tour infernale a été foudroyé. Trois points d'observation étaient proposés pour ne rien manquer du "pestacle": rue Gounod, rue Bizet et sur le parking du centre commercial où une foule considérable s'était pressée, armée de portables et d'appareils photos pour immortaliser cet événement "exceptionnel". De nombreux policiers, pompiers, CRS et volontaires de la Sécurité Civile avaient été déployés pour sécuriser le périmètre. Au total, environ 300 personnes. Un hélicoptère survolait la colline. Un premier coup de sirène, à 10 minutes du tir, a retenti puis trois autres, brefs, et enfin le compte à rebours de cinq secondes suivi d'un grand "boom" et d'un nuage de poussière. Le chantier de démolition, confié au groupement GINGER CEBTP Démolition / Arnaud Démolition, avait débuté en juin 2010. Après la phase de désamiantage, les matériaux de l'immeuble (bois, béton, ferraille...) avaient été recyclés puis les murs porteurs affaiblis et percés pour accueillir les charges explosives. Le jour du tir, des bâches de protection avaient été disposées, ainsi que des boudins remplis d'eau pour atténuer la dispersion des poussières. A l'espace Gounod, qui accueillait les personnes évacuées dès 8h du périmètre de sécurité, la régie de quartier, l'AGEF, le collège Marc Seguin proposaient des expositions et diverses animations. L'ambiance était folklorique. Maurice Vincent, accompagné de la préfète de la Loire, Fabienne Buccio, et Pascal Martin-Gousset, Directeur Général Adjoint de l'ANRU, s'est exprimé devant un mur de graffitis haut en couleur sur lequel on pouvait lire "Morice tu vas trop loin" (sic), "Moreno en force" (sic) ou encore "Morice tu nous enlève une partie de notre enfance (sic)".
" Je suis parfaitement conscient que cette destruction renvoie à l'enfance, à la jeunesse pour certains des habitants et que ce n'est pas forcément un moment gai", a déclaré le sénateur-maire. Mais de souligner: "C'est de la responsabilité politique que j'assume que d'indiquer la direction de ce qui nous paraît être l'intérêt général."
A la place, il est prévu un espace vert avec des jeux pour enfants et un belvédère. Les premières esquisses du projet doivent être présentées au premier semestre 2012. Rappelons que les habitants du quartier - et seulement eux - avaient été invités le 27 juin 2009 à se prononcer sur le devenir de la tour. L'option de la démolition avait été retenue par 73% des 319 votants. " L'espace public à créer le sera avec la participation des usagers", soulignaient à l'époque M. Vincent et F. Pigeon, son adjoint à l'urbanisme. Ce vieux sage venu en bus, qui regrettait d'avoir manqué la démolition de la Muraille de Chine, nous avait dit simplement: " Il vaut mieux voir ça qu'un tremblement de terre." Et une jeune fille du quartier, inénarrable : " La vérité ! ça fait un trou maintenant. On dirait qu'ils nous ont enlevé une dent !"
L' architecte de l'immeuble "Plein Ciel" fut Raymond Martin, également architecte en chef de la Zone à Urbaniser en Priorité de Montreynaud/Nord-Est et Stéphanois . Celle-ci avait été créée par un arrêté ministériel le 11 mars 1966. Sur 138 hectares, afin de rééquilibrer la ville au nord et prendre le relais du grand ensemble Beaulieu-La Métare, il était prévu initialement d'y accueillir de 13 à 15 000 habitants. Le programme portait sur la création de 3300 logements dont 300 à 500 maisons individuelles. Les logements restants, collectifs, étant composés d'immeubles en copropriété et, pour les deux tiers, d'HLM. voir sur la toile d'un tifo, stade Geoffroy Guichard.
L'aménagement fut concédé fin 1967 à la Société d'Economie Mixte d'Aménagement de Saint-Etienne (SEMASET), initiée en 1963 (municipalité Fraissinette) et constituée en 1965 (municipalité Durafour). En 1970, la SEMSET ajoutait d'abord 600 logements supplémentaires. Peu à peu, le programme de la ZUP fut porté à 4400 logements. Il prévoit aussi de nombreux équipements tels que crèche et halte-garderies, gymnases, centre social et centres commerciaux, deux collèges, huit groupes scolaires. Dans un entretien accordé au Dauphiné Libéré (7 août 1967), Martin expliquait vouloir créer à Montreynaud "une sorte de petite ville agréable à habiter, plutôt qu'un quartier excentré sans âme", avec des "magasins littéralement noyés dans la verdure" et des "voitures qui rouleront sur des rampes souterraines" ! Il indiquait que les travaux allaient débuter en 68 et durer 6 six ans. " Nous commencerons par le plateau central qui comportera 1800 logements répartis dans des immeubles relativement peu élevés, la plupart de 5 ou 6 étages, et une tour pour donner la ligne verticale."
S'agit-il de LA tour ou de cet autre immeuble, baptisé "Les Héllènes" sur un prospectus de l'époque, futur "Le Palatin", près d'un forum digne de l'Atlantide ? Les travaux, en tout cas, ne débutèrent vraiment, semble-t-il, qu'en 1970 d'après un mémoire consultable aux archives municipales (fonds de l'association "Vitrine du quartier" de Montreynaud). On y lit aussi, à travers le témoignage d'un ouvrier qui travailla sur les premiers immeubles, que le premier en date aurait été la tour "Plein Ciel" elle -même. Ce qui lui vaudrait bien son appellation de "tour-signal" qu'on retrouve dans divers documents. Mais qui interroge. D'après la brochure publiée par la Ville de Saint-Etienne à l'occasion de la démolition, sa construction n'aurait démarré qu'en 1972. Le problème, c'est que s'il existe une masse considérable de documentation sur la ZUP, on a trouvé à ce jour peu de choses sur la tour elle-même, à moins d'avoir mal cherché. Elle aurait été inaugurée en 1974 par la CIVSE, le promoteur, mais sans avoir la date exacte, nos recherches dans la presse locale, au hasard, n'ont rien donné. Il y a peut-être une explication. Le château d'eau aurait été construit d'abord et les habitations ensuite.
voir les Flyers de l'association "Gaga Jazz"
Le mémoire en question précise que Montreynaud devait bénéficier d'une "révolution technologique", à savoir la construction par éléments, le préfabriqué, plus rapide et rentable, les éléments d'immeuble étant désormais construits en usine à Andrézieux... Reste que d'après François Tomas, fin 1972, 1897 logements seulement, pour n'en rester qu'aux logements, avaient été construits, et 2839 en 1977 (La création de la ZUP de Montreynaud, chronique d'un échec, in Les grands ensembles, une histoire qui continue, PUSE 2003). On renvoie le lecteur qui voudrait en savoir plus sur l'histoire de la ZUP, ses déboires, la crise économique, l'aménagement de Saint-Saens et Chabrier (1981), à cet ouvrage, à André Vant (La politique urbaine stéphanoise), aux archives, de la SEMASET notamment, et à la presse, de l'année 74 en particulier.
Ce qui nous intéresse, c'est la tour, photographiée un nombre incalculable de fois. Le mémoire, toujours (le nom de l'auteur et l'année de rédaction nous sont inconnus), évoque des rumeurs, à son sujet, dès ses premières années : "On sait que le côté spectaculaire des travaux de Montreynaud alimente les rumeurs, voire les peurs collectives.... La Tour Arc-en-Ciel (sic) s'enfonce... La vasque fuit et inonde les habitants... Face à ces bruits, certains disent que ce n'est vrai, d'autres que c'est faux et qu'il ne faut pas y croire. Mais il y a parfois des vérités intermédiaires, du moins des indices réels qui donnent à penser... Ainsi, il y a bien eu des infiltrations mais seulement à proximité des réservoirs intermédiaires à édifiés au pied de la tour. De l'eau de ruissellement risquait d'atteindre les conteneurs d'eau potable et les transformateurs électriques. La Ville assigne les entreprises en malfaçon devant le tribunal administratif de Lyon en octobre 1975. Des experts sont désignés et l'affaire se termine par un procès-verbal de conciliation prévoyant le partage des travaux de remise en état, qui s'élèvent à 66000 francs, entre l'entreprise générale et l'entreprise de maçonnerie."
voir le Graffiti, Restos du coeur, Chavanelle
Un article de 1978, paru dans La Tribune-Le Progrès, évoque le château d'eau, "cette belle oeuvre de la technique humaine (...) objet depuis sa naissance de la risée des gens". " Soixante-cinq mètres, 1000 m3 de contenance, le château d'eau de Montreynaud coiffant la tour de son dôme renversé s'élance orgueilleusement tout en haut de la colline, superbe perspective des temps modernes. Il rassemble à ses pieds, aux quatre points cardinaux le vaste océan de béton de toute la ZUP dont il est devenu un symbole face à l'agglomération stéphanoise. Le soir, illuminé, il brille tel un phare dans la nuit, accrochant les regards à plusieurs km à la ronde."
On tour, "Montreynaud la folie", sac de collégien (Terrenoire)
L'article se fait l'écho des rumeurs. On dit qu'il oscille par grand vent, géant aux pieds d'argile, que son réservoir fuit. Et l'article d'expliquer que l'oscillation (qui pour certains prendrait des allures inquiétantes) "est tout à fait normale en raison de la hauteur de l'édifice" mais que son pied est fiché à huit mètres dans un sol rocheux. Quant au réservoir, il ne fuit pas. "Si l'eau en coule parfois, c'est tout simplement de l'eau de pluie qui s'écoule paisiblement par des gargouillis". L'alimentation de la ZUP provient d'un réservoir de 10 000 m3 situé au Jardin des plantes et dont l'eau est amenée, par une conduite de 600 mm, dans des réservoirs de 2000 m3 au pied de la colline. Une station de pompage refoule ensuite l'eau au château de la tour qui alimente à son tour la ZUP. Ce château, en béton armé, n'est pas collé à la tour mais en est désolidarisé. Son fût a 3,50 mètres de tour de taille et la vasque, à laquelle on peut accéder aussi par une échelle de 300 barreaux, 21 mètres de diamètre. Par la suite, une antenne, l'antenne de M'Radio, y sera plantée. Haute d'une dizaine de mètres, elle était fixée par des haubans. Différents émetteurs d'entreprises de télécommunication viendront la rejoindre.
Concernant les appartements, dès 1974, évoquant une "psychose de la tour", Loire Matin écrit que seulement 20 logements ont trouvé preneur. " Avec les difficultés sociales qui apparaissent dans les grands ensembles au début des années 80, la commercialisation devient difficile: 40 logements restent invendus", indique la Ville de Saint-Etienne. Loire Matin encore, dans un article de 1987 - la CIVSE ayant depuis déposé le bilan - revient sur le cas de cette "tour infernale (...) droite comme un i (...) symbole de tout un quartier" et l' "une des premières visions que l'on a de Saint-Etienne". Les prix sont certes attractifs mais "de plus en plus de gens désirent, s'ils doivent acheter, posséder une maison bien à eux". Ils fuient les grands ensembles. Qui plus est au coeur d'un quartier qui jouit d'une mauvaise réputation.
voir le Projet de Marc Chopy youtu.be/OoIP7yLHOQM
Un autre article, de 1995, indique qu'une dizaine d'appartements sont en vente et qu'un F3 coûte moins de 100 000 francs. Quelques années auparavant, un nombre important d'appartements inoccupés avaient été rachetés et transformés en studios. Gérés par une SCI, ils furent loués à des personnes âgées, accompagnée par une association, "Age France", à une population en proie à des problèmes sociaux ou de santé mais dont l'état ne nécessitait pas d'hospitalisation totale. " La présence de ces locataires ne semble pas du meilleur goût aux yeux de certains copropriétaires", relevait le journaliste. On retrouve ces locataires cinq ans plus tard dans un article intitulé "Les oubliés de la tour". Une soixantaine d'hommes et de femmes "de tous âges, soit handicapés mentaux, soit physique (...) certains placés ici par l'hôpital de Saint-Jean-Bonnefonds" et secourus par le Secours catholique, vivent alors dans la tour. C'est aussi à cette époque que l'artiste Albert-Louis Chanut avait son atelier au pied de l'immeuble.
Le sort de la tour se joua dans les années 2000. A l'aube du XXIe siècle, le 30 décembre 2000, un incendie se déclare dans un de ses étages, mettant en évidence des problèmes de sécurité. De 2001 à 2003, une commission de plan de sauvegarde valide le scénario de démolition, inscrit dans la convention ANRU en avril 2005. Le rachat des logements et le relogement des locataires débute cette même année, pour s'achever en 2009. Il restait deux familles en 2008
En février 2009, lors d'un conseil municipal, l'adjoint à l'urbanisme déclarait: " La destruction de la fonction d'habitation de la tour est un point acté sur lequel nous ne reviendrons pas. Cette tour n'a plus vocation à être habitée. Cela passe donc forcément par une démolition au moins partielle. Ce principe étant posé, faut-il détruire la structure de la tour ou, au contraire, essayer de trouver une solution pour intégrer sa silhouette dans le paysage urbain ? J'ai déjà abordé la question à l'occasion d'un conseil municipal au mois de juin. Nous avions précisé que la tour de Montreynaud constitue un édifice marquant dans le paysage urbain de Saint-Etienne. C'est un point de repère pour celles et ceux qui habitent Montreynaud, mais aussi pour celles et ceux qui passent à Saint-Etienne. Elle est donc remarquée et remarquable par l'ensemble des personnes que nous côtoyons, qu'il s'agisse de simples passants, d'habitants de Saint-Etienne ou d'urbanistes de renom. Il est important de préciser que nous ne prendrons pas seuls la décision. Nous allons sans doute aboutir à deux possibilités : une destruction totale de cet édifice ou une destruction partielle. Dans tous les cas, il sera mené un travail de concertation par M. Messad, en qualité d'élu référent du quartier, et par Mme Perroux, en qualité d'adjointe sur les questions de démocratie participative. C'est donc par une consultation des habitants de Montreynaud que nous trancherons sur la base de deux projets qui seront présentés et chiffrées.Toutes ces questions seront tranchées à l'été 2009. Par ailleurs, puisque vous citez mes propos, je voudrais les contextualiser et citer M. le Maire qui était intervenu au même moment et qui disait : « Nous pensons qu'il faut imaginer, à la place de la tour, un espace qui fasse le plus grand consensus avec les habitants, qui marque une évolution, un renouvellement du quartier ». C'est là un point extrêmement important. Il n'est pas contradictoire d'envisager une mutation du quartier et que cette tour ne soit plus habitée, avec l'idée consistant à en conserver une trace sous une forme ou sous une autre, en conservant sa silhouette ou en envisageant un oeuvre d'art se substituant à cet édifice..."Implosion Tour Plein Ciel Montreynaud Saint-Etienne
www.youtube.com/watch?v=6afw_e4s1-Y - www.forez-info.com/encyclopedie/traverses/21202-on-tour-m... -
La tour Plein Ciel à Montreynaud a été démolie le jeudi 24 novembre 2011 à 10h45. youtu.be/ietu6yPB5KQ - Mascovich & la tour de Montreynaud www.youtube.com/watch?v=p7Zmwn224XE -Travaux dalle du Forum à Montreynaud Saint-Etienne www.youtube.com/watch?v=0WaFbrBEfU4 & içi www.youtube.com/watch?v=aHnT_I5dEyI - et fr3 là www.youtube.com/watch?v=hCsXNOMRWW4 -
@ LES PRESSES
St-Etienne-Montreynaud, Historique de la Zup,
1954 et 1965 : Saint-Etienne, ravagée par les bombardements de la Seconde Guerre Mondiale, et surnommée "capitale des taudis", est alors en manque de logements (50% de la population vit dans un logement de moins de 1 pièce !), tandis que sa population augmente d'année en année grâce aux activités industrielles. De ce fait, le premier projet (expérimental) de grands ensembles voit le jour : Beaulieu. Il fournit des dizaines de logements avec tout le confort moderne : c'est un succès.
En 1965, il faut toujours et encore plus de logements : le projet de la Muraille de Chine naît, avec 450 logements de créés (plus grande barre d'habitation d'Europe !). Cette barre est finalement dynamitée le 27 mai 2000 (voir vidéo sur YouTube).
Années 1970 : Saint-Etienne est toujours en manque de logements, certains des immeubles du XIXe siècle étant vétustes. Un énorme projet voit lui aussi le jour : Montreynaud, sur la colline éponyme du nord-est de la ville, encore vierge (on y chassait même !). 22 000 prsonnes peuvent alors être logées dans ces nouveaux grands ensembles. L'architecte Raymond Martin dessine les plans de la majorité des bâtiments, dont ceux de la tour Plein Ciel. La construction débute, la tour est achevée en 1972. Cette dernière surplombe désormais le bassin stéphanois du haut de ses 63 m (92 avec l'antenne). Les appartements sont plutôt grands, de nombreux cadres emménagent dedans. Néanmoins, le choc pétrolier de 1973 a un effet notoire : 45 % des logements ne sont pas vendus.
Au fil des années, le quartier prend mauvaise image, les habitants de la tour et des barres qui en ont les moyens quittent le quartier.
30 décembre 2000 : un incendie se déclare au 11e étage, les pompiers montreront par la suite certaines anomalies dans le bâtiment. La tour se dépeuple peu à peu.
2002 : première évocation de la possible démolition de la Tour, symbole du quartier, qui n'est plus rentable et vétuste.
La démolition est prévue pour 2008.
27 juin 2009 : la nouvelle municipalité décide d'un référendum auprès des habitants du quartier, pour décider de l'avenir de la Tour. De nombreux projets sont évoqués, bien sûr la démolition, mais aussi la transformation en oeuvre d'art, la création d'un restaurant panoramique et même d'un hôtel de police. 73% des personnes ayant voté décident de la démolir : le destin de la Tour Plein Ciel est désormais scellé ...
2009-2011 : la Tour est démantelée et surtout désamiantée.
24 novembre 2011 : à 10h47, la Tour Plein Ciel est foudroyée devant 1000 personnes environ (vidéo disponible sur YouTube). Elle s'effondre, avec sa célèbre coupole tout en élégance en quelques secondes. Puis, elle sert de terrain d'entraînement à 120 pompiers du département, comme lors d'un séisme. Maintenant, l'emplacement de la Tour est un espace vert.
Particularités de cette Tour :
- Visible de quasiment tout le territoire stéphanois
- Sa coupole sur le toit qui n'est ni une soucoupe volante ni un le lieu de tournage de Rencontres du 3e type ;)
Une matinée pour tourner une page, celle de quarante ans d'histoire. Une histoire pour la tour Plein Ciel et ses 18 étages perchés sur la colline de Montreynaud, à Saint-Etienne. Drôle d'histoire.
En 1970 elle est construite par l’architecte Raymond Martin comme une tour de Babel un peu pharaonique qui doit symboliser le renouveau de la ville noire. Mais l’édifice tombe rapidement en désuétude. Il faudra attendre 2009 et un référendum pour officialiser sa destruction. Des histoires pour les habitants de Montreynaud, qui pour certains sont nés et ont grandi à l’ombre de cette tour et de son château d’eau. « Un bol de couscous qui nous rappelait qu’ici c’était chez nous », témoigne joliment Sarah, agrippée au bras de son amie, qui ne cache pas son émotion alors que la tour est sur le point d’être démolie. Elles évoquent leurs souvenirs d’enfance. « Pour nous c’était plus qu’un monument. On passait tout notre temps dans cette tour quand on était petites. Le dentiste, le docteur, les chasses à l’homme… C’était aussi un point de repère, c’était le charme de Montreynaud. »
Pour Imane, 22 ans, « c’est le symbole de Montreynaud qui disparaît. Quand on était à Saint-Etienne, on se repérait grâce à la tour. C’était le seul quartier qui ait un symbole très visible. » A l’intérieur du gymnase Gounod, c’est l’effervescence. 650 personnes, habitant les bâtiments voisins, ont été évacuées le matin même. Elles regagneront leurs logements aux alentours de midi. En attendant, on boit un café, on mange des croissants, on échange sur ce qui apparaît à tous comme un « événement ». La démolition de la tour Plein Ciel n’est pas loin de concurrencer en termes de popularité une rencontre de l’ASSE, à tel point que la Ville a installé un écran géant dans le gymnase afin de savourer au plus près le spectacle. Les images sont rediffusées en boucle. Le film défile au ralenti. Celui de cette tour qui s’effondre en une poignée de secondes, laissant derrière elle un grand nuage de fumée et des tonnes de gravats.
Un pas franchi dans la rénovation urbaine du quartier
Plus loin un groupe de jeunes garçons s’emportent : « Pourquoi ils démolissent la tour, c’est pas bien ! C’est depuis qu’on est né qu’on la connaît, c’est notre emblème, notre symbole ! Elle est grande en plus, 65 m de haut ! Mais qu’est-ce qu’ils vont faire à la place ? Un parc ? Mais ils vont tout laisser pourrir. A Montreynaud, à chaque fois qu’ils mettent un parc il est pété ! ». Dans ce quartier à forte mixité sociale, où l’on ne manie pas la langue de bois, quelques rares habitants font figure d’exception, et se réjouissent : « Elle tombait en morceaux, c’était pitoyable, lâche G. Je ne comprends pas quand j’entends parler d’emblème, de symbole. Quel emblème ? C’était un immeuble insalubre. Depuis 29 ans, on a vue sur cette tour depuis notre salon. Je peux vous dire que ces derniers temps on ne se sentait pas en sécurité. » Pour G., la démolition de la tour Plein ciel peut participer d’un futur embellissement de Montreynaud. C’est un pas franchi dans la rénovation urbaine du quartier, comme le souligne Pascal Martin Gousset, directeur général adjoint de l’Anru (Agence nationale de la rénovation urbaine). « L’enjeu ce n’est pas la démolition d’un bâtiment mais la reconstruction d’un quartier. Cette forme de bâtiment sur un site excentré n’était pas forcément adaptée à la demande. 40 logements n’ont jamais été vendus sur les 90. Or lorsqu’un immeuble ne correspond plus à une demande, il ne faut pas s’acharner. » Pour Pascal Martin Gousset, ni la transformation de la tour en objet d’art urbain ni sa rénovation n’ont été sérieusement envisagées. « Il y a un attachement psychologique qui est humain mais il faut vivre avec son temps. La rénovation aurait coûté trop cher. » La restructuration de Montreynaud devrait se poursuivre conformément aux plans de l’Anru. Le coût global de la rénovation urbaine sur le quartier se porte à 106 M€.
This is actually a 365 day project reject, but seriously - look at this damn dog's paws. It's an allergy, but I can't figure out what kind - food or grass. It's impossible to keep him off the grass, so I've been doing trial and error with food for month.
It's a good thing he's the best dog in the world.
It brakes my heart to do this, but I know I need to do it. Roaglaan, I received those decals today, thought I did not order them or even traded for them. Is it normal you have send those to me? I'm not sure, so are those for me or for somebody else?
What do I do with those?
Cantaloupe are responsible for nearly 30 outbreaks and recalls since 1990, killing two people and sickening more than 1,200. The fruit's netted rind hides harmful pathogens like salmonella and E. coli, which can eventually penetrate the shell and infect the fleshy, nutrient-rich core. Photo by Brandon Quester/News21
Cantaloupe are responsible for nearly 30 outbreaks and recalls since 1990, killing two people and sickening more than 1,200. The fruit's netted rind hides harmful pathogens like salmonella and E. coli, which can eventually penetrate the shell and infect the fleshy, nutrient-rich core. (Photo by Brandon Quester/News21)
Pessoal problemas com net... quando regularizar eu volto tirando o atraso nos comments!
Bjs
O Salvador Foto Clube convida você a juntar-se a nós para fotografar a Lavagem do Bonfim.
Tatiana Sapateiro (www.flickr.com/photos/tatianasapateiro) vai! E você?
Ponto de Encontro: Igreja de N. Sra. da Conceição da Praia
Data: 12/01/2005
Hora: 7:00h
Just a stone's throw from J.L. Wright's elegant Compton House, we find this grotesque, brain-damaged, child-molesting, life-denying timber-turd.
(Maybe the problem is that there's somebody at the La Jolla planning department who confuses inch-marks and foot-marks [see also: This Is Spinal Tap])
Ok.... I know WTF how come this girl is on her 13th pic and the rest where did they went? well i have been having a really busy week and besides that some technical problems.
Truth is that if my best friend (Isma) wouldn't have lent me his camera I would be pretty screwed and wouldn't be able to do this project , so we share it and are always randomizing hahaha or that's how I call it, and that makes the uploads a little bit late and weird. But I promise I'll do something about it =) !!!
Last week was a fucking week of hell..... I was really sick, I am still sick for fucks sake!!!! grgrgrg, even though I got this super sexy voice I am really desperate of the constant coughs and sickness , but anyway besides that I have been having trouble at home with my parents and also having some difficult time trying to understand some people.
After some crying with my best friend and some meditation , and lets face it talking a little bit more with my parents I have com to a better place. Cause last week I felt so bad emotionally and physically that I couldn't help myself to do all the things I have piled on my to do list, but on the other hand I might as well say I had a super huge monster ordering me not to do them... the point is that it is no excuse.
I hate being sick but I hate it more to be blue, this week I woke up thinking to start once more all over again and to be positive and cause over the situations rather than the other way around!!! and nothing better to do so than modifying a dress =) yeah I sort of arranged the one on the pic =) and having some hookah and extraordinary tea with my best friend he has such a good taste for teas!!!
Isma and I got perfect tea makers and believe me they work wonders... Now i got a brand new addiction... TEA!!!! hahahaha
On the way to college we found this precious dog, and I thought the contrast of colors the elegance of the dogie and me were a very adequate pic for today.
We were tight, but it falls apart as silver turns to blue.
Waxing with a candlelight, and burning just for you.
Allocate your sentiment, and stick it in a box.
I've never been an extrovert, but i'm still breathing.
Someone tried to do me ache (it's what I'm afraid of)
With hindsight, I was more than blind, lost without a clue.
Thought I was getting carat gold, and what I got was you.
Stuck inside the circumstances, lonely at the top.
I've always been an introvert
happily bleeding.
Someone tried to do me ache (it's what i'm afraid of)
4 7 2 3 9 8 5 - I gotta breathe to stay alive,
and 1 4 2 9 7 8 - feels like I'm gonna suffocate.
14 16 22 - this skin that turns to blister blue.
Shoulders toes and knees, I'm 36 degrees,
shoulders toes and knees,I'm 36 degrees,
shoulder toes and knees, I'm 36 degrees,
shoulders toes and knees, I'm 36 degrees.
This loaf has a doughy center, and look at the oats. White flecks clearly visible. I've baked with oats a number of times before but it's never looked like this. Usually the oats blend in with the bread and are kind of hard to notice. I think I under-baked the bread. But what's weird is the boule, baked for the same length of time, looked quite different. I guess this goes to show how much shape matters.
We decided to go for a city break rather than sun in Tenerife again this September. Other than a few days in the North East we haven’t been away since last March and wanted a change and hopefully some sun. The problem is getting flights from the north of England to the places we want to go to. We chose Valencia as we could fly from East Midlands – which was still a pain to get to as it involved the most notorious stretch of the M1 at five in the morning. In the end we had a fairly good journey, the new Ryanair business class pre-booked scheme worked quite well and bang on time as usual. It was dull when we landed with storms forecast all week, the sky was bright grey – the kiss of death to the photography I had in mind. I was full of cold and wishing I was at work. It did rain but it was overnight on our first night and didn’t affect us. There has been a drought for eleven months apparently and it rained on our first day there! The forecast storms didn’t materialise in Valencia but they got it elsewhere.
Over the course of a Monday to Sunday week we covered 75 miles on foot and saw most of the best of Valencia – The City of Bell Towers. The Old City covers a pretty large area in a very confusing layout. There was a lot of referring to maps – even compass readings! – a first in a city for us. The problem with photography in Valencia is that most of the famous and attractive building are closely built around, some have poor quality housing built on to them. Most photographs have to be taken from an extreme angle looking up. There are no high points as it is pan flat, there are a small number of buildings where you can pay to go up on to the roof for a better view and we went up them – more than once!
The modern buildings of The City of Arts and Sciences – ( Ciutat de Las Arts I de les Ciencies ) are what the city has more recently become famous for, with tourists arriving by the coachload all day until late at night. They must be photographed millions of times a month. We went during the day and stayed till dark one evening, I gave it my best shot but a first time visit is always a compromise between ambition and realism, time dictates that we have to move on to the next destination. I travelled with a full size tripod – another first – I forgot to take it with me to TCoAaS! so It was time to wind up the ISO, again! Needless to say I never used the tripod.
On a day when rain was forecast but it stayed fine, albeit a bit dull, we went to the Bioparc north west of the city, a zoo by another name. There are many claims made for this place, were you can appear to walk alongside some very large animals, including, elephants, lions, giraffe, rhino, gorillas and many types of monkey to name a few. It is laid out in different geographical regions and there is very little between you and the animals, in some cases there is nothing, you enter the enclosure through a double door arrangement and the monkeys are around you. It gets rave reviews and we stayed for most of the day. The animals it has to be said gave the appearance of extreme boredom and frustration and I felt quite sorry for them.
The course of The River Turia was altered after a major flood in the 50’s. The new river runs west of the city flanked by a motorway. The old river, which is massive, deep and very wide between ancient walls, I can’t imagine how it flooded, has been turned into a park that is five miles long. There is an athletics track, football pitches, cycle paths, restaurants, numerous kids parks, ponds, fountains, loads of bridges, historic and modern. At the western end closest to the sea sits The City of Arts and Sciences – in the river bed. Where it meets the sea there is Valencia’s urban Formula One racetrack finishing in the massive marina built for The Americas Cup. The race track is in use as roadways complete with fully removable street furniture, kerbs, bollards, lights, islands and crossings, everything is just sat on the surface ready to be moved.
We found the beach almost by accident, we were desperate for food after putting in a lot of miles and the afternoon was ticking by. What a beach, 100’s of metres wide and stretching as far as the eye could see with a massive promenade. The hard thing was choosing, out of the dozens of restaurants, all next door to each other, all serving traditional Paella – rabbit and chicken – as well as seafood, we don’t eat seafood and it constituted 90% of the menu in most places. Every restaurant does a fixed price dish of the day, with a few choices, three courses and a drink. Some times this was our only meal besides making the most of the continental breakfast at the hotel. We had a fair few bar stops with the local wine being cheap and pleasant it would have been a shame not to, there would have been a one woman riot – or strike!
On our final day, a Sunday, we were out of bed and down for breakfast at 7.45 as usual, the place was deserted barring a waiter. We walked out of the door at 8.30 – in to the middle of a mass road race with many thousands of runners, one of a series that take place in Valencia – apparently! We struggled to find out the distance, possibly 10km. The finish was just around the corner so off we went with the camera gear, taking photos of random runners and groups. There was a TV crew filming it and some local celebrity (I think) commentating. Next we came across some sort of wandering religious and musical event. Some sort of ritual was played out over the course of Sunday morning in various locations, it involved catholic priests and religious buildings and another film crew. The Catholic tourists and locals were filling the (many) churches for Sunday mass. Amongst all of this we had seen men walking around in Arab style dress – the ones in black looked like the ones from ISIS currently beheading people – all carrying guns. A bit disconcerting. We assumed that there had been some sort of battle enactment. We were wrong, it hadn’t happened yet. A while later, about 11.30 we could hear banging, fireworks? No it was our friends with the guns. We were caught up in total mayhem, around 60 men randomly firing muskets with some sort of blank rounds, the noise, smoke and flames from the muzzles were incredible. We were about to climb the Torres de Serranos which is where, unbeknown to us, the grand, and deafening, finale was going to be. We could feel the blast in our faces on top of the tower. Yet again there was a film camera in attendance. I couldn’t get close ups but I got a good overview and shot my first video with the 5D, my first in 5 years of owning a DLSR with the capability. I usually use my phone ( I used my phone as well). Later in the day there was a bullfight taking place, the ring was almost next to our hotel, in the end we had other things to do and gave it a miss, it was certainly a busy Sunday in the city centre, whether it’s the norm or not I don’t know.
There is a tram system in Valencia but it goes from the port area into the newer part of the city on the north side, it wouldn’t be feasible to serve the historic old city really. A quick internet search told me that there are 55,000 university students in the city, a pretty big number. I think a lot of the campus is on the north side and served by the tram although there is a massive fleet of buses as well. There is a massive, very impressive market building , with 100’s of stalls that would make a photo project on its own, beautiful on the inside and out but very difficult to get decent photos of the exterior other than detail shots owing to the closeness of other buildings and the sheer size of it. Across town, another market has been beautifully renovated and is full of bars and restaurants and a bit of a destination in its own right.
A downside was the all too typical shafting by the taxi drivers who use every trick in the book to side step the official tariffs and rob you. The taxi from the airport had a “broken” meter and on the way home we were driven 22 km instead of the nine that is the actual distance. Some of them seem to view tourists as cash cows to be robbed at all costs. I emailed the Marriot hotel as they ordered the taxi, needless to say no answer from Marriot – they’ve had their money. We didn’t get the rip off treatment in the bars etc. that we experienced in Rome, prices are very fair on most things, certainly considering the city location.
All in all we had a good trip and can highly recommend Valencia.
and you thought your life was tough? Count the number of pots she's carrying. And she lives right next to the Panshet dam too. Irony of life.
Hamburg has a „refugee problem“? No, Hamburg has a housing problem. For decades real estate developers and politicians have treated our cities as if mainly high earners inhabited them, as if people with low income and the homeless had no right to the city – and as if the worldwide flows of forced migration weren’t able to reach Europe. The arrival of more than one million refugees fleeing war, poverty and terror has clearified that this way of city-planning is irresponsible. Suddenly it becomes clear that a policy that has constantly feared „ghettoisation“ when it comes to social housing will fail to cope with the historic challenges of our time. The neoliberal city has been unable to develop concepts for good, affordable and sustainable housing, it has turned the social housing scheme into a subsidy-scheme for investors – and all this lapses have come back to bite. Now it’s high time to talk about new ways to continue building our cities.
Thus, on May 28 we call for a parade of choreographed blocks, leading into a public hearing under the motto „A different planning is possible“. We will start at Karolinenplatz / Messehallen, following a suggestion of the Hamburg Chamber of Architects: Why does Hamburg need an exhibition center, unused for most of the year, in such a central location? How about moving it to outskirts and reusing the exhibition site? We end our parade at the square in front of the empty Axel Springer-house – a former editorial building of 90.000 square meter that would make a perfect example for a different kind of planning, the right place for a public hearing to debate on a city in which ‚higher and more’ does not only benefit those who can afford it.
What we need is a planning that includes platforms of access and mediation and brings together the new neighbourhoods, a planning which organises a sustainable form of social housing by bringing cooperatives and new forms of communalisation
into the game – instead of encouraging privatisation of public space for the benefit of the real estate sector under the premise of building new housing for refugees. Last but not least, we need a perspective on housing, where origin and status do not matter.
We will not leave the city to the Not-in-my-Backyard-citizens, who instinctively demonise the planned arrival-quarters as „ghettos“. Furthermore, we don’t believe that the deportation campaign, promoted by the governing Social Democratic and
Green Party – affecting hundreds of people every month – produces any relief. Instead, it is a cruel attempt, doomed to failure, to appease right-wing sentiments. Therefore, we also call for the manifestation „Migration is a Right! Deportation is a Crime!“ that takes place on May 14.
We believe that city has no upper limits. Newcomers don’t remain strange in cities.
Densification is the essence of the city – it produces spaces, provides chances and makes us all smarter.
Right to the City Network & Never Mind the Papers
Netzwerk Recht auf Stadt & Never Mind the Papers
The main problem I was struggling with at this point was fogged lenses. My glasses were permanently fogged. No sooner had I wiped them clean (on what? everything was sodden) than they were opaque again. I had the option of walking into a lens-induced blur, or using my naturally defunct eyes to try to make out where on the rocky path my foot should go.
Taking photos was a bit of a bother. I will not use the challenge word, because someone will try to make out that fogged viewfinders, lenses and glasses are an opportunity. Let me break it to you sunshine, they are not.
from bit.ly/11UDWEp
Through GoPro Through GoPro - They are heroes, look through their eyes
Case update: returned to gopro for replacement.Enjoy this GoProHero video
GoPro Video, average rating: 4 / 5
More GoPro video
GoProHero3
Read more Gopro Hero 3 black edition problems : Timelapse, f Thomas
UN(Unted Nation) Fails To Solve Problem Of Kashmir
kashmir is a issue of war between Pakistan And India. Ind and Pak got independence in August 1945. The main issue between those country is Kashmir. Both country claims that Kashmir is his property.
Pakistan wants a Referendum in Kashmir UN also alow to do a Referendum But Ind is the main problem wo dont want a Referendum in Kashmir. I think is afraid of what he doing in Kashmir is against the humanity rights but other country dont said a world about it
There is a some recent picture from Kashmir. The curfew is lasted for 51 days. Indian Army also stopped children to going to school
Kashmir is a valley of Heaven now devil is here.
#freekashmir #shameindia #kashmirisapartofpak #referenduminkashmir #
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5x7 Colour Paper negative
It all started with a new lens - My new Kodak Ektar 203mm lens...
When I tool a picture I had a double image.
Hmmm?
Must be light reflecting inside the many (4) filters...
Tried again with different light sources - still the same problem.
Ahh! must be the new lensboard doesn't fit right!
I build a new lens board, took a few more pics - still the same problem...
Ahh!!!
Must be that the lens board does not fit perfectly... again rebuilt the lens board (looks quite nice now with the fancy black felt backing, BTW). Tooks a few more pics - still the same problem.
suddenly - that Ah-ha moment!
I took a picture for 1 minute without opening the shutter - sure enough I had a picture.
1 minute in a dark room with a flashlight confirmed it - Pinholes in the bellows. My previous lens was 180 - this new lens extended the bellows more than any other!
after 12 bad pictures and some acrylic paint mixed with white glue, I think I
've solved the problem - really this time.
Cantaloupe are responsible for nearly 30 outbreaks and recalls since 1990, killing two people and sickening more than 1,200. The fruit's netted rind hides harmful pathogens like salmonella and E. coli, which can eventually penetrate the shell and infect the fleshy, nutrient-rich core. (Photo by Brandon Quester/News21)
Cantaloupe are responsible for nearly 30 outbreaks and recalls since 1990, killing two people and sickening more than 1,200. The fruit's netted rind hides harmful pathogens like salmonella and E. coli, which can eventually penetrate the shell and infect the fleshy, nutrient-rich core. (Photo by Brandon Quester/News21)
Graffiti (plural; singular graffiti or graffito, the latter rarely used except in archeology) is art that is written, painted or drawn on a wall or other surface, usually without permission and within public view. Graffiti ranges from simple written words to elaborate wall paintings, and has existed since ancient times, with examples dating back to ancient Egypt, ancient Greece, and the Roman Empire (see also mural).
Graffiti is a controversial subject. In most countries, marking or painting property without permission is considered by property owners and civic authorities as defacement and vandalism, which is a punishable crime, citing the use of graffiti by street gangs to mark territory or to serve as an indicator of gang-related activities. Graffiti has become visualized as a growing urban "problem" for many cities in industrialized nations, spreading from the New York City subway system and Philadelphia in the early 1970s to the rest of the United States and Europe and other world regions
"Graffiti" (usually both singular and plural) and the rare singular form "graffito" are from the Italian word graffiato ("scratched"). The term "graffiti" is used in art history for works of art produced by scratching a design into a surface. A related term is "sgraffito", which involves scratching through one layer of pigment to reveal another beneath it. This technique was primarily used by potters who would glaze their wares and then scratch a design into them. In ancient times graffiti were carved on walls with a sharp object, although sometimes chalk or coal were used. The word originates from Greek γράφειν—graphein—meaning "to write".
The term graffiti originally referred to the inscriptions, figure drawings, and such, found on the walls of ancient sepulchres or ruins, as in the Catacombs of Rome or at Pompeii. Historically, these writings were not considered vanadlism, which today is considered part of the definition of graffiti.
The only known source of the Safaitic language, an ancient form of Arabic, is from graffiti: inscriptions scratched on to the surface of rocks and boulders in the predominantly basalt desert of southern Syria, eastern Jordan and northern Saudi Arabia. Safaitic dates from the first century BC to the fourth century AD.
Some of the oldest cave paintings in the world are 40,000 year old ones found in Australia. The oldest written graffiti was found in ancient Rome around 2500 years ago. Most graffiti from the time was boasts about sexual experiences Graffiti in Ancient Rome was a form of communication, and was not considered vandalism.
Ancient tourists visiting the 5th-century citadel at Sigiriya in Sri Lanka write their names and commentary over the "mirror wall", adding up to over 1800 individual graffiti produced there between the 6th and 18th centuries. Most of the graffiti refer to the frescoes of semi-nude females found there. One reads:
Wet with cool dew drops
fragrant with perfume from the flowers
came the gentle breeze
jasmine and water lily
dance in the spring sunshine
side-long glances
of the golden-hued ladies
stab into my thoughts
heaven itself cannot take my mind
as it has been captivated by one lass
among the five hundred I have seen here.
Among the ancient political graffiti examples were Arab satirist poems. Yazid al-Himyari, an Umayyad Arab and Persian poet, was most known for writing his political poetry on the walls between Sajistan and Basra, manifesting a strong hatred towards the Umayyad regime and its walis, and people used to read and circulate them very widely.
Graffiti, known as Tacherons, were frequently scratched on Romanesque Scandinavian church walls. When Renaissance artists such as Pinturicchio, Raphael, Michelangelo, Ghirlandaio, or Filippino Lippi descended into the ruins of Nero's Domus Aurea, they carved or painted their names and returned to initiate the grottesche style of decoration.
There are also examples of graffiti occurring in American history, such as Independence Rock, a national landmark along the Oregon Trail.
Later, French soldiers carved their names on monuments during the Napoleonic campaign of Egypt in the 1790s. Lord Byron's survives on one of the columns of the Temple of Poseidon at Cape Sounion in Attica, Greece.
The oldest known example of graffiti "monikers" found on traincars created by hobos and railworkers since the late 1800s. The Bozo Texino monikers were documented by filmmaker Bill Daniel in his 2005 film, Who is Bozo Texino?.
In World War II, an inscription on a wall at the fortress of Verdun was seen as an illustration of the US response twice in a generation to the wrongs of the Old World:
During World War II and for decades after, the phrase "Kilroy was here" with an accompanying illustration was widespread throughout the world, due to its use by American troops and ultimately filtering into American popular culture. Shortly after the death of Charlie Parker (nicknamed "Yardbird" or "Bird"), graffiti began appearing around New York with the words "Bird Lives".
Modern graffiti art has its origins with young people in 1960s and 70s in New York City and Philadelphia. Tags were the first form of stylised contemporary graffiti. Eventually, throw-ups and pieces evolved with the desire to create larger art. Writers used spray paint and other kind of materials to leave tags or to create images on the sides subway trains. and eventually moved into the city after the NYC metro began to buy new trains and paint over graffiti.
While the art had many advocates and appreciators—including the cultural critic Norman Mailer—others, including New York City mayor Ed Koch, considered it to be defacement of public property, and saw it as a form of public blight. The ‘taggers’ called what they did ‘writing’—though an important 1974 essay by Mailer referred to it using the term ‘graffiti.’
Contemporary graffiti style has been heavily influenced by hip hop culture and the myriad international styles derived from Philadelphia and New York City Subway graffiti; however, there are many other traditions of notable graffiti in the twentieth century. Graffiti have long appeared on building walls, in latrines, railroad boxcars, subways, and bridges.
An early graffito outside of New York or Philadelphia was the inscription in London reading "Clapton is God" in reference to the guitarist Eric Clapton. Creating the cult of the guitar hero, the phrase was spray-painted by an admirer on a wall in an Islington, north London in the autumn of 1967. The graffito was captured in a photograph, in which a dog is urinating on the wall.
Films like Style Wars in the 80s depicting famous writers such as Skeme, Dondi, MinOne, and ZEPHYR reinforced graffiti's role within New York's emerging hip-hop culture. Although many officers of the New York City Police Department found this film to be controversial, Style Wars is still recognized as the most prolific film representation of what was going on within the young hip hop culture of the early 1980s. Fab 5 Freddy and Futura 2000 took hip hop graffiti to Paris and London as part of the New York City Rap Tour in 1983
Commercialization and entrance into mainstream pop culture
Main article: Commercial graffiti
With the popularity and legitimization of graffiti has come a level of commercialization. In 2001, computer giant IBM launched an advertising campaign in Chicago and San Francisco which involved people spray painting on sidewalks a peace symbol, a heart, and a penguin (Linux mascot), to represent "Peace, Love, and Linux." IBM paid Chicago and San Francisco collectively US$120,000 for punitive damages and clean-up costs.
In 2005, a similar ad campaign was launched by Sony and executed by its advertising agency in New York, Chicago, Atlanta, Philadelphia, Los Angeles, and Miami, to market its handheld PSP gaming system. In this campaign, taking notice of the legal problems of the IBM campaign, Sony paid building owners for the rights to paint on their buildings "a collection of dizzy-eyed urban kids playing with the PSP as if it were a skateboard, a paddle, or a rocking horse".
Tristan Manco wrote that Brazil "boasts a unique and particularly rich, graffiti scene ... [earning] it an international reputation as the place to go for artistic inspiration". Graffiti "flourishes in every conceivable space in Brazil's cities". Artistic parallels "are often drawn between the energy of São Paulo today and 1970s New York". The "sprawling metropolis", of São Paulo has "become the new shrine to graffiti"; Manco alludes to "poverty and unemployment ... [and] the epic struggles and conditions of the country's marginalised peoples", and to "Brazil's chronic poverty", as the main engines that "have fuelled a vibrant graffiti culture". In world terms, Brazil has "one of the most uneven distributions of income. Laws and taxes change frequently". Such factors, Manco argues, contribute to a very fluid society, riven with those economic divisions and social tensions that underpin and feed the "folkloric vandalism and an urban sport for the disenfranchised", that is South American graffiti art.
Prominent Brazilian writers include Os Gêmeos, Boleta, Nunca, Nina, Speto, Tikka, and T.Freak. Their artistic success and involvement in commercial design ventures has highlighted divisions within the Brazilian graffiti community between adherents of the cruder transgressive form of pichação and the more conventionally artistic values of the practitioners of grafite.
Graffiti in the Middle East has emerged slowly, with taggers operating in Egypt, Lebanon, the Gulf countries like Bahrain or the United Arab Emirates, Israel, and in Iran. The major Iranian newspaper Hamshahri has published two articles on illegal writers in the city with photographic coverage of Iranian artist A1one's works on Tehran walls. Tokyo-based design magazine, PingMag, has interviewed A1one and featured photographs of his work. The Israeli West Bank barrier has become a site for graffiti, reminiscent in this sense of the Berlin Wall. Many writers in Israel come from other places around the globe, such as JUIF from Los Angeles and DEVIONE from London. The religious reference "נ נח נחמ נחמן מאומן" ("Na Nach Nachma Nachman Meuman") is commonly seen in graffiti around Israel.
Graffiti has played an important role within the street art scene in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), especially following the events of the Arab Spring of 2011 or the Sudanese Revolution of 2018/19. Graffiti is a tool of expression in the context of conflict in the region, allowing people to raise their voices politically and socially. Famous street artist Banksy has had an important effect in the street art scene in the MENA area, especially in Palestine where some of his works are located in the West Bank barrier and Bethlehem.
There are also a large number of graffiti influences in Southeast Asian countries that mostly come from modern Western culture, such as Malaysia, where graffiti have long been a common sight in Malaysia's capital city, Kuala Lumpur. Since 2010, the country has begun hosting a street festival to encourage all generations and people from all walks of life to enjoy and encourage Malaysian street culture.
The modern-day graffitists can be found with an arsenal of various materials that allow for a successful production of a piece. This includes such techniques as scribing. However, spray paint in aerosol cans is the number one medium for graffiti. From this commodity comes different styles, technique, and abilities to form master works of graffiti. Spray paint can be found at hardware and art stores and comes in virtually every color.
Stencil graffiti is created by cutting out shapes and designs in a stiff material (such as cardboard or subject folders) to form an overall design or image. The stencil is then placed on the "canvas" gently and with quick, easy strokes of the aerosol can, the image begins to appear on the intended surface.
Some of the first examples were created in 1981 by artists Blek le Rat in Paris, in 1982 by Jef Aerosol in Tours (France); by 1985 stencils had appeared in other cities including New York City, Sydney, and Melbourne, where they were documented by American photographer Charles Gatewood and Australian photographer Rennie Ellis
Tagging is the practice of someone spray-painting "their name, initial or logo onto a public surface" in a handstyle unique to the writer. Tags were the first form of modern graffiti.
Modern graffiti art often incorporates additional arts and technologies. For example, Graffiti Research Lab has encouraged the use of projected images and magnetic light-emitting diodes (throwies) as new media for graffitists. yarnbombing is another recent form of graffiti. Yarnbombers occasionally target previous graffiti for modification, which had been avoided among the majority of graffitists.
Theories on the use of graffiti by avant-garde artists have a history dating back at least to the Asger Jorn, who in 1962 painting declared in a graffiti-like gesture "the avant-garde won't give up"
Many contemporary analysts and even art critics have begun to see artistic value in some graffiti and to recognize it as a form of public art. According to many art researchers, particularly in the Netherlands and in Los Angeles, that type of public art is, in fact an effective tool of social emancipation or, in the achievement of a political goal
In times of conflict, such murals have offered a means of communication and self-expression for members of these socially, ethnically, or racially divided communities, and have proven themselves as effective tools in establishing dialog and thus, of addressing cleavages in the long run. The Berlin Wall was also extensively covered by graffiti reflecting social pressures relating to the oppressive Soviet rule over the GDR.
Many artists involved with graffiti are also concerned with the similar activity of stenciling. Essentially, this entails stenciling a print of one or more colors using spray-paint. Recognized while exhibiting and publishing several of her coloured stencils and paintings portraying the Sri Lankan Civil War and urban Britain in the early 2000s, graffitists Mathangi Arulpragasam, aka M.I.A., has also become known for integrating her imagery of political violence into her music videos for singles "Galang" and "Bucky Done Gun", and her cover art. Stickers of her artwork also often appear around places such as London in Brick Lane, stuck to lamp posts and street signs, she having become a muse for other graffitists and painters worldwide in cities including Seville.
Graffitist believes that art should be on display for everyone in the public eye or in plain sight, not hidden away in a museum or a gallery. Art should color the streets, not the inside of some building. Graffiti is a form of art that cannot be owned or bought. It does not last forever, it is temporary, yet one of a kind. It is a form of self promotion for the artist that can be displayed anywhere form sidewalks, roofs, subways, building wall, etc. Art to them is for everyone and should be showed to everyone for free.
Graffiti is a way of communicating and a way of expressing what one feels in the moment. It is both art and a functional thing that can warn people of something or inform people of something. However, graffiti is to some people a form of art, but to some a form of vandalism. And many graffitists choose to protect their identities and remain anonymous or to hinder prosecution.
With the commercialization of graffiti (and hip hop in general), in most cases, even with legally painted "graffiti" art, graffitists tend to choose anonymity. This may be attributed to various reasons or a combination of reasons. Graffiti still remains the one of four hip hop elements that is not considered "performance art" despite the image of the "singing and dancing star" that sells hip hop culture to the mainstream. Being a graphic form of art, it might also be said that many graffitists still fall in the category of the introverted archetypal artist.
Banksy is one of the world's most notorious and popular street artists who continues to remain faceless in today's society. He is known for his political, anti-war stencil art mainly in Bristol, England, but his work may be seen anywhere from Los Angeles to Palestine. In the UK, Banksy is the most recognizable icon for this cultural artistic movement and keeps his identity a secret to avoid arrest. Much of Banksy's artwork may be seen around the streets of London and surrounding suburbs, although he has painted pictures throughout the world, including the Middle East, where he has painted on Israel's controversial West Bank barrier with satirical images of life on the other side. One depicted a hole in the wall with an idyllic beach, while another shows a mountain landscape on the other side. A number of exhibitions also have taken place since 2000, and recent works of art have fetched vast sums of money. Banksy's art is a prime example of the classic controversy: vandalism vs. art. Art supporters endorse his work distributed in urban areas as pieces of art and some councils, such as Bristol and Islington, have officially protected them, while officials of other areas have deemed his work to be vandalism and have removed it.
Pixnit is another artist who chooses to keep her identity from the general public. Her work focuses on beauty and design aspects of graffiti as opposed to Banksy's anti-government shock value. Her paintings are often of flower designs above shops and stores in her local urban area of Cambridge, Massachusetts. Some store owners endorse her work and encourage others to do similar work as well. "One of the pieces was left up above Steve's Kitchen, because it looks pretty awesome"- Erin Scott, the manager of New England Comics in Allston, Massachusetts.
Graffiti artists may become offended if photographs of their art are published in a commercial context without their permission. In March 2020, the Finnish graffiti artist Psyke expressed his displeasure at the newspaper Ilta-Sanomat publishing a photograph of a Peugeot 208 in an article about new cars, with his graffiti prominently shown on the background. The artist claims he does not want his art being used in commercial context, not even if he were to receive compensation.
Territorial graffiti marks urban neighborhoods with tags and logos to differentiate certain groups from others. These images are meant to show outsiders a stern look at whose turf is whose. The subject matter of gang-related graffiti consists of cryptic symbols and initials strictly fashioned with unique calligraphies. Gang members use graffiti to designate membership throughout the gang, to differentiate rivals and associates and, most commonly, to mark borders which are both territorial and ideological.
Graffiti has been used as a means of advertising both legally and illegally. Bronx-based TATS CRU has made a name for themselves doing legal advertising campaigns for companies such as Coca-Cola, McDonald's, Toyota, and MTV. In the UK, Covent Garden's Boxfresh used stencil images of a Zapatista revolutionary in the hopes that cross referencing would promote their store.
Smirnoff hired artists to use reverse graffiti (the use of high pressure hoses to clean dirty surfaces to leave a clean image in the surrounding dirt) to increase awareness of their product.
Graffiti often has a reputation as part of a subculture that rebels against authority, although the considerations of the practitioners often diverge and can relate to a wide range of attitudes. It can express a political practice and can form just one tool in an array of resistance techniques. One early example includes the anarcho-punk band Crass, who conducted a campaign of stenciling anti-war, anarchist, feminist, and anti-consumerist messages throughout the London Underground system during the late 1970s and early 1980s. In Amsterdam graffiti was a major part of the punk scene. The city was covered with names such as "De Zoot", "Vendex", and "Dr Rat". To document the graffiti a punk magazine was started that was called Gallery Anus. So when hip hop came to Europe in the early 1980s there was already a vibrant graffiti culture.
The student protests and general strike of May 1968 saw Paris bedecked in revolutionary, anarchistic, and situationist slogans such as L'ennui est contre-révolutionnaire ("Boredom is counterrevolutionary") and Lisez moins, vivez plus ("Read less, live more"). While not exhaustive, the graffiti gave a sense of the 'millenarian' and rebellious spirit, tempered with a good deal of verbal wit, of the strikers.
I think graffiti writing is a way of defining what our generation is like. Excuse the French, we're not a bunch of p---- artists. Traditionally artists have been considered soft and mellow people, a little bit kooky. Maybe we're a little bit more like pirates that way. We defend our territory, whatever space we steal to paint on, we defend it fiercely.
The developments of graffiti art which took place in art galleries and colleges as well as "on the street" or "underground", contributed to the resurfacing in the 1990s of a far more overtly politicized art form in the subvertising, culture jamming, or tactical media movements. These movements or styles tend to classify the artists by their relationship to their social and economic contexts, since, in most countries, graffiti art remains illegal in many forms except when using non-permanent paint. Since the 1990s with the rise of Street Art, a growing number of artists are switching to non-permanent paints and non-traditional forms of painting.
Contemporary practitioners, accordingly, have varied and often conflicting practices. Some individuals, such as Alexander Brener, have used the medium to politicize other art forms, and have used the prison sentences enforced on them as a means of further protest. The practices of anonymous groups and individuals also vary widely, and practitioners by no means always agree with each other's practices. For example, the anti-capitalist art group the Space Hijackers did a piece in 2004 about the contradiction between the capitalistic elements of Banksy and his use of political imagery.
Berlin human rights activist Irmela Mensah-Schramm has received global media attention and numerous awards for her 35-year campaign of effacing neo-Nazi and other right-wing extremist graffiti throughout Germany, often by altering hate speech in humorous ways.
In Serbian capital, Belgrade, the graffiti depicting a uniformed former general of Serb army and war criminal, convicted at ICTY for war crimes and crimes against humanity, including genocide and ethnic cleansing in Bosnian War, Ratko Mladić, appeared in a military salute alongside the words "General, thank to your mother". Aleks Eror, Berlin-based journalist, explains how "veneration of historical and wartime figures" through street art is not a new phenomenon in the region of former Yugoslavia, and that "in most cases is firmly focused on the future, rather than retelling the past". Eror is not only analyst pointing to danger of such an expressions for the region's future. In a long expose on the subject of Bosnian genocide denial, at Balkan Diskurs magazine and multimedia platform website, Kristina Gadže and Taylor Whitsell referred to these experiences as a young generations' "cultural heritage", in which young are being exposed to celebration and affirmation of war-criminals as part of their "formal education" and "inheritance".
There are numerous examples of genocide denial through celebration and affirmation of war criminals throughout the region of Western Balkans inhabited by Serbs using this form of artistic expression. Several more of these graffiti are found in Serbian capital, and many more across Serbia and Bosnian and Herzegovinian administrative entity, Republika Srpska, which is the ethnic Serbian majority enclave. Critics point that Serbia as a state, is willing to defend the mural of convicted war criminal, and have no intention to react on cases of genocide denial, noting that Interior Minister of Serbia, Aleksandar Vulin decision to ban any gathering with an intent to remove the mural, with the deployment of riot police, sends the message of "tacit endorsement". Consequently, on 9 November 2021, Serbian heavy police in riot gear, with graffiti creators and their supporters, blocked the access to the mural to prevent human rights groups and other activists to paint over it and mark the International Day Against Fascism and Antisemitism in that way, and even arrested two civic activist for throwing eggs at the graffiti.
Graffiti may also be used as an offensive expression. This form of graffiti may be difficult to identify, as it is mostly removed by the local authority (as councils which have adopted strategies of criminalization also strive to remove graffiti quickly). Therefore, existing racist graffiti is mostly more subtle and at first sight, not easily recognized as "racist". It can then be understood only if one knows the relevant "local code" (social, historical, political, temporal, and spatial), which is seen as heteroglot and thus a 'unique set of conditions' in a cultural context.
A spatial code for example, could be that there is a certain youth group in an area that is engaging heavily in racist activities. So, for residents (knowing the local code), a graffiti containing only the name or abbreviation of this gang already is a racist expression, reminding the offended people of their gang activities. Also a graffiti is in most cases, the herald of more serious criminal activity to come. A person who does not know these gang activities would not be able to recognize the meaning of this graffiti. Also if a tag of this youth group or gang is placed on a building occupied by asylum seekers, for example, its racist character is even stronger.
By making the graffiti less explicit (as adapted to social and legal constraints), these drawings are less likely to be removed, but do not lose their threatening and offensive character.
Elsewhere, activists in Russia have used painted caricatures of local officials with their mouths as potholes, to show their anger about the poor state of the roads. In Manchester, England, a graffitists painted obscene images around potholes, which often resulted in them being repaired within 48 hours.
In the early 1980s, the first art galleries to show graffitists to the public were Fashion Moda in the Bronx, Now Gallery and Fun Gallery, both in the East Village, Manhattan.
A 2006 exhibition at the Brooklyn Museum displayed graffiti as an art form that began in New York's outer boroughs and reached great heights in the early 1980s with the work of Crash, Lee, Daze, Keith Haring, and Jean-Michel Basquiat. It displayed 22 works by New York graffitists, including Crash, Daze, and Lady Pink. In an article about the exhibition in the magazine Time Out, curator Charlotta Kotik said that she hoped the exhibition would cause viewers to rethink their assumptions about graffiti.
From the 1970s onwards, Burhan Doğançay photographed urban walls all over the world; these he then archived for use as sources of inspiration for his painterly works. The project today known as "Walls of the World" grew beyond even his own expectations and comprises about 30,000 individual images. It spans a period of 40 years across five continents and 114 countries. In 1982, photographs from this project comprised a one-man exhibition titled "Les murs murmurent, ils crient, ils chantent ..." (The walls whisper, shout and sing ...) at the Centre Georges Pompidou in Paris.
In Australia, art historians have judged some local graffiti of sufficient creative merit to rank them firmly within the arts. Oxford University Press's art history text Australian Painting 1788–2000 concludes with a long discussion of graffiti's key place within contemporary visual culture, including the work of several Australian practitioners.
Between March and April 2009, 150 artists exhibited 300 pieces of graffiti at the Grand Palais in Paris.
Spray paint has many negative environmental effects. The paint contains toxic chemicals, and the can uses volatile hydrocarbon gases to spray the paint onto a surface.
Volatile organic compound (VOC) leads to ground level ozone formation and most of graffiti related emissions are VOCs. A 2010 paper estimates 4,862 tons of VOCs were released in the United States in activities related to graffiti.
In China, Mao Zedong in the 1920s used revolutionary slogans and paintings in public places to galvanize the country's communist movement.
Based on different national conditions, many people believe that China's attitude towards Graffiti is fierce, but in fact, according to Lance Crayon in his film Spray Paint Beijing: Graffiti in the Capital of China, Graffiti is generally accepted in Beijing, with artists not seeing much police interference. Political and religiously sensitive graffiti, however, is not allowed.
In Hong Kong, Tsang Tsou Choi was known as the King of Kowloon for his calligraphy graffiti over many years, in which he claimed ownership of the area. Now some of his work is preserved officially.
In Taiwan, the government has made some concessions to graffitists. Since 2005 they have been allowed to freely display their work along some sections of riverside retaining walls in designated "Graffiti Zones". From 2007, Taipei's department of cultural affairs also began permitting graffiti on fences around major public construction sites. Department head Yong-ping Lee (李永萍) stated, "We will promote graffiti starting with the public sector, and then later in the private sector too. It's our goal to beautify the city with graffiti". The government later helped organize a graffiti contest in Ximending, a popular shopping district. graffitists caught working outside of these designated areas still face fines up to NT$6,000 under a department of environmental protection regulation. However, Taiwanese authorities can be relatively lenient, one veteran police officer stating anonymously, "Unless someone complains about vandalism, we won't get involved. We don't go after it proactively."
In 1993, after several expensive cars in Singapore were spray-painted, the police arrested a student from the Singapore American School, Michael P. Fay, questioned him, and subsequently charged him with vandalism. Fay pleaded guilty to vandalizing a car in addition to stealing road signs. Under the 1966 Vandalism Act of Singapore, originally passed to curb the spread of communist graffiti in Singapore, the court sentenced him to four months in jail, a fine of S$3,500 (US$2,233), and a caning. The New York Times ran several editorials and op-eds that condemned the punishment and called on the American public to flood the Singaporean embassy with protests. Although the Singapore government received many calls for clemency, Fay's caning took place in Singapore on 5 May 1994. Fay had originally received a sentence of six strokes of the cane, but the presiding president of Singapore, Ong Teng Cheong, agreed to reduce his caning sentence to four lashes.
In South Korea, Park Jung-soo was fined two million South Korean won by the Seoul Central District Court for spray-painting a rat on posters of the G-20 Summit a few days before the event in November 2011. Park alleged that the initial in "G-20" sounds like the Korean word for "rat", but Korean government prosecutors alleged that Park was making a derogatory statement about the president of South Korea, Lee Myung-bak, the host of the summit. This case led to public outcry and debate on the lack of government tolerance and in support of freedom of expression. The court ruled that the painting, "an ominous creature like a rat" amounts to "an organized criminal activity" and upheld the fine while denying the prosecution's request for imprisonment for Park.
In Europe, community cleaning squads have responded to graffiti, in some cases with reckless abandon, as when in 1992 in France a local Scout group, attempting to remove modern graffiti, damaged two prehistoric paintings of bison in the Cave of Mayrière supérieure near the French village of Bruniquel in Tarn-et-Garonne, earning them the 1992 Ig Nobel Prize in archeology.
In September 2006, the European Parliament directed the European Commission to create urban environment policies to prevent and eliminate dirt, litter, graffiti, animal excrement, and excessive noise from domestic and vehicular music systems in European cities, along with other concerns over urban life.
In Budapest, Hungary, both a city-backed movement called I Love Budapest and a special police division tackle the problem, including the provision of approved areas.
The Anti-social Behaviour Act 2003 became Britain's latest anti-graffiti legislation. In August 2004, the Keep Britain Tidy campaign issued a press release calling for zero tolerance of graffiti and supporting proposals such as issuing "on the spot" fines to graffiti offenders and banning the sale of aerosol paint to anyone under the age of 16. The press release also condemned the use of graffiti images in advertising and in music videos, arguing that real-world experience of graffiti stood far removed from its often-portrayed "cool" or "edgy'" image.
To back the campaign, 123 Members of Parliament (MPs) (including then Prime Minister Tony Blair), signed a charter which stated: "Graffiti is not art, it's crime. On behalf of my constituents, I will do all I can to rid our community of this problem."
In the UK, city councils have the power to take action against the owner of any property that has been defaced under the Anti-social Behaviour Act 2003 (as amended by the Clean Neighbourhoods and Environment Act 2005) or, in certain cases, the Highways Act. This is often used against owners of property that are complacent in allowing protective boards to be defaced so long as the property is not damaged.
In July 2008, a conspiracy charge was used to convict graffitists for the first time. After a three-month police surveillance operation, nine members of the DPM crew were convicted of conspiracy to commit criminal damage costing at least £1 million. Five of them received prison sentences, ranging from eighteen months to two years. The unprecedented scale of the investigation and the severity of the sentences rekindled public debate over whether graffiti should be considered art or crime.
Some councils, like those of Stroud and Loerrach, provide approved areas in the town where graffitists can showcase their talents, including underpasses, car parks, and walls that might otherwise prove a target for the "spray and run".
Graffiti Tunnel, University of Sydney at Camperdown (2009)
In an effort to reduce vandalism, many cities in Australia have designated walls or areas exclusively for use by graffitists. One early example is the "Graffiti Tunnel" located at the Camperdown Campus of the University of Sydney, which is available for use by any student at the university to tag, advertise, poster, and paint. Advocates of this idea suggest that this discourages petty vandalism yet encourages artists to take their time and produce great art, without worry of being caught or arrested for vandalism or trespassing.[108][109] Others disagree with this approach, arguing that the presence of legal graffiti walls does not demonstrably reduce illegal graffiti elsewhere. Some local government areas throughout Australia have introduced "anti-graffiti squads", who clean graffiti in the area, and such crews as BCW (Buffers Can't Win) have taken steps to keep one step ahead of local graffiti cleaners.
Many state governments have banned the sale or possession of spray paint to those under the age of 18 (age of majority). However, a number of local governments in Victoria have taken steps to recognize the cultural heritage value of some examples of graffiti, such as prominent political graffiti. Tough new graffiti laws have been introduced in Australia with fines of up to A$26,000 and two years in prison.
Melbourne is a prominent graffiti city of Australia with many of its lanes being tourist attractions, such as Hosier Lane in particular, a popular destination for photographers, wedding photography, and backdrops for corporate print advertising. The Lonely Planet travel guide cites Melbourne's street as a major attraction. All forms of graffiti, including sticker art, poster, stencil art, and wheatpasting, can be found in many places throughout the city. Prominent street art precincts include; Fitzroy, Collingwood, Northcote, Brunswick, St. Kilda, and the CBD, where stencil and sticker art is prominent. As one moves farther away from the city, mostly along suburban train lines, graffiti tags become more prominent. Many international artists such as Banksy have left their work in Melbourne and in early 2008 a perspex screen was installed to prevent a Banksy stencil art piece from being destroyed, it has survived since 2003 through the respect of local street artists avoiding posting over it, although it has recently had paint tipped over it.
In February 2008 Helen Clark, the New Zealand prime minister at that time, announced a government crackdown on tagging and other forms of graffiti vandalism, describing it as a destructive crime representing an invasion of public and private property. New legislation subsequently adopted included a ban on the sale of paint spray cans to persons under 18 and increases in maximum fines for the offence from NZ$200 to NZ$2,000 or extended community service. The issue of tagging become a widely debated one following an incident in Auckland during January 2008 in which a middle-aged property owner stabbed one of two teenage taggers to death and was subsequently convicted of manslaughter.
Graffiti databases have increased in the past decade because they allow vandalism incidents to be fully documented against an offender and help the police and prosecution charge and prosecute offenders for multiple counts of vandalism. They also provide law enforcement the ability to rapidly search for an offender's moniker or tag in a simple, effective, and comprehensive way. These systems can also help track costs of damage to a city to help allocate an anti-graffiti budget. The theory is that when an offender is caught putting up graffiti, they are not just charged with one count of vandalism; they can be held accountable for all the other damage for which they are responsible. This has two main benefits for law enforcement. One, it sends a signal to the offenders that their vandalism is being tracked. Two, a city can seek restitution from offenders for all the damage that they have committed, not merely a single incident. These systems give law enforcement personnel real-time, street-level intelligence that allows them not only to focus on the worst graffiti offenders and their damage, but also to monitor potential gang violence that is associated with the graffiti.
Many restrictions of civil gang injunctions are designed to help address and protect the physical environment and limit graffiti. Provisions of gang injunctions include things such as restricting the possession of marker pens, spray paint cans, or other sharp objects capable of defacing private or public property; spray painting, or marking with marker pens, scratching, applying stickers, or otherwise applying graffiti on any public or private property, including, but not limited to the street, alley, residences, block walls, and fences, vehicles or any other real or personal property. Some injunctions contain wording that restricts damaging or vandalizing both public and private property, including but not limited to any vehicle, light fixture, door, fence, wall, gate, window, building, street sign, utility box, telephone box, tree, or power pole.
To help address many of these issues, many local jurisdictions have set up graffiti abatement hotlines, where citizens can call in and report vandalism and have it removed. San Diego's hotline receives more than 5,000 calls per year, in addition to reporting the graffiti, callers can learn more about prevention. One of the complaints about these hotlines is the response time; there is often a lag time between a property owner calling about the graffiti and its removal. The length of delay should be a consideration for any jurisdiction planning on operating a hotline. Local jurisdictions must convince the callers that their complaint of vandalism will be a priority and cleaned off right away. If the jurisdiction does not have the resources to respond to complaints in a timely manner, the value of the hotline diminishes. Crews must be able to respond to individual service calls made to the graffiti hotline as well as focus on cleanup near schools, parks, and major intersections and transit routes to have the biggest impact. Some cities offer a reward for information leading to the arrest and prosecution of suspects for tagging or graffiti related vandalism. The amount of the reward is based on the information provided, and the action taken.
When police obtain search warrants in connection with a vandalism investigation, they are often seeking judicial approval to look for items such as cans of spray paint and nozzles from other kinds of aerosol sprays; etching tools, or other sharp or pointed objects, which could be used to etch or scratch glass and other hard surfaces; permanent marking pens, markers, or paint sticks; evidence of membership or affiliation with any gang or tagging crew; paraphernalia including any reference to "(tagger's name)"; any drawings, writing, objects, or graffiti depicting taggers' names, initials, logos, monikers, slogans, or any mention of tagging crew membership; and any newspaper clippings relating to graffiti crime.
We managed to get to the Lake District for the Easter weekend. We were open at work on Good Friday so I had to be in at work for a couple of hours and didn’t set off until 9.00am. We had a quick café stop and then jumped on the M62. It took us until 2.00pm to get to Langdale. We crawled up the M61 and M6, reminding me why we used to avoid Bank Holiday traffic. Although staying in Ambleside we drove to Langdale to get a couple of hours walking in. Langdale was packed but we found a place to park at the foot of the pass up to Blea Tarn. We headed up Pike of Blisco – against a steady stream of walkers descending at this time in the afternoon. I didn’t bother taking photos to any great extent, it wasn’t great light, windy and the appalling weekend forecast had depressed me – this was supposed to be the best day and it was nearly over. After a nice settled spell, possibly the first in the north of England this winter (now officially British Summertime) heavy rain and gales were coming our way apparently.
Each morning I studied the maps trying to second guess the light, wind and crowds. On Saturday it was initially dry, much to our surprise, we parked in Coniston and set off up Walna Scar Road. It’s a long steep drag to the top of the pass, the cloud was down and thick, the wind was getting extreme as we got higher – and we didn’t see a soul! We were heading over Brown Pike onto Dow Crag, we weren’t likely to get lost on a ridge. By now it was raining hard and the wind was making staying upright difficult. We slid off the rocky summit of Dow Crag on our backsides, the safest way. We dropped on to Goats Hause, the wind was screaming through and but I guessed there would be some shelter if we headed for the Old Man of Coniston. We met the first person of the day here, arriving at the summit just before him. There was still winter snow on north facing slopes but the wind wasn’t as bad as Dow Crag. It was grim, 30 metre visibility and there was very little point in staying on the tops as originally planned. Jayne was up for heading straight down the tourist track through the quarries. We have only ever ascended it before but we set off down at a trot, passing some fell runners along the way. There was a steady stream of Easter trippers heading up and judging by the questions we were asked on the way down they had little idea of what they were heading in to or how far they were from the summit, and all in appalling conditions. Lower down it was quite calm and many had little idea of the severity of the conditions on the tops. The countryside was rapidly waterlogging again after the belated dry spell.
Sunday brought more very heavy rain and gales on the tops. What looked like snow had accumulated on high ground overnight. It was actually several inches of hail and was horrible underfoot, like small wet marbles but trapping a lot of water on the lower slopes below the freezing line. We parked at Patterdale and walked across slopes that the recent floods had wreaked havoc on, with a lot of remedial work to be done this summer. The plan was to get to Boardale Hause and decide whether to go high – over Place Fell – or head in to Boardale and stay low by doing a circuit of Place Fell. It was raining hard and there was a howling gale but it was behind us, the cloud had lifted a bit so we went high. The summit plateau was a nightmare, covered in slippy, wet, slushy hail with the wind nearly blowing us over. We went north straight over the top and down the other side, the top was in thick cloud but the lower slopes were clear and we legged it off the fell, descending by Scalehow Force waterfall, which was in fine form with the heavy rain. We followed the path above the shores of Ullswater back to Patterdale. Another wet walk.
Monday saw us parked a mile or so south of yesterday’s parking place in Patterdale at Bridgend. With the weather being bad people weren’t out early, even on a bank holiday, so we didn’t have a problem parking. There wasn’t a plan, we were just making it up. Today looked promising, Storm Katie was battering the rest of the country but missed the north for a change. The tops were wintry, again it was hail accumulations not snow, on the high ground it was on very old lying snow and very difficult on steep descents. We decided to take the steady slopes of Hartsop above How to Hart Crag, on to Fairfield and then hopefully over Cofa Pike on to St Sunday Crag, Birks and finally Arnison Crag. This was just less than ten miles and it turned out to be a very tough five hours, exhausting, particularly after the three previous days. A large coastguard helicopter circled us repeatedly and finally landed on the path we were following to Hart Crag, we assumed it was on an exercise. The ground was frozen above 2500 feet and walking was easier as the snow/hail was load bearing and we could yomp on a bit. It was like midwinter with frequent squally whiteouts blasting in. The wind would pick up first lifting the frozen hail in a frozen spindrift that bounced along several feet high blasting our faces, this was followed by, what was more like frozen drizzle than snow, fine, but hard, we could feel it through our clothes it came at us that hard. I decided that we would head straight over Cofa Pike to St Sunday. A mistake with hindsight. The lake of footprints was the first bad sign but we were committed. We lived to tell the tale but Jayne had a bit of a near miss. The crag down to Cofa is steep and it was covered in hail on old snow, the layer of hail was shearing away from the underlying snow and we had to go down on out backsides, keeping a tight grip as we went. At one point Jayne failed to arrest a slide that was above a steep and deep drop. I had hold of her from a position in front of her and to her left and I was fairly well anchored so I felt in control and was sure of the outcome. From her point of view it was frightening and it subdued her for the rest of the walk. She had also ripped the outer lining of her Paramo waterproof trousers as well. Considering that we were going downhill it was hard going, every step a slip or a slide, with the underlying grass saturated and a thin layer of hail it was an unpleasant walk off the fell. At the end of Arnison Crag we took a pathless shortcut – that we swore we would never use again years ago – to save around twenty minutes of walking. This was the only day I had the camera out all day and had to cover it with a dryliner bag whenever a heavy shower came in. I also broke the lens hood. We drove to Keswick for afternoon coffee and toast at Brysons. The new Paramo store across the square was the next stop for new trousers. These Paramos had cost £85 14 years ago and they have just brought a new model out. We had two choices, The old model was reduced to…..£85 – after 14 years we could pay the same price or we could return the old trousers - cleaned – and get a £50 voucher towards the new model, which are £135, or £85 with the voucher. The old ones were ¾ of a mile away in the car – unwashed – so we bought the old model. Needless to say we had a couple of drinks in the Golden Rule in Ambleside every night before our tea.
Step 1: Buy a bag of balloons.
Step 2: Write something that makes you angry on each balloon.
Step 3: Blow up the balloons. Catch your breath.
Step 4: Find something sharp and start stabbing. Feel the release with every bang.
It’s my birthday in a few weeks: popping real balloons somehow felt like I was gonna jinx it or something. So instead I used my dart board (which usually functions as my pinboard) to hit paper balloons.
Here they are in post-stabbing condition.
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Project SoulPancake week 11: Pop your problems
Sweet Divorce play their very first show at Epic Problem, Tampa, FL on June 21, 2013.
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This is my 1 1/2 year old daughter's first foray into food art, completely on her own. She made this, showed it to me, called it the "Probnem Face" (she still has trouble with L) Then she shouted at it, "WHAT'S YOUR PROBNEM, FACE?"