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How many topics in physics are contained in a simple rainbow produced on the wall (and toilet) by sun shining through a plastic privacy screen?
Well...the light from the sun is composed of many different wavelengths...the distribution of which is dependent on the temperature of the star - which ours is centered on the the yellow. When the the light encounters an optically dense medium (glass or plastic in this case), the light is absorbed by the molecules and passed from molecule to molecule, the probability of which an absorption and emission occurs is described by Feynman's QED. The principle of least action (from D'Alembert and Lagrangian mechanics) finds the maximum probability amplitude, and hence the interaction that occurs, or the direction the light is refracted. The path of light through the medium is dependent on the wavelength and frequency of the light. One can back up to PAM Dirac's relativistic quantum mechanics, ingeniously melded Schrodinger's wave equation and/or Heisenberg's Matrix mechanics with Einstein's relativity, which determined that the only certainty in the universe is the speed of light. Everything else including Newton's fixed stars and time...TIME itself are mutable to make the speed of light constant in every situation. Dirac faced with the actual energy of a particle being the square root of the rest mass and its motion, devised a Hamiltonian that required matricies, later interpreted by Pauli as spin states of particles. Schoedinger and Heisenberg following Bohr's amazing leap of quantized orbits to describe Plancks description of light as quanta....actually they were named by Einstein to describe the photoelectric effect....but Planck needed the quantized description of light to explain the ultraviolet disaster of Rayleigh. Planck was working for the electric company to maximize the light output of municipal utilities at the least cost.... TBC
This is a bone fragment that I picked up in Italy in 2002. It's been very badly damaged - roadkill, in all probability. Identification of this piece is potentially tricky, and it could easily be thrown away or dismissed, but once you've collected a few skull specimens and spent time handling and studying them, you may recognise it as part of a skull. It is in fact the top of the skull, just behind the eye, and the swooping peak along the top line of the bone as we see it here, the piece that looks a little like a shark's fin, is known as the postorbital process. Its size and shape is typical of a carnivore skull. There's one massive clue here which we can use to identify the skull as a Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes), and that's a tiny concavity just below the process as depicted here. The equivalent point on a dog skull is very convex!
The text with these is in no way finalized and needs to be cleaned up in all probability, but here's how the interiors of the book will pretty much look!
Let your retailer/book store know "PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES" has a diamond order code of: NOV084121 or that it's ISBN number is: 1600103448 if you actually want a copy to come in. You have to be proactive with these sorts of books or it'll never even make it to many stores for you to look through!
If all else fails you can always find it on Amazon here.
Hope you dig them.
The likelihood that the US, Canada, and Mexico will form a EU-style union is quite low in the foreseeable future; this graphic is for this Future Atlas page.
Usable with attribution and link to: futureatlas.com/blog/
In 2006 the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) was awarded the Ig Nobel Prize in Mathematics at Harvard University for determining the number of photographs that would — statistically speaking — be required to assure that none of the subjects in a group would have blinked. They found that the number was variable depending on the number of subjects in the group, with the proviso that as the exposure time increased with light decreasing, the likelihood of someone blinking increased. They concluded that with a group of around 50 subjects you can "kiss your hopes of an unspoilt photo goodbye".
I wonder where the authors of that research are today?
Entering the foyer of the City Recital Hall for a performance of the original 1742 Dublin arrangement of Handel's Messiah I was taken by a monitor showing scrolling poster art, stills and video of the promised performance. The poster, I thought was quite striking. Everything else, not so much. My mission became one of acquiring the appropriate settings to photograph the scene without totally burning out the bright bits on a darkened stairway into the Hall's foyer. It's important to know that the foyer curves around to the right at the bottom of the stairs; I'll explain…
This style of performance tends to attract a certain demographic. As I stood here on the stairs, opposite the monitor, that certain demographic, entering from the Angel Place entry closest to George Street chose the desire line that would take them first to the stairs, then the handrail and ultimately to the right and into the foyer. Eyes downcast — over-cautiously perhaps or because of their bifocals — they were oblivious to the monitor, especially if it wasn't in the part of the cycle when this bright poster lit up the display.
In turn each descender would arrive, eyes still downcast, until what was left of their peripheral vision was awoken by a golden glow. Stunned, they would stop, and turn slowly — a full body turn through the stiffening of joints that comes with the appreciation of Handel — then blink trying to take in the scene which was now both too bright to quickly adapt their pupils, or focus. Let's face it, placed here next to the handrail, nobody using the handrail could focus on something that close. As the pain and confusion subsided they would straighten up, resume their shuffle and be gone in time for me to miss the critical moment of jiggling Pro Mode because, well, because…
I ask about those researchers with reason. My observations suggest a whole new area of research for them, possibly another trip to Harvard, and a guidebook along the lines of wait until the bells sound, they always come early at that age, and the frequency of incidental shuffling will decrease in proportion…
CARDEN DNA PROJECT
Fifth Report - May 2003
The use of DNA for genealogy relies on the fact that the portion called the Y-chromosome is passed unaltered from father to son over very many generations, except for the rare occurrence of a mutation affecting one element (called a marker).
For explanations, see, for instance
freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~allpoms/genetics.html
www.familytreedna.com/facts_genes.asp
For the Carden DNA Project nearly 40 Y-chromosome analysis results have now been received, including those of the first six participants which were covered in my report dated January 2002.The first 25 were analysed by Oxford Ancestors in England, but we are now using FTDNA of Texas, through whom analysis is carried out by the University of Arizona.
This latest report omits most of the explanations given in earlier reports. I will be happy to repeat them, and also go into much greater detail about the technique, probability calculations, family trees of the participants, more detail about origins of the family and so on, on request.If anyone else would like to take part, please contact me.
Many thanks are again due to Trish and Ron for kindly publishing this report on their sites -
www.TNTCarden.com/tree/ensor/00CardenDNAproject1.html
www.lightpatch.com/genealogy/cardendnaproject/
Arthur Carden.30th May 2003
Carden Origins
For some years I have thought, without much foundation, that all Cardens world-wide (apart from a few whose ancestors changed their surname to Carden from some other name) descend from one of three common ancestors, and thus are part of three unrelated groups with origins as follows.
Cheshire Origin
The Carden name appears in Cheshire from the 13th century onwards. Ormerod, the famous Cheshire historian, states “at some point before the reign of Henry II (i.e., before 1216) a family assumed the local name Carden.”
Essex Origin.
The Domesday Book shows that in 1086 a William Cardon was working for Geoffrey de Mandeville, one of the many followers of William the Conqueror who were given confiscated land.
Mayo/Sligo Group.
Many Cardens can trace their origins to these Irish west coast counties.
An objective of the CARDEN DNA PROJECT is to show whether most Cardens are indeed members of one of these three groups, and whether the three groups are distinct or connected to one another.It has already gone a long way to achieving this objective.
Results so far
What appears here is a highly simplified summary.The actual numbers for each individual appear in a table at the end of this document.
Cheshire Haplogroup
About half of all the nearly 40 results received so far (mostly 10 or 12 marker tests) are identical, and those concerned undoubtedly have a common ancestor.I call this identical DNA signature the Cheshire Haplotype because several of the individuals concerned are known to have very early Cheshire origins.Many of the remainder differ by only one or two mutations, and clearly also come from Cheshire.Probability calculations suggest that they all had a common ancestor in about the year 1500 plus or minus a century or more.
Five of these identical results are 25-marker tests.Compared with these another five 25-marker tests exhibit mutations.This is splendid – the five identical ones define the Cheshire haplotype as far as the additional markers are concerned, and the five with mutations may in due course help to establish family groupings.
Mayo/Sligo Group
It is remarkable that the signatures of two of the participants from Mayo/Sligo only differ by two mutations from the Cheshire haplotype.This implies that the Mayo/Sligo Cardens may also have a Cheshire ancestor.The earliest record of Cardens in Co Sligo is dated 1617, well before a Carden emigrated from Cheshire to Tipperary about 1665.It is possible that their ancestor emigrated separately from England in earlier years, perhaps in Norman or Elizabethan times.However the other two participants from Mayo/Sligo do not support this theory.
East Kent Haplogroup
Two results (both from the original six) define the totally different East Kent Haplotype.They come from Ron and Bill, who both live in Kent, England.Bill’s was a welcome surprise, as it was previously only guessed that his great grandfather, Sergeant George Carden, born 1818 in France, had Kent ancestors.Their common ancestor lived before 1700 and probably before 1450.
Individual Participants and Family Groups
An attempt is made below to comment on the DNA signature of each individual participant.Comments and corrections will be most welcome.
Matlock Group
Observant readers will see that I have now transferred Tom Carding to the Matlock Group from the Tipperary Group, although there is no proof that he descends from Samuel, the common ancestor of the other four.Both he and Jim have had 25-marker tests made, with identical results, so that there is a 50/50 chance they have a common ancestor within 7 generations.We do not yet have a 25-marker test for a Tipperary Carden, unfortunately.
Apart from Tom, the signatures of three of the group exactly match the Cheshire haplotype, so not only is it clear that the Matlock group has Cheshire origins, but that their common ancestor Samuel must have had the same signature.Samuel Carden or Carding was born about 1650 in Matlock.Michael’s has two mutations.
The Carden, Cardin and Carding names were all used by members of this group, changing back and forth over the years.
Cecil Carding of New Zealand is the “senior” member of the group, being descended from Samuel’s elder son.
Jim Carden lives in Stalybridge, England.James (“Jim”) has obtained a 25-marker result, which exactly matches the results for four of the others who have obtained such results, helping to confirm the 25-marker Cheshire haplotypeHe has his own very interesting web site at .
John Carden, by coincidence, also used to live in Stalybridge, but has recently moved to France. His descent from Samuel seems highly probable, but his earliest proven ancestor is Solomon Cardin/Carding who married in Manchester in 1841.However his DNA signature helps to prove the link to Samuel.
Michael Carding and his wife Marrion live in Chesterfield, England.He is the odd one out. All the other Matlock Cardens match the Cheshire haplotype exactly (whether over 10 markers or 25).Michael previously showed one mutation, and now that he has obtained a 25-marker result shows two!It appears that the first mutation (at DYS 393) must have occurred at one of the five transmissions between himself and Michael born 1787, his earliest common ancestor with John.The other mutation (at DYS 464d) must have been at one of the eight transmissions between himself and Samuel born 1681.If John decides to have a 25-marker test done, he will also presumably be found to possess this second mutation, as it would be remarkable for both of Michael's mutations to have occurred since his line split from John's.
Tom Carding (Frank Tomas Carding) lives in Cheshire.His son Michael, head teacher of the local secondary school, was very helpful as regards the Carden Gathering in 1998.There is a delightful tradition in his family that a scoundrel named Captain John Carden from Tipperary eloped with the unfortunate Miss Mary de Warren about 1750 and soon deserted her and her infant son John, who used the name Carding rather than Carden. The family still treasures the scoundrel’s sword.Since Tom had an identical 10-marker signature to Peter, of the Tipperary group below this appeared to suggest that the scoundrel came from Peter’s branch of the family, and might even have been the same as the Major John Carden who eloped in 1772 with a Miss Sarah Surman.But there is evidence that Miss Mary de Warren actually married a John Carding from the next village, so it is equally likely that Tom’s ancestry comes more directly from Cheshire, without having anything to do with Tipperary.Now that Tom has had a 25-marker test done, which matches Jim (of Matlock’s) signature exactly, this and the name “Carding” makes a connection with the Matlock group more likely than one with the Tipperary group.
Tipperary Group
A John Carden emigrated to Tipperary, probably directly from Cheshire, in the 17th century.He is known to some of us as the patriarch.His date of birth is not known, but is likely to have been in the first half of the 17th century as his sons were married in Tipperary in 1672 and 1673.He must have had the same DNA signature as Peter O’N Carden, whose ancestry has been traced on paper back to the patriarch over 8 generations, as otherwise Peter would not have exactly fitted the Cheshire Carden haplotype.
Results have been received from five Tipperary Cardens, as follows:
Arnold Carden lives in Argentina.He and Arthur and Michael J (see below), all members of the Barnane branch of the family, have identical signatures to each other.These signatures, surprisingly, differ from the Cheshire haplotype and therefore from their “paper” ancestor, the patriarch, by six mutations, far too many for biological descent from the patriarch.It is therefore certain that somewhere between the patriarch and the common ancestor of Arnold, Arthur and Michael J there was a “non-paternal event.”This common ancestor was John Carden, born 1699, great grandson of the patriarch.He was an only child and there is some evidence that he himself was the child of a certain John Barry, so perhaps it is the Barry DNA signature which we carry.Arnold’s and Arthur’s common ancestor was born as recently as 1818, but the Michael J’s result greatly helped by taking the birth of the common ancestor back to 1699.
Arthur Carden, the organiser of this study, and of the 1998 Carden Gathering, lives near London.See Arnold above.
Michael J Carden is a member of the Barnane-in-Australia branch and lives near Canberra.The identity of his DNA signature to that of Arnold and Arthur proves that the branch is correctly named – proof of the connection to Barnane did not previously exist, though there were strong indications.His participation (paid for jointly by Arthur and his brother Michael) has therefore been doubly useful.
Dr Peter O’Neil Carden lives in NSW, Australia.He is a member of the Killard branch of the family, descended from the younger son of the patriarch.As mentioned above, Peter’s signature is identical to the Cheshire Haplotype, which proves that the patriarch’s signature was the same.Peter is interested in probability theory and has made some contributions to the understanding of DNA links and mutations.
Richard A P Carden lives in Norfolk.He will be remembered by many who attended the Carden Gathering in Cheshire in 1998 for his financial management and administration of the event, as well as for his cheerfulness.He is a member of the Fishmoyne branch, descended from a younger grandson of the patriarch than is the Barnane branch.His signature differs by two mutations from that of the patriarch.There is a “reasonable” chance of about 1 in 20 of this happening in 10 generations, so a non-parental event need not have occurred in his case.
Penshurst / Chiddingstone Cardens
It is likely that the Cardens of Penshurst and Chiddingstone, Kent (villages near Tonbridge), are descended from the John Carden of Tilston, Cheshire, mentioned under Brighton below.This idea is supported to some degree by the results for two participants –
Mike Carden (Michael J), of Cumbria, exhibits two mutations (counting a double-jump as one mutation in accordance with advice from Oxford Ancestors) from the Cheshire haplotype.There is better chance that he has a common ancestor with those with exact matches to that haplotype than quoted for Richard A P above since many more generations may have elapsed. Mike is a member of the Maidstone sub-branch.
Roger Carden of London, a member of the Loraine sub-branch, shares one mutation with Mike, but otherwise fits the Cheshire haplotype exactly. This suggests that their common ancestor, William Carden of Penshurst, born 1760, had the same signature as Roger, and Mike’s second mutation occurred in the six subsequent generations.
Brighton Cardens
There is good evidence, found by Joan Carden of Spain, that the Cardens of Brighton are descended from a Richard Carden born in Cheshire in about 1500.He became Dean of Chichester and paid for the 16th century stained glass window in Tilston church in Cheshire which shows the sling and pheon which form part of the Carden coat of arms.
However the two results obtained for Cardens in Brighton, though identical to each other, are utterly different from the Cheshire haplotype.They were provided by -
Donald Carden, who lives in Luton and is a member of the “Hatter” branch of the Brighton Cardens which included Sir Herbert Carden, known as the “father of modern Brighton.” and
David Carden, who lives in Brighton, and is Town Clerk of a neighbouring town.His result and that of Donald are so far removed from the other results, despite their Cheshire link, that a non-paternal event in their ancestry, perhaps many generations ago, is virtually certain.David’s branch of the Brighton family is known as the “Virgo” branch.He and Donald have a common ancestor in Robert Carden, born 1787, one of whose sons (Samuel Virgo Carden, born 1815) started David’s “Virgo” branch of the Cardens of Brighton, and another (John, born 1821) started Donald’s “Hatter” branch.So the non-paternal event occurred in 1787 or before.
Another possible explanation however might be that Donald’s and David’s are examples ofthe “true” Cheshire signature of a very early Cheshire Carden, and the non-paternal event took place between this early Cheshire Carden and the common ancestor of all the others.I am indebted to Joan Carden for this suggestion.
Other UK Cardens close to the Cheshire Carden haplotype
Ernest Carden, who lives in Cheshire and is a member of the Winsford branch, almost certainly has Cheshire ancestors.This is supported by his DNA result, which shows only one mutation from the Cheshire haplotype, even over 25 markers
Peter L Cardenlives in Australia and is a member of the Randle branch, descended from a William Carden whose son Randle Carden was born about 1830 in the old county of Flint, just over the border from Cheshire.His daughter Natalie persuaded him to participate.His signature also exhibits one mutation from the Cheshire Carden haplotype so it is confirmed that his branch is a Cheshire one.This mutation is the same as that of Scott, below.
Peter W Cardenlives near Liverpool.His sister Hazel Poole has been trying for many years to trace their ancestor, a soldier, whose son was born in Halifax about 1847.Since Peter’s signature is three mutations away from the Cheshire haplotype, his Cheshire origin is somewhat doubtful.
Tony Carden (Dr A B G Carden) of Melbourne, Australia is a member of the Bendigo branch, the origins of which have been traced back to a town in Shropshire, just over the border from Cheshire and only a few miles from the hamlet of Carden.As perhaps might be expected, he has a DNA signature identical to the Cheshire haplotype.
Lincolnshire Cardens
Only one Lincolnshire Carden is a participant so far.
Stephen Carden, who lives in Spain not far from Joan Carden, has a DNA signature totally different from both the Cheshire haplotype and the East Kent haplotype.Therefore, either there is a non-paternal event in his ancestry, or the Lincolnshire Cardens have their own unique origin.
Cardens of Virginia, USA
Chris, Chuck, James E (rather surprisingly, see below), Judson and Raymond (12 markers), and Eddie (25 markers) all have DNA signatures identical to the Cheshire haplotype So does Greg (25 markers), though his VA roots are unproven.It seems clear that they are all directly descended from Cheshire ancestors, perhaps from a single immigrant.
Chris Carden and his sister Beth Macdonald, together with Chuck below, have traced their ancestry firmly to Robert Carden who died in Goochland County, Virginia in 1785, and possibly, three further generations back, to a passenger from England aboard the “Speedwell.”Beth writes:“Chuck’s and our ancestry probably converge back with my Robert James Carden (c.1702 VA) and Phyllis Woolbanks, whom Chuck lists as Robert [above].That particular Robert is a huge mystery and is not proven for Chris and me.”,
Chuck Carden (Charles W Carden), see above, is a retired Marine and Chief of Police who came to the Carden Gathering in Cheshire in 1998, and is soon to move to Cape Cod from Colorado.
Eddie Carden (Edward Glen) lives in Virginia but was born in Tennessee. His 25-marker result matches the Cheshire Haplotype exactly.His earliest proven ancestor is John Cardin of Mecklenberg Couny Virginia, the father of Reubin Carden born about 1775.
Greg Carden lives in Alabama.His Virginia ancestry is not proven, though there are sufficient indications for him to be included, at least for the time being, in this group. He and Eddie are the only members of this group, so far, to have obtained a 25-marker result. (Greg’s mother):
James E (Eugene) Carden writes:“I am African American and have never met another "Black" Carden except for my immediate family until about 2 years ago when I visited Halifax County (Scottsburg) Virginia. I think this is where my Great Grandfather, James H. Carden was born.”
Judson Wayne Carden lives in Alabama.His third cousin Elisa Sanford persuaded him to submit a sample.His earliest proven ancestor is Leonard Carden, born about 1793 in Virginia. (Elisa)
Raymond Bell’s grandfather changed his name from Cardin to Bell for no apparent reason.His daughter Linda Tieman has traced his ancestry back to Leonard Carden, born about 1785 in Virginia.Raymond lives in Georgia, and his daughter in Texas.
(Linda Tiemann)
Cardens of North Carolina, USA
Richard below have DNA signatures identical to the Cheshire haplotype, and undoubtedly share ancestors in Cheshire with all those with similar signatures.Greg, above, and Scott are the only members of the Virginia and North Carolina groups to have obtained 25-marker results so farIt is hoped that others will do so to clarify the relationships.
Richard J Carden lives in Michigan.His oldest known ancestor is William Carden who was born in 1755 in Orange County, North Carolina and who died in 1824 in Jasper County Georgia. As mentioned above, his 10-marker signature matches the Cheshire haplotype exactly
Scott Carden.Carol Scarlett, a keen family researcher who came to the Carden Gathering in Cheshire in 1998, traced her distant cousin Scott and persuaded him to submit a sample. His great great grandfather was George Carden born in Orange County, North Carolina in 1828. A 25-marker result has recently been obtained for Scott. One of his original Oxford Ancestors results (not analysed by FTDNA) matches that of Peter L of the Randle branch below.It is not yet clear whether this is a mutation or part of the Cheshire haplotype, but suggests that Scott and Peter L have a common ancestor.A definite mutation in the last of his 25-marker results matches that of Jim of Matlock above, once again suggesting a common ancestor.Neither of these casts any doubt on his Cheshire origin, but they suggest he and Richard J may descend from different immigrants. (Carol Scarlett)
Thor Carden (Thor Foy Carden) and his wife Tricia Swallows Carden live in Tennessee, where Thor is Administrator of the Family Christian Academy.Trish kindly publishes this report on her web site.They have traced Thor’s ancestry to a John Carden who was born about 1776 and died in 1847 in Orange County, North Carolina.Thor’s DNA signature differs from the Cheshire Haplotype by two mutations, so there is only a “reasonable” possibility that he shares an ancestor with others who match more closely. Thor suspects that his father’s exposure to radiation while working on radar during the war might be the reason for these mutations.He has traced a third cousin, Robert L. Carden, who has agreed to submit a sample, the analysis of which will be extremely interesting in this context.
Other Cardens in USA
Bill Carden (William Andrew) lives in Tennessee.His wife Rosemarie has persuaded Bill to submit a sample to help identify his Carden origins.It is identical with the Cheshire Haplotype over all 25 markers, so undoubtedly he has a Cheshire ancestor. Bill’s earliest proven ancestor, Ansel Carden, was also from Tennessee, but if Rosemarie is able to go further back it may be appropriate to include him in one of the groups above.
Jerry Carden (Jerry Alan Carden) who lives in Illinois, traces his ancestry to a William Carden, born in Yorkshire, England in 1795. William and his wife came to the US in 1819.His DNA signature exactly matches the Cheshire Haplotype, so undoubtedly he shares an ancestor in Cheshire around 1500 with all those who have the same DNA signature.He has recently obtained a 25-marker result, showing two unique mutations, which may one day enable a link to others in England to be proven.
Leo Carden (Robert Leo Carden) was born in Oklahoma, and before retirement was a teacher and then for many years Director of a Technology Center.His relative Carrie Bench has traced their ancestry to William Carden, born about 1755 in Georgia.The first three known generations lived in Georgia and the next three in Alabama.
Mayo-Sligo Group
As mentioned above, it is remarkable that the signatures of two participants from Co Sligo are close to the Cheshire Haplotype, despite the fact that Cardens were to be found in these west coast Irish counties as early as 1617, well before a Carden emigrated from Cheshire to Tipperary about 1665 (and before Cromwell banished his opponents to the western counties).Presumably their ancestor emigrated separately from England in earlier years, perhaps in Norman or Elizabethan times.
Two other participants have rather different signatures, which tends to reduce the force of the above.
Gerard Carden, who lives in Glasgow, Scotland, has traced his ancestry to Mathew Carden, whose son Patrick was married in Co Sligo in 1880.His DNA signature is identical to the Cheshire haplotype as regards 9 out of the 10 markers analysed by Oxford Ancestors, but shows a triple-jump in the remaining one, which they regard as two mutations.This suggests a common ancestor with those possessing the exact Cheshire haplotype about 20 or 30 generations ago, which means this ancestor might have lived in about 1400, presumably in Cheshire
Owen Carden, who lives in Leeds, England, was persuaded by his nephew Des Curley of Co Sligo, to submit a sample for analysis.This turned out to be identical to Gerard’s, which is not surprising, as they are related.
Fred Carden of Pennsylvania, who traces his ancestry to Killala, Co Mayo, has a DNA signature which differs at four points from the Cheshire haplotype, which would normally be enough to deny a common ancestor in the past millennium.However one of them is in the same marker as the mutation possessed by Gerard and Owen, but the remaining three are probably enough to deny a relationship.Fred has ordered a 25-marker analysis, which will be very interesting, especially if other Mayo/Sligo Cardens do so too.
Terry (Terrence S) Carden of Arizona, a retired physician who traces his ancestry to Ballina, Co Mayo, differs at three points from the Cheshire haplotype, one of which is the same as Gerald, Owen and Fred’s and the other two the same as Fred’s.Terry therefore almost certainly has a common ancestor with Fred.Terry, incidentally, has kindly digitised many hundreds of Mayo parish register entries obtained by Arthur, and will send copies on request.
Fred has ordered a 25-marker test, and if some of the others do so too, and/or some more results from Mayo/Sligo participants are received. perhaps this rather complex situation will be clarified.
East Kent Haplogroup
Two results (both from the original six) define the totally different East Kent haplogroup.It is possible that this group is descended from the Cardon mentioned in the Domesday Book, but that is pure speculation.It is interesting that only these two, out of the 25 or more Cardens who have submitted samples, belong to this group, the remainder almost all belonging to the Cheshire group.If it were not for the similarity of Ron’s and Bill’s results it might have been supposed that a non-paternal event in their ancestry prevented them from matching the Cheshire haplotype (like for instance, Donald and David of Brighton).
Ron Carden (Ronald George) lives in Ashford, Kent.He is a keen genealogist and studies Cardens throughout East Kent.He has traced his ancestry convincingly to Thomas Carden, born in Herne, Kent in 1734.Joan Carden of Spain, who belongs to this family, has carried the pedigree back to John Carden of Sheppey, Kent, born 1450.
Bill Carden (William George) lives in Faversham, Kent.He shared the cost of his DNA analysis with his cousin Ian who lives in New Zealand.The result was virtually identical to Ron’s, which was a welcome surprise, as it was previously only guessed that his great grandfather, Sergeant George Carden, born 1818 in France, had Kent ancestors.Subsequent research suggests that the latter’s father was born in Littlebourne, Kent and fought at the battle of Waterloo.
Surname Variants
DNA analysis may make it possible to shown whether or not names such as Carwardine, Calladine, Kerwin, Kenderdine and so on are indeed variants of the Cawarden name, which changed to Carden in Cheshire.So far only one individual has come forward.
Taylor Cowardin traces his ancestry to Peter Carwardine who came to Maryland from England in 1656.Unfortunately his DNA signature is totally different from that of every other participant, so either there is no link between the surnames, or there was a “non-paternal event” at some time, perhaps many generations ago,which broke the chain whereby the Y-chromosome is passed, unchanging, from father to son.
FTDNA’s three extra markers
As more results are received from FTDNA, attention can be directed at the three extra markers upon which they report.Until the switch to FTDNA was made, the Cheshire Carden haplotype was only defined in terms of the 10 markers reported by Oxford Ancestors.
So far, among those who exactly match the Cheshire Haplotype on the 9 markers common to OA and FTDNA, all have identical values for two of the extra three, but not for the other, DYS 385b, for which two values appear:
15 Jim, Tom (Matlock), Eddie, Greg, James E, Judson (Virginia).
16 Peter L (Randle), Scott (NC)
We cannot yet be sure therefore whether for DYS385b the Cheshire haplotype is 15 or 16, although 15 seems the more probable.A value of 15 is also supported by Ernest’s result.If 15 is correct, then Peter L and Scott have a distinguishing mutation (and in any case possibly have a common ancestor).
Differences like these can be very useful in making connections between branches, but surprisingly few have arisen.
25-marker Signatures
FTDNA offer to report on 25 markers.9 participants have already taken advantage of this.The analysis can either be done when a sample is first submitted, by paying $169 (instead of $99 for a 12-marker report}, or in the form of an upgrade at a later date, costing $90.
The advantages of 25-marker tests are twofold.First, they are able to identify much more effectively the closeness of relationships.For instance, at present we know that a large proportion of our participants share a common ancestor in Cheshire, but we are unable to group them into branches of the family.With 25-markers to consider it may be possible to allocate them to a number of groups of individuals who share, or nearly share, identical results for all 25 markers.Second, with 25 markers it is possible to estimate the number of generations to the most recent common ancestor considerably better.For instance it is calculated that two individuals with identical 10-marker results have a common ancestor who lived about 15 generations ago, plus or minus a very wide margin of error.For two individuals with identical 25-marker results the corresponding estimate is 7 generations.
It is to be hoped that many participants will be prepared to pay for 25-marker tests, either when they first join the project or subsequently.Unfortunately all those whose sample was analysed by Oxford Ancestors will have to start again from scratch with FTDNA, paying $169, although several of the 10 mentioned above have taken advantage of a special offer of $149 for “Oxford Conversion.
The Y-STR database
This is a fast-growing collection of DNA results for forensic purposes covering most countries in Europe (http://ystr.charite.de).Unfortunately only 7 of the markers in the database coincide with the 10 used by Oxford Ancestors or the 12 used by FTDNA.Using these seven, 267 exact matches were found for the basic Cheshire Group signature out of a database of 9,685.This means that about 1 in 35 men in Europe share the same numbers with our Cheshire Group, and this is one of the most frequently found set of numbers, only one step away from what is called the “Atlantic Modal Haplotype.”
Arthur, Ernest (both 14 for DYS 392), and Thor (12 for DYS 391) all possess rather rare mutations.If others are found to match their results this will be highly significant.No matches whatever were found for the set of 7 usable May-Sligo figures provided by Gerard and Owen, so theirs is a very rare set of numbers!
As regards the East Kent Group, using the 7 available markers, there are only 4 exact matches for Ron/Bill’s result out of a database which had increased to 10,035 by the time the comparison was made.The matches are one each in Switzerland, London, Southern Ireland and Tuscany, so this tells us only that the East Kent Group has a very rare signature and makes a relationship between Ron and Bill virtually certain.[What is more, their common result of 9 for DYS 388 is, according to Oxford Ancestors, also very rare and outside the normal range for this marker.]
Ybase
There is an interesting site at where it is possible to compare DNA signatures with those of people who have entered theirs.
For instance, on entering the numbers for our Cheshire Haplotype, there is found to be one surname, Rader, which matches on 21 out of the 26 markers, 12 surnames which match on 20 of the 26 and many more which match on 19 or less.
If I receive no objection in the next month or so, I will submit our Cheshire and East Kent haplotypes as permanent entries in this database, so that those with other surnames can have some fun finding a match with us.Of course any of us can enter his own numbers (temporarily or permanently) to see what he finds.
Other comments
It is notable that the majority of our American participants match the Cheshire haplotype exactly, and most of the others with only one or two mutationsThis proves that almost all have Cheshire descent beyond doubt and shows that no non-paternal events have occurred in their ancestry.It is a pity, in a way, that so few exhibit any mutations, which would have made it possible to establish groups.
Huge numbers of Americans left Ireland for a better life, but only two of our participants did so.It will also be noted that the oldest proven ancestor of almost every participant from USA lived in USA before independence, long before the days of Ellis Island or the Irish famine.
But it should not be supposed that our 16 American participants are truly representative of the thousands of Cardens in the USA!
Results awaited
The following are believed to have sent samples for analysis, or are about to do so, but have not yet received their results
Dave (David L) Carden of North Carolina.
Mark Carden of Co. Sligo, now living in London..
Fred Carden (Cheryl’s husband) of North Carolina.
Robert L. Carden, of, Haw River, NC, USA, cousin of Thor above.
Mike Collins, for his uncle in Texas.
Ted (Prof Edward) Carden of California (Rigsby, UK, branch).
Colin M Carden of Somerset, UK.
George Carden of Georgia USA.
Several others are making up their minds whether to participate or not, or are trying to persuade male relatives to do so.
Distributed Marketing systems, in the broader ecosystem of Marketing Resource Management, isn’t a simple shoe-in to solve for the challenges of decentralized marketing organizations. And perhaps especially due to the relatively young nature of the industry, both the technology, and the partner selected, need to be the proper fit to meet the challenges of such an organization head-on.
I thought about this while reading an article recently published by Adweek titled The Trouble with Back-Ends: Why Publishers can’t Publish on the Web.
The article highlights the high-probability of failure for Content Management System (or CMS) installations, even recounting a $20 million debacle at BusinessWeek that purportedly led to the publication’s financial demise. The giant takeaway from the article? There is no silver-bullet…..Every publisher has different needs for how they manage their content online.
Why do so many get it wrong? The lucky few were lucky….or they had enough foresight to think through all business requirements, and how the organization can grow with the platform to which they commit. For the unlucky? Over time, millions of dollars are invested – both in hard-costs and labor – which inevitably gets tossed aside once the white flag goes up.
So how can a decentralized marketing organization avoid the same pitfalls publications are making when choosing their CMS systems? There are a few key points that come to mind helping decision makers at decentralized marketing entities choose the proper distributed marketing partner.
Software versus Service – Does Your Partner Provide Both?
Perhaps the greatest point to look for in your partner: to what extent are they strictly a software company versus a marketing services company? How does your potential partner make a living? Let me explain why this is important.
Surely – no matter what type of company you look at, they must build, configure and maintain their own technology. The difference is software companies will license you their software (they make money on the software). A marketing services company, on the other hand, will provide you the software as a means to provide services to the field (they make money on the marketing services behind it).
All things the same…..which one is better? It depends.
Without a doubt, the number one rule in running a successful distributed marketing strategy to properly support decentralized marketing initiatives is putting people behind those initiatives. This includes strong Account Management (to be guiding forces of best practices through the use of software) and strong field customer service (knowledgeable experts on the phone to guide end-users of the software and preach local marketing best practices). Typically, a marketing services organization will provide much stronger Account Support when compared to a pure-play software company (whose Account support may be non-existent).
Large Fortune 100 enterprises may prefer the pure-software route because they want to operationally staff and manage the entire initiative – including the whole vendor marketing execution chain behind the system. On the other hand, organizations that feel it would be better served outsourced, or simply don’t have the resources to add another operational layer, often require strong account management.
We often like to quote a famous line from Field of Dreams – “If you build it, they will come.” In reality, nothing can be further from the truth. You need to push methods for strong field and user engagement behind the platform. Either way you slice it – the general rule of thumb is that without strong support (usually with a pure software install), a distributed marketing initiative will fail.
An Ad Builder? Or a Marketing Platform? Know the Difference.
Second rule. Whenever the onus is placed on the field to finish the marketing execution chain, it impacts adoption (negatively). We often refer to this as the “last-mile problem”.
What do we mean by this? Many companies represent that they have a marketing platform, but at the end of the day, all it really is is an Ad-Builder. The user builds an Ad (in whatever medium – e-mail, direct mail, social media, etc.), but then he/she is responsible for taking it the last mile…. to an e-mail system to send the e-mail, or a printer to mail the file, or a social media site to broadcast the message.
If your system can’t handle this in a turnkey manner, deflecting the responsibility to the field is a sure-fire way to decrease use of your marketing programs/materials and lead to a failed initiative.
Concentrate on Your Core Requirements, but Make sure you can Grow
In consideration to the above requirement, the honest feedback is that no one company has “all-areas” covered. You’ll also most likely need to take baby steps on how you launch your platform and corresponding services to the field. Its a marathon, not a sprint.
In marketing, we always love to focus on the buzz words of what’s hot. But what are your core requirements? What does your organization spend 80% of their time supporting, or what is the most difficult challenges you are facing with your field? By focusing there first, you are solving for problems that are immediate and most important, rather than getting jazzed up by a certain feature that may have little overall relevance in the beginnings of your system.
That being said, you also MUST explore your partner’s growth potential to ensure your future objectives are aligned with the product and service roadmap of your company of choice. In evaluating your partner, to what extent is their core focus squarely focused on solving the needs of decentralized marketing organizations? What is on their product roadmap, and to what extent do your opinions matter in developing this roadmap. Is this their core platform, or just an extension of their system outside their area of focus? Is development finished on the software platform, or are their continued IT resources improving the technology? What are these resources?
By not focusing on core requirements, and/or choosing a company not dedicated to solving the complex challenges for decentralized marketing initiatives, long-term viability of your solution is poor.
In conclusion – always remember……be forward thinking about the potential growth of your marketing intiatives. Where you will be two years down the line will be a lot different from today. Avoid the pitfalls of the CMS landscape by understanding who your partner really is – and their philosophies on helping you drive strategy to deliver valuable local marketing solutions for your network.
Distributed Marketing system - bit.ly/nnd5jU - bit.ly/ruK1tp
CARDEN DNA PROJECT
Fifth Report - May 2003
The use of DNA for genealogy relies on the fact that the portion called the Y-chromosome is passed unaltered from father to son over very many generations, except for the rare occurrence of a mutation affecting one element (called a marker).
For explanations, see, for instance
freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~allpoms/genetics.html
www.familytreedna.com/facts_genes.asp
For the Carden DNA Project nearly 40 Y-chromosome analysis results have now been received, including those of the first six participants which were covered in my report dated January 2002.The first 25 were analysed by Oxford Ancestors in England, but we are now using FTDNA of Texas, through whom analysis is carried out by the University of Arizona.
This latest report omits most of the explanations given in earlier reports. I will be happy to repeat them, and also go into much greater detail about the technique, probability calculations, family trees of the participants, more detail about origins of the family and so on, on request.If anyone else would like to take part, please contact me.
Many thanks are again due to Trish and Ron for kindly publishing this report on their sites -
www.TNTCarden.com/tree/ensor/00CardenDNAproject1.html
www.lightpatch.com/genealogy/cardendnaproject/
Arthur Carden.30th May 2003
Carden Origins
For some years I have thought, without much foundation, that all Cardens world-wide (apart from a few whose ancestors changed their surname to Carden from some other name) descend from one of three common ancestors, and thus are part of three unrelated groups with origins as follows.
Cheshire Origin
The Carden name appears in Cheshire from the 13th century onwards. Ormerod, the famous Cheshire historian, states “at some point before the reign of Henry II (i.e., before 1216) a family assumed the local name Carden.”
Essex Origin.
The Domesday Book shows that in 1086 a William Cardon was working for Geoffrey de Mandeville, one of the many followers of William the Conqueror who were given confiscated land.
Mayo/Sligo Group.
Many Cardens can trace their origins to these Irish west coast counties.
An objective of the CARDEN DNA PROJECT is to show whether most Cardens are indeed members of one of these three groups, and whether the three groups are distinct or connected to one another.It has already gone a long way to achieving this objective.
Results so far
What appears here is a highly simplified summary.The actual numbers for each individual appear in a table at the end of this document.
Cheshire Haplogroup
About half of all the nearly 40 results received so far (mostly 10 or 12 marker tests) are identical, and those concerned undoubtedly have a common ancestor.I call this identical DNA signature the Cheshire Haplotype because several of the individuals concerned are known to have very early Cheshire origins.Many of the remainder differ by only one or two mutations, and clearly also come from Cheshire.Probability calculations suggest that they all had a common ancestor in about the year 1500 plus or minus a century or more.
Five of these identical results are 25-marker tests.Compared with these another five 25-marker tests exhibit mutations.This is splendid – the five identical ones define the Cheshire haplotype as far as the additional markers are concerned, and the five with mutations may in due course help to establish family groupings.
Mayo/Sligo Group
It is remarkable that the signatures of two of the participants from Mayo/Sligo only differ by two mutations from the Cheshire haplotype.This implies that the Mayo/Sligo Cardens may also have a Cheshire ancestor.The earliest record of Cardens in Co Sligo is dated 1617, well before a Carden emigrated from Cheshire to Tipperary about 1665.It is possible that their ancestor emigrated separately from England in earlier years, perhaps in Norman or Elizabethan times.However the other two participants from Mayo/Sligo do not support this theory.
East Kent Haplogroup
Two results (both from the original six) define the totally different East Kent Haplotype.They come from Ron and Bill, who both live in Kent, England.Bill’s was a welcome surprise, as it was previously only guessed that his great grandfather, Sergeant George Carden, born 1818 in France, had Kent ancestors.Their common ancestor lived before 1700 and probably before 1450.
Individual Participants and Family Groups
An attempt is made below to comment on the DNA signature of each individual participant.Comments and corrections will be most welcome.
Matlock Group
Observant readers will see that I have now transferred Tom Carding to the Matlock Group from the Tipperary Group, although there is no proof that he descends from Samuel, the common ancestor of the other four.Both he and Jim have had 25-marker tests made, with identical results, so that there is a 50/50 chance they have a common ancestor within 7 generations.We do not yet have a 25-marker test for a Tipperary Carden, unfortunately.
Apart from Tom, the signatures of three of the group exactly match the Cheshire haplotype, so not only is it clear that the Matlock group has Cheshire origins, but that their common ancestor Samuel must have had the same signature.Samuel Carden or Carding was born about 1650 in Matlock.Michael’s has two mutations.
The Carden, Cardin and Carding names were all used by members of this group, changing back and forth over the years.
Cecil Carding of New Zealand is the “senior” member of the group, being descended from Samuel’s elder son.
Jim Carden lives in Stalybridge, England.James (“Jim”) has obtained a 25-marker result, which exactly matches the results for four of the others who have obtained such results, helping to confirm the 25-marker Cheshire haplotypeHe has his own very interesting web site at .
John Carden, by coincidence, also used to live in Stalybridge, but has recently moved to France. His descent from Samuel seems highly probable, but his earliest proven ancestor is Solomon Cardin/Carding who married in Manchester in 1841.However his DNA signature helps to prove the link to Samuel.
Michael Carding and his wife Marrion live in Chesterfield, England.He is the odd one out. All the other Matlock Cardens match the Cheshire haplotype exactly (whether over 10 markers or 25).Michael previously showed one mutation, and now that he has obtained a 25-marker result shows two!It appears that the first mutation (at DYS 393) must have occurred at one of the five transmissions between himself and Michael born 1787, his earliest common ancestor with John.The other mutation (at DYS 464d) must have been at one of the eight transmissions between himself and Samuel born 1681.If John decides to have a 25-marker test done, he will also presumably be found to possess this second mutation, as it would be remarkable for both of Michael's mutations to have occurred since his line split from John's.
Tom Carding (Frank Tomas Carding) lives in Cheshire.His son Michael, head teacher of the local secondary school, was very helpful as regards the Carden Gathering in 1998.There is a delightful tradition in his family that a scoundrel named Captain John Carden from Tipperary eloped with the unfortunate Miss Mary de Warren about 1750 and soon deserted her and her infant son John, who used the name Carding rather than Carden. The family still treasures the scoundrel’s sword.Since Tom had an identical 10-marker signature to Peter, of the Tipperary group below this appeared to suggest that the scoundrel came from Peter’s branch of the family, and might even have been the same as the Major John Carden who eloped in 1772 with a Miss Sarah Surman.But there is evidence that Miss Mary de Warren actually married a John Carding from the next village, so it is equally likely that Tom’s ancestry comes more directly from Cheshire, without having anything to do with Tipperary.Now that Tom has had a 25-marker test done, which matches Jim (of Matlock’s) signature exactly, this and the name “Carding” makes a connection with the Matlock group more likely than one with the Tipperary group.
Tipperary Group
A John Carden emigrated to Tipperary, probably directly from Cheshire, in the 17th century.He is known to some of us as the patriarch.His date of birth is not known, but is likely to have been in the first half of the 17th century as his sons were married in Tipperary in 1672 and 1673.He must have had the same DNA signature as Peter O’N Carden, whose ancestry has been traced on paper back to the patriarch over 8 generations, as otherwise Peter would not have exactly fitted the Cheshire Carden haplotype.
Results have been received from five Tipperary Cardens, as follows:
Arnold Carden lives in Argentina.He and Arthur and Michael J (see below), all members of the Barnane branch of the family, have identical signatures to each other.These signatures, surprisingly, differ from the Cheshire haplotype and therefore from their “paper” ancestor, the patriarch, by six mutations, far too many for biological descent from the patriarch.It is therefore certain that somewhere between the patriarch and the common ancestor of Arnold, Arthur and Michael J there was a “non-paternal event.”This common ancestor was John Carden, born 1699, great grandson of the patriarch.He was an only child and there is some evidence that he himself was the child of a certain John Barry, so perhaps it is the Barry DNA signature which we carry.Arnold’s and Arthur’s common ancestor was born as recently as 1818, but the Michael J’s result greatly helped by taking the birth of the common ancestor back to 1699.
Arthur Carden, the organiser of this study, and of the 1998 Carden Gathering, lives near London.See Arnold above.
Michael J Carden is a member of the Barnane-in-Australia branch and lives near Canberra.The identity of his DNA signature to that of Arnold and Arthur proves that the branch is correctly named – proof of the connection to Barnane did not previously exist, though there were strong indications.His participation (paid for jointly by Arthur and his brother Michael) has therefore been doubly useful.
Dr Peter O’Neil Carden lives in NSW, Australia.He is a member of the Killard branch of the family, descended from the younger son of the patriarch.As mentioned above, Peter’s signature is identical to the Cheshire Haplotype, which proves that the patriarch’s signature was the same.Peter is interested in probability theory and has made some contributions to the understanding of DNA links and mutations.
Richard A P Carden lives in Norfolk.He will be remembered by many who attended the Carden Gathering in Cheshire in 1998 for his financial management and administration of the event, as well as for his cheerfulness.He is a member of the Fishmoyne branch, descended from a younger grandson of the patriarch than is the Barnane branch.His signature differs by two mutations from that of the patriarch.There is a “reasonable” chance of about 1 in 20 of this happening in 10 generations, so a non-parental event need not have occurred in his case.
Penshurst / Chiddingstone Cardens
It is likely that the Cardens of Penshurst and Chiddingstone, Kent (villages near Tonbridge), are descended from the John Carden of Tilston, Cheshire, mentioned under Brighton below.This idea is supported to some degree by the results for two participants –
Mike Carden (Michael J), of Cumbria, exhibits two mutations (counting a double-jump as one mutation in accordance with advice from Oxford Ancestors) from the Cheshire haplotype.There is better chance that he has a common ancestor with those with exact matches to that haplotype than quoted for Richard A P above since many more generations may have elapsed. Mike is a member of the Maidstone sub-branch.
Roger Carden of London, a member of the Loraine sub-branch, shares one mutation with Mike, but otherwise fits the Cheshire haplotype exactly. This suggests that their common ancestor, William Carden of Penshurst, born 1760, had the same signature as Roger, and Mike’s second mutation occurred in the six subsequent generations.
Brighton Cardens
There is good evidence, found by Joan Carden of Spain, that the Cardens of Brighton are descended from a Richard Carden born in Cheshire in about 1500.He became Dean of Chichester and paid for the 16th century stained glass window in Tilston church in Cheshire which shows the sling and pheon which form part of the Carden coat of arms.
However the two results obtained for Cardens in Brighton, though identical to each other, are utterly different from the Cheshire haplotype.They were provided by -
Donald Carden, who lives in Luton and is a member of the “Hatter” branch of the Brighton Cardens which included Sir Herbert Carden, known as the “father of modern Brighton.” and
David Carden, who lives in Brighton, and is Town Clerk of a neighbouring town.His result and that of Donald are so far removed from the other results, despite their Cheshire link, that a non-paternal event in their ancestry, perhaps many generations ago, is virtually certain.David’s branch of the Brighton family is known as the “Virgo” branch.He and Donald have a common ancestor in Robert Carden, born 1787, one of whose sons (Samuel Virgo Carden, born 1815) started David’s “Virgo” branch of the Cardens of Brighton, and another (John, born 1821) started Donald’s “Hatter” branch.So the non-paternal event occurred in 1787 or before.
Another possible explanation however might be that Donald’s and David’s are examples ofthe “true” Cheshire signature of a very early Cheshire Carden, and the non-paternal event took place between this early Cheshire Carden and the common ancestor of all the others.I am indebted to Joan Carden for this suggestion.
Other UK Cardens close to the Cheshire Carden haplotype
Ernest Carden, who lives in Cheshire and is a member of the Winsford branch, almost certainly has Cheshire ancestors.This is supported by his DNA result, which shows only one mutation from the Cheshire haplotype, even over 25 markers
Peter L Cardenlives in Australia and is a member of the Randle branch, descended from a William Carden whose son Randle Carden was born about 1830 in the old county of Flint, just over the border from Cheshire.His daughter Natalie persuaded him to participate.His signature also exhibits one mutation from the Cheshire Carden haplotype so it is confirmed that his branch is a Cheshire one.This mutation is the same as that of Scott, below.
Peter W Cardenlives near Liverpool.His sister Hazel Poole has been trying for many years to trace their ancestor, a soldier, whose son was born in Halifax about 1847.Since Peter’s signature is three mutations away from the Cheshire haplotype, his Cheshire origin is somewhat doubtful.
Tony Carden (Dr A B G Carden) of Melbourne, Australia is a member of the Bendigo branch, the origins of which have been traced back to a town in Shropshire, just over the border from Cheshire and only a few miles from the hamlet of Carden.As perhaps might be expected, he has a DNA signature identical to the Cheshire haplotype.
Lincolnshire Cardens
Only one Lincolnshire Carden is a participant so far.
Stephen Carden, who lives in Spain not far from Joan Carden, has a DNA signature totally different from both the Cheshire haplotype and the East Kent haplotype.Therefore, either there is a non-paternal event in his ancestry, or the Lincolnshire Cardens have their own unique origin.
Cardens of Virginia, USA
Chris, Chuck, James E (rather surprisingly, see below), Judson and Raymond (12 markers), and Eddie (25 markers) all have DNA signatures identical to the Cheshire haplotype So does Greg (25 markers), though his VA roots are unproven.It seems clear that they are all directly descended from Cheshire ancestors, perhaps from a single immigrant.
Chris Carden and his sister Beth Macdonald, together with Chuck below, have traced their ancestry firmly to Robert Carden who died in Goochland County, Virginia in 1785, and possibly, three further generations back, to a passenger from England aboard the “Speedwell.”Beth writes:“Chuck’s and our ancestry probably converge back with my Robert James Carden (c.1702 VA) and Phyllis Woolbanks, whom Chuck lists as Robert [above].That particular Robert is a huge mystery and is not proven for Chris and me.”,
Chuck Carden (Charles W Carden), see above, is a retired Marine and Chief of Police who came to the Carden Gathering in Cheshire in 1998, and is soon to move to Cape Cod from Colorado.
Eddie Carden (Edward Glen) lives in Virginia but was born in Tennessee. His 25-marker result matches the Cheshire Haplotype exactly.His earliest proven ancestor is John Cardin of Mecklenberg Couny Virginia, the father of Reubin Carden born about 1775.
Greg Carden lives in Alabama.His Virginia ancestry is not proven, though there are sufficient indications for him to be included, at least for the time being, in this group. He and Eddie are the only members of this group, so far, to have obtained a 25-marker result. (Greg’s mother):
James E (Eugene) Carden writes:“I am African American and have never met another "Black" Carden except for my immediate family until about 2 years ago when I visited Halifax County (Scottsburg) Virginia. I think this is where my Great Grandfather, James H. Carden was born.”
Judson Wayne Carden lives in Alabama.His third cousin Elisa Sanford persuaded him to submit a sample.His earliest proven ancestor is Leonard Carden, born about 1793 in Virginia. (Elisa)
Raymond Bell’s grandfather changed his name from Cardin to Bell for no apparent reason.His daughter Linda Tieman has traced his ancestry back to Leonard Carden, born about 1785 in Virginia.Raymond lives in Georgia, and his daughter in Texas.
(Linda Tiemann)
Cardens of North Carolina, USA
Richard below have DNA signatures identical to the Cheshire haplotype, and undoubtedly share ancestors in Cheshire with all those with similar signatures.Greg, above, and Scott are the only members of the Virginia and North Carolina groups to have obtained 25-marker results so farIt is hoped that others will do so to clarify the relationships.
Richard J Carden lives in Michigan.His oldest known ancestor is William Carden who was born in 1755 in Orange County, North Carolina and who died in 1824 in Jasper County Georgia. As mentioned above, his 10-marker signature matches the Cheshire haplotype exactly
Scott Carden.Carol Scarlett, a keen family researcher who came to the Carden Gathering in Cheshire in 1998, traced her distant cousin Scott and persuaded him to submit a sample. His great great grandfather was George Carden born in Orange County, North Carolina in 1828. A 25-marker result has recently been obtained for Scott. One of his original Oxford Ancestors results (not analysed by FTDNA) matches that of Peter L of the Randle branch below.It is not yet clear whether this is a mutation or part of the Cheshire haplotype, but suggests that Scott and Peter L have a common ancestor.A definite mutation in the last of his 25-marker results matches that of Jim of Matlock above, once again suggesting a common ancestor.Neither of these casts any doubt on his Cheshire origin, but they suggest he and Richard J may descend from different immigrants. (Carol Scarlett)
Thor Carden (Thor Foy Carden) and his wife Tricia Swallows Carden live in Tennessee, where Thor is Administrator of the Family Christian Academy.Trish kindly publishes this report on her web site.They have traced Thor’s ancestry to a John Carden who was born about 1776 and died in 1847 in Orange County, North Carolina.Thor’s DNA signature differs from the Cheshire Haplotype by two mutations, so there is only a “reasonable” possibility that he shares an ancestor with others who match more closely. Thor suspects that his father’s exposure to radiation while working on radar during the war might be the reason for these mutations.He has traced a third cousin, Robert L. Carden, who has agreed to submit a sample, the analysis of which will be extremely interesting in this context.
Other Cardens in USA
Bill Carden (William Andrew) lives in Tennessee.His wife Rosemarie has persuaded Bill to submit a sample to help identify his Carden origins.It is identical with the Cheshire Haplotype over all 25 markers, so undoubtedly he has a Cheshire ancestor. Bill’s earliest proven ancestor, Ansel Carden, was also from Tennessee, but if Rosemarie is able to go further back it may be appropriate to include him in one of the groups above.
Jerry Carden (Jerry Alan Carden) who lives in Illinois, traces his ancestry to a William Carden, born in Yorkshire, England in 1795. William and his wife came to the US in 1819.His DNA signature exactly matches the Cheshire Haplotype, so undoubtedly he shares an ancestor in Cheshire around 1500 with all those who have the same DNA signature.He has recently obtained a 25-marker result, showing two unique mutations, which may one day enable a link to others in England to be proven.
Leo Carden (Robert Leo Carden) was born in Oklahoma, and before retirement was a teacher and then for many years Director of a Technology Center.His relative Carrie Bench has traced their ancestry to William Carden, born about 1755 in Georgia.The first three known generations lived in Georgia and the next three in Alabama.
Mayo-Sligo Group
As mentioned above, it is remarkable that the signatures of two participants from Co Sligo are close to the Cheshire Haplotype, despite the fact that Cardens were to be found in these west coast Irish counties as early as 1617, well before a Carden emigrated from Cheshire to Tipperary about 1665 (and before Cromwell banished his opponents to the western counties).Presumably their ancestor emigrated separately from England in earlier years, perhaps in Norman or Elizabethan times.
Two other participants have rather different signatures, which tends to reduce the force of the above.
Gerard Carden, who lives in Glasgow, Scotland, has traced his ancestry to Mathew Carden, whose son Patrick was married in Co Sligo in 1880.His DNA signature is identical to the Cheshire haplotype as regards 9 out of the 10 markers analysed by Oxford Ancestors, but shows a triple-jump in the remaining one, which they regard as two mutations.This suggests a common ancestor with those possessing the exact Cheshire haplotype about 20 or 30 generations ago, which means this ancestor might have lived in about 1400, presumably in Cheshire
Owen Carden, who lives in Leeds, England, was persuaded by his nephew Des Curley of Co Sligo, to submit a sample for analysis.This turned out to be identical to Gerard’s, which is not surprising, as they are related.
Fred Carden of Pennsylvania, who traces his ancestry to Killala, Co Mayo, has a DNA signature which differs at four points from the Cheshire haplotype, which would normally be enough to deny a common ancestor in the past millennium.However one of them is in the same marker as the mutation possessed by Gerard and Owen, but the remaining three are probably enough to deny a relationship.Fred has ordered a 25-marker analysis, which will be very interesting, especially if other Mayo/Sligo Cardens do so too.
Terry (Terrence S) Carden of Arizona, a retired physician who traces his ancestry to Ballina, Co Mayo, differs at three points from the Cheshire haplotype, one of which is the same as Gerald, Owen and Fred’s and the other two the same as Fred’s.Terry therefore almost certainly has a common ancestor with Fred.Terry, incidentally, has kindly digitised many hundreds of Mayo parish register entries obtained by Arthur, and will send copies on request.
Fred has ordered a 25-marker test, and if some of the others do so too, and/or some more results from Mayo/Sligo participants are received. perhaps this rather complex situation will be clarified.
East Kent Haplogroup
Two results (both from the original six) define the totally different East Kent haplogroup.It is possible that this group is descended from the Cardon mentioned in the Domesday Book, but that is pure speculation.It is interesting that only these two, out of the 25 or more Cardens who have submitted samples, belong to this group, the remainder almost all belonging to the Cheshire group.If it were not for the similarity of Ron’s and Bill’s results it might have been supposed that a non-paternal event in their ancestry prevented them from matching the Cheshire haplotype (like for instance, Donald and David of Brighton).
Ron Carden (Ronald George) lives in Ashford, Kent.He is a keen genealogist and studies Cardens throughout East Kent.He has traced his ancestry convincingly to Thomas Carden, born in Herne, Kent in 1734.Joan Carden of Spain, who belongs to this family, has carried the pedigree back to John Carden of Sheppey, Kent, born 1450.
Bill Carden (William George) lives in Faversham, Kent.He shared the cost of his DNA analysis with his cousin Ian who lives in New Zealand.The result was virtually identical to Ron’s, which was a welcome surprise, as it was previously only guessed that his great grandfather, Sergeant George Carden, born 1818 in France, had Kent ancestors.Subsequent research suggests that the latter’s father was born in Littlebourne, Kent and fought at the battle of Waterloo.
Surname Variants
DNA analysis may make it possible to shown whether or not names such as Carwardine, Calladine, Kerwin, Kenderdine and so on are indeed variants of the Cawarden name, which changed to Carden in Cheshire.So far only one individual has come forward.
Taylor Cowardin traces his ancestry to Peter Carwardine who came to Maryland from England in 1656.Unfortunately his DNA signature is totally different from that of every other participant, so either there is no link between the surnames, or there was a “non-paternal event” at some time, perhaps many generations ago,which broke the chain whereby the Y-chromosome is passed, unchanging, from father to son.
FTDNA’s three extra markers
As more results are received from FTDNA, attention can be directed at the three extra markers upon which they report.Until the switch to FTDNA was made, the Cheshire Carden haplotype was only defined in terms of the 10 markers reported by Oxford Ancestors.
So far, among those who exactly match the Cheshire Haplotype on the 9 markers common to OA and FTDNA, all have identical values for two of the extra three, but not for the other, DYS 385b, for which two values appear:
15 Jim, Tom (Matlock), Eddie, Greg, James E, Judson (Virginia).
16 Peter L (Randle), Scott (NC)
We cannot yet be sure therefore whether for DYS385b the Cheshire haplotype is 15 or 16, although 15 seems the more probable.A value of 15 is also supported by Ernest’s result.If 15 is correct, then Peter L and Scott have a distinguishing mutation (and in any case possibly have a common ancestor).
Differences like these can be very useful in making connections between branches, but surprisingly few have arisen.
25-marker Signatures
FTDNA offer to report on 25 markers.9 participants have already taken advantage of this.The analysis can either be done when a sample is first submitted, by paying $169 (instead of $99 for a 12-marker report}, or in the form of an upgrade at a later date, costing $90.
The advantages of 25-marker tests are twofold.First, they are able to identify much more effectively the closeness of relationships.For instance, at present we know that a large proportion of our participants share a common ancestor in Cheshire, but we are unable to group them into branches of the family.With 25-markers to consider it may be possible to allocate them to a number of groups of individuals who share, or nearly share, identical results for all 25 markers.Second, with 25 markers it is possible to estimate the number of generations to the most recent common ancestor considerably better.For instance it is calculated that two individuals with identical 10-marker results have a common ancestor who lived about 15 generations ago, plus or minus a very wide margin of error.For two individuals with identical 25-marker results the corresponding estimate is 7 generations.
It is to be hoped that many participants will be prepared to pay for 25-marker tests, either when they first join the project or subsequently.Unfortunately all those whose sample was analysed by Oxford Ancestors will have to start again from scratch with FTDNA, paying $169, although several of the 10 mentioned above have taken advantage of a special offer of $149 for “Oxford Conversion.
The Y-STR database
This is a fast-growing collection of DNA results for forensic purposes covering most countries in Europe (http://ystr.charite.de).Unfortunately only 7 of the markers in the database coincide with the 10 used by Oxford Ancestors or the 12 used by FTDNA.Using these seven, 267 exact matches were found for the basic Cheshire Group signature out of a database of 9,685.This means that about 1 in 35 men in Europe share the same numbers with our Cheshire Group, and this is one of the most frequently found set of numbers, only one step away from what is called the “Atlantic Modal Haplotype.”
Arthur, Ernest (both 14 for DYS 392), and Thor (12 for DYS 391) all possess rather rare mutations.If others are found to match their results this will be highly significant.No matches whatever were found for the set of 7 usable May-Sligo figures provided by Gerard and Owen, so theirs is a very rare set of numbers!
As regards the East Kent Group, using the 7 available markers, there are only 4 exact matches for Ron/Bill’s result out of a database which had increased to 10,035 by the time the comparison was made.The matches are one each in Switzerland, London, Southern Ireland and Tuscany, so this tells us only that the East Kent Group has a very rare signature and makes a relationship between Ron and Bill virtually certain.[What is more, their common result of 9 for DYS 388 is, according to Oxford Ancestors, also very rare and outside the normal range for this marker.]
Ybase
There is an interesting site at where it is possible to compare DNA signatures with those of people who have entered theirs.
For instance, on entering the numbers for our Cheshire Haplotype, there is found to be one surname, Rader, which matches on 21 out of the 26 markers, 12 surnames which match on 20 of the 26 and many more which match on 19 or less.
If I receive no objection in the next month or so, I will submit our Cheshire and East Kent haplotypes as permanent entries in this database, so that those with other surnames can have some fun finding a match with us.Of course any of us can enter his own numbers (temporarily or permanently) to see what he finds.
Other comments
It is notable that the majority of our American participants match the Cheshire haplotype exactly, and most of the others with only one or two mutationsThis proves that almost all have Cheshire descent beyond doubt and shows that no non-paternal events have occurred in their ancestry.It is a pity, in a way, that so few exhibit any mutations, which would have made it possible to establish groups.
Huge numbers of Americans left Ireland for a better life, but only two of our participants did so.It will also be noted that the oldest proven ancestor of almost every participant from USA lived in USA before independence, long before the days of Ellis Island or the Irish famine.
But it should not be supposed that our 16 American participants are truly representative of the thousands of Cardens in the USA!
Results awaited
The following are believed to have sent samples for analysis, or are about to do so, but have not yet received their results
Dave (David L) Carden of North Carolina.
Mark Carden of Co. Sligo, now living in London..
Fred Carden (Cheryl’s husband) of North Carolina.
Robert L. Carden, of, Haw River, NC, USA, cousin of Thor above.
Mike Collins, for his uncle in Texas.
Ted (Prof Edward) Carden of California (Rigsby, UK, branch).
Colin M Carden of Somerset, UK.
George Carden of Georgia USA.
Several others are making up their minds whether to participate or not, or are trying to persuade male relatives to do so.
A Russian map of the Styr-Prostyr river basin displaying areas which are likely to be flooded with probability 1% each year.
Moylough Castle is a rectangular keep or hall house dating from the first half of the thirteenth century, probably between 1235 – 1240. While detailed records are rare, two English landowners by the names of de Cotterals and de Cogeshales who in all probability may have built, or were tenants of the Castle. Around this time the area around Moylough was known as Ui Diarmada and had been ruled by the O’Concannons. Richard de Bermingham held the area during the invasion.
The Castle comprises of three stories built of local limestone rubble set in hard whitish lime mortar. Gravel from nearby esker ridges would have been used as the core. The walls are 2meters thick and rise to a height of 14 meters and strengthened by a base batter which is the outward slope on the wall which adds stability to the castle. It survives to roof level on three sides but the south west wall has now collapsed. The entrance is at first floor level and a timber stairs probably gave access to the door.
The ground floor was probably used for storage and maybe as servants’ quarters. Seven narrow vertical loop windows lit the room. The first floor is lighted by narrow windows with semi circular heads; the best preserved one on the North West wall. Their size indicates they were constructed for light rather than defensive purposes. No evidence of a stone stairs leading to the first floor survives but it can be assumed that the first floor was accessed by a timber ladder through a hole in the floor.
Strong timber beams built into the long side walls supported the timber floor overhead. The slots are still visible today. Holes for draw – bars are still evident, presumably to secure shutters. The second story had a timber floor also. A steep spiral stairs led to the wall walk and battlements. The roof would probably have been made of thatch or wooden shingles. Most doors had a single leaf and opened inwards, but on the north east wall is a recess which accommodated the door when fully opened.
A probability map of vehicle arrival between midnight and 2 AM. The sawtooth blue bits in the top should be red, and the Y axis label is reversed. This is pretty and all, but it's not useful enough to take the time to do right.
X axis: seconds since midnight.
Y axis: duration of wait, in seconds
Z axis (color): probability of vehicle arrival.
This one of a robin (I think) was an opportunistic shot - we were on a drive through the Snowdonias in Wales on our 2nd last day in the UK and stopped to get a shot of one of the many scenic valleys when this little bird called in - to see if we had any scraps of food in all probability. It stayed still just long enough to focus the zoom lens on it to get this shot!
1986 was the last full year of operation for the class 25s and by mid-summer, having not managed a single ride behind one on a service train all year, I resigned myself to the probability that going forward it would be railtour miles or no miles. Then, whilst most aficionados of the class were otherwise engaged at the other end of the country on the "Coastway Crusader" railtour of 27th July, the gen came through that 25109 had audaciously made the round trip from Liverpool to Hull and back substituting for a class 31 on one of the South Trans-Pennine workings via the Hope Valley.
Naturally I was gutted at missing such a rare working through my home town of Sheffield, but there was word of an ongoing locomotive shortage and the possibility of a repeat performance. Sure enough, the following day 25230 set out on the 08.45 Liverpool - Sheffield, only to fail before reaching Manchester - an event of which I was blissfully unaware until many years later...
On 29th July, I was languishing at home, assuming it was all over, when the phone rang... "it's for you" at that time could only mean one thing - a gen call! Sure enough, the voice of a fellow basher in a phone box, excitedly relaying that 25265 had already done a Liverpool - Sheffield return, and was diagrammed to come back out of Lime Street on the 14.45 - Hull. I quickly worked out that I could intercept it at Warrington, and was on my way out of the house in minutes... but would 25265 indeed return or would a replacement loco be found? No way to know in those pre-mobile phone days of course, so you can imagine my relief at the unmistakeable sound of the rat's two-tone horn before the train came into sight around the curve...
A return visit to St Mary.
I was last here about 6 years ago, parking in the little square one warm September afternoon.
Much colder in March, but plenty of parking spaces, and St Mary was surprisingly open.
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The church stands in the village square removed from the main road. The flint rubble construction and severe restoration of the exterior does not look welcoming, but the interior is most appealing with plenty of light flooding through the clerestory windows. The rectangular piers of both north and south arcades with their pointed arches and boldly carved stops are of late twelfth-century date. Between them hang some eighteenth-century text boards. The character of the church is given in the main by late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century work. The high altar has four charmingly painted panels by John Ripley Wilmer in Pre-Raphaelite style, executed in 1907. At the opposite end of the church are the organ loft, font cover and baptistry, all designed by F.C. Eden, who restored the church in the early 1900s. He also designed the west window of the south aisle as part of a larger scheme which was not completed. In the south chancel wall are two windows of great curiosity. One contains a fifteenth-century figure of St Thomas Becket while the other shows figures of David and Saul. This dates from the nineteenth century and was painted by Frank Wodehouse who was the then vicar's brother. The face of David was based on that of Mme Carlotta Patti, the opera singer, while Gladstone and Disraeli can be identified hovering in the background! It is a shame that it has deteriorated badly.
www.kentchurches.info/church.asp?p=Elham
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ELEHAM,
OR, as it is as frequently written, Elham, lies the next parish south-eastward from Stelling. It was written in the time of the Saxons both Uleham and Æiham, in Domesday, Albam. Philipott says, it was antiently written Helham, denoting the situation of it to be a valley among the hills, whilst others suppose, but with little probability, that it took its name from the quantity of eels which the Nailbourn throws out when it begins to run. There are Seven boroughsin it, of Bladbean, Boyke, Canterwood, Lyminge, Eleham, Town, Sibton, and Hurst.
Eleham is said to be the largest parish in the eastern parts of this county, extending itself in length from north to south, through the Nailbourn valley, about three miles and an half; and in breadth five miles and a half, that is, from part of Stelling-minnis, within the bounds of it, across the valley to Eleham down and Winteridge, and the southern part of Swinfield-minnis, almost up to Hairn-forstal, in Uphill Folkestone. The village, or town of Eleham, as it is usually called, is situated in the above-mentioned valley, rather on a rise, on the side of the stream. It is both healthy and pleasant, the houses in it being mostly modern and wellbuilt, of brick and fashed. As an instance of the healthiness of this parish, there have been within these few years several inhabitants of it buried here, of the ages of 95, 97, and 99, and one of 105; the age of 40 years being esteemed that of a young person, in this parish. The church, with the vicarage on the side of the church-yard, is situated on the eastern side of it, and the court lodge at a small distance from it. This is now no more than a small mean cottage, thatched, of, I believe, only two rooms on a floor, and unsit for habitation. It appears to be the remains of a much larger edifice, and is built of quarry-stone, with small arched gothic windows and doors, the frames of which are of ashlar stone, and seemingly very antient indeed. It is still accounted a market-town, the market having been obtained to it by prince Edward, afterwards king Edward I. in his father's life-time, anno 35 Henry III. to be held on a Monday weekly, which, though disused for a regular constancy, is held in the market-house here once in five or six years, to keep up the claim to the right of it; besides which there are three markets regularly held, for the buying and selling of cattle, in every year, on Palm, Easter, and Whit Mondays, and one fair on Oct. 20th, by the alteration of the stile, being formerly held on the day of St. Dionis, Oct. 9, for toys and pedlary. The Nailbourn, as has been already mentioned before, in the description of Liminage, runs along this valley northward, entering this parish southward, by the hamlet of Ottinge, and running thence by the town of Eleham, and at half a mile's distance, by the hamlet of North Eleham, where there are several deep ponds, in which are from time to time quantities of eels, and so on to Brompton's Pot and Wingmere, at the northern extremity of this parish. The soil in the valley is mostly an unfertile red earth, mixed with many flints; but the hills on each side of it, which are very frequent and steep, extend to a wild romantic country, with frequent woods and uninclosed downs, where the soil consists mostly of chalk, excepting towards Stelling and Swinfield minnis's, where it partakes of a like quality to that of the valley, tance,by the hamlet of North Eleham, where there only still more poor and barren. At the north-west corner of the parish, on the hill, is Eleham park, being a large wood, belonging to the lord of Eleham manor.
Dr. Plot says, he was informed, that there was the custom of borough English prevailing over some copyhold lands in this parish, the general usage of which is, that the youngest son should inherit all the lands and tenements which his father had within the borough, &c. but I cannot find any here subject to it. On the contrary, the custom here is, to give the whole estate to the eldest son, who pays to the younger ones their proportions of it, as valued by the homage of the manor, in money.
At the time of taking the survey of Domesday, anno 1080, this place was part of the possessions of the bishop of Baieux, under the general title of whose lands it is thus entered in it:
In Honinberg hundred, the bishop of Baieux holds in demesne Alham. It was taxed at six sulins. The arable land is twenty-four carucates. In demesne there are five carucates and forty-one villeins, with eight borderers having eighteen carucates. There is a church, and eight servants, and two mills of six shillings, and twenty eight acres of meadow. Wood for the pannage of one hundred hogs. In the time of king Edward the Confessor, and afterwards, it was worth thirty pounds, now forty, and yet it yields fifty pounds. Ederic held this manor of king Edward.
Four years after the bishop was disgraced, and all his possessions were consiscated to the crown, whence this manor seems to have been granted to William de Albineto, or Albini, surnamed Pincerna, who had followed the Conqueror from Normandy in his expedition hither. He was succeeded by his son, of the same name, who was made Earl of Arundel anno 15 king Stephen, and Alida his daughter carried it in marriage to John, earl of Ewe, in Normandy, whose eldest son Henry, earl of Ewe, was slain at the siege of Ptolemais in 1217, leaving Alice his sole daughter and heir, who entitled her husband Ralph D'Issondon to the possession of this manor, as well as to the title of earl of Ewe. She died in the reign of king Henry III. possessed of this manor, with the advowson of the church, and sealed with Barry, a label of six points, as appears by a deed in the Surrenden library; after which it appears to have come into the possession of prince Edward, the king's eldest son, who in the 35th year of it obtained the grant of a market on a Monday, and a fair, at this manor, (fn. 1) and afterwards, in the 41st year of that reign, alienated it to archbishop Boniface, who, left he should still further inflame that enmity which this nation had conceived against him, among other foreigners and aliens, by thus increasing his possessions in it, passed this manor away to Roger de Leyborne, who died possessed of it in the 56th year of that reign, at which time it appears that there was a park here; (fn. 2) and in his name it continued till Juliana de Leyborne, daughter of Thomas, became the sole heir of their possessions, from the greatness of which she was usually called the Infanta of Kent. She was thrice married, yet she had no issue by either of her husbands, all of whom she survived, and died in the 41st year of king Edward III. upon which this manor, among the rest of her estates, escheated to the crown, there being no one who could make claim to them, by direct or even by collateral alliance. (fn. 3) Afterwards it continued in the crown till king Richard II. vested it in feoffees in trust, towards the endowment of St. Stephen's chapel, in his palace of Westminster, which he had in his 22d year, completed and made collegiate, and had the year before granted to the dean and canons this manor, among others, in mortmain. (fn. 4) All which was confirmed by king Henry IV. and VI. and by king Edward IV. in their first years; the latter of whom, in his 9th year, granted to them a fair in this parish yearly, on the Monday after Palm-Sunday, and on the Wednesday following, with all liberties, &c. In which situation it continued till the 1st year of king Edward VI. when this college was, with all its possessions, surrendered into the king's hands, where this manor did not continue long; for the king in his 5th year, granted it to Edward, lord Clinton and Saye, and he reconveyed it to the crown the same year. After which the king demised it, for the term of eighty years, to Sir Edward Wotton, one of his privy council, whose son Thomas Wotton, esq. sold his interest in it to Alexander Hamon, esq. of Acrise, who died in 1613, leaving two daughters his coheirs, the youngest of whom Catherine, married to Sir Robert Lewknor, entitled him to it; he was at his death succeeded by his son Hamon Lewknor, esq. but the reversion in see having been purchased of the crown some few years before the expiration of the above-mentioned term, which ended the last year of king James I.'s reign, to Sir Charles Herbert, master of the revels. He at the latter end of king Charles I.'s reign, alienated it to Mr. John Aelst, merchant, of London; after which, I find by the court rolls, that it was vested in Thomas Alderne, John Fisher, and Roger Jackson, esqrs. who in the year 1681 conveyed it to Sir John Williams, whose daughter and sole heir Penelope carried it in marriage to Thomas Symonds, esq. of Herefordshire, by the heirs of whose only surviving son Thomas Symonds Powell, esq. of Pengethley, in that county, it has been lately sold to Sir Henry Oxenden, bart. who is now entitled to it.
A court leet and court baron is held for this manor, which is very extensive. There is much copyhold land held of it. The demesnes of it are tithe-free. There is a yearly rent charge, payable for ever out of it, of 87l. 13s. 1d. to the ironmongers company, in London.
Shottlesfield is a manor, situated at the southeast boundary of this parish, the house standing partly in Liminge, at a small distance southward from the street or hamlet of the same name. It was, as early as the reign of king Edward II. the inheritance of a family called le Grubbe, some of whom had afterwards possessions about Yalding and Eythorne. Thomas le Grubbe was possessed of it in the 3d year of that reign, and wrote himself of Shottlesfeld, and from him it continued down by paternal descent to John Grubbe, who in the 2d year of king Richard III. conveyed it by sale to Thomas Brockman, of Liminge, (fn. 5) whose grandson Henry Brockman, in the 1st year of queen Mary, alienated it to George Fogge, esq. of Braborne, and he, in the beginning of queen Elizabeth's reign, sold it to Bing, who, before the end of that reign, passed it away to Mr. John Masters, of Sandwich, from whom it descended to Sir Edward Masters, of Canterbury, who at his decease, soon after the death of Charles I. gave it to his second son, then LL. D. from whose heirs it was alienated to Hetherington, whose last surviving son the Rev. William Hetherington, of North Cray place, died possessed of it unmarried in 1778, and by will devised it, among his other estates, to Thomas Coventry, esq. of London, who lately died possessed of it s. p. and the trustees of his will are now entitled to it.
The manor of Bowick, now called Boyke, is situated likewise in the eastern part of this parish, in the borough of its own name, which was in very antient times the residence of the Lads, who in several of their old evidences were written De Lad, by which name there is an antient farm, once reputed a manor, still known, as it has been for many ages before, in the adjoining parish of Acrise, which till the reign of queen Elizabeth, was in the tenure of this family. It is certain that they were resident here at Bowick in the beginning of king Henry VI.'s reign, and in the next of Edward IV. as appears by the registers of their wills in the office at Canterbury, they constantly stiled themselves of Eleham. Thomas Lade, of Bowick, died possessed of it in 1515, as did his descendant Vincent Lade in 1563, anno 6 Elizabeth. Soon after which it passed by purchase into the name of Nethersole, from whence it quickly afterwards was alienated to Aucher, and thence again to Wroth, who at the latter end of king Charles I.'s reign sold it to Elgar; whence, after some intermission, it was sold to Thomas Scott, esq. of Liminge, whose daughter and coheir Elizabeth, married to William Turner, esq. of the Friars, in Canterbury, at length, in her right, became possessed of it; his only surviving daughter and heir Bridget married David Papillon, esq. of Acrise, and entitled him to this manor, and his grandson Thomas Papillon, esq. of Acrise, is the present owner of it.
Mount and Bladbean are two manors, situated on the hills, on the opposite sides of this parish, the former near the eastern, and the latter near the western boundaries of it; the latter being antiently called Bladbean, alias Jacobs-court, a name now quite forgotten. Both these manors appear to have been in the reign of the Conqueror, part of the possessions of Anschitillus de Ros, who is mentioned in Domesday as holding much land in the western part of this county, their principal manor there being that of Horton, near Farningham. One of this family made a grant of it to the Cosentons, of Cosenton, in Aylesford, to hold of their barony of Ros, as of their manor of Horton before-mentioned, by knight's service. In the 7th year of Edward III. Sir Stephen de Cosenton obtained a charter of freewarren for his lands here. He was the son of Sir William de Cosenton, sheriff anno 35 Edward I. and was sometimes written of Cosenton, and sometimes of Mount, in Eleham. At length his descendant dying in the beginning of king Henry VIII.'s reign, without male issue, his three daughters, married to Duke, Wood, and Alexander Hamon, esq. became his coheirs, and shared a large inheritance between them, and upon their division of it, the manor of Bladbean, alias Jacobs-court, was allotted to Wood, and Mount to Alexander Hamon.
The manor of Bladbean, alias Jacobs-court, was afterwards alienated by the heirs of Wood to Thomas Stoughton, esq. of St. Martin's, near Canterbury, who by will in 1591 (fn. 6) gave this manor, with its rents and services, to Elizabeth his daughter and coheir, married to Thomas Wilde, esq. of St. Martin's, whose grandson Colonel Dudley Wilde, at his death in 1653, s. p. devised it to his widow, from whom it went by sale to Hills, and Mr. James Hills, in 1683, passed it away to Mr. Daniel Woollet, whose children divided this estate among them; a few years after which John Brice became, by purchase of it at different times, possessed of the whole of it, which he in 1729 conveyed by sale to Mr. Valentine Sayer, of Sandwich, who died possessed of it in 1766, and the heirs of his eldest son Mr. George Sayer, of Sandwich, are now entitled to it.
The manor of Mount, now called Mount court, which was allotted as above-mentioned, to Alexander Hamon, continued down to his grandson, of the same name, who died possessed of it in 1613, leaving two daughters his coheirs, the youngest of whom, Catherine, entitled her husband Sir Robert Lewknor, to it, in whose descendants it continued till Robert Lewknor, esq. his grandson, in 1666, alienated it, with other lands in this parish, to Thomas Papillon, esq. of Lubenham, in Leicestershire, whose descendant Thomas Papillon, esq. of Acrise, is the present proprietor of it.
Ladwood is another manor in this parish, lying at the eastern boundary of it, likewise on the hills next to Acrise. It was written in old evidences Ladswood, whence it may with probability be conjectured, that before its being converted into a farm of arable land, and the erecting of a habitation here, it was a wood belonging to the family of Lad, resident at Bowick; but since the latter end of king Edward III.'s reign, it continued uninterrupted in the family of Rolse till the reign of king Charles II. soon after which it was alienated to Williams, in which name it remained till Penelope, daughter of Sir John Williams, carried it in marriage to Thomas Symonds, esq. the heirs of whose only surviving son Thomas Symonds Powell, esq. sold it to David Papillon, esq. whose son Thomas Papillon, esq. now possesses it.
The manor of Canterwood, as appears by an old manuscript, seemingly of the time of Henry VIII. was formerly the estate of Thomas de Garwinton, of Welle, lying in the eastern part of the parish, and who lived in the reigns of Edward II. and III. whose greatgrandson William Garwinton, dying s. p. Joane his kinswoman, married to Richard Haut, was, in the 9th year of king Henry IV. found to be his heir, not only in this manor, but much other land in these parts, and their son Richard Haut having an only daughter and heir Margery, she carried this manor in marriage to William Isaak. After which, as appears from the court-rolls, which do not reach very high, that the family of Hales became possessed of it, in which it staid till the end of queen Elizabeth's reign, when it went by sale to Manwood, from which name it was alienated to Sir Robert Lewknor, whose grandson Robert Lewknor, esq. in 1666 sold it, with other lands in this parish already mentioned, to Thomas Papillon, esq. of Lu benham, in Leicestershire, whose descendant Thomas Papillon, esq. of Acrise, is the present owner of it.
Oxroad, now usually called Ostrude, is a manor, situated a little distance eastward from North Eleham. It had antiently owners of the same name; Andrew de Oxroad held it of the countess of Ewe, in the reign of king Edward I. by knight's service, as appears by the book of them in the king's remembrancer's office. In the 20th year of king Edward III. John, son of Simon atte Welle, held it of the earl of Ewe by the like service. After which the Hencles became possessed of it, from the reign of king Henry IV. to that of king Henry VIII. when Isabel, daughter of Tho. Hencle, marrying John Beane, entitled him to it, and in his descendants it continued till king Charles I.'s reign, when it was alienated to Mr. Daniel Shatterden, gent. of this parish, descended from those of Shatterden, in Great Chart, which place they had possessed for many generations. At length, after this manor had continued for some time in his descendants, it was sold to Adams, in which name it remained till the heirs of Randall Adams passed it away by sale to Papillon, in whose family it still continues, being now the property of Thomas Papillon, esq. of Acrise.
Hall, alias Wingmere, is a manor, situated in the valley at the northern boundary of this parish, next to Barham, in which some part of the demesne lands of it lie. It is held of the manor of Eleham, and had most probably once owners of the name of Wigmere, as it was originally spelt, of which name there was a family in East Kent, and in several antient evidences there is mention made of William de Wigmere and others of this name. However this be, the family of Brent appear to have been for several generations possessed of this manor, and continued so till Thomas Brent, of Wilsborough, dying in 1612,s. p. it passed into the family of Dering, of Surrenden; for in king James I.'s reign Edward Dering, gent. of Egerton, eldest son of John, the fourth son of John Dering, esq, of Surren den, who had married Thomas Brent's sister, was become possessed of it; and his only son and heir Thomas Dering, gent. in 1649, alienated it to William Codd, gent. (fn. 7) of Watringbury, who was succeeded in it by his son James Codd, esq. of Watringbury, who died s. p. in 1708, being then sheriff of this county, and being possessed at his death of this manor in fee, in gavelkind; upon which it came to the representatives of his two aunts, Jane, the wife of Boys Ore, and Anne, of Robert Wood, and they, in 1715, by fine levied, entitled Thomas Manley, and Elizabeth, his wife, to the possession of this manor for their lives, and afterwards to them in fee, in separate moieties. He died s. p. in 1716, and by will gave his moiety to John Pollard; on whose death s. p. it came, by the limitation in the above will, to Joshua Monger, whose only daughter and heir Rachael carried it in marriage to her husband Arthur Pryor, and they in 1750 joined in the sale of it to Mr. Richard Halford, gent. of Canterbury. The other moiety of this manor seems to have been devised by Elizabeth Manley above-mentioned, at her death, to her nephew Thomas Kirkby, whose sons Thomas, John, and Manley Kirkby, joined, in the above year, in the conveyance of it to Mr. Richard Halford above-mentioned, who then became possessed of the whole of it. He was third son of Richard Halford, clerk, rector of the adjoining parish of Liminge, descended from the Halfords, of Warwickshire, as appears by his will in the Prerogative-office, Canterbury, by which he devised to his several sons successively in tail, the estate in Warwickshire, which he was entitled to by the will of his kinsman William Halford, gent, of that county. They bear for their arms, Argent, a greybound passant, sable, on a chief of the second, three fleurs de lis, or. He died possessed of it in 1766, leaving by Mary his wife, daughter of Mr. Christopher Creed, of Canterbury, one son Richard Halford, gent. now of Canterbury; and two daughters, Mary married to Mr. John Peirce, surgeon, of Canterbury; and Sarah. In 1794, Mr. Peirce purchased the shares of Mr. Richard and Mrs. Sarah Halford, and he is now the present owner of this manor. He bears for his arms, Azure field, wavy bend, or, two unicorns heads, proper.
The manor OF Clavertigh is situated on the hills at the north-west boundary of this parish, next to Liminge, which antiently belonged to the abbey of Bradsole, or St. Radigund, near Dover, and it continued among the possessions of it till the 27th year of king Henry VIII. when by the act then passed, it was suppressed, as not having the clear yearly revenue of two hundred pounds, and was surrendered into the king's hands, who in his 29th year, granted the scite of this priory, with all its lands and possessions, among which this manor was included, with certain exceptions, however, mentioned in it, to archbishop Cranmer, who in the 38th year of that reign, conveyed this manor of Clavertigh, with lands called Monkenlands, late belonging to the same priory in this parish, back again to the king, who that same year granted all those premises to Sir James Hales, one of the justices of the common pleas, to hold in capite, (fn. 8) and he, in the beginning of king Edward VI.'s reign, passed them away to Peter Heyman, esq. one of the gentlemen of that prince's bedchamber who seems to have had a new grant of them from the crown, in the 2d year of that reign. He was succeeded by his eldest son, Ralph Heyman, esq. of Sellindge, whose descendant Sir Peter Heyman, bart. alienated the manor of Clavetigh to Sir Edward Honywood, of Evington, created a baronet in 1660, in whose descendants this manor has continued down to Sir John Honywood, bart. of Evington, who is the present possessor of it.
Charities.
Jonas Warley, D. D. gave by will in 1722, 50l. to be put out on good security, the produce to be given yearly in bread on every Sunday in the year, after divine service, to six poor widows, to each of them a two-penny loaf. The money is now vested in the vicar and churchwardens, and the produce of it being no more than 2l. 5s. per annum, only a three-halfpenny loaf is given to each widow.
Land in this parish, of the annual produce of 1l. was given by a person unknown, to be disposed of to the indigent. It is vested in the minister, churchwardens, and overseers.
Four small cottages were given to the parish, by a person unknown, and are now inhabited by poor persons. They are vested in the churchwardens and overseers.
Sir John Williams, by will in 1725, founded A CHARITY SCHOOL in this parish for six poor boys, legal inhabitants, and born in this parish, to be taught reading, writing, and accounts, to be cloathed once in two years; and one such boy to be bound out apprentice, as often as money sufficient could be raised for that use. The minister, churchwardens, and overseers to be trustees, who have power to nominate others to assist them in the management of it. The master has a house to live in, and the lands given to it are let by the trustees.
The poor constantly relieved are about seventy-five, casually fifty-five.
Eleham is within the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the diocese of Canterbury, and deanry of its own name.
The church, which is dedicated to St. Mary, is large and handsome, consisting of three isles, the middle one having an upper range of windows, and one chancel, having a tower steeple, with a spire shast on it, at the west end, in which are eight bells, a clock, and chimes. Within the altar-rails is a memorial for John Somner, gent. son of the learned William Somner, of Canterbury, obt. 1695; arms, Ermine, a chevron voided. In the chancel a brass plate for Michael Pyx, of Folkestone, mayor and once high bailisf to Yarmouth, obt. 1601. Another for Nicholas Moore, gent. of Bettenham, in Cranbrooke; he died at Wingmer in 1577. In the middle isle a memorial for Captain William Symons, obt. 1674; arms, Parted per pale, and fess, three trefoils slipt. A brass plate for John Hill, dean and vicar of Eleham, obt. 1730. In this church was a lamp burning, called the light of Wyngmer, given before the year 1468, probably by one of the owners of that manor.
The church of Eleham was given by archbishop Boniface, lord of the manor of Eleham, and patron of this church appendant to it, at the instance of Walter de Merton, then canon of St. Paul's, and afterwards bishop of Rochester, to the college founded by the latter in 1263, at Maldon, in Surry. (fn. 9) After which the archbishop, in 1268, appropriated this church to the college, whenever it should become vacant by the death or cession of the rector of it, saving a reasonable vicarage of thirty marcs, to be endowed by him in it, to which the warden of the college should present to him and his successors, a fit vicar, as often as it should be vacant, to be nominated to the warden by the archbishop; otherwise the archbishop and his successors should freely from thence dispose of the vicarage for that turn. (fn. 10)
¶The year before this, Walter de Merton had begun a house in Oxford, whither some of the scholars were from time to time to resort for the advancement of their studies, to which the whole society of Maldon was, within a few years afterwards, removed, and both societies united at Oxford, under the name of the warden and fellows of Merton college. This portion of thirty marcs, which was a stated salary, and not tithes, &c. to that amount, was continued by a subsequent composition or decree of archbishop Warham, in 1532; but in 1559, the college, of their own accord, agreed to let the vicarial tithes, &c. to Thomas Carden, then vicar, at an easy rent, upon his discharging the college from the before-mentioned portion of thirty marcs: and this lease, with the like condition, has been renewed to every subsequent vicar ever since; and as an addition to their income, the vicars have for some time had another lease, of some wood grounds here, from the college. (fn. 11)
The appropriation or parsonage of this church is now held by lease from the warden and fellows, by the Rev. John Kenward Shaw Brooke, of Town-Malling. The archbishop nominates a clerk to the vicarage of it, whom the warden and fellows above-mentioned present to him for institution.
This vicarage is valued in the king's books at twenty pounds, (being the original endowment of thirty marcs), and the yearly tenths at two pounds, the clear yearly certified value of it being 59l. 15s. 2d. In 1640 it was valued at one hundred pounds per annum. Communicants six hundred. It is now of about the yearly value of one hundred and fifty pounds.
All the lands in this parish pay tithes to the rector or vicar, excepting Parkgate farm, Farthingsole farm, and Eleham-park wood, all belonging to the lord of Eleham manor, which claim a modus in lieu of tithes, of twenty shillings yearly paid to the vicar. The manor farm of Clavertigh, belonging to Sir John Honywood, bart and a parcel of lands called Mount Bottom, belonging to the Rev. Mr. Thomas Tournay, of Dover, claim a like modus in lieu of tithes.
November 18, 2010 - "Roles for Third Parties in Improving Implementation of EPA's and OSHA's Regulations on the Management of Low-Probability, High-Consequence Process Safety Risks" - Penn Program on Regulation, in conjunction with the Wharton Risk Management Center, hosted a conference regarding the usage of third party auditors in the enforcement of regulatory safety measures in high risk industries. Industries which experts call "Low-Probability, High-Consequence," such as nuclear reactors, oil refineries, or chemical processing plants, are specifically hoped to be improved by third party inspections safety. The conference brought together numerous participants from a variety of fields, including from government, industry, insurance, academia, and non-profit sectors. The conference consisted of a day-long discussion spread over three separate panels. Over the course of the conference, participants stressed the importance of implementing a third party system to effectively and thoroughly audit industry despite lack of adequate funds and resources. Other potential scenarios offered for enacting effective third party auditing included making sure that these third party auditors were completely independent from the industries they would be inspecting so as to eliminate bias or a conflict of interest. Another issue to consider is the question of whose authority would the third party auditors be under and what kind of enforcement power would they have to enforce industry change. One of the panel discussions brought up the potential linkage of third party audits with insurance companies so as to provide an incentive for industry to decrease safety risks in order to pay lower insurance premiums. Workshop participants included Isadore "Irv" Rosenthal, a Senior Research Fellow at the Wharton Risk Management and Decision Processes Center; Howard Kunreuther, James G. Dinan Professor of Business and Public Policy at Wharton and Co-Director of the Wharton Risk Center; Laurie Miller, Senior Director of Environment and Process Safety at the American Chemistry Council; Erwann O. Michel-Kerjan, Managing Director of the Wharton Risk Management and Decision Processes Center; Scott Berger, Executive Director of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers; Don Nguyen, a Principal Process Safety Management Engineer at Siemens Energy, Inc.; Mike Marshall, Process Safety Management Coordinator at the Directorate of Enforcement Programs at the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) within the United States Department of Labor; Cary Coglianese, Edward B. Shils Professor of Law and Professor of Political Science at the University of Pennsylvania Law School and Director of the Penn Program on Regulation; Bob Whitmore, Former Chief of OSHA Division of Recordkeeping at the United States Department of Labor; Jim Belke, Chemical Engineer at the Office of Emergency Prevention and Member of the Office of Chemical Preparedness within the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA); William Doerr, FM Global Research Area Director; Manuel Gomez, Director of Recommendations at the U.S. Chemical Safety Board; Tim Cillessen, Manager of Sales and Marketing at Siemens Energy, Inc.; Mike Wright, Director of Health, Safety, and Environment at United Steelworkers; Jennifer Nash, Affiliated Researcher of Nanotechnology and Society Research Group at Northeastern University and the Associate Director of the Mossavar-Rahmani Center for Business and Government, Executive Director of Regulatory Policy Program at Harvard Kennedy School of Government; Michael Perron, Senior Vice President of Willis Re New York.
He’ll emerge winning. Brian Austin Green will in all probability get spousal assistance in his separation and divorce from Megan Monk, TMZ reported with Monday, Aug. twenty four, and it’s caused by a medical condition.
Fox filed divorce documents the other day, a day immediately...
tsceleb.com/brian-austin-green-will-likely-get-spousal-su...
This math is killing me! I was never good in math and yet my performance in this subject will determine if I walk down the isle in my cap and gown in June. This book is a JOKE! it has the nerve to say "basic" on the front, if this is basci I hate to see what advanced looks like! My prof puts tricky questions on the exam like for instance: "A salmon swims upstream and thru a dam successfully. What is the probability that 2 salmon swim thru the dam successfully?" I was totally stumped on that question, I was almost in tears becuz I didnt have the slightest clue how to find the solution to the problem except: P(1 salmon) + P (2 salmon) and thats as far as I got!
This template is prepared for calculating standard normal probabilities quickly. 4 types of results corresponding different areas are given simultaneously.
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History
The church with the downed tower
History of joy and suffering of an old christian time witness of Vienna
The Minoritenkirche in Vienna is one of the oldest and most valuable artistic churches of the city. It is therefore not surprising that it also experienced a very eventful history. In all probability, the Franciscans were - how the Friars Minor (Thomas of Celano: "Ordo Friars Minor" ) also called on account of its founders personality, called by the Babenberg Duke Leopold VI the Glorious, in 1230 into the country. Here he gave them a lot, probably with a church (probably dedicated to St. Catherine of Alexandria), before the walls of the city, between the Scots Monastery (Schottenstift) and the ducal residence. It was not until 1237, and in 1271 the entire area was included in the extended boundary wall. The Minorite Barnabas Strasser says in his chronicle from 1766 that Leopold had asked on his return from the Holy Land in 1219 Francis in Assisi to the relocation of some brothers to Vienna, which was then carried out 1224. The Franciscans, however, are detectable only in 1234 by a bull of Gregory IX . to Frederick the Warlike, the last reigning Babenberg, by the year 1239 there was already the Austrian province. The above-mentioned chapel near the present Minoritenkirche the brothers have now expanded and dedicated it to the Holy Cross ("Santa Croce"). In 1251 the dedication was by the Bishop Berthold of Passau. In addition, the friars began to build a monastery, the 1234 is mentioned in a document (the monastery comprised finally the Ballhausplatz, Minoritenplatz and parts of the Hofburg and the Public Garden) . Of the original Romanesque building stock nothing has been preserved. Especially the great fire of 1276 has cremated large parts of the Convention.
However, the strong growth of the Friars Minor now living in Vienna made a new building of the church and monastery necessary. Already laid by King Otakar II of Bohemia in 1276 the foundation stone for the new building of that temple which was now already on the present site of the church, the monarch also promised tax exemption for all who had contributed to the building of the church.
First stage of construction (beginning in the third third of the 13th century.): So he decided to build new church and convent, but by the death in battle of Ottokar in 1278 at the March Field (Jedlespeigen close Dürnkrut) delayed the construction, thus only after the turn of the century it couldbe completed. The embalmed body of Ottokar remained 30 weeks in the chapter house of the monastery until it was transferred to Znojmo and finally to Prague. The king's heart is buried in the original Chapel of St. Catherine, which was now newly assigned this name because the appropriation should be reserved to the Holy Cross of Christ, the new church and the convent . This newly built house of God was given the shape of a two-aisled nave with zweijochigem (two-bay) long choir (chancel), which closed with the five sides of a decagon. This long choir, the one 1785/86 and changed into a five-storey residential building, was canceled in 1903. In connection with the subway construction (1984-86), although archaeological excavations took place, it also laid the foundations of the former free long-choir, but most of the foundations of the old presbytery were destroyed at the same time. - The first church had a rood screen, even at the turn of the 15th/16th Century the still resulting image of the Saint Francis was attached by an unknown artist. Just from this first phase, we know by the Baroque Minoritenchronik (chronicle) first mentioned the name of a builder, namely brother Hans Schimpffenpfeil .
Second stage of construction (after 1317-1328 ) Blanche (Blanche) of Valois, the wife of Duke Rudolf III . ( 1307) and daughter of Philip the Fair, in 1304 decreed in his will to build a chapel in honor of her grandfather, the Holy King Louis IX. of France (canonized in 1297) and introduced for this purpose in 1000 available books. However, the project was realized only under Isabella (Elizabeth ) of Aragon, wife of King Frederick the Fair (1330 ). The chapel dedicated to their relatives canonized in 1317, St . Louis of Anjou, son of Charles II of Naples, great-nephew of Louis IX . of France and Franciscan archbishop of Toulouse (1297 ); it was first a self- cultivation in the NE (north-east) of the two-aisled nave Minoritenkirche, until the third construction phase it was integrated into the nave (now the north aisle with Anthony's Chapel). In 1328 the chapel was apparently completed because in 1330 the founder - was buried in the chapel of Louis - in terms of her testamentary disposition. The tomb of Queen Isabella stood in the middle of the Kapellenjochs (chapel bay) in front of the apse. The tracery show similarity with those of the Albertine choir of St. Stephen (built by Duke Albrecht II [ 1358] ) as well as with that of the Sanctuary Strassengel near the Cistercian monastery Rein near Graz (around the middle of the 14th century.). Probably belonged to the tympanum with the donor portraits of Frederick the Fair and Isabella at the feet of the Mother of God, which was inserted in the third construction phase of the church in the secondary north portal, the original entrance to the Ludwig chapel. It must be mentioned that even the Duchess Blanche (1305 ) built around 1330 a high early gothic marble grave, which unfortunately disappeared in the course of the renovation of the church in the years 1784-86 by the court architect Johann Ferdinand Hetzendorf of Hohenberg. It would be in Vienna today the only work of art of this kind
Third stage of construction (from 1339 -1400): Construction of a three-aisled hall (originally nave chapel Ludwig). The north wall of the chapel was extended to the west and in the north portal installed a second yoke. In addition, it was built a new west facade, with especially the central portal - including was designed - with jamb - pompous like the French late Gothic - perhaps under South German mediation. In the obituary of the Friars Minor brother Jacob of Paris is called ( around 1340), the confessor Albrecht II as the creator of this work of art. The duke and his wife Johanna von Außenmauer MinoritenkirchePfirt have obviously significantly contributed to the emergence of Vienna undoubtedly unique late Gothic cathedrals three portal group, there is also a representation of Albrecht and his wife in the middle portal next to the cross of Christ. Together with the two for a rich Mendikantenkirche (Mendicity church) this equipment is also of French models (see Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris [after 1285] ) constructed in 1350-1370 with splendid rose windows (with "bright" and "rotating" tracery) to the south wall - unusually without a doubt. The workshop, which built the Ludwig chapel was also busy with the west facade ("Minoritenwerkstatt" (workshop)). 1350-60 or later today, finally, the bell tower was only partially built (as a builder is a lay brother Nicholas, 1385 or 1386 called ). The tower consists mainly of two parts, a lower part made of stone blocks to the height of the nave, and an upper, octagonal section of mixed masonry. Its crown had because of damage - especially been renewed several times and was eventually removed - during the Turkish wars . The consecration of the enlarged Minoritenkirche must have taken place about the year 1390. So that the church had received its valid look for the next time.
In 1529, during the first siege of the monastery and the church even more extensive damage suffering (launch of the spire). Since the monastery of the Observant (Franciscans) had been destroyed by the Turks, these sought to supplant the Franciscans in their convent, where John Capistrano, the founder of the "brown Franciscan" (Observant) in Vienna, lived some time in the Franciscan monastery and in the Church had preached, but eventually instructed the Emperor Ferdinand I the now homeless Observant buildings on Singerschen Platz. In fact, the number of Wiener Friars Minor has then shrunk to seven, so that they felt compelled to call Fathers from Italy. But that but could not prevent that the church from 1569-1620 war a Protestant church. Interestingly, originate numerous coats of arms on the balcony of this period. At that time the Conventual were only in the possession of Louis Chapel and the Chapel of St. Catherine. Also during the second Turkish siege in 1683 the tower served as an observation tower and the Minoritenkirche was accordingly fired by the Turks and severely damaged. In 1733 the tower is adorned with a copper dome, but because of the danger of collapse eventually had to be removed. It brought the church to that low pointed tiled roof, which still exists today .
More and more, the bands developed in the Minoritenkirche, especially Ludwig chapel and cemetery, grave sites of the nobility. Besides Blanche of Valois and Isabella of Aragon and Margaret, the last country Duchess of Tyrol, was named Maultasch ( 1369 ), is buried here, as well as members of Lichtsteiner, Ditrichsteins, Puchaimer, Hojo, Stauffenberger, Greifensteiner; Piccolomini, Medici, Cavalcanti, Montaldi, Valperga, etc. (many of them are listed in the "Libro d'Oro of the "Congregation Italiana"). It should also be mentioned that the Franciscans since the end of the 14th Century took lively interest in teaching at the University of Vienna, especially of course in the subjects of theology, but also the jurisprudence. At the beginning of the 18th Century lived in the Vienna alsoin the Viennese Convention the Venetian cosmographer Br Vincenzo Coronelli, which the Emperor Charles VI. appointed to head the regulation of the Danube and its famous globes are now in the globe collection of the National Library in Vienna.
It is worthnoting, finally, the fact that around 1543 on the Ballhausplatz near the Imperial Palace from parts of the monastery a small hospital was donated and that the Franciscans for 13 years did all the counseling in this new Hofspital, at this time was the newly restored Chapel of St. Catherine Hospital Church. Another wing of the former minority monastery was home to the Imperial Court Library, 1558-1613.
To Minoritenkirche the second half of the 18th Century brought drastic changes. This development was initiated by the fact that the naturalized Italians in Vienna founded an Italian congregation in 1625/26 under the guidance of the Jesuit priest and professor at the University of Vienna Wilhelm Lamormaini. By the year 1773, when the Jesuit Order was temporarily released their Italian trade fairs celebrated this "Congregation Italiana" in a chapel of the Jesuits at Bognergasse, near the old Jesuit church "Am Hof". But in 1773 that little church was by the imperial government requisited. Then the Italians found in St. Catherine Chapel at Ballhausplatz, which popularly still is referred as the Italian church - ie not only the Minoritenkirche - a new home. After a thorough restoration of the chapel was consecrated on 1 February 1775 ceremony in memory of the "Santa Maria Maggiore" to Rome in the name of "Madonna della Neve" (Mary Snow church'). The Holy Mass conducted Antonio Salieri (1750-1825), who was in 1774 chamber composer and conductor of the Italian opera in Vienna, from 1788-90 to 1824 Kapellmeister and Director of the Court Chapel. Pope Pius VI . visited during his stay in Vienna on Good Friday of 1782 the church "Maria Schnee" on the Ballhausplatz. But this state of the law was short-lived: in 1783 Emperor Joseph II shifted the Friars Minor in the former Trinitarian on Alserstrasse, and the Minoritenkirche was on the grounds that the chapel "p Maria della Neve" for about 7,000 Italians living in Vienna was too small, the Congregation italiana transferred to the condition that the Community had now to restore the Great Church (imperial decree of June 3, 1784). The richly decorated chapel "Madonna della Neve" went on an imperial property and was finally in the late 18th Century canceled. Also, the Franciscan monastery passed into state ownership: one is used for imperial and feudal law firms. The cemetery near the church was abandoned. With the greatest financial burdens now led the congregation from the imperial mission of the church renovation, the thorough repair of the church was entrusted to the court architect Johann Ferdinand Hetzendorf of Hohenberg (1784-1789). In order to cover the construction costs somewhat, were the old long choir (chancel) and the beginning of the 14th Century. (Consecrated in 1317 ) at the western end of the south side of the nave grown (and now defunct) St. John's Chapel (Chapel Puchaimische Kapelle ) converted into residences. The solemn consecration of the church under the name of "Madonna della Neve" took place on 16 April 1786, on Easter Sunday.
But soon was moving closer to the church the next hardship: In the years of the Napoleonic wars, the church should serve as a warehouse for straw, hay and for different equipment, so in 1809 also the forced evacuation of the building took place. Shortly after engaging the French eventually turned this into a provisions store. Two-thirds of the floor was smashed by the rolling of drums and by the retraction of cars. In the middle of the church a wide, tunnel-like cavity had been excavated and other parts of the floor destroyed a in God's house capped oven. Until 18 April 1810, the then Prefect of the Minoritenkirche received back the church keys. In 1825 died one of the most famous Kongregaten (congregats) of this century, namely, the composer Antonio Salieri, and on 22 June this year resounded in the Italian national church with the participation of the court chapel and the first Hofchores (court choir) the Verdi Requiem.
As the situation after the Napoleonic war turmoil in the mid-19th Century had normalized, Emperor Ferdinand the Good in 1845 donated to the "Congregation italiana" the according to the model of Leonardo da Vinci's famous fresco (1495-97) designed mosaic of the Last Supper, which the Roman Giacomo Raffaelli of 12 panels with a total weight of 20 tons by Napoleon's orders had made in the years 1806-1814, and was eventually bought by Emperor Franz for the Belvedere Palace. To that gave Emperor Ferdinand a considerable amount (8000 guilders) to allow the mounting of the work of art in the Minoritenkirche. The inauguration of the altar took place on 26nd in March 1847. In 1852 Emperor Franz Joseph came and soon the Crown Prince Franz Ferdinand in the "Congregation ". The former paid each year mostly coming from out of town fast preachers for the Church, in return he regularly received at the Festival of Lights (2 February) as well as on Palm Sunday the sacred candle or the olive branch.
The last major change in the church took place in the years 1892-1905 at the restructuring of the Minoritenplatz. Now two new courses, namely the Ballhausplatz and Minoritenplatz emerged, the houses adjacent to the church (former Long John's Chapel Choir and) were demolished. The former Franciscan monastery had to give way to the House, Court and State Archives. Even the church was given a new face, although the plans of the architect Viktor Luntz due to financial reasons only could be realized partially, there were clearly visible changes: Most noticeable to the viewer is undoubtedly the Gothic passage on the south side of the walled grave stones originated partly from the bands, and part of the adjacent once cemetery, as well as the above installed "Minoritenhaus". 1907 were placed in the tower four new bells cast in Trento, which is, however - with the exception of one, St. Anthony ordained, Bell - 1914 confiscated. The solemn consecration of the church took place on 4 Held in May 1909 in the presence of Emperor Franz Joseph. Due to the highly cooperative attitude of the Congregation towards the transformation plans of the City of Vienna Lueger, the mayor promised that the court should never be installed directly behind the church.
More important restoration work was carried out 1960-1962 (church affairs), in the last decade, as the outer walls have been restored.
About Minoritenplatz finally should be mentioned that the pastoral care of Italians after 1786 by each rectors appointed by the Archbishop was, from 1808 to 1813 was also here Clemens Maria Hofbauer who died 1820 and later was canonized working as a church rector. Therefore, there is also his monument on the north side of the church. Since the year 1953, and officially by the order of the archbishop Ordinariate of 1 December 1957 is the Friars Minor transmitted the pastoral care of the Italian community again, firstly the Fathers belonging to the Order of Padua Province while they are under the Austrian province today. In the year 2003, ie 50 years after the adoption of the pastoral care of Italians in the Minoritenkirche by the Conventual, that Francis statue was made, nowadays, it is located on the north side of the church, next to the Baroque cultivation.
(Text by Dr. Manfred Zips , Ital. Congregation )
amazingly enough, just a bit after finding a a four leaf clover the same person found a five leaf clover! this hurts my brain a bit. the odds of finding it are about href="http://blog.minitab.com/blog/real-world-quality-improvement/the-odds-of-finding-a-four-leaf-clover">1 in 1,000,000 clovers which is a square of about 1,000x1,000 clovers which is about 333"x333" or 27'x27'. so that's a manageable amount of search space but still, IT'S A MILLION CLOVERS! i mean, the actual odds of me picking put a 5 leaf clover out of a million clovers is nill. nada. zip. and yet i'm working side by side with someone who can do it like it's a parlor trick.
i asked him how he does it.
"i dunno, the irregularity sticks out."
so we've got a four and five leaf clover finding savant in the collective. my question is what are the odds of finding a 4 leaf clover and then a 5 leaf clover? it feels like a similar calculating the odds of rolling two successive yahtzees in two rolls but how do you factor in the visual heuristic?
Dr. Zdeněk P. Bažant - UM College of Engineering Seminars in Strategic Research Initiatives
The failure probability of engineering structures such as bridges, airframes and MEMS ought to be <10-6. This is a challenge. For perfectly brittle and ductile materials obeying the Weibull or Gaussian distributions with the same coefficient of variation, the distances from the mean strength to 10-6 differ by cca 2:1. For quasibrittle or architectured materials such as concrete, composites, tough ceramics, rocks, ice, foams, bone or nacre, this distance can be anywhere in-between. This necessitates a new theory of strength probability distribution. The recent formulation of Gauss-Weibull statistics derived from analytical scale transitions and frequency of activation-energy controlled interatomic bond ruptures is reviewed. Then, motivated by imbricated lamellar architecture of nacre, a new probability model with alternating series and parallel links, resembling a diagonally-pulled fishnet, is developed. After the weakest-link and fiber-bundle models, it is the third model tractable analytically. It allows for a continuous transition between Gaussian and Weibull distributions, and is size-dependent. Comparisons with histograms and size-effect tests support the theory.
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Muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus) on the north side of the Storm Detention Pond, near the west entrance to Thomson Marsh, Kelowna, BC.
Doing calculations of the probability that s/he's in danger....
The Hidden Law does not deny
Our laws of probability,
But takes the atom and the star
And human beings as they are,
And answers nothing when we lie.
It is the only reason why
No government can codify,
And legal definitions mar
The Hidden Law.
Its utter patience will not try
To stop us if we want to die:
When we escape It in a car,
When we forget It in a bar,
These are the ways we're punished by
The Hidden Law.
How many topics in physics are contained in a simple rainbow produced on the wall (and toilet) by sun shining through a plastic privacy screen?
Well...the light from the sun is composed of many different wavelengths...the distribution of which is dependent on the temperature of the star - which ours is centered on the the yellow. When the the light encounters an optically dense medium (glass or plastic in this case), the light is absorbed by the molecules and passed from molecule to molecule, the probability of which an absorption and emission occurs is described by Feynman's QED. The principle of least action (from D'Alembert and Lagrangian mechanics) finds the maximum probability amplitude, and hence the interaction that occurs, or the direction the light is refracted. The path of light through the medium is dependent on the wavelength and frequency of the light. One can back up to PAM Dirac's relativistic quantum mechanics, ingeniously melded Schrodinger's wave equation and/or Heisenberg's Matrix mechanics with Einstein's relativity, which determined that the only certainty in the universe is the speed of light. Everything else including Newton's fixed stars and time...TIME itself are mutable to make the speed of light constant in every situation. Dirac faced with the actual energy of a particle being the square root of the rest mass and its motion, devised a Hamiltonian that required matricies, later interpreted by Pauli as spin states of particles. Schoedinger and Heisenberg following Bohr's amazing leap of quantized orbits to describe Plancks description of light as quanta....actually they were named by Einstein to describe the photoelectric effect....but Planck needed the quantized description of light to explain the ultraviolet disaster of Rayleigh. Planck was working for the electric company to maximize the light output of municipal utilities at the least cost.... TBC
How many topics in physics are contained in a simple rainbow produced on the wall (and toilet) by sun shining through a plastic privacy screen?
Well...the light from the sun is composed of many different wavelengths...the distribution of which is dependent on the temperature of the star - which ours is centered on the the yellow. When the the light encounters an optically dense medium (glass or plastic in this case), the light is absorbed by the molecules and passed from molecule to molecule, the probability of which an absorption and emission occurs is described by Feynman's QED. The principle of least action (from D'Alembert and Lagrangian mechanics) finds the maximum probability amplitude, and hence the interaction that occurs, or the direction the light is refracted. The path of light through the medium is dependent on the wavelength and frequency of the light. One can back up to PAM Dirac's relativistic quantum mechanics, ingeniously melded Schrodinger's wave equation and/or Heisenberg's Matrix mechanics with Einstein's relativity, which determined that the only certainty in the universe is the speed of light. Everything else including Newton's fixed stars and time...TIME itself are mutable to make the speed of light constant in every situation. Dirac faced with the actual energy of a particle being the square root of the rest mass and its motion, devised a Hamiltonian that required matricies, later interpreted by Pauli as spin states of particles. Schoedinger and Heisenberg following Bohr's amazing leap of quantized orbits to describe Plancks description of light as quanta....actually they were named by Einstein to describe the photoelectric effect....but Planck needed the quantized description of light to explain the ultraviolet disaster of Rayleigh. Planck was working for the electric company to maximize the light output of municipal utilities at the least cost.... TBC
Bayesian 50% majority-rule consensus phylogeny of the Ascomycota based on rDNA.
Branches with posterior probabilities ≥0.95 are bold. MP bootstrap values ≥80% are red. Notably long branches are dashed. Column E: Ecological character – leaf endophytic (green), leaf epiphytic (yellowish green), or non-leaf endophytic (blue). Column M: Morphological character – fully developed (blue) or small/reduced (green). Exemplars of ascomata morphology and ecology of fungi are shown (Scale bar = 10 mm): A. Tar-spots of Rhytisma americanum on maple leaves (G.W. Hudler/Cornell University). B. Cudonia sp. (Z.W. Ge/HKAS). C. Chlorencoelia versiformis on fallen wood (Ed Bosman/Connecticut Valley Mycological Society). D. Heyderia abietis on fallen needles (J.H. Petersen/MycoKey). E. Fabrella tsugae causing needle-blight of hemlock (Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources). F. Neolecta irregularis on mossy ground (J. Plischke/NAMA). G. Taphrina deformans causing leaf curl on a peach tree (J. Conrad/backyardnature.net).
As outlined by research, muscle mass building helps to improve balance, reduce probabilities of falling, improve blood sugar, and enhance mental health insurance and sleep. Moreover, it allows you burn calorie consumption, even following the workout is conducted. Apart from weight training exercises, many experts are incorporating muscle building supplements inside their fitness method.
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