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The Nene or Hawaiian Goose is descendent from a wayward goose that landed on the Hawaiian Islands some 500,000 years ago. Those geese found favorable living conditions and never left the islands again. They developed into several different species of geese, of which only the Nene survives today. The goose in the photo demonstrates how, over time, these geese have lost much of the webbing between their toes. Since they don't need to travel great distances their wings are not as strong as their cousins, the Canada Goose, and since they spend more time on land than in water the have begun to develop stronger walking legs and less webbing than is characteristic of most geese. Change is inevitable and the animals that survive best are those most able to adapt and change themselves. #ILoveScience #ILoveWildlife #ILoveNature #ILoveBirds #Wildlife in #Hawaii #Nature in the #HawaiianIslands #Nene #HawaiianGoose #birds #Birding #Picoftheday #Photooftheday #wildlifePhotography
yesterday was my one year flickr-versary. so i decided to re-post the first picture that i uploaded a year ago. it's definitely my favorite dog shot.
One of the recurring themes during my trip were the wild variation of decorated bags I discovered on the Italian streets.
"One kind word can warm three winter months."
SX-70 film, not manipulated. I shot this last winter, just got around to digitizing it. I may try repairing the sky, but then it wouldn't be a real Polaroid. Anyway, I like it. This is what my town looks like in winter.
for womankind. I just got back from Nationals. As my daughter is probably retiring from skating after this event, I will also be retiring from figure skating photography. I was very glad to get this shot for my finale.
one of these days, I will start drinking coffee from glasses....
P.S.
no, I'm not complaining, I enjoy it :)))))
The Challenge Factory winner - IN THE KITCHEN challenge.
Square One focus tangles were watery these last weeks (Rain, Msst). Inspired by great ideas in the Facebook group.
Caprice - Cerisedolls Poulpy ~
From the first day, I had the idea of a little lady with several styles of wigs, because she's a "precious" character who likes varying her dresses and her hairstyles when she wants it. So, here is the first one of her news wigs, which is just perfect - a tentacular wig (Tentacle... Octopus, in french Poulpe... Poulpy ! OK, just kidding). The next one will be certainly a wig in the style of Marie-Antoinette, white with loops, with a bun, if I find one ! And this girl also got back the eyeco eyes of my Switch Soseo that I sold recently (no wasting, her said) which get better the light and which are less monochrome with her caramel skin.
Five cows lying out in a field in a line with the only black cow in the middle. Things like this will always catch the eye of a photographer.
Taking a walk around the city on my way home after my visit with the physiotherapist for my hand at the hospital. It is a hard place to get a good shot of the work because of all the buildings that surround it!
World-renowned street artist ROA has completed his large painting of a moa on the side of the Canterbury Museum in Christchurch.
The big black and white artwork on the northern wall of the museum was finished this week by the Belgian artist, who is known for his large pictures of animals.
ROA is one of about a dozen artists who have been commissioned to create works as part of the Rise street art festival.
The festival also features an exhibition at the Canterbury Museum of international and Kiwi street artists, work by British street artist Banksy and new work by Australian artist Ian Strange.
The exhibition has already proved to be one of the most popular in the
museum's history. More Info: www.stuff.co.nz/the-press/christchurch-life/art-and-stage...
Christchurch, January 3, 2014 New Zealand.
...maybe....
I am trying to think of some cheerful things right now instead of the suffering going on down in Kumamoto due the big quake and strong aftershocks.
I took this shot on my last day in Kyoto in early April, before the rain started again. This is the famous shidarezakura of Maruyama Park.
One of four former Reays CityHopper Buses to rejoin the fleet.
They will resume service in 2021.
MCV Evolution
One more shot from the same area is probably overkill, but hey, it's our photo album and this is a "we were here" photo. It's been days since we left Abiquiu and this photo still gets me. So much to see, such a grand scale, so much beauty all around...
Waste Management Dempster Recycle One on a Volvo WXLL chassis dumping commercial/school recycling at Clayton Ward Recycling Co. in Kennewick, WA on April 3, 2012
See this truck collecting residential recycling crates: www.youtube.com/watch?v=c9FsoZauBa4
See this truck collecting commercial recycling carts and dumping at the local recycle center: www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Lbd5a_dyZw
Sandal Castle is a ruined medieval castle in Sandal Magna, a suburb of the city of Wakefield in West Yorkshire, England, overlooking the River Calder. It was the site of royal intrigue and the setting for a scene in one of William Shakespeare's plays.
History
The Warennes
William de Warenne, 2nd Earl of Surrey (1081–1138) was granted the Sandal estates in 1107. The 2nd earl built the first Sandal Castle of timber. He supported Robert Curthose against Henry I and was banished from the kingdom for two years. Later he was given the Wakefield manor. William de Warenne, 3rd Earl of Surrey (1119–1148) spent little time at Sandal, having taken crusading vows and joined the Second Crusade. He had one daughter, Isabel de Warenne (1137–1199), who married William of Blois, son of King Stephen, who became the 4th earl. He died in 1159, leaving no children. Isabel, his widow, next married Hamelin (1129–1202), the 5th earl. He was the son of Geoffrey of Anjou and assumed the Warrene name on his marriage in 1164. Hamelin is thought to have built the early Norman stone fortifications at Conisbrough Castle and also begun to replace the wooden fortifications at Sandal with stone.
William de Warenne, 5th Earl of Surrey (1166–1240) married Maud Marshal in 1225. He was loyal to his cousin, King John and is one of the four nobles whose name appears in the Magna Carta for John. On King John's death in 1216 he supported Henry III. Maud de Warenne, William's widow, held the Wakefield Manor from 1240 until their son John de Warenne, 6th Earl of Surrey (1231–1304) came of age in 1252. John married Alice de Lusignan in 1247. In 1296 the 6th Earl was appointed warden for Scotland by Edward I and in 1299, the Earl and his royal master were triumphant over the Scots at the Battle of Falkirk.
William de Warrene (1256–1286) was killed at a tournament in Croydon pre-deceasing his father. His son John de Warenne, 7th Earl of Surrey (1286–1347) was born in the year of his death. John married Joan of Bar but lived adulterously with Maud de Nereford from a village near Castle Acre in Norfolk. In 1347, the 7th Earl died. His sons John and Thomas became Knights Hospitaller in the Holy Land, predeceasing their mother. The lands passed to Edward III. The Warennes had castles at Lewes in Sussex and Reigate in Surrey, Castle Acre Castle in Norfolk and Conisbrough in Yorkshire.
The Dukes of York
In 1347, Edward III granted Sandal to his fifth son Edmund of Langley who was six years old at the time. His elder brother John of Gaunt held Pontefract and Knaresborough Castles, Edmund was granted Wark Castle near Coldstream in the Scottish Borders, and in 1377 Fotheringhay Castle in Northamptonshire which was to become his home, and for the next 75 years the family seems to have spent little time at Sandal, leaving it to the management of constables or stewards.
In 1385 Edmund was made Duke of York as a reward for his support for his nephew, Richard II of England. He was succeeded by his son, also Edward who campaigned in Ireland and died at the Battle of Agincourt in 1415. Edward was succeeded by his nephew, Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York.
The Battle of Wakefield
Early in 1460, during the Wars of the Roses, Richard Plantagenet made a bid for the throne. He was initially not well-received, but an Act of Accord made in October 1460 recognised him as heir to the throne and named him Protector of the Realm. In December Richard went to Sandal Castle, either to consolidate his position or to counter Lancastrian dissent. He had an army of 3,000–8,000 men but on 30 December in the Battle of Wakefield, he was outnumbered and outmaneuvered by Queen Margaret's army, coming from nearby Pontefract. Richard suffered a crushing defeat and both he and his younger son Edmund, Earl of Rutland were killed (although only two months later Richard's eldest son Edward became king).
Richard III
The castle's last brush with royalty came in 1483 when Richard's eighth son (and twelfth child) Richard III chose it as a northern base and ordered significant investments. This hope was short lived however as Richard was killed in the Battle of Bosworth in 1485. After this the castle was maintained a little, but gradually declined, with the building of Wakefield Prison in the 1590s leaving it even less useful.
The English Civil War
During the English Civil War Sandal Castle was Royalist, although its neglected state left it out of the major conflicts. In 1645 however it was besieged at least three times by Parliamentarian troops. Butler recounts: Having been assured that they would receive a safe passage to Welbeck House in north Nottinghamshire they surrendered the castle at 10 o'clock on 1 October 1645. The garrison was then 10 officers and 90 men with two of the men called "seniors" implying that they were professional soldiers rather than just non-commissioned officers. They also surrendered 100 muskets, 50 pikes, 20 halberds, 150 swords and two barrels of gunpowder: no pieces of artillery are mentioned.
As a result of this capitulation, only Bolton Castle in Wensleydale and Skipton Castle remained in Royalist hands in Yorkshire, but Sandal "was the most resolute of all the three northern garrisons" and its fall caused great rejoicing among the parliamentarian forces. By the siege's end, it was a ruin. The following year, Parliament ordered that it be made untenable.
The castle
The motte at Sandal Castle
The castles built by William the Conqueror's followers were self-sufficient strongholds, some of which were tax-gathering points, some controlled the larger towns, river crossings or passes through hills. Two castles were built near Wakefield, one at Lowe Hill on the north bank of the Calder and Sandal on the south bank. The first castles were probably started and completed in the early 12th century by William de Warenne, 2nd Earl of Surrey after he had been granted the manor of Wakefield by Henry I.
Sandal and Lowe Hill were motte-and-bailey earthwork castles with wooden towers on the mound and baileys with timber palisades and deep ditches. Sandal is built on a natural sandstone ridge, the Oaks Rock. The motte was raised to 10 metres (33 ft) with the 7 metres (23 ft) deep moat surrounding it. Only Sandal survived and during the 13th century the keep, curtain wall and other buildings were rebuilt in stone, probably started by either the sixth or seventh Earls Warenne.[Timber motte and bailey castles were often converted into stone if they were in use for long periods; Sandal is a particularly good example of this.
The stone keep was circular with four towers each four storeys high; two of them close together formed a gatehouse, and the east tower contained a well, 37 metres (121 ft) deep. The double-walled keep would have had guardrooms, storerooms and servants' quarters on the ground floor, the main hall above and private apartments on the second floor. The tower rooms had garderobes, (lavatories) that discharged on the outer walls of the keep. The curtain wall was 6 metres (20 ft) high with a wall walk along its length, it enclosed the bailey and crossed the moat twice to reach the keep.
The barbican at Sandal was inside the bailey; it was a three-storey tower with a moat opposite two drum towers at the entrance to the keep, all of which were constructed in the early 1270s. The barbican with its own gate and portcullis added an extra line of defence between the main entrance gate and the keep. Attackers entering the barbican had to make a right-angled turn to enter the keep, which was protected by a drawbridge between the drum towers. A stairway from the barbican led to a sally port.
The bailey lay to the south-east of the keep with the main gatehouse on the north-east side. It was crescent shaped, about 71 metres (233 ft) long and 52 metres (171 ft) wide. Inside the bailey there was a 12 metres (39 ft) deep well and two privy shafts, one of which is 8 metres (26 ft) deep.
The ruins
The ruins were a source of stone for local building and became a place for locals to relax. They were depicted in the foreground of a drawing of Wakefield from the south by Samuel Buck in 1719 or 1722, and in 1753 an engraving was published of an Elizabethan survey drawing.
The ruins were first excavated by the Yorkshire Archaeological Society in 1893. A more detailed project began in the summer of 1964 and was a partnership between Wakefield Corporation, Wakefield Historical Society and the University of Leeds. This project started as an experiment in adult education, but with the help of over a hundred local volunteers it grew into a complete and rigorous excavation that continued for nine years. Whilst excavating the bailey, archaeologists found remains of flint tools suggesting a Mesolithic encampment was there in about 5,000 BC.
In 2003, a wooden walkway was provided to allow access to the summit of the motte without causing erosion: it was subsequently closed as unsafe. A visitor centre was constructed about 110 yards (100 m) from the castle. There have been historical re-enactments and "living history" days, including commemoration of the Battle of Wakefield and the deaths of Richard Duke of York and his son Edmund. In February 2015 Wakefield Council announced that due to budget constraints they were considering plans to either close the visitor centre or reduce its opening hours. The centre has since closed.
The castle is a Scheduled Monument, which means it is a "nationally important" historic building and archaeological site which has been given protection against unauthorised change. It is also a Grade II* listed building.
orange lines denote each quarter,
red lines assembly seams between the A, B, and C blocks, the D rectangle is added and joins the four quarters, Add E to Cwith partial seam, then finish all partial seams working clockwise round E square. End with the E partial seam.