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Tonight is improv regionals so I'm wearing my improv team T-shirt :) They were designed by my friend Freddie & printed on American Apparel t-shirts.
Black "imp/ro/v" shirt
Purple velvet blazer - thrifted
Black leather bag - H&M
Green pleated miniskirt - thrifted
Black leggings - H&M
Black rubber boots - Michael Kors
Green bracelet - gift
Iceland is a Nordic island country in the North Atlantic Ocean and the most sparsely populated country in Europe. The capital and largest city is Reykjavík. Reykjavík and the surrounding areas in the southwest of the country are home to over two-thirds of the population. Iceland is volcanically and geologically active. The interior consists of a plateau characterised by sand and lava fields, mountains, and glaciers, and many glacial rivers flow to the sea through the lowlands. Iceland is warmed by the Gulf Stream and has a temperate climate, despite a high latitude just outside the Arctic Circle. Its high latitude and marine influence keep summers chilly, and most of its islands have a polar climate.
Ginkgo is Doll Leaves Gabriel in white resin with factory faceup and DS special hands.
Sweater from Junipa on Etsy
Leggings from Swan20 Designs on Etsy
Boots for Tonner Matt from stores.ebay.com/Doll-shoes-outfits-wig-cross-stitch
Wig is carrot red mohair from www.kemperdolls.com/
This is Hut 8 at Bletchley Park. The exteriors. Hut 8 was where Alan Turing worked, and now houses a special exhibitons area.
It was the hut where the unit broke the German Enigma Naval messages, and where important figures such as Alan Turing and Hugh Alexander worked.
Hut 8 is Grade II listed.
BUILDING: Wooden hut, c.120m north-east of Mansion.
DATE: January 1940
ARCHITECT: Ministry of Works for Government Code and Cipher School.
MATERIALS: Brick sleeper walls supporting a timber frame clad with painted boarding, possibly asbestos. It has a felt pitched roof.
EXTERIOR: Hut 8 is a rectangular, single-storey building eleven bays (155 feet) long, aligned north-south, parallel with and east of Hut 1. Timber casement windows, some of them later C20 replacements. There is a doorway to either gable end (both with modern doors) plus two on the west side and one on the east.
Face-on spiral galaxy, NGC 2835, is split diagonally in this image: The James Webb Space Telescope’s observations appear at top left, and the Hubble Space Telescope’s on bottom right. Webb and Hubble’s images show a striking contrast, an inverse of darkness and light. Why? Webb’s observations combine near- and mid-infrared light and Hubble’s showcase visible and ultraviolet light. Dust absorbs ultraviolet and visible light, and then re-emits it in the infrared. In Webb's images, we see dust glowing in infrared light. In Hubble’s images, dark regions are where starlight is absorbed by dust.
In Webb’s high-resolution infrared images, the gas and dust stand out in stark shades of orange and red, and show finer spiral shapes with the appearance of jagged edges, though these areas are still diffuse.
In Hubble’s images, the gas and dust show up as hazy dark brown lanes, following the same spiral shapes. Its images are about the same resolution as Webb’s, but the gas and dust obscure a lot of the smaller-scale star formation.
More information: webbtelescope.org/contents/media/images/2024/105/01HMA4HH...
Read the feature: science.nasa.gov/missions/webb/nasas-webb-depicts-stagger...
Full set of images: webbtelescope.org/contents/news-releases/2024/news-2024-1...
NASA, ESA, CSA, STScI, Janice Lee (STScI), Thomas Williams (Oxford), PHANGS Team
Image description: Two observations of the galaxy NGC 2835 are split diagonally, with Webb’s observations at top left and Hubble’s at bottom right. The galaxy’s core is centered and the galaxy’s arms appear to rotate counterclockwise. The spiral arms appear muddled, but it is possible to pick out individual spiral arms. In Webb’s image, the spiral arms are composed of many filaments in shades of orange, with prominent dark gray or black “bubbles,” and the core is bright blue. In Hubble’s image, the spiral arms are a mix of bright blue star clusters and dark brown dust lanes, and the core is a pale yellow.
The Agra Fort is a UNESCO World Heritage site located in Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India. It is about 2.5 km northwest of its more famous sister monument, the Taj Mahal. The fort can be more accurately described as a walled city.
HISTORY
The present-day structure was built by the Mughals, though a fort had stood there since at least the 11th century. Agra Fort was originally a brick fort known as Badalgarh, held by Raja Badal Singh Hindu Sikarwar Rajput king (c. 1475). It was mentioned for the first time in 1080 AD when a Ghaznavide force captured it. Sikandar Lodi (1488–1517) was the first Sultan of Delhi who shifted to Agra and lived in the fort. He governed the country from here and Agra assumed the importance of the second capital. He died in the fort at 1517 and his son, Ibrahim Lodi, held it for nine years until he was defeated and killed at Panipat in 1526. Several palaces, wells and a mosque were built by him in the fort during his period.
After the First Battle of Panipat in 1526, Mughals captured the fort and seized a vast treasure, including the diamond later known as the Koh-i-Noor. The victorious Babur stayed in the fort in the palace of Ibrahim and built a baoli (step well) in it. The emperor Humayun was crowned here in 1530. Humayun was defeated at Bilgram in 1540 by Sher Shah. The fort remained with Suris till 1555, when Humanyun recaptured it. The Hindu king Hem Chandra Vikramaditya, also called 'Hemu', defeated Humanyun's army, led by Iskandar Khan Uzbek, and won Agra. Hemu got a huge booty from this fort and went on to capture Delhi from the Mughals. The Mughals under Akbar defeated King Hemu finally at the Second Battle of Panipat in 1556.
Realizing the importance of its central situation, Akbar made it his capital and arrived in Agra in 1558. His historian, Abdul Fazal, recorded that this was a brick fort known as 'Badalgarh'. It was in a ruined condition and Akbar had it rebuilt with red sandstone from Barauli area in Rajasthan. Architects laid the foundation and it was built with bricks in the inner core with sandstone on external surfaces. Some 4,000 builders worked on it daily for eight years, completing it in 1573.
It was only during the reign of Akbar's grandson, Shah Jahan, that the site took on its current state. Legend has it that Shah Jahan built the beautiful Taj Mahal for his wife, Mumtaz Mahal. Unlike his grandfather, Shah Jahan tended to have buildings made from white marble, often inlaid with gold or semi-precious gems. He destroyed some of the earlier buildings inside the fort to make his own.
At the end of his life, Shah Jahan was deposed and restrained by his son, Aurangzeb, in the fort. It is rumoured that Shah Jahan died in Muasamman Burj, a tower with a marble balcony with a view of the Taj Mahal.
The fort was invaded by the Maratha Empire during the mid 18th century. Thereafter, it changed hands between the Marathas and their foes many times. After their catastrophic defeat at Third Battle of Panipat by Ahmad Shah Abdali in 1761, Marathas remained out of the region for the next decade. Finally Mahadji Shinde took the fort in 1785. It was lost by the Marathas to the British during the Second Anglo-Maratha War, in 1803.
The fort was the site of a battle during the Indian rebellion of 1857, which caused the end of the British East India Company's rule in India, and led to a century of direct rule of India by Britain.
LAYOUT
The 380,000 m2 (94-acre) fort has a semicircular plan, its chord lies parallel to the river and its walls are seventy feet high. Double ramparts have massive circular bastions at intervals, with battlements, embrasures, machicolations and string courses. Four gates were provided on its four sides, one Khizri gate opening on to the river.
Two of the fort's gates are notable: the "Delhi Gate" and the "Lahore Gate." The Lahore Gate is also popularly also known as the "Amar Singh Gate," for Amar Singh Rathore.
The monumental Delhi Gate, which faces the city on the western side of the fort, is considered the grandest of the four gates and a masterpiece of Akbar's time. It was built circa 1568 both to enhance security and as the king's formal gate, and includes features related to both. It is embellished with inlay work in white marble. A wooden drawbridge was used to cross the moat and reach the gate from the mainland; inside, an inner gateway called Hathi Pol ("Elephant Gate") – guarded by two life-sized stone elephants with their riders – added another layer of security. The drawbridge, slight ascent, and 90-degree turn between the outer and inner gates make the entrance impregnable. During a siege, attackers would employ elephants to crush a fort's gates. Without a level, straight run-up to gather speed, however, something prevented by this layout, elephants are ineffective.
Because the Indian military (the Parachute Brigade in particular) is still using the northern portion of the Agra Fort, the Delhi Gate cannot be used by the public. Tourists enter via the Amar Singh Gate.
The site is very important in terms of architectural history. Abul Fazal recorded that five hundred buildings in the beautiful designs of Bengal and Gujarat were built in the fort. Some of them were demolished by Shahjahan to make way for his white marble palaces. Most of the others were destroyed by the British between 1803 and 1862 for raising barracks. Hardly thirty Mughal buildings have survived on the south-eastern side, facing the river. Of these, the Delhi Gate and Akbar Gate and one palace – "Bengali Mahal" – are representative Akbari buildings.
Akbar Darwazza (Akbar Gate) was renamed Amar Singh Gate by the British.
POPULAR CULTURE
- The Agra Fort won the Aga Khan Award for Architecture in 2004. India Post issued a stamp to commemorate this event.
- The Agra Fort plays a key role in the Sherlock Holmes mystery The Sign of the Four, by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle.
- The Agra Fort was featured in the music video for Habibi Da, a hit song of Egyptian pop star Hisham Abbas.
- Shivaji came to Agra in 1666 as per the "Purandar Treaty" entered into with Mirza Raje Jaisingh to met Aurangzeb in the Diwan-i-Khas. In the audience he was deliberately placed behind men of lower rank. Insulted, he stormed out of the imperial audience and was confined to Jai Sing's quarters on 12 May 1666.
- In the second expansion pack for the videogame Age of Empires 3, the Asian Dynasties, Agra fort is one of five wonders for the Indian civilisation.
WIKIPEDIA
The Bumblebee Hummingbird is the second-smallest bird known to be in existence - second only to the Bee Hummingbird. It averages 2.75 inches or 7 cm in length and weighing, on average, 0.1 oz or 3 grams. They are comparable in size to bumble bees and are lighter than a Canadian or U.S. penny.
Pokhara (Nepali: पोखरा) is the second largest city of Nepal after Kathmandu. It is the headquarters of Kaski District, Gandaki Zone and the Western Development Region. It lies 200 km west of Kathmandu; its altitude varies from 780 m to 1350 m. Three out of the ten highest mountains in the world — Dhaulagiri, Annapurna I and Manaslu — are within a linear distance of 50 km from the city. Due to its proximity to the Annapurna mountain range, the city is also a base for trekkers undertaking the Annapurna Circuit through the ACAP region of the Annapurna ranges in the Himalayas.
Pokhara is home to many Gurkha soldiers. It is the most expensive city in the country, with a Cost of Living Index of 95.
GEOGRAPHY
Pokhara is in the northwestern corner of the Pokhara Valley, which is a widening of the Seti Gandaki valley that lies in the midland region (Pahad) of the Himalayas. In this region the mountains rise very quickly and within 30 km, the elevation rises from 1,000 m to over 7,500 m. As a result of this sharp rise in altitude the area of Pokhara has one of the highest precipitation rates in the country (3,350 mm/year to 5600 mm/year in Lumle). Even within the city there is a noticeable difference in rainfall between the south and the north of the city, the northern part of the city situated at the foothills of the mountains experiences proportionally higher amount of precipitation. The Seti Gandaki is the main river flowing through the city. The Seti Gandaki (White River) and its tributaries have created several gorges and canyons in and around the whole city which gives intriguingly long sections of terrace features to the city and surrounding areas. These long sections of terraces are interrupted by gorges which are hundreds of meters deep. The Seti gorge runs through the whole city from north to south and then west to east and at places these gorges are only a few metres wide. In the north and south, the canyons are wider.n the south the city borders on Phewa Tal (4.4 km2) at an elevation of about 827 m above sea level, and Lumle at 1,740 m in the north of the city touches the base of the Annapurna mountain range. Pokhara, the city of lakes, is the second largest city of Nepal after Kathmandu. 3 eight-thousand meter tall peaks (Dhaulagiri, Annapurna, Manaslu) can be seen from the city. The Machhapuchhre (Fishtail) with an elevation of 6,993 m is the closest to the city. The porous underground of the Pokhara valley favours the formation of caves and several caves can be found within the city limits. In the south of the city, a tributary of the Seti flowing out of the Phewa Lake disappears at Patale Chhango (पाताले छाँगो, Nepali for Hell's Falls, also called Davis Falls, after someone who supposedly fell into the falls) into an underground gorge, to reappear 500 metres further south. To the south-east of Pokhara city is the municipality of Lekhnath, a recently established town in the Pokhara valley, home to Begnas Lake.
CLIMATE
The climate of the city is sub-tropical; however, the elevation keeps temperatures moderate. Summer temperatures average between 25 to 33 °C, in winter around - 2 to 15 °C. Pokhara and nearby areas receive a high amount of precipitation. Lumle, 25 miles from the Pokhara city center, receives the highest amount of rainfall (> 5600 mm/year) in the country. Snowfall is not observed in the valley, but surrounding hills experience occasional snowfall in the winter. Summers are humid and mild; most precipitation occurs during the monsoon season (July - September). Winter and spring skies are generally clear and sunny.
HISTORY
Pokhara lies on an important old trading route between China and India. In the 17th century it was part of the Kingdom of Kaski which was one of the Chaubise Rajya (24 Kingdoms of Nepal, चौबिसे राज्य) ruled by a branch of the Shah Dynasty. Many of the hills around Pokhara still have medieval ruins from this time. In 1786 Prithvi Narayan Shah added Pokhara into his kingdom. It had by then become an important trading place on the routes from Kathmandu to Jumla and from India to Tibet.Pokhara was envisioned as a commercial center by the King of Kaski in the mid 18th century A.D. when Newars of Bhaktapur migrated to Pokhara, upon being invited by the king, and settled near main business locations such as Bindhyabasini temple, Nalakomukh and Bhairab Tole. Most of the Pokhara, at the time, was largely inhabited by Khas (Brahmin, Chhetri, Thakuri and Dalits), the major communities were located in Parsyang, Malepatan, Pardi and Harichowk areas of modern Pokhara and the Majhi community near the Phewa Lake. The establishment of a British recruitment camp brought larger Magar and Gurung communities to Pokhara. At present the Khas, Gurung (Tamu) and Magar form the dominant community of Pokhara. There is also a sizeable Newari population in the city. A small Muslim community is located on eastern fringes of Pokhara generally called Miya Patan. Batulechaur in the far north of Pokhara is home to the Gandharvas or Gaaineys (the tribe of the musicians).
The nearby hill villages around Pokhara are a mixed community of Khas and Gurung. Small Magar communities are also present mostly in the southern outlying hills. Newar community is almost non-existent in the villages of outlying hills outside the Pokhara city limits.
From 1959 to 1962 approximately 300,000 exiles entered Nepal from neighbouring Tibet following its annexation by China. Most of the Tibetan exiles then sought asylum in Dharamshala and other Tibetan exile communities in India. According to UNHCR, since 1989, approximately 2500 Tibetans cross the border into Nepal each year, many of whom arrive in Pokhara typically as a transit to Tibetan exile communities in India. About 50,000 - 60,000 Tibetan exiles reside in Nepal, and approximately 20,000 of the exiled Tibetans live in one of the 12 consolidated camps, 8 in Kathmandu and 4 in and around Pokhara. The four Tibetan settlements in Pokhara are Jampaling, Paljorling, Tashi Ling, and Tashi Palkhel. These camps have evolved into well built settlements, each with a gompa (Buddhist monastery), chorten and its particular architecture, and Tibetans have become a visible minority in the city.
Until the end of the 1960s the town was only accessible by foot and it was considered even more a mystical place than Kathmandu. The first road was completed in 1968 (Siddhartha Highway) after which tourism set in and the city grew rapidly. The area along the Phewa lake, called Lake Side, has developed into one of the major tourism hubs of Nepal.
TEMPLES, GUMBAS AND CHURCHES
There are numerous temples and gumbas in and around pokhara valley. Many temples serve as combined places of worship for Hindus and Buddhists. Some of the popular temples and gumbas are:
Tal Barahi Temple (located on the island in the middle of Phewa Lake)
Bindhyabasini Temple
Sitaladevi Temple
Mudula Karki Kulayan Mandir
Sunpadeli Temple (Kaseri)
Bhadrakali Temple
Kumari Temple
Akalaa Temple
Kedareshwar Mahadev Mani Temple
Matepani Gumba
World peace pagoda
Akaladevi Temple
Monastery (Hemja)
Nepal Christiya Ramghat Church, established in 1952 (2009 BS), in Ramghat area of Pokhara is also the first church in Nepal.
LOCATION
The municipality of Pokhara spans 12 km from north to south and 6 km from east to west but, unlike the capital Kathmandu, it is quite loosely built up and still has much green space. The valley is approximately divided into four to Six parts by the rivers Seti, Bijayapur, Bagadi, Fusre and Hemja. The Seti Gandaki flowing through the city from north to south divides the city roughly in two halves with the business area of Chipledunga in the middle, the old town centre of Bagar in the north and the tourist district of Lakeside (Baidam) to the south all lying on the western side of the river.[38] The gorge through which the river flows is crossed at five places: K.I. Singh Pul, Mahendra Pul and Prithvi Highway Pul from north to south of the city. The floor of the valley is plain, resembles Terai due to its gravel-like surface, and has slanted orientation from northwest to southeast. The city is surrounded by the hills overlooking the entire valley.
Phewa Lake was slightly enlarged by damming which poses a risk of silting up due of the inflow during the monsoon. The outflowing water is partially used for hydropower generation. The dam collapsed in 1974 which resulted in draining of its water and exposing the land leading to illegal land encroachment; since then the dam has been rebuilt. The power plant is about 100 m below at the bottom of the Phusre Khola gorge. Water from Phewa is diverted for irrigation into the southern Pokhara valley. The eastern Pokhara Valley receives irrigation water through a canal running from a reservoir by the Seti in the north of the city. Some parts of Phewa lake are used as commercial cage fisheries. The lake is currently being encroached upon by invasive water hyacinth (जलकुम्भी झार).
Pokhara is known to be a popular tourist destination. The tourist district is along the north shore of the Phewa lake (Baidam, Lakeside and Damside). It is mainly made up of small shops, non-star tourist hotels, restaurants and bars. Most upscale and starred hotels are on the southern shore of the Phewa Lake and southeastern fringes of the city where there are more open lands and unhindered view of the surrounding mountains. Most of the tourists visiting Pokhara trek to the Annapurna Base Camp and Mustang. To the east of the Pokhara valley, in Lekhnath municipality, there are seven smaller lakes such as Begnas Lake and Rupa Lake. Begnas Lake is known for its fishery projects.
TOURISM AND ECONOMY
After the occupation of Tibet by China in 1950 and the Indo-China war in 1962, the old trading route to India from Tibet through Pokhara became defunct. Today only few caravans from Mustang arrive in Bagar. In recent decades, Pokhara has become a major tourist destination, it is considered as tourism capital of Nepal. In South Asia mainly for adventure tourism and the base for the famous Annapurna Circuit trek. Thus, a major contribution to the local economy comes from the tourism and hospitality industry. A lot of tourists visit Pokhara every year. Tourism industry is one of major source of income for local people and the city. There are two 5-star hotels and approximately 305 other hotels that includes five 3-star, fifteen 2-star and non-star hotels in the city.
Many medieval era temples (Barahi temple, Bindhyabasini, Bhadrakali, Talbarahi, Guheshwori, Sitaldevi, Gita mandir temple, Bhimsen temple) and old Newari houses are still a part of the city (Bagar, Bindhyabasini, Bhadrakali, Bhairab Tol, etc.). The modern commercial city centres are at Chipledhunga, New Road, Prithvi Chowk and Mahendrapul (recently renamed as Bhimsen Chowk).
The city promotes two major hilltops as its viewpoints to view the city and surrounding panorama, World Peace Pagoda built in 1996 across the southern shore of Phewa lake and Sarangkot which is located northwest of the city. In February 2004, International Mountain Museum (IMM) was opened for public in Ratopahiro to boost city's tourism attractions. Other museums in the city are Pokhara Regional Museum, an ethnographic museum, Annapurna Natural History Museum which houses preserved specimens of flora and fauna, and contains particularly extensive collection of the butterflies, found in the Western and ACAP region of Nepal; and Gurkha Museum featuring history of the Gurkha Soldiers. The city also has recently been adorned with a bungee jumping site (second in Nepal) titled Water Touch Bunjee Jumping. Also, a cable car service has begun construction joining Fewa Lake with World Peace Stupa led by the government of Nepal which is expected to boost the tourism industry of the place exponentially.
Since the 1990s Pokhara has experienced rapid urbanization, as a result service sector industries have increasingly contributed to the local economy overtaking the traditional agriculture. An effect of urbanization is seen in high real estate prices, which among the highest in the country. The major contributors to the economy of Pokhara are manufacturing and service sector including tourism; agriculture and the foreign and domestic remittances. Tourism, service sector & manufacturing contributes approximately 58% to the economy, remittances about 20% and the agriculture nearly 16%.
WIKIPEDIA
It is the first day of the second month of this project. You are 4 months, 11 lbs, a peanut. It is still cold and we can't go for walks. I hope one day you will like the stroller. Flora's Birthday is coming. She can't stop talking about that. Olivia is enrolled in middle school. Daddy is looking for a new job and we are dreaming about buying a house. I am usually not in the pictures, I promise I will.
CIA Wikipedia (of course it is Roman art as the word Byzantine was invented in the late 15th century long after the Basilca was built): The Basilica of Sant' Apollinare in Classe is an important monument of Byzantine art near Ravenna, Italy. When the UNESCO inscribed eight Ravenna sites on the World Heritage List, it cited this basilica as "an outstanding example of the early Christian basilica in its purity and simplicity of its design and use of space and in the sumptuous nature of its decoration".Contents [hide]
1 History
2 Interior
3 See also
4 External links
[edit]
History
The imposing brick structure was erected at the beginning of 6th century by order of Bishop Ursicinus, using money from the Greek banker Iulianus Argentarius. It was certainly located next to a Christian cemetery, and quite possibly on top of a pre-existing pagan one, as some of the ancient tombstones were re-used in its construction.
Sant'Apollinare in Classe was consecrated on May 9, 549 by Bishop Maximian and dedicated to Saint Apollinaris, first bishop of Ravenna and Classe. The Basilica is thus contemporary with the Basilica of San Vitale of Ravenna. In 856, the relics of Saint Apollinaris were transferred from the Basilica of Sant'Apollinare in Classe to the Basilica of Sant' Apollinare Nuovo in Ravenna.
The exterior has a large façade with two simple uprights and one mullioned window with three openings. The narthex and building to the right of the entry are later additions, as is the fine 9th century round bell tower with mullioned windows.
[edit]
Interior
The church is on a nave and two aisles. An ancient altar in the mid of the nave covers the place of the saint's martyrdom. The church ends with a polygonal apse, sided by two chapels with apses.
The nave contains 24 columns of Greek marble. The carved capitals of the columns depict acanthus leaves, but unlike most such carvings the leaves appear twisted as if being buffeted by the wind. The faded frescos depict some of the archbishops of Ravenna, and date to the 18th century. The lateral walls are bare, but were certainly once covered with gorgeous mosaics. These were likely demolished by the Venetians in 1449, although they left the mosaic decoration in the apse and on the, triumphal arch, the church's most striking features.
The upper section of the triumphal arch depicts, inside a medallion, Christ. At the sides, within a sea of clouds, are the winged symbols of the four Evangelists: the Eagle (John), the Winged Man (Matthew), the Lion (Mark), the Calf (Luke). The lower section has, at its two edges, depictions of the two cities of Jerusalem and Bethlehem, the walls showing precious gems from which twelve lambs (symbols of the Twelve Apostles) exit. The sides of the arch show two palms which, in the Bible's symbolism, represent justice; under them are the archangels Michael and Gabriel, with the bust of St. Matthew and another unidentified saint.
The decoration of the apse date to the 6th century, and can be divided into two parts:
in the upper one, a large disc encloses a starry sky in which is a cross with gems and the face of Christ. Over the cross is a hand protruding from the clouds, the theme of the Hand of God. At the side of the disc are the figures of Elijah and Moses. The three lambs in the lower sector symbolize the saints Peter, James and John, alluding the Transfiguration of Jesus on Mount Tabor.
in the lower one is a green valley with rocks, bush, plants and birds. In the middle is the figure of Saint Apollinaris, portrayed in the act of praying God to give grace to his faithful, symbolized by twelve white lambs.
In the spaces between the windows are the four bishops who founded the main basilicas in Ravenna: Ursicinus, Ursus, Severus and Ecclesius, all with a book in a hand. At the sides of the apse are two 7th century panels: the left one, which has been much restored, portrays the Byzantine Emperor Constantine IV granting privileges to an envoy of the Ravenna's archbishop. In the right panel are Abraham, Abel and Melchisedec around an altar, on which they offer a sacrifice to God.
The choice of the subject is closely linked to the fight against Arianism, as it restates the both divine and human nature of Christ, the latter negated by the arians. In addition, the representation of Apollinaris among the apostles was a legitimation to Maximian as the first bishop of a diocese directly related to the early followers of Jesus, being Apollinaris, according to the legend, a disciple of St. Peter.
The Basilica's walls are lined by numerous sarcophagi from different centuries. They attest the changes of style from V to VIII century: from reliefs with human figures of the roman sarcophagi, to Byzantine symbolism, to the increasing abstraction and simplification of these symbologies.
Из ЦРУ-шной Википедии
Сант-Аполлинаре-ин-Классе
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Материал из Википедии — свободной энциклопедии
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Сант-Аполлинаре-ин-Классе
Sant’Apollinare in Classe
Сант-Аполлинаре-ин-Классе
СтранаИталия
ГородРавенна
Координаты44°22′48″ с. ш. 12°13′57″ в. д. (G) (O)
Конфессиякатолицизм
Дата основаниявторая четверть VI века
Основные даты:
9 мая 549 года — Освящение базилики
Реликвии и святынимощи святого Аполлинария
Состояниевключена в число объектов Всемирного наследия.
Сант-Аполлинаре-ин-Классе на Викискладе
Бази́лика Са́нт-Аполлина́ре-ин-Кла́ссе (итал. basilica di Sant'Apollinare in Classe) — памятник ранневизантийского искусства в районе Классе в портовой части Равенны (Италия). Базилика построена во второй четверти VI века над могилой первого равеннского епископа святого Аполлинария. Базилика украшена самыми поздними из равеннских мозаик юстиниановского периода, сохранившимися в конхе апсиды. В 1996 году базилика в составе раннехристианских памятников Равенны была включена в число объектов Всемирного наследия.[1]Содержание [убрать]
1 История базилики
2 Архитектурные особенности
3 Внутреннее убранство
3.1 Мозаики апсиды
3.1.1 Конха
3.1.2 Стены
3.2 Мозаики фронтона
3.3 Крипта
3.4 Саркофаги
4 Примечания
5 Ссылки
6 Литература
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История базилики
Базилика была заложена епископом Урсицином во второй четверти VI века на месте захоронения Аполлинария Равенского. Строительство велось на средства греческого ростовщика Юлиана Аргентария (который финансировал также строительство другой равеннской базилики — Сан-Витале). Церковь была освящена 9 мая 549 года епископом Максимианом.[2] Главной реликвией церкви являются мощи святого Аполлинария, обнаруженные в ходе строительства. В 856 году из-за угроз вражеских набегов их перенесли внутрь городских стен в базилику Сант-Аполлинаре-Нуово.[3] В 1748 году мощи вернулись в базилику, их поместили в главном алтаре храма, а не в крипте где они изначально находились.
В течение VI—IX веков было создано мозаичное убранство базилики. В X веке к ней были пристроены придел, нартекс и ротонда-колокольня. После разграбления Равенны венецианцами в 1449 году первоначальные мозаики сохранились только в апсиде.
В марте 1001 года в монастыре, находившемся при базилике, провёл Великий пост император Оттон III. Для императора, изгнанного из Рима и глубоко переживавшего крушение своего замысла о восстановлении прежней Римской империи, Великий пост, проведённый в Сант-Аполлинаре-ин-Классе, стал временем духовного перелома. Наставником императора стал отшельник Ромуальд Равеннский, убеждавший императора уйти из мира в монастырь (сохранились его пророческие слова: «Если пойдёшь на Рим, то не увидишь более Равенны»[4]), и Оттон III всерьёз стал раздумывать об этом. Затем, под влиянием своих советников, Оттон III вернулся к политической жизни и стал готовить поход на Рим, но умер уже в следующем 1002 году [5]. В левом нефе базилики можно видеть мемориальную доску, напоминающую об этих событиях.[6]
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Архитектурные особенности
План базилики
Построена из тонкого обожжённого кирпича (48 х 4 см.), скреплённого раствором, белые полосы которого достигают в толщину 4-х см. Фасад декорирован лангобардской аркатурой: между плоскими пилястрами расположены небольшие двойные арки. Свет в здание проникает через высокие полукруглые окна фасада и многочисленные окна центрального и боковых нефов. Центральный неф завершает пятигранная апсида с пятью окнами, снаружи к ней примыкают прямоугольные пастофории (вспомогательные богослужебные помещения). Апсида приподнята над уровнем пола центрального нефа, к ней ведёт широкая лестница, построенная в 1723 году (отреставрирована в 1909 году).
Размеры базилики составляют 55,58 на 30,3 метра. Внутренне пространство разделено на три нефа. Центральный неф обрамляет колоннада из 12 колонн в каждом ряду. Они установлены на квадратные базы и увенчаны композитными капителями византийской работы с развевающимися ажурными листьями в форме бабочек. Серый мрамор с белыми прожилками для колонн был привезён из каменоломен горного массива Гиметт (Греция) или острова Проконессос (Мраморное море)[7]. Все колонны сходны и по исходному материалу, и по стилю обработки, что позволяет предположить, что они были заказаны для украшения именно данной базилики, а не изъяты из других, более ранних строений. Колоннада поддерживает аркаду над которой в медальонах в хронологическом порядке помещены фресковые изображения равеннских епископов, сделанные в XVIII веке. Нижний уровень стен базилики был изначально облицован мрамором, который был снят в XV веке по указанию Сиджизмондо Малатеста и использован при строительстве кафедрального собора в Римини.[8] На полу базилики, в её северо-восточном и юго-западном углах, сохранились фрагменты оригинального наборного мозаичного пола. Мозаика в юго-западном углу сохранила имена заказчиков данной работы: Гауденции и Феликса.
К базилике пристроена цилиндрическая колокольня высотой 37,5 метров и диаметром 6,17 метров. Она является типичной равеннской кампанилой: оконные проёмы имеют прогрессию створок — от одной до трёх.
Pickering Castle is situated on the southern edge of the North York Moors on a limestone bluff which formerly overlooked the meeting point of two of the main highways through the north of England: the east-west route along the Vale of Pickering and the north-south route through Newton Dale to Malton. The monument consists of a single area which includes the site of the 11th century motte and bailey castle and the 13th century shell keep castle. The former was built by William the Conqueror either during or shortly after the 'harrying of the north' in 1069-70. It consisted of an earth motte crowned by a timber palisade, flanked on the north-west side by a crescent-shaped inner bailey and, on the south-east side, by a contemporary or slightly later outer bailey. The inner bailey measured c.120m by c.35m and was bounded to the north by a steep natural slope surmounted by a palisade and to the south by deep 15m wide ditches linked to the ditch encircling the motte. The outer bailey, which measured c.185m by c.25m, was protected on the north side by these same ditches and, on the south side, by a 5-8m high palisaded bank with an outer ditch. To the immediate east of the outer bailey ditch a further earthwork bank may have provided additional defence on this side; alternatively it may be part of a medieval defence system associated with the adjacent settlement. The motte is c.20m high and has a base diameter of c.60m. It is not yet clear whether this is the original 11th century motte or a later medieval reconstruction. In the latter case, the earlier motte will have been preserved inside the later while, in addition, the buried remains of a wide range of domestic and service buildings will survive within the open areas of the baileys.
The reconstruction of the castle in stone largely took place between 1180 and 1236. There were three main phases to the work at this time, the earliest involving the late 12th century replacement of the palisade round the inner bailey with a curtain wall and also the probable construction of the first shell keep on the motte. In its present form the shell keep dates to the early 13th century but the foundations of the earlier wall will survive underneath. The remains of the early curtain wall still stand round the inner bailey, surviving best where the curtain was incorporated into later buildings. The earliest buildings so far identified are the early or mid- 12th century Old Hall, a free-standing residence whose surviving foundations show it to have been half-timbered, and the Coleman Tower, constructed at the same time as the inner curtain and an integral part of it. The Coleman Tower guarded the entry across the inner bailey ditch and was also a prison; hence its earlier name, the King's Prison. It was square in plan and had its entrance on the first floor, the level underneath being where the prisoners were kept. On the east side are the remains of a small building and also a stairway leading onto an adjacent wall. This wall, built across the motte ditch in the late 12th century, replaced an earlier palisade and provided access to the summit of the motte. A similar and contemporary length survives on the opposite side of the motte, crossing the ditch and joining the curtain alongside the later Rosamund's Tower. The keep consisted of a rubble wall enclosing a roughly circular area 20m wide. A wall walk would have lined the inside of the wall above a series of garrison buildings. The foundations of some of these buildings survive but it is not certain whether they date to the 13th or the 14th century. In some cases they will have replaced earlier timber structures whose buried remains will also survive. Also of uncertain date are the foundations of a number of buildings in the inner bailey, including a service range to the south-west and a group of buildings referred to as the Constable's Place in the accounts of the years 1441-43. The latter were half-timbered and some sections predate the inner curtain though others were clearly added later. A survey of 1537 lists a number of distinct structures, including the Constable's hall, a kitchen, buttery and pantry, and quarters for staff and servants. At the southern end of the group were a number of storage buildings, one of which is believed to have been the wool house. Two additional service buildings lay adjacent to the Old Hall and are thought, originally, to have been contemporary with it. To the south of these is the chantry-chapel which dates from c.1227 and is still complete though in a much altered state.
To the west of this is the early 14th century New Hall, initially built as a residence for Countess Alice, wife of Earl Thomas of Lancaster. This was later used as a courthouse which gave rise to it being named King's Hall or Motte (moot) Hall in later surveys. It was a penticed or lean-to building of two storeys which utilised the inner curtain for its outer wall. The inner walls were timber-framed and, as much of the surviving stonework is late 12th or early 13th century, it clearly replaced an earlier building. The upper chamber or solar of the 14th century hall was an elaborate plastered room with a decorated fireplace. The last major programme of building dates to 1324-26 when Edward II ordered extensive works to be carried out which included replacing the whole of the timber palisade round the outer bailey with a stone wall. This outer curtain included three projecting towers, a gatehouse with a drawbridge over the outer ditch and a postern gate which led from the north-east arm of the inner bailey ditch, underneath Rosamund's Tower and out onto the rampart. A second gate and drawbridge, built at this time alongside the Coleman Tower, had fallen out of use by the 16th century and can now no longer be seen. The three projecting towers, named from north-east to south-west, Rosamund's Tower, Diate Hill Tower and Mill Tower, are all square in plan and all would have led out onto the wall-walk along the inside of the curtain though, in the case of the Mill Tower, the curtain to either side has not survived sufficiently well to demonstrate this. The ground-floor entrance to the Mill Tower consisted of two doors linked by a short passage, in which the first door opened inwards and the second outwards indicating that the tower was built as a prison, a role it took over from the Coleman Tower. North of the Mill Tower, the outer curtain crossed the inner bailey ditch which can also be seen outside the castle walls on the west and north sides. This section of the ditch was part of the original 11th century defences and was quarried out of the rock on which the castle was built.
A levelled area alongside the inner edge indicates that quarrying of the rock-face continued after the ditch was cut. The quarried stone would have gone towards the construction of at least some of the castle buildings. Aside from its strategic and administrative roles, Pickering Castle had two other functions: to guard and manage the large forest which lay adjacent and to provide a court and place of detention for those found guilty of offences against it, such as poaching, unauthorised clearance and the theft of timber. The forest was an extremely important economic resource during the Middle Ages and its particular importance at Pickering can be seen in the great use made of wood in the castle buildings and also, most significantly, its continuous use in the defences down to the 14th century. Also important to the castle economy during the 14th century was the sale of wool, and it also had responsibility for managing the royal stud created by Edward II in c.1322. Possibly the stables known to have been located against the outer curtain at this time, between the gatehouse and Diate Hill tower, were connected with this. According to the Domesday Book, in 1086 the manor of Pickering was held by the king, that is, William the Conqueror. The castle established at this time as part of the subjugation of the rebellious North remained in royal hands until 1267 when it was conferred with the title Earl of Lancaster on Edmund Crouchback, younger son of Henry III. Edmund's son Thomas succeeded to both title and estates in 1296 but was executed for treason by Edward II in 1322, whereupon his estates reverted to the king. Following the unsuccessful Scottish campaign of the same year, and the ensuing retaliatory attacks on the north of England by Robert the Bruce, Edward ordered the building works noted above, clearly intending to keep Pickering a royal castle. However, in 1326 his son Edward III confirmed Henry, the younger brother of Thomas, Earl of Lancaster, in his brother's titles and estates, and, in 1351, the castle became part of the Duchy of Lancaster when that title was created. Upon the elevation of the House of Lancaster to the throne in 1399, and in 1413, the succession of Henry V, the Duchy reverted to the Crown and Pickering became a royal castle once again. It has been in State care since 1926. A number of features within the protected area are excluded from the scheduling. These include the ticket office/sales point and its paved base and steps, all English Heritage fixtures and fittings such as bins, bridges, safety grilles, signs, railings and interpretation boards, the surfaces of all modern steps and paths inside and outside the castle walls, lighting and the modern walls and fences round the outside edge of the protected area but the ground beneath all these features is included.
This is a replica of a car Mac's wife used to own. The chassis fit so poorly that Mac had to just about cut it off to make it fit. The body was okay. There is nothing in the engine bay except a block. He painted it with Jade Green paint from a rattle can and used auto 2K clear as a finish coat. He also used Bare Metal Foil , washes, and after market gauges and decals to finish his "out of the box" build. He was able to remove some over sprayed paint from the foil with a Q-Tip.
Hajto is the pseudonym of Nicola Cristaldi, politician who was also mayor of Mazara del Vallo.
Hajto est le pseudonyme de Nicola Cristaldi, politicien qui a ete aussi le maire de Mazara del Vallo.
Hajto" è inoltre lo pseudonimo con il quale Nicola Cristaldi firma le sue opere. Pittura, scultura e ceramica sono i campi in cui si misura, fin dagli anni settanta, come artista. Hajto ha partecipato a mostre in varie parti del mondo e sue opere sono conservate in collezioni pubbliche e private. Come ceramista ha contribuito al recupero dei vicoli della città di Calatafimi Segesta e del centro storico di Mazara del Vallo.[
Spectators enjoy the game of Olympic Basketball with Kobe Bryant, LeBron James and the rest of the American Olympic Basketball Team,
Green Olympic Symbol is shared by competitors visitors and the Olympic Family - Join the FUN,
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RECIPE TO SAVE THE WORLD
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Start now and share the 3 finger "Peace Plus One" Sustainability Symbol with those you love and care about. We only have one life-sustaining planet... what are you doing to keep it liveable?
It's really EASY!
Understand that the Sustainability Symbol represents a PERSONAL INTEREST in living a good and prosperous life - a life of balance in 3 dimensions - Society, the Environment and the Economy - or if you like "People, Planet and Profit" ... and share the Sustainability Symbol and its meaning with at least 3 friends..
... that's it! that's all you have to do!
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RECIPE FOR "PEACE PLUS ONE"
www.PeacePlusOne.com (English)
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1.) Make the "Peace" sign in the old boring way,
2.) add ONE finger,
voila!
3.) Peace, Plus One... the 3 finger Sustainability Salute! Cool!
(Now get someone to take a photo of you, and add it to your online photo account... tell us about it and we'll share the link!)
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BE A CLIMATE CHANGE AGENT
- - - - ---- - - - - -
BECOME A CLIMATE CHANGE AMBASSADOR
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If you would like to learn more, and become a Climate Change Agent (or even be appointed a Climate Change Ambassador for your country!!) check out
or
Leave the train wreck behind, stop thinking with a negative, disaster mentality...- take control of your life, and spread the good news that WE the People will make the new sustainable world happen.
We'll do it by sharing meaningful ideas,
we'll do it by cooperating with each other,
we'll do it by becoming our own leaders and decision-makers,
and following what we know is right for us and for the world.
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WEALTH , WISDOM, WELLNESS
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Participate with the Institute for Sustainable Development in Commerce,
and we'll help you get a better job, live healthier and longer,
be respected and admired by everyone around you,
and PROFIT BY BEING PART OF THE SOLUTION, not the problem.
Other sites where you can find information on Climate Change Agents and the history of the Sustainability Symbol:
www.PeacePlusOne.cn (Chinese)
www.PeacePlusOne.com (English)
This is where the SMJ once crossed the West Coast main Line on a lattice bridge, removed in 1960. We walked from Ravenstone Jct - Towcester - Blisworth on April 29 1966. This view looks west and you can just make out the spur from the SMJ to Roade station on the right, above the main line. In the middle distance, where the fence widens, there was a signal box, removed many years ago. Copyright John Evans - no unauthorised copying or use.
CicLAvia is a 501(c)3 non-profit that catalyzes vibrant public spaces, active transportation, and good health through car-free streets. CicLAvia engages with people to transform our relationship with our communities and with each other.
Inspired by Bogotá’s weekly ciclovía, CicLAvia temporarily closes streets to car traffic and opens them to Angelenos to use as a public park. Free for all, CicLAvia connects communities to each other across an expansive city, creating a safe place to bike, walk, skate, roll, and dance through Los Angeles County.
This is a mural by Helena on St. Louis' Mural Mile.
I'm not sure what CISA is referring to here. What comes to my mind is the cyber protection part of the U.S. government's Homeland Security–i.e. the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency that helps stave off private and nation-state sponsored cyber attacks (yes, North Korea, I'm talking about you). But I doubt if that is what is meant here, although the guy (Bone?!?) does look like the hacker / anti-hacker nerd type. (It's those shoes and that hoodie😉). And that Bone box with those wide-open surveilling eyes does look strangely like a computer/server box.
Hmm, on second thought maybe I have something. This artwork is a salute to our nerdy anti-hacker champions whose skills quietly keep us safe. Bones, start listening to your parents. Take a little time off of the computer and eat a real meal.
Of course, I could be wrong. CISA could just as easily mean Coloradans In Search of Aardvarks. It could also be a name.
I dreamed about a human being is is part of a project exploring the use of artificial intelligence as applied to photography by using online open source code and data.
More information at fransimo.info/?p=1100
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Tana Toraja Regency (Indonesian for Torajaland or Land of the Toraja, abbreviated Tator) is a regency (kabupaten) of South Sulawesi Province of Indonesia, and home to the Toraja ethnic group. The local government seat is in Makale, while the center of Toraja culture is in Rantepao. But now, Tana Toraja has been divided to two regencies that consist of Tana Toraja with its capital at Makale and North toraja with its capital at Rantepao.
The Tana Toraja boundary was determined by the Dutch East Indies government in 1909. In 1926, Tana Toraja was under the administration of Bugis state, Luwu. The regentschap (or regency) status was given on 8 October 1946, the last regency given by the Dutch. Since 1984, Tana Toraja has been named as the second tourist destination after Bali by the Ministry of Tourism, Indonesia. Since then, hundreds of thousands of foreign visitors have visited this regency. In addition, numerous Western anthropologists have come to Tana Toraja to study the indigenous culture and people of Toraja.
GEOGRAPHY
Tana Toraja is centrally placed in the island of Sulawesi, 300 km north of Makassar, the provincial capital of South Sulawesi. It lies between latitude of 2°-3° South and longitude 119°-120° East (center: 3°S 120°ECoordinates: 3°S 120°E). The total area (since the separation of the new regency of North Toraja) is 2,054.30 km², about 4.4% of the total area of South Sulawesi province. The topography of Tana Toraja is mountainous; its minimum elevation is 150 m, while the maximum is 3,083 above the sea level.
ADMINISTRATION
Tana Toraja Regency in 2010 comprised nineteen administrative Districts (Kecamatan), tabulated below with their 2010 Census population.
The Torajans are an ethnic group indigenous to a mountainous region of South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Their population is approximately 1,100,000, of whom 450,000 live in the regency of Tana Toraja ("Land of Toraja").[1] Most of the population is Christian, and others are Muslim or have local animist beliefs known as aluk ("the way"). The Indonesian government has recognised this animistic belief as Aluk To Dolo ("Way of the Ancestors").
The word Toraja comes from the Buginese language term to riaja, meaning "people of the uplands". The Dutch colonial government named the people Toraja in 1909. Torajans are renowned for their elaborate funeral rites, burial sites carved into rocky cliffs, massive peaked-roof traditional houses known as tongkonan, and colourful wood carvings. Toraja funeral rites are important social events, usually attended by hundreds of people and lasting for several days.
Before the 20th century, Torajans lived in autonomous villages, where they practised animism and were relatively untouched by the outside world. In the early 1900s, Dutch missionaries first worked to convert Torajan highlanders to Christianity. When the Tana Toraja regency was further opened to the outside world in the 1970s, it became an icon of tourism in Indonesia: it was exploited by tourism development and studied by anthropologists. By the 1990s, when tourism peaked, Toraja society had changed significantly, from an agrarian model—in which social life and customs were outgrowths of the Aluk To Dolo—to a largely Christian society. Today, tourism and remittances from migrant Torajans have made for major changes in the Toraja highland, giving the Toraja a celebrity status within Indonesia and enhancing Toraja ethnic group pride.
ETHNIC IDENTITY
The Torajan people had little notion of themselves as a distinct ethnic group before the 20th century. Before Dutch colonisation and Christianisation, Torajans, who lived in highland areas, identified with their villages and did not share a broad sense of identity. Although complexes of rituals created linkages between highland villages, there were variations in dialects, differences in social hierarchies, and an array of ritual practices in the Sulawesi highland region. "Toraja" (from the coastal languages' to, meaning people; and riaja, uplands) was first used as a lowlander expression for highlanders. As a result, "Toraja" initially had more currency with outsiders—such as the Bugis and Makassarese, who constitute a majority of the lowland of Sulawesi—than with insiders. The Dutch missionaries' presence in the highlands gave rise to the Toraja ethnic consciousness in the Sa'dan Toraja region, and this shared identity grew with the rise of tourism in the Tana Toraja Regency. Since then, South Sulawesi has four main ethnic groups—the Bugis (the majority, including shipbuilders and seafarers), the Makassarese (lowland traders and seafarers), the Mandarese (traders and fishermen), and the Toraja (highland rice cultivators).
HISTORY
From the 17th century, the Dutch established trade and political control on Sulawesi through the Dutch East Indies Company. Over two centuries, they ignored the mountainous area in the central Sulawesi, where Torajans lived, because access was difficult and it had little productive agricultural land. In the late 19th century, the Dutch became increasingly concerned about the spread of Islam in the south of Sulawesi, especially among the Makassarese and Bugis peoples. The Dutch saw the animist highlanders as potential Christians. In the 1920s, the Reformed Missionary Alliance of the Dutch Reformed Church began missionary work aided by the Dutch colonial government. In addition to introducing Christianity, the Dutch abolished slavery and imposed local taxes. A line was drawn around the Sa'dan area and called Tana Toraja ("the land of Toraja"). Tana Toraja was first a subdivision of the Luwu kingdom that had claimed the area. In 1946, the Dutch granted Tana Toraja a regentschap, and it was recognised in 1957 as one of the regencies of Indonesia.
Early Dutch missionaries faced strong opposition among Torajans, especially among the elite, because the abolition of their profitable slave trade had angered them. Some Torajans were forcibly relocated to the lowlands by the Dutch, where they could be more easily controlled. Taxes were kept high, undermining the wealth of the elites. Ultimately, the Dutch influence did not subdue Torajan culture, and only a few Torajans were converted. In 1950, only 10% of the population had converted to Christianity.
In the 1930s, Muslim lowlanders attacked the Torajans, resulting in widespread Christian conversion among those who sought to align themselves with the Dutch for political protection and to form a movement against the Bugis and Makassarese Muslims. Between 1951 and 1965 (following Indonesian independence), southern Sulawesi faced a turbulent period as the Darul Islam separatist movement fought for an Islamic state in Sulawesi. The 15 years of guerrilla warfare led to massive conversions to Christianity.
Alignment with the Indonesian government, however, did not guarantee safety for the Torajans. In 1965, a presidential decree required every Indonesian citizen to belong to one of five officially recognised religions: Islam, Christianity (Protestantism and Catholicism), Hinduism, or Buddhism. The Torajan religious belief (aluk) was not legally recognised, and the Torajans raised their voices against the law. To make aluk accord with the law, it had to be accepted as part of one of the official religions. In 1969, Aluk To Dolo ("the way of ancestors") was legalised as a sect of Agama Hindu Dharma, the official name of Hinduism in Indonesia.
SOCIETY
There are three main types of affiliation in Toraja society: family, class and religion.
FAMILY AFFILIATION
Family is the primary social and political grouping in Torajan society. Each village is one extended family, the seat of which is the tongkonan, a traditional Torajan house. Each tongkonan has a name, which becomes the name of the village. The familial dons maintain village unity. Marriage between distant cousins (fourth cousins and beyond) is a common practice that strengthens kinship. Toraja society prohibits marriage between close cousins (up to and including the third cousin)—except for nobles, to prevent the dispersal of property. Kinship is actively reciprocal, meaning that the extended family helps each other farm, share buffalo rituals, and pay off debts.
Each person belongs to both the mother's and the father's families, the only bilateral family line in Indonesia. Children, therefore, inherit household affiliation from both mother and father, including land and even family debts. Children's names are given on the basis of kinship, and are usually chosen after dead relatives. Names of aunts, uncles and cousins are commonly referred to in the names of mothers, fathers and siblings.
Before the start of the formal administration of Toraja villages by the Tana Toraja Regency, each Toraja village was autonomous. In a more complex situation, in which one Toraja family could not handle their problems alone, several villages formed a group; sometimes, villages would unite against other villages. Relationship between families was expressed through blood, marriage, and shared ancestral houses (tongkonan), practically signed by the exchange of water buffalo and pigs on ritual occasions. Such exchanges not only built political and cultural ties between families but defined each person's place in a social hierarchy: who poured palm wine, who wrapped a corpse and prepared offerings, where each person could or could not sit, what dishes should be used or avoided, and even what piece of meat constituted one's share.
CLASS AFFILIATION
In early Toraja society, family relationships were tied closely to social class. There were three strata: nobles, commoners, and slaves (slavery was abolished in 1909 by the Dutch East Indies government). Class was inherited through the mother. It was taboo, therefore, to marry "down" with a woman of lower class. On the other hand, marrying a woman of higher class could improve the status of the next generation. The nobility's condescending attitude toward the commoners is still maintained today for reasons of family prestige.
Nobles, who were believed to be direct descendants of the descended person from heaven, lived in tongkonans, while commoners lived in less lavish houses (bamboo shacks called banua). Slaves lived in small huts, which had to be built around their owner's tongkonan. Commoners might marry anyone, but nobles preferred to marry in-family to maintain their status. Sometimes nobles married Bugis or Makassarese nobles. Commoners and slaves were prohibited from having death feasts. Despite close kinship and status inheritance, there was some social mobility, as marriage or change in wealth could affect an individuals status. Wealth was counted by the ownership of water buffaloes.
Slaves in Toraja society were family property. Sometimes Torajans decided to become slaves when they incurred a debt, pledging to work as payment. Slaves could be taken during wars, and slave trading was common. Slaves could buy their freedom, but their children still inherited slave status. Slaves were prohibited from wearing bronze or gold, carving their houses, eating from the same dishes as their owners, or having sex with free women—a crime punishable by death.
RELIGIOUS AFFILATION
Toraja's indigenous belief system is polytheistic animism, called aluk, or "the way" (sometimes translated as "the law"). In the Toraja myth, the ancestors of Torajan people came down from heaven using stairs, which were then used by the Torajans as a communication medium with Puang Matua, the Creator. The cosmos, according to aluk, is divided into the upper world (heaven), the world of man (earth), and the underworld. At first, heaven and earth were married, then there was a darkness, a separation, and finally the light. Animals live in the underworld, which is represented by rectangular space enclosed by pillars, the earth is for mankind, and the heaven world is located above, covered with a saddle-shaped roof. Other Toraja gods include Pong Banggai di Rante (god of Earth), Indo' Ongon-Ongon (a goddess who can cause earthquakes), Pong Lalondong (god of death), and Indo' Belo Tumbang (goddess of medicine); there are many more.
The earthly authority, whose words and actions should be cleaved to both in life (agriculture) and death (funerals), is called to minaa (an aluk priest). Aluk is not just a belief system; it is a combination of law, religion, and habit. Aluk governs social life, agricultural practices, and ancestral rituals. The details of aluk may vary from one village to another. One common law is the requirement that death and life rituals be separated. Torajans believe that performing death rituals might ruin their corpses if combined with life rituals. The two rituals are equally important. During the time of the Dutch missionaries, Christian Torajans were prohibited from attending or performing life rituals, but were allowed to perform death rituals. Consequently, Toraja's death rituals are still practised today, while life rituals have diminished.
CULTURE
TONGKONAN
Tongkonan are the traditional Torajan ancestral houses. They stand high on wooden piles, topped with a layered split-bamboo roof shaped in a sweeping curved arc, and they are incised with red, black, and yellow detailed wood carvings on the exterior walls. The word "tongkonan" comes from the Torajan tongkon ("to sit").
Tongkonan are the center of Torajan social life. The rituals associated with the tongkonan are important expressions of Torajan spiritual life, and therefore all family members are impelled to participate, because symbolically the tongkonan represents links to their ancestors and to living and future kin. According to Torajan myth, the first tongkonan was built in heaven on four poles, with a roof made of Indian cloth. When the first Torajan ancestor descended to earth, he imitated the house and held a large ceremony.
The construction of a tongkonan is laborious work and is usually done with the help of the extended family. There are three types of tongkonan. The tongkonan layuk is the house of the highest authority, used as the "center of government". The tongkonan pekamberan belongs to the family members who have some authority in local traditions. Ordinary family members reside in the tongkonan batu. The exclusivity to the nobility of the tongkonan is diminishing as many Torajan commoners find lucrative employment in other parts of Indonesia. As they send back money to their families, they enable the construction of larger tongkonan.
Architecture in the style of a tongkonan is still very common. Various administration buildings were built in this style in recent years, e.g. the Kecamatan building in Rantepao.
WOOD CARVINGS
To express social and religious concepts, Torajans carve wood, calling it Pa'ssura (or "the writing"). Wood carvings are therefore Toraja's cultural manifestation.
Each carving receives a special name, and common motifs are animals and plants that symbolise some virtue. For example, water plants and animals, such as crabs, tadpoles and water weeds, are commonly found to symbolise fertility. In some areas noble elders claim these symbols refer to strength of noble family, but not everyone agrees. The overall meaning of groups of carved motifs on houses remains debated and tourism has further complicated these debates because some feel a uniform explanation must be presented to tourists. Torajan wood carvings are composed of numerous square panels, each of which can represent various things, for example buffaloes as a wish of wealth for the family; a knot and a box, symbolizing the hope that all of the family's offspring will be happy and live in harmony; aquatic animals, indicating the need for fast and hard work, just like moving on the surface of water.
Regularity and order are common features in Toraja wood carving (see table below), as well as abstracts and geometrical designs. Nature is frequently used as the basis of Toraja's ornaments, because nature is full of abstractions and geometries with regularities and ordering. Toraja's ornaments have been studied in ethnomathematics to reveal their mathematical structure, but Torajans base this art only on approximations. To create an ornament, bamboo sticks are used as a geometrical tool.
FUNERAL RITES
In Toraja society, the funeral ritual is the most elaborate and expensive event. The richer and more powerful the individual, the more expensive is the funeral. In the aluk religion, only nobles have the right to have an extensive death feast. The death feast of a nobleman is usually attended by thousands and lasts for several days. A ceremonial site, called rante, is usually prepared in a large, grassy field where shelters for audiences, rice barns, and other ceremonial funeral structures are specially made by the deceased's family. Flute music, funeral chants, songs and poems, and crying and wailing are traditional Toraja expressions of grief with the exceptions of funerals for young children, and poor, low-status adults.
The ceremony is often held weeks, months, or years after the death so that the deceased's family can raise the significant funds needed to cover funeral expenses. Torajans traditionally believe that death is not a sudden, abrupt event, but a gradual process toward Puya (the land of souls, or afterlife). During the waiting period, the body of the deceased is wrapped in several layers of cloth and kept under the tongkonan. The soul of the deceased is thought to linger around the village until the funeral ceremony is completed, after which it begins its journey to Puya.
Another component of the ritual is the slaughter of water buffalo. The more powerful the person who died, the more buffalo are slaughtered at the death feast. Buffalo carcasses, including their heads, are usually lined up on a field waiting for their owner, who is in the "sleeping stage". Torajans believe that the deceased will need the buffalo to make the journey and that they will be quicker to arrive at Puya if they have many buffalo. Slaughtering tens of water buffalo and hundreds of pigs using a machete is the climax of the elaborate death feast, with dancing and music and young boys who catch spurting blood in long bamboo tubes. Some of the slaughtered animals are given by guests as "gifts", which are carefully noted because they will be considered debts of the deceased's family. However, a cockfight, known as bulangan londong, is an integral part of the ceremony. As with the sacrifice of the buffalo and the pigs, the cockfight is considered sacred because it involves the spilling of blood on the earth. In particular, the tradition requires the sacrifice of at least three chickens. However, it is common for at least 25 pairs of chickens to be set against each other in the context of the ceremony.
There are three methods of burial: the coffin may be laid in a cave or in a carved stone grave, or hung on a cliff. It contains any possessions that the deceased will need in the afterlife. The wealthy are often buried in a stone grave carved out of a rocky cliff. The grave is usually expensive and takes a few months to complete. In some areas, a stone cave may be found that is large enough to accommodate a whole family. A wood-carved effigy, called Tau tau, is usually placed in the cave looking out over the land. The coffin of a baby or child may be hung from ropes on a cliff face or from a tree. This hanging grave usually lasts for years, until the ropes rot and the coffin falls to the ground.
In the ritual called Ma'Nene, that takes place each year in August, the bodies of the deceased are exhumed to be washed, groomed and dressed in new clothes. The mummies are then walked around the village.
DANNCE AND MUSIC
Torajans perform dances on several occasions, most often during their elaborate funeral ceremonies. They dance to express their grief, and to honour and even cheer the deceased person because he is going to have a long journey in the afterlife. First, a group of men form a circle and sing a monotonous chant throughout the night to honour the deceased (a ritual called Ma'badong). This is considered by many Torajans to be the most important component of the funeral ceremony. On the second funeral day, the Ma'randing warrior dance is performed to praise the courage of the deceased during life. Several men perform the dance with a sword, a large shield made from buffalo skin, a helmet with a buffalo horn, and other ornamentation. The Ma'randing dance precedes a procession in which the deceased is carried from a rice barn to the rante, the site of the funeral ceremony. During the funeral, elder women perform the Ma'katia dance while singing a poetic song and wearing a long feathered costume. The Ma'akatia dance is performed to remind the audience of the generosity and loyalty of the deceased person. After the bloody ceremony of buffalo and pig slaughter, a group of boys and girls clap their hands while performing a cheerful dance called Ma'dondan.
As in other agricultural societies, Torajans dance and sing during harvest time. The Ma'bugi dance celebrates the thanksgiving event, and the Ma'gandangi dance is performed while Torajans are pounding rice. There are several war dances, such as the Manimbong dance performed by men, followed by the Ma'dandan dance performed by women. The aluk religion governs when and how Torajans dance. A dance called Ma'bua can be performed only once every 12 years. Ma'bua is a major Toraja ceremony in which priests wear a buffalo head and dance around a sacred tree.
A traditional musical instrument of the Toraja is a bamboo flute called a Pa'suling (suling is an Indonesian word for flute). This six-holed flute (not unique to the Toraja) is played at many dances, such as the thanksgiving dance Ma'bondensan, where the flute accompanies a group of shirtless, dancing men with long fingernails. The Toraja have indigenous musical instruments, such as the Pa'pelle (made from palm leaves) and the Pa'karombi (the Torajan version of a jaw harp). The Pa'pelle is played during harvest time and at house inauguration ceremonies.
COGENDER VIEWS
Among the Saʼadan (eastern Toraja) in the island of Sulawesi (Celebes), Indonesia, there are homosexual male toburake tambolang shamans; although among their neighbors the Mamasa (western Toraja) there are instead only heterosexual female toburake shamanesses.
LANGUAGE
The ethnic Toraja language is dominant in Tana Toraja with the main language as the Sa'dan Toraja. Although the national Indonesian language is the official language and is spoken in the community, all elementary schools in Tana Toraja teach Toraja language.
Language varieties of Toraja, including Kalumpang, Mamasa, Tae, Talondo, Toala, and Toraja-Sa'dan, belong to the Malayo-Polynesian language from the Austronesian family. At the outset, the isolated geographical nature of Tana Toraja formed many dialects between the Toraja languages themselves. After the formal administration of Tana Toraja, some Toraja dialects have been influenced by other languages through the transmigration program, introduced since the colonialism period, and it has been a major factor in the linguistic variety of Toraja languages.
A prominent attribute of Toraja language is the notion of grief. The importance of death ceremony in Toraja culture has characterised their languages to express intricate degrees of grief and mourning. The Toraja language contains many terms referring to sadness, longing, depression, and mental pain. Giving a clear expression of the psychological and physical effect of loss is a catharsis and sometimes lessens the pain of grief itself.
ECONOMY
Prior to Suharto's "New Order" administration, the Torajan economy was based on agriculture, with cultivated wet rice in terraced fields on mountain slopes, and supplemental cassava and maize crops. Much time and energy were devoted to raising water buffalo, pigs, and chickens, primarily for ceremonial sacrifices and consumption. Coffee was the first significant cash crop produced in Toraja, and was introduced in the mid 19th century, changing the local economy towards commodity production for external markets and gaining an excellent reputation for quality in the international market.
With the commencement of the New Order in 1965, Indonesia's economy developed and opened to foreign investment. In Toraja, a coffee plantation and factory was established by Key Coffee of Japan, and Torajan coffee regained a reputation for quality within the growing international specialty coffee sector Multinational oil and mining companies opened new operations in Indonesia during the 1970s and 1980s. Torajans, particularly younger ones, relocated to work for the foreign companies—to Kalimantan for timber and oil, to Papua for mining, to the cities of Sulawesi and Java, and many went to Malaysia. The out-migration of Torajans was steady until 1985. and has continued since, with remittances sent back by emigre Torajans performing an important role within the contemporary economy.
Tourism commenced in Toraja in the 1970s, and accelerated in the 1980s and 1990s. Between 1984 and 1997, a significant number of Torajans obtained their incomes from tourism, working in and owning hotels, as tour guides, drivers, or selling souvenirs. With the rise of political and economic instability in Indonesia in the late 1990s—including religious conflicts elsewhere on Sulawesi—tourism in Tana Toraja has declined dramatically. Toraja continues to be a well known origin for Indonesian coffee, grown by both smallholders and plantation estates, although migration, remittances and off-farm income is considered far more important to most households, even those in rural areas.
TOURISM AND CULTURAL CHANGE
Before the 1970s, Toraja was almost unknown to Western tourism. In 1971, about 50 Europeans visited Tana Toraja. In 1972, at least 400 visitors attended the funeral ritual of Puang of Sangalla, the highest-ranking nobleman in Tana Toraja and the so-called "last pure-blooded Toraja noble." The event was documented by National Geographic and broadcast in several European countries. In 1976, about 12,000 tourists visited the regency and in 1981, Torajan sculpture was exhibited in major North American museums. "The land of the heavenly kings of Tana Toraja", as written in the exhibition brochure, embraced the outside world.
In 1984, the Indonesian Ministry of Tourism declared Tana Toraja Regency the prima donna of South Sulawesi. Tana Toraja was heralded as "the second stop after Bali". Tourism was increasing dramatically: by 1985, a total number of 150,000 foreigners had visited the Regency (in addition to 80,000 domestic tourists), and the annual number of foreign visitors was recorded at 40,000 in 1989. Souvenir stands appeared in Rantepao, the cultural center of Toraja, roads were sealed at the most-visited tourist sites, new hotels and tourist-oriented restaurants were opened, and an airstrip was opened in the Regency in 1981.
Tourism developers have marketed Tana Toraja as an exotic adventure—an area rich in culture and off the beaten track. Western tourists expected to see stone-age villages and pagan funerals. Toraja is for tourists who have gone as far as Bali and are willing to see more of the wild, "untouched" islands. However, they were more likely to see a Torajan wearing a hat and denim, living in a Christian society. Tourists felt that the tongkonan and other Torajan rituals had been preconceived to make profits, and complained that the destination was too commercialised. This has resulted in several clashes between Torajans and tourism developers, whom Torajans see as outsiders.
A clash between local Torajan leaders and the South Sulawesi provincial government (as a tourist developer) broke out in 1985. The government designated 18 Toraja villages and burial sites as traditional tourist attractions. Consequently, zoning restrictions were applied to these areas, such that Torajans themselves were barred from changing their tongkonans and burial sites. The plan was opposed by some Torajan leaders, as they felt that their rituals and traditions were being determined by outsiders. As a result, in 1987, the Torajan village of Kété Kesú and several other designated tourist attractions closed their doors to tourists. This closure lasted only a few days, as the villagers found it too difficult to survive without the income from selling souvenirs.
Tourism has also transformed Toraja society. Originally, there was a ritual which allowed commoners to marry nobles (puang) and thereby gain nobility for their children. However, the image of Torajan society created for the tourists, often by "lower-ranking" guides, has eroded its traditional strict hierarchy. High status is not as esteemed in Tana Toraja as it once was. Many low-ranking men can declare themselves and their children nobles by gaining enough wealth through work outside the region and then marrying a noble woman.
WIKIPEDIA
This is a paper mock up of the pattern for a mid century modern Putz house I am planning to make. The blue is a 6" ruler. The house is 6.5 wide, 2" deep and 3.25" high. I found the pattern here:
retrorenovation.com/2012/11/09/kate-makes-a-midcentury-mo...
As is evident, I'm far behind in posting photos here. This batch is all from May 2022. Only almost 6 months late. But I will get caught up, some day.
Most of this batch exhibits many of my perfect shoes, perfectly or nearly perfectly worn as I like them. The warm weather also has me often wearing rubber footwear of various styles. Over the summer I added to my collection of rubber footwear of various makes. More of those photos will soon come.
When I got these old Chucks, the rubber soles were already beginning to crack. The rubber is failing, beginning to crumble and cracking where flexed.
When I took the first photos, the right shoe had cracked all the way across, but the mudguard" still attached the two halves on one side. But by two weeks or so later, that had torn through and only the remains of the cloth upper is holding the toe of the sole in place. (Note that the newest photos, showing the worst condition, are first if you scroll through the photo gallery.)
The outsole on the left shoe is now cracked almost half way across, but the insole is still holding it in place. But given time, I'm sure it will match the right shoe.
Despite the appearance, particularly when the shoes are not on my feet, the shoes are wearable and comfortable. I hope to wear them for years to come.
Milledgeville is a city in and the county seat of Baldwin County in the U.S. state of Georgia. It is northeast of Macon, located just before Eatonton on the way to Athens along U.S. Highway 441, and it is located on the Oconee River. The rapid current of the Oconee River here made this an attractive location to build a city. It was the capital of Georgia from 1804 to 1868, notably during the American Civil War. Milledgeville was preceded as the capital city by Louisville, and it was succeeded by Atlanta, the current capital.
The population of the town of Milledgeville was 18,757 at the 2000 census.
Two events epitomized Milledgeville's status as the political and social center of Georgia in these years. The first was the visit to the capital in 1825 by the American Revolutionary War (1775–83) soldier the Marquis de Lafayette. The receptions, barbecue, formal dinner, and grand ball for the veteran apostle of liberty seemed to mark Milledgeville's coming of age. The second event was the construction (1836-38/39) of the Governor's Mansion, one of the most important examples of Greek revival architecture in America.
On January 19, 1861, Georgia convention delegates passed the Ordinance of Secession, and the "Republic of Georgia" joined the Confederate States of America, to the accompaniment of wild celebration, bonfires, and illuminations on Milledgeville's Statehouse Square. Three years later, on a bitterly cold November day, Union general William T. Sherman and 30,000 Union troops marched into Milledgeville. When they left a couple of days later, they had ransacked the statehouse; vandalized the State Chapel by pouring honey down the pipes of the organ and by housing cavalry horses in the church; then destroyed the state arsenal and powder magazine; burned the penitentiary, the central depot, and the Oconee bridge; and devastated the surrounding countryside. In 1868, during Reconstruction, the legislature moved the capital to Atlanta—a city emerging as the symbol of the New South as surely as Milledgeville symbolized the Old South.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milledgeville,_Georgia
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_...
Today is the 1st day of spring in the Southern Hemisphere.
With it came a spring tide of catastrophic proportions, accompanied by a wave of storms that is said to be the worst in the Western Cape region, for over 20 years.
Photo - the pier at Kalk Bay Harbour
about to be swallowed by a huge wave.
Cape Peninsula
for print inquiries please mail me bagend@iafrica.com
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I made this for my mom's 70th surprise birthday party. 20x30 poster board. She was so excited that I think she went right home and put it on display under her bed.
Tennessee is a U.S. state located in the Southeastern United States of America.
Tennessee known as the Volunteer State, has many symbols.
The tulip poplar was designated as the official state tree of Tennessee
Tennessee has two state flowers. The Purple Passionflower (Passiflora incarnata) is the state's wildflower and the iris is the state's cultivated flower.
Tennessee has played a critical role in the development of many forms of American popular music, including rock and roll, blues, country music, and rockabilly.
Tennessee has nine official state songs
1. My Homeland, Tennessee, by Nell Grayson Taylor (words) and Roy Lamont Smith (music)
2. When It's Iris Time in Tennessee, by Willa Waid Newman
3. My Tennessee, by Frances Hannah Tranum, is the state's official public school song
4. Tennessee Waltz, by Redd Stewart and Pee Wee King
5. Rocky Top, by Felice and Boudleaux Bryant
6. Tennessee, by Vivian Rorie
7. The Pride of Tennessee, by Fred Congdon, Thomas Vaughn and Carol Elliot
8. Smoky Mountain Rain, a song written by Kye Fleming and Dennis Morgan that became a hit for Ronnie Milsap, was added to the list of state songs
9. Tennessee, written by John R. Bean of Knoxville
For more information about visiting Tennessee
Tennessee trip info:
In the morning our tour continues to Tennessee with a trip through the Great Smoky Mountains. After a stop in Gatlinburg, TN, we will continue on to Pigeon Forge, TN to see the Dixie Stampede Western show, which was created by the great Dolly Parton. During the Christma (Dec. 27th), guests will also have chance to appreciate the exclusive Christmas Special Shows and a brief but exciting "The Epiphany of Our Lord Chris" performance. We will spend the night in Chattanooga, TN.
Great Smoky Mountains, TN The Great Smoky Mountains are a mountain range rising along the Tennessee–North Carolina border in the southeastern United States. The range is sometimes called the Smoky Mountains and the name is commonly shortened to the Smokies.
Great Smoky Mountains Park This 520,000-acre park on the eastern border of Tennessee is a United States National Park and UNESCO World Heritage. It is the most-visited national park in the United States, and is renown for the beauty of its landscapes.
Ober Gatlinburg Aerial Tramway The Ober Gatlinburg amusement park and ski resort boasts many rides and attractions, but perhaps none are quite as scenic and beautiful as the Aerial Tramway. The cable car brings riders 2.1 miles up the Great Smoky Mountains.
Pigeon Forge, TN Pigeon Forge is a mountain resort city in Sevier County, Tennessee, located in the southeastern United States. Pigeon Forge is primarily a tourist destination. The city's attractions include Dollywood, numerous outlet malls, and music theaters.
Dolly Parton's Dixie Stampede In 1988, the first Dixie Stampede opened in Pigeon Forge, Tennessee, just outside of Dollywood, Dolly Parton's theme park. The show is still going strong today, and has expanded to two other locations in the American South.
Chattanooga
We will spend the day exploring Chattanooga, TN and the surrounding area. Our day includes heading to Rock City and seeing the Ruby Falls.
Chattanooga, TN Chattanooga is the fourth-largest city in the U.S. state of Tennessee. A unique distinction for Chattanooga is the fact that the city has its own typeface, Chatype, which was launched in August 2012.
Ruby Falls The famous Ruby Falls, an underground waterfall, are a natural phenomenon, and are fed by rainwater and underground springs. The water from the falls flows out of the caverns and eventually joins up with the Tennessee River.
Rock City is as famous for its aggressive mid-19th-century marketing campaigns as for its views and gardens. Still, Rock City does offer a lot to visitors: panoramic views, botanical gardens, and amazing rock formations are all features.
Lookout Mountain Incline Railway This tram has been running almost continually since 1895, and with the exception of an engine update in 1911, it hasn't changed that much. The ride stretches about one mile up the mountain and reaches a grade of 72.7%.
4-Day Tennessee Bus Tour from New York/New JerseyTour Code: 955-2742
Take Tours bus trip
Visit nine states:
New York - drive through with tour guide
New Jersey - drive through with tour guide
Pennsylvania - Welcome Center visit
Delaware - drive through with tour guide
Maryland - drive through with tour guide
West Virginia - Welcome Center visit
Virginia - USA
Tennessee - USA
Georgia - USA
For more info on 4-Day Tennessee, Smoky Mountain Tour from New York/New Jersey trip visit:
www.taketours.com/new-york-ny/4-day-tennessee-bus-tour-fr...
For more information on Take Tours visit:
Hashtag metadata tag
#Tennessee #Ten #Tenn #Tennessean #Chattanooga #Nashville #Memphis #South #Southern #TheSouth #TheSouthHasRisen #Country #Music #CountryMusic #VolunteerState #USState #state #states #US #USA #UnitedStates #UnitedStatesofAmerica #America #American
Photo
Tennessee state, USA The United States of America country, North America continent
April 24th 2015
Here she is without her hat.
This clone majorette doll is a bit of a mystery.
Though tall like a Barbie, she has a flat chest and a face rather like Skipper's, and she has flat feet. Her body is unmarked, but the back of her head is marked "A.E. 1964"
The mark "A.E." was used by a lot of companies. Prominently Allied Eastern and Allied Grand, as well as some other companies. Also, Canadian-produced Tammy Type dolls used this mark, and her face does resemble some of the Tammy family dolls. I thought maybe her outfit was mom-made, but I think its factory produced. Her boots are marked "Hong Kong." Her face and arms are soft vinyl, and her body and legs are cheap hollow hard plastic.
She seems like she once had hair (there are some blonde bits left) but it appears to have been shorn to accommodate her majorette hat.
If I had to guess, I would say some parts left over from the production of some other doll were purchased by some factory, who dressed her in the majorette costume and sold her that way. That's purely speculation, however.
I bought her at an antique mall for a couple of dollars.
Shillong, India (Khasi: Shillong) is the capital of Meghalaya, one of the smallest states in India and home to the Khasis. It is also the headquarters of the East Khasi Hills district and is situated at an average altitude of 4,908 feet (1,496 m) above sea level, with the highest point being Shillong Peak at 6,449 feet (1,966 m). The city had a population of 314,610 according to the 2011 census. It is said that the rolling hills around the town reminded the European settlers of Scotland. Hence, Shillong is also known as "Scotland of the East." Shillong has steadily grown in size and significance since it was made the civil station of the Khasi and Jaintia Hills in 1864 by the British. Shillong remained the capital of undivided Assam until the creation of the new state of Meghalaya on 21 January 1972, when Shillong became the capital of Meghalaya and Assam moved its capital to Dispur in Guwahati.
“It is time for our people to live in freedom, without walls and checkpoints”, urged President of the Palestinian National Authority Mahmoud Abbas in his address to MEPs on Thursday 23rd of June. He conveyed his people’s gratitude to the European Parliament for recognising a State of Palestine and criticised Israel for pursuing its occupation of Palestinian territories.
Read more: www.europarl.europa.eu/news/nl/news-room/20160622IPR33211...
Watch the press point: www.europarl.europa.eu/ep-live/en/other-events/video?even...
This photo is copyright free, but must be credited: © European Union 2016 - European Parliament. (Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs Creative Commons license). If you need high resolution files do not hesitate to contact us. Please do not forget to send the link or a copy of the publication to us: photobookings(AT)europarl.europa.eu
THE FX SERIES
Ouval Research is always trying to create something new and unique in product and movement. Innovation has always been one of our fundamental pillars since the outset, which represents the value and commitment of the company that mirrored in the use of the word "research".
Therefore, Ouval Research never stop thinking and exploring. Trying to break the limits between dream and reality, to always reconstruct and discover new forms to satisfy the need for street style of youth culture.
THE FX SERIESTM
In the beginning, bicycle was invented as transportation mode to get from one place to another. But today, cycling has become an interesting phenomenon that deserved to be supported as an alternative solution in reducing pollutions and traffic. Cycling has also become a lifestyle for its fans.
Fixie bike has emerged as a new trend among bicycle lovers, especially in young people. In some big urban areas, fixie bike community are quickly spreading and becoming a latest hobby. With the unique characteristic of retro lines, minimalist aesthetic and simple engineering, this bicycle has certainly caught the attention of many people.
This phenomenon has encouraged research and observation by Encyclo Technology Division - Ouval Research’s Internal Research & Development Division, on life style and street culture. A research which concluded us to create a product image called THE FX SERIESTM.
THE FX SERIESTM –a line of products that support the needs of fashion in cycling activities, especially fixie bike. This line of product consists of hats, bags, shirts, pants and jackets specially designed for the fashion-oriented young people with retail price starting from 75.000 IDR.
Ouval Research will give a limited giveaway for every purchase of THE FX SERIESTM product such as stickers and tote bag. Not only that, specially for customers who shopped in Exhibition Room Bandung & Jakarta would have the opportunity to take part in the Lucky Draw program with THE FX GEARTM as the grand prize –an exclusive fixie bike customized by Encyclo Technology Division. Two winners will be chosen randomly and the winners will be announced on Midnight Sale event.
THE FX SERIESTM first edition will be released simultaneously in all Ouval Research’s official stores in 6 cities at April 22, 2011.
Ouval Research Exhibition Room
JL. Buah Batu 64 Bandung
JL. Sultan Agung 3A Bandung
JL. Boulevard, Ruby 1#2 Makassar
JL. Bengawan No. 6 Surabaya
JL. Tebet Utara Dalam No.26 Jakarta
Ouval Research Ambience Room
JL. Belakang Olo No. 34 Padang
JL. Cendrawasih Komp. Colombo No.4 Yogyakarta
THE FX SERIESTM is a collectible item that is not only a fashion statement but also a symbol of respect to the environment.
Here is a new LEGO part idea prototype,
(made with LDD + Photoshop Layers & Mask)
If you think this piece will help you, add it to your favorites.
LEGO has read about this album and, your votes can direct them on the use of the production of these parts. (do we ever know)
Do not forget to look at the album on the right where are all the ideas of parts Prototype =>
Also find all my creations on the Flickr group "News LEGO Techniques".
This Flickr group includes:
- Ideas for new LEGO pieces
- Techniques for assembling bricks
- Tutorials for the manufacture of accessories, objects, ...
Layer Marney Tower is a beautiful Tudor palace surrounded by formal gardens and parkland with magnificent views to the Blackwater estuary. Situated between Colchester and Maldon in Essex, the house was built around 1520 by Henry, 1st Lord Marney.
The Tower
England’s tallest Tudor gatehouse offers visitors magnificent views to the Blackwater estuary and beyond. On a clear day you can even see St Cedd’s Chapel on the Dengie peninsula. As you climb the tower you can pause and admire Manderley - the exquisite dolls house made by Pat Camp. Stop at the History Room to learn more about the building's past and see the model of how Layer Marney Tower might have looked had Lord Marney lived to complete his palace. The view from the roof shows the church, outbuildings, play area, gardens, estate and Wildlife Walk.
Layer Marney Tower is a great place to visit for a family days out in Essex - whether you are planning to exhaust the children in the play area or enjoy the tranquility of the gardens. The Tearoom, situated in the Old Stables, offers a range of light lunches as well as tea and cakes. Next door is the shop, stocked with a selection of souvenirs, gifts, cards and local produce.
The Gardens
The romantic gardens at Layer Marney Tower look down the hill to the Tea House and beyond to the Blackwater Estuary. The garden has interest and perfume for much of the year; roses particularly love our heavy clay soil and warm south facing aspect and put on a glorious display throughout the summer. A knot garden harks back to the Tudors who built the house, although the garden doesn't seem to have been significantly developed until the Victorian era. We have some beautiful and unusual trees growing in our lawns on which visitors are welcome to picnic.
San Antonio, officially the City of San Antonio, is the seventh most populous city in the United States and the second most populous city in both Texas and the Southern United States. Founded as a Spanish mission and colonial outpost in 1718, the city became the first chartered civil settlement in Texas in 1731, making it the state's oldest municipality. The city's deep history is contrasted with its rapid growth: it was the fastest-growing of the top ten largest cities in the United States from 2000 to 2010, and the second from 1990 to 2000.
Straddling the regional divide between South and Central Texas, San Antonio anchors the southwestern corner of an urban megaregion colloquially known as the "Texas Triangle".
San Antonio serves as the seat of Bexar County; recent annexations have extended the city's boundaries into Medina County and, for a tiny area near the city of Garden Ridge, into Comal County. Since San Antonio was founded during the Spanish Colonial Era, it has a church (San Fernando Cathedral) in its center, on the main civic plaza in front, a characteristic of many Spanish-founded cities, towns, and villages in Spain and Latin America. As with many other Western urban centers, areas outside the city limits are sparsely populated.
San Antonio is the center of the San Antonio–New Braunfels metropolitan statistical area. Commonly called Greater San Antonio, the metro area has a population of 2,473,974 based on the 2017 U.S. census estimate, making it the 24th-largest metropolitan area in the United States and third-largest in Texas. Growth along the Interstate 35 and Interstate 10 corridors to the north, west and east make it likely that the metropolitan area will continue to expand.
San Antonio was named by a 1691 Spanish expedition for Saint Anthony of Padua, whose feast day is June 13. The city contains five 18th-century Spanish frontier missions, including The Alamo and San Antonio Missions National Historical Park, which together were designated UNESCO World Heritage sites in 2015. Other notable attractions include the River Walk, the Tower of the Americas, SeaWorld, the Alamo Bowl, and Marriage Island. Commercial entertainment includes Six Flags Fiesta Texas and Morgan's Wonderland amusement parks. According to the San Antonio Convention and Visitors Bureau, the city is visited by about 32 million tourists a year. It is home to the five-time NBA champion San Antonio Spurs, and hosts the annual San Antonio Stock Show & Rodeo, one of the largest such events in the U.S.
The U.S. Armed Forces have numerous facilities in and around San Antonio; Fort Sam Houston is the only one within the city limits. Lackland Air Force Base, Randolph Air Force Base, Lackland AFB/Kelly Field Annex, Camp Bullis, and Camp Stanley are outside the city limits. Kelly Air Force Base operated out of San Antonio until 2001, when the airfield was transferred to Lackland AFB. The remaining parts of the base were developed as Port San Antonio, an industrial/business park and aerospace complex. San Antonio is home to six Fortune 500 companies and the South Texas Medical Center, the only medical research and care provider in the South Texas region.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Antonio
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_...
This is the first fire tractor I have ever seen. An old Farmall AI set up for fire duty. Seen at the 2026 Florida Flywheelers Tractor and Engine Show.
John 14:6
The Roman Catholic Deanery Catholic Church Telfs is located in the market town of Telfs in the district of Innsbruck-Land in Tyrol. The parish church Peter and Paul belongs to the deanery Telfs in the diocese of Innsbruck. The church is a listed building.
History
In 1113, the consecration of a chapel was recorded. The already existing longer parish was first mentioned in documents in 1233. 1331 called a document a parish church Saint George and 1352 a document a parish church Saints Peter and Paul. For the 1475 consecrated church fires for 1447, 1550 and 1552 have been recorded. The church became a deanery church in 1602, with the dean's office temporarily moving to Flaurling. An extension was consecrated in 1666.
Today's monumental twin-towered Romanesque church was built from 1860 to 1863 by architect Johann Eiter according to the plans of the road and bridge architect Leopold von Claricini-Dornpach and consecrated in 1886. The western Romanesque Petersturm (Saint Peter's Tower) and the eastern still Baroque Paulsturm (Saint Paul's Tower) were built in 1901 by the master builder Alfons Mayr according to the plans of architect Leopold Heiß from 1898.
Architecture
Interior of the church: After the demolition in 1981: Choir without organ prospectus: seating with aisle
The three-aisled cruciform basilica with a semicircular choir has two façade towers with coupled and provided with trefoil blind arch acoustic windows and pointed gable helmets. The aisles are equipped with transept arms with triangular gables. The transept arms are continued with sacristy buildings designed in the same way. The outer walls were divided by fields with round-arched frieze conclusion. The portals and windows are round-arched with laterally adjusted columns. The southern main façade with the towers has a rosette, a triangular gable with arched frieze and a statue of the Good Shepherd and shows a Nazarene lunette fresco with the appearance of the Risen Lord on the Sea of Galilee by the painter Johann Kärle (1902).
Inside the church, clustered colums and round pillars alternate with neo-Romanesque capitals. The nave, the crossing and the choir yoke have a cross vault, the transept arms barrel vaults. The main apse and side altars are half-domed vaulted. The nave has arched windows in the aisles and clerestories. In the transepts is each a circular window. In the choir, there are round-arched three- mullioned windows to the sacristies on both sides.
In 1962, with the architect Josef Lackner followed an overpainting of the wall and vault painting with bright white for a luminous interior of the church. The organ choir was transferred to the sanctuary. In the main entrance, a square baptistry was installed in the middle between the entrance doors on the left and right with glass windows and concrete crosses. The people's stood in the middle in the transept with a seating left and right and a seating in the central ship of the nave. With the paradoxical claim A future for the past, the interior of the church was renewed (back into the past) in 1981.
Equipment
The high altar crucifix from the beginning of the 19th century was transferred here from the Calvary St. Moritzen. The right side altar bears a former procession figure Saint Sebastian by the sculptor Urban Klieber from the end of the 18th century. The station pictures around 1730/1740 are from the workshop Michael Ignaz Mildorfer. At Christmas time, a wooden nativity scene by Josef Anton Puellacher from the end of the 18th century is set up.
A bell was cast in 1740 by Johann Paul Schellener.
Die römisch-katholische Dekanatspfarrkirche Telfs steht in der Marktgemeinde Telfs im Bezirk Innsbruck-Land in Tirol. Die Pfarrkirche Peter und Paul gehört zum Dekanat Telfs in der Diözese Innsbruck. Die Kirche steht unter Denkmalschutz.
Geschichte
Im Jahre 1113 wurde die Weihe einer Kapelle beurkundet. Die bereits länger bestehende Pfarre wurde 1233 erstmals urkundlich genannt. 1331 nannte eine Urkunde eine Pfarrkirche hl. Georg und 1352 eine Urkunde eine Pfarrkirche Hll. Peter und Paul. Für die 1475 geweihte Kirche wurden für 1447, 1550 und 1552 Brände genannt. Die Kirche wurde 1602 Dekanatskirche, wobei der Sitz des Dekanates zeitweise nach Flaurling wechselte. Ein Erweiterungsbau wurde 1666 geweiht.
Der heutige monumentale doppeltürmige neuromanische Kirchenbau wurde von 1860 bis 1863 vom Architekten Johann Eiter nach den Plänen des Straßen- und Brückenbaumeisters Leopold von Claricini-Dornpach erbaut und erst 1886 geweiht. Dem westlichen neuromanischen Petersturm und dem östlich noch barocken Paulsturm wurden 1901 neue einheitliche Turmabschlüsse vom Baumeister Alfons Mayr nach den Plänen des Architekten Leopold Heiß aus 1898 aufgesetzt.
Architektur
Kircheninneres: Nach dem Rückbau 1981: Chor ohne Orgelprospekt: Bestuhlung mit Mittelgang
Die dreischiffige kreuzförmige Basilika mit einem halbrund schließenden Chor hat zwei Fassadentürme mit gekoppelten und mit dreipassförmigen Blendbögen versehenen Schallfenstern und Spitzgiebelhelmen. Die Seitenschiffe sind mit Querschiffarmen mit Dreiecksgiebeln versehen. Die Querschiffarme werden mit gleich gestalteten Sakristeianbauten fortgesetzt. Die Außenwände wurden durch Felder mit Rundbogenfriesabschluss gegliedert. Die Portale und Fenster sind rundbogig mit seitlich eingestellten Säulen. Die südliche Hauptfassade mit den Türmen hat eine Rosette, einen Dreieckgiebel mit Rundbogenfries und eine Statue des Guten Hirten und zeigt ein nazarenisches Lünettenfresko mit der Erscheinung des Auferstandenen am See Genezareth des Malers Johann Kärle (1902).
Im Kircheninneren wechseln sich Bündelpfeiler und Rundsäulen mit neuromanischen Kapitellen. Das Langhaus, die Vierung und das Chorjoch haben ein Kreuzgewölbe, die Querschiffarme Tonnengewölbe. Die Hauptapsis und Seitenaltarnischen sind halbkuppelig überwölbt. Das Langhaus hat Rundbogenfenster in den Seitenschiffen und Lichtgaden. In den Querschiffen ist je ein Kreisfenster. Im Chor sind beidseits rundbogige Drillingsfenster zu den Sakristeien.
1962 erfolgte mit Architekt Josef Lackner eine Übertünchung der Wand- und Gewölbemalerei mit hellem Weiss für ein lichtvolles Kircheninneres. Der Orgelchor wurde in den Altarraum versetzt. Im Haupteingang wurde mittig zwischen den Eingangstüren links und rechts mit Glasfenstern und Betonkreuzen eine quadratische Taufkapelle eingerichtet. Der Volksaltar stand mittig im Querschiff mit einer Bestuhlung links und rechts und einer Bestuhlung im Mittelschiff des Langhauses. Mit dem paradoxen Anspruch Eine Zukunft für die Vergangenheit wurde das Kircheninnere im Jahre 1981 rückerneuert.
Ausstattung
Der Hochaltarkruzifix aus dem Anfang des 19. Jahrhunderts wurde vom Kalvarienberg St. Moritzen hierher übertragen. Der rechte Seitenaltar trägt eine ehemalige Prozessionsfigur hl. Sebastian vom Bildhauer Urban Klieber aus dem Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts. Die Stationsbilder um 1730/1740 sind aus der Werkstatt Michael Ignaz Mildorfer. Zur Weihnachtszeit wird eine Bretterkrippe von Josef Anton Puellacher aus dem Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts aufgestellt.
Eine Glocke goss 1740 Johann Paul Schellener.
Honey Milk is my favorite drink!
Take a sip and taste the honey on your lips.
It tastes so sweet and good!
***********************************************
Milk and Honey loves honey milk.
She is wearing an apron over her dress with loose socks and Mary Jane shoes. Her head is adorned with her favorite red Babushka with lace.
Her dark brown hair is long and has soft curls. She also has sweet bangs.
For her make-up, she is wearing olive yellow eye shadow, pink lips and salmon pink blush.
She has lavender pink colored eyes. The skin type is natural.
Release: Milk and Honey
Release Date : August 2011
Release Type: Normal
Price : 12,390 yen
[Skin Type] : Natural skin
[Make-Up] : Eye shadow : Olive Yellow / Cheek : Salmon Pink / Lips : Pink
[Eye Color] : Lavender Pink
[Hair Color]: Dark Brown
[Stock] : One-piece, head dress, socks, shoes, pants.
Catharsis is the process of releasing, and thereby providing relief from, strong or repressed emotions. This is usually done through art forms such as tragedy, drama, dance, and music.
The AIDS Epidemic started in the Late 70’s and 80’s spreading through the United states leaving a trail of death, confusion, and fear while communities watched it all happen on the news. There were many public figures, activists, artists, and allies whose stories were never told and have been forgotten. When we remain silent on issues that have had significant impact on our society, it creates a fear or stigma that keeps us from understanding each other and moving forward. Through Dance and multi-media, The Catharsis Project retells these stories to fight the stigma that silence creates.
This screening will also be a WORLD PREMIER of a new piece of work entitled "Affinity"; which is the start of a tribute to ACT UP and all the work they did for people living with HIV & AIDS, when the government was doing nothing.
This image is one of 100 photographs given to me by a member of the Bristol (Vermont) Historical Society. The box of photographs was left at a church rummage sale and remained unsold afterward. No one could bring themselves to throw them away, so they were given to the BHS, and so, to me. The photos are from Brooklyn, New York, northern New Jersey, and Pennsylvania. I believe they were once owned by the Oscar Reinhardt family of Brooklyn, NY, Perth Amboy, South Amboy, and New Brunswick, NJ.
The inventory:
57 Snapshots
21 Cabinet Cards
20 Portraits (9 large, 8 small, 3 group)
7 Other photos/documents
This particular image was from a photo Christmas card addressed to Mrs. Reinhardt, and signed "Edna". For the sake of the privacy of the family, I am withholding further information. Suffice it to say that the family name is very unique and easily found by any search engine. Edna passed away last December and was likely a friend of the Reinhardts.
I have sent a first-contact note to the daughter on the left.
Cropredy has ancient origins, a chapel in the church is dedicated to St Fremund, an anglo-saxon saint thought to be the son of King Offa. It's name combines the Old English croppe or hill and ridig, a small stream. The village is only a few miles from Banbury, in hilly country along the banks of the River Cherwell. Before the Dissolution of the Monasteries Cropredy belonged the Bishop of Lincoln. More recently Brasenose College, Oxford, has become a significant landlord giving it's name to the local pub.
Dramatic changes to centuries of agrarian life were heralded by the excavation of the Oxford canal which runs alongside the Cherwell south-east of the church. This busy waterway was superseded by the Great Western railway, the village even had it's own station until 1956.
Unusually Cropredy retains the ringing of the curfew bell, in Medieval times this was a signal to return home and 'cover their fires'. Roger Lupton local priest between 1487 and 1528 was so lost in dense fog that he could only find his way from nearby Chacombe by the ringing of Cropredy's bells. He founded a fund in gratitude which paid for the daily winding of the clock and tolling the bell morning, noon and night. The bell is still rung Tuesday and Thursday nights for five minutes after eight O'clock.
The village is best known for the Civil War 'Battle of Cropredy Bridge'. A rare Royalist victory at a time when the Parliamentary forces were in the ascendancy. In June 1644 the King slipped out of Oxford to avoid two Roundhead armies which were rapidly approaching. At this point the Earl of Essex chose to lead his army south and relieve the siege of Lyme Regis leaving Sir William Waller to pursue the King with half of the men. Waller shadowed the Royal army to Worcester only for the King to double back towards Banbury where the Parliamentary commander saw an opportunity to split the Royal forces which were strung out along the Daventry road. Waller's artillery crossed Cropredy bridge but were too far ahead of the infantry and were overrun. Fierce fighting followed but neither side achieved a significant advantage and a chance of capturing the King was lost. As children we were told stories of a phantom drummer boy.
Cropredy's most prominent claim to fame is their music festival founded when Fairport Convention played the village fete in 1976. Cropredy Music Festival grew from these modest beginnings and now attracts over 20,000 music fans every year.
St. Mary the Virgin is an impressive building constructed from the local rust-coloured ironstone. While part of the wall of the south aisle has been dated to c1050 the present church begins in the 13th century with significant 14th and 15th century additions. The south wall has two tomb recesses thought to be built for Simon de Cropredy and his son c1200. The church has an interesting 13th century parish chest and the chapel dedicated to the anglo-saxon saint Fremund has two 15th century screens, one of which has the initials AD which may stand for Alice Danvers. The nave arcading, tower and choir arches are Perpendicular in style with no capitals and continuous moulding from ground level. The tower is early 15th century with the belfry and parapets added 80 years later, There are eight bells, six from the late 17th century, two added in 2007 called Fairport and Villager. Fragments of a Doom survive above the chancel arch. The church has a 17th century pulpit and a rare pre-reformation eagle lectern which is said to have been hidden in the river before the Battle of Cropredy where it lost one of it's lion feet. The beak has a slot for collecting 'Peter's Pence'. There is a beautiful 15th century head of the Virgin Mary in stained glass which was found in the churchyard. There are two fonts, one Norman and one Victorian. In the tower is a magnificent clock by John Moore of Clerkenwell dated 1831.
Cropredy is just off the Daventry road a few miles from Banbury about an hour from Stratford-upon-Avon.
Ridi Bazar is a small pilgrimage town at the confluence of Kali Gandaki and Riri Khola
Nearby cities: Palpa, Butwal, BAGLUNG,PAINU,GHIURA, (LEKHANATH SHARMA)
Coordinates: 27°56'9"N 83°26'19"E
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Cremation is the combustion, vaporization and oxidation of dead bodies to basic chemical compounds, such as gases, ashes and mineral fragments retaining the appearance of dry bone. Cremation may serve as a funeral or post-funeral rite that is an alternative to the interment of an intact dead body in a coffin or casket. Cremated remains, which do not constitute a health risk, may be buried or interred in memorial sites or cemeteries, or they may be retained by relatives and dispersed in various ways. Cremation is not an alternative to a funeral, but rather an alternative to burial or other forms of disposal.
In many countries, cremation is usually done in a crematorium. Some countries, such as India and Nepal, prefer different methods, such as open-air cremation.
HISTORY
ANCIENT
Cremation dates from at least 20,000 years ago in the archaeological record, with the Mungo Lady, the remains of a partly cremated body found at Lake Mungo, Australia.
Alternative death rituals emphasizing one method of disposal of a body - inhumation (burial), cremation, or exposure - have gone through periods of preference throughout history.
In the Middle East and Europe, both burial and cremation are evident in the archaeological record in the Neolithic era. Cultural groups had their own preferences and prohibitions. The ancient Egyptians developed an intricate transmigration of soul theology, which prohibited cremation, and this was adopted widely among other Semitic peoples. The Babylonians, according to Herodotus, embalmed their dead. Early Persians practiced cremation, but this became prohibited during the Zoroastrian Period. Phoenicians practiced both cremation and burial. From the Cycladic civilisation in 3000 BC until the Sub-Mycenaean era in 1200–1100 BC, Greeks practiced inhumation. Cremation appeared around the 12th century BC, constituting a new practice of burial, probably influenced by Anatolia. Until the Christian era, when inhumation again became the only burial practice, both combustion and inhumation had been practiced, depending on the era and location. Romans practiced both, with cremation generally associated with military honors.
In Europe, there are traces of cremation dating to the Early Bronze Age (c. 2000 BC) in the Pannonian Plain and along the middle Danube. The custom becomes dominant throughout Bronze Age Europe with the Urnfield culture (from c. 1300 BC). In the Iron Age, inhumation again becomes more common, but cremation persisted in the Villanovan culture and elsewhere. Homer's account of Patroclus' burial describes cremation with subsequent burial in a tumulus, similar to Urnfield burials, and qualifying as the earliest description of cremation rites. This may be an anachronism, as during Mycenaean times burial was generally preferred, and Homer may have been reflecting the more common use of cremation at the time the Iliad was written, centuries later.
Criticism of burial rites is a common form of aspersion by competing religions and cultures, including the association of cremation with fire sacrifice or human sacrifice.
Hinduism and Jainism are notable for not only allowing but prescribing cremation. Cremation in India is first attested in the Cemetery H culture (from c. 1900 BC), considered the formative stage of Vedic civilization. The Rigveda contains a reference to the emerging practice, in RV 10.15.14, where the forefathers "both cremated (agnidagdhá-) and uncremated (ánagnidagdha-)" are invoked.
Cremation remained common, but not universal, in both Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. According to Cicero, in Rome, inhumation was considered the more archaic rite, while the most honoured citizens were most typically cremated - especially upper classes and members of imperial families.
Christianity frowned upon cremation, both influenced by the tenets of Judaism and as an attempt to abolish Graeco-Roman pagan rituals. By the 5th century, the practice of cremation had practically disappeared from Europe.
In early Roman Britain, cremation was usual but diminished by the 4th century. It then reappeared in the 5th and 6th centuries during the migration era, when sacrificed animals were sometimes included with the human bodies on the pyre, and the deceased were dressed in costume and with ornaments for the burning. That custom was also very widespread among the Germanic peoples of the northern continental lands from which the Anglo-Saxon migrants are supposed to have been derived, during the same period. These ashes were usually thereafter deposited in a vessel of clay or bronze in an "urn cemetery". The custom again died out with the Christian conversion of the Anglo-Saxons or Early English during the 7th century, when inhumation became general.
MIDDLE AGES
Throughout parts of Europe, cremation was forbidden by law, and even punishable by death if combined with Heathen rites.[6] Cremation was sometimes used by authorities as part of punishment for heretics, and this did not only include burning at the stake. For example, the body of John Wycliff was exhumed years after his death and cremated, with the ashes thrown in a river, explicitly as a posthumous punishment for his denial of the Roman Catholic doctrine of transubstantiation.
On the other hand, mass cremations were often performed out of fear of contagious diseases, such as after a battle, pestilence, or famine. Retributory cremation continued into modern times. For example, after World War II, the bodies of the 12 men convicted of crimes against humanity at the Nuremberg Trials were not returned to their families after execution, but were instead cremated, then disposed of at a secret location as a specific part of a legal process intended to deny their use as a location for any sort of memorial. In Japan, however, erection of a memorial building for many executed war criminals, who were also cremated, was allowed for their remains.
HINDUISM AND OTHER INDIAN ORIGN RELIGIONS
Religions such as Hinduism, Jainism, and Sikhism practice cremation. In Buddhism cremation is acceptable but not mandated. The founder, Shakyamuni Buddha was cremated. For Buddhist spiritual masters who are cremated, one of the results of cremation are the formation of Buddhist relics.
A dead adult Hindu is mourned with a cremation, while a dead child is typically buried. The rite of passage is performed in harmony with the Hindu religious view that the microcosm of all living beings is a reflection of a macrocosm of the universe. The soul (Atman, Brahman) is the essence and immortal that is released at the Antyeshti ritual, but both the body and the universe are vehicles and transitory in various schools of Hinduism. They consist of five elements - air, water, fire, earth and space. The last rite of passage returns the body to the five elements and origins. The roots of this belief are found in the Vedas, for example in the hymns of Rigveda in section 10.16, as follows:
Burn him not up, nor quite consume him, Agni: let not his body or his skin be scattered,
O all possessing Fire, when thou hast matured him, then send him on his way unto the Fathers.
When thou hast made him ready, all possessing Fire, then do thou give him over to the Fathers,
When he attains unto the life that waits him, he shall become subject to the will of gods.
The Sun receive thine eye, the Wind thy Prana (life-principle, breathe); go, as thy merit is, to earth or heaven.
Go, if it be thy lot, unto the waters; go, make thine home in plants with all thy members.
— Rigveda 10.16
The final rites, in case of untimely death of a child, is usually not cremation but a burial. This is rooted in Rig Veda's section 10.18, where the hymns mourn the death of the child, praying to deity Mrityu to "neither harm our girls nor our boys", and pleads the earth to cover, protect the deceased child as a soft wool.
SATI
The act of sati refers to a funeral ritual in which a widowed woman committed suicide on the husband's funeral pyre. While a mention of self-immolation by one of several wives of an Indian king is found in a Greek text on India, along with self-immolation by widows in Russia near Volga, tribes of Thracians in southeast Europe, and some tribes of Tonga and Fiji islands, vast majority of ancient texts do not mention this practice. Rare mentions of such cremations in aristocratic circles appear in texts dated to be before the 9th century AD, where the widow of a king had the choice to burn with him or abstain. Ancient texts of Hinduism make no mention of Sati; its early medieval era texts forbid it, while post 10th century medieval era texts partly justify it and criticize the practice. The practice of sati, grew after 1000 CE, becoming a particularly significant practice by Hindus in India during the Islamic wars of conquest in South Asia.
This practice was made illegal in 1829 during the British colonial rule of India. After gaining independence from British colonial era, India passed a series of additional laws. The Indian Sati Prevention Act from 1988 further criminalised any type of aiding, abetting, and glorifying of sati. In modern India, the last known case of Sati was in 1987, by Roop Kanwar in Rajasthan. Her action was found to be a suicide, and it led to the arrest and prosecution of people for failing to act and prevent her suicide during her husband's cremation.
BALI
Balinese Hindu dead are generally buried inside the container for a period of time, which may exceed one month or more, so that the cremation ceremony (Ngaben) can occur on an auspicious day in the Balinese-Javanese Calendar system ("Saka"). Additionally, if the departed was a court servant, member of the court or minor noble, the cremation can be postponed up to several years to coincide with the cremation of their Prince. Balinese funerals are very expensive and the body may be interred until the family can afford it or until there is a group funeral planned by the village or family when costs will be less. The purpose of burying the corpse is for the decay process to consume the fluids of the corpse, which allows for an easier, more rapid and more complete cremation.
ISLAM
Islam strictly forbids cremation. Islam has specific rites for the treatment of the body after death.
WIKIPEDIA
This is the view from Steilstrecke. This very steep climb (27 %) is just before the Karrussell.
The car looks like a Lancia Lambda to me, but maybe you have other thoughts.
Watch this wonderful colour video of Hermann Lang doing a lap in the 1938 Mercedes W125 with commentary by Graham Hill.
This is a striking Bembecine Sand Wasp (genus Steniolia, Bembicini, Apoidea, Hymenoptera) working one of the first flowers of native Fort Tejon Milk-Aster aka Chicory-leaved Stephanomeria (Stephanomeria cichoriacea, Asteraceae). The wasp looks "goggle eyed" - and indeed they are hard to photograph because they see you coming. I'm concerned about these fine summer flowers this year. This one plant has flowers, but most plants have small buds that don't look like they'll mature. I hope I'm wrong about that. These summer flowers are all important in our summer-dry climate. (San Marcos Pass, 23 July 2017)
It was not too hot today, but quite breezy in the morning from the south again. We're still down for a 20% chance of showers and thunderstorms tomorrow. My grandkids are also coming down from Portland, Oregon tomorrow to stay with us for a week or more. That's cool - but it may change my photos for the week!
The intent is not for Paul to eat all of this ... I’m sending all of this so that Paul will have an Easter basket, but also so that the other sailors who won’t receive baskets will also get to share in the goodies. When I sent Paul’s Girl Scout Cookies to him (12 boxes of Thin Mints), he shared with bunches of sailors, and still had plenty for himself.
The back-story:
During my first year of college, my roommate (Sherri) and I decided to stay in DuBois for the weekend instead of coming home (a whole 20 miles one way!) — we each had big reports due within a few days after Easter, and decided that we really *should* work on them instead of waiting until the very last minute, and we knew that we wouldn’t work on them if we went home for the weekend (at least we were honest with ourselves about that). Easter Sunday we went to church and then went out to eat (Hoss’s) and returned to our apartment. Shortly after we returned, there was a knock on the door, and when we opened it up, there was a large wicker laundry basket with a card on top that had my name. The Easter Bunny didn’t forget me. Now, in the laundry basket was everything a college girl needs --- Tuna Helper, cans of tuna, shampoo, conditioner, panty hose, bubble bath, perfume, jewelry, ramen noodles, macaroni and cheese, candy, hair ribbons, barrettes, etc. Mom, Aunt Edna and cousin Mandy came out from around the stairwell at that point, and we had a nice visit for about an hour before the went back to Clearfield.
The next year, as Easter was approaching, Sherri was telling our new roommate (Laramie) about the basket that I got the year before. Sherri and I again stayed Easter weekend so that we could work on projects that would soon be due, and also to keep Laramie company — she was from Philadelphia, and it wasn’t feasible for her to return to Philly and back over the weekend. Sure enough, there was a knock on the door, and there were Easter Baskets on the porch — this year, smaller baskets, but one for each of us! Again they held things that college girls needed, including many items mentioned above, and more! This time we hadn’t gone out to church/lunch, so Mom, Aunt Jean, Irene (Renie) and we three girls all piled into the car (thank goodness Mom drove a land-boat!) and went out to lunch.
While I can’t hand-deliver large baskets, I hope to carry on this ‘tradition’ for Paul.
Ratchathewi for me is a full day shopping venture. Along the Phetchaburi road ( sometimes you will see it spelt Phet Buri road or New Phet Buri road ) you will find some of the best shopping malls in Bangkok. I have listed some of them in this article. However the many tourists along with locals make this a very busy part of town. Trying to navigate along the pavement is a chore. Very similar to Sampeng market in China town. There are several pedestrian bridges to help you get across this very busy road ( Phetchaburi road ) the part near to the Palladium shopping mall at the traffic lights is especially busy.
Ratchathewi District is sub divided into four sub districts Thung Phaya Thai , Thanon Phaya Thai, Thanon Phetchaburi and Makkasan. I have been many times to Pratunam it is a busy and bustling shopping area that can easily be reached on foot from Ratchaprasong ~ I know I have done it many times. Most of the products available are for sale wholesale, so this is the place to go for some cheap bargains. Haggling is more important here than in other shopping areas, and things get cheaper if you buy in bulk, which seems to be the norm anywhere in Thailand.
City Complex Phetchaburi rd. walking along Phetchaburi Road, you definitely cannot miss this enormous 6 storey City Complex. It is one of the most popular malls in Pratunam that is specifically marketed towards teenage girls and ladies. Most of the shops are selling fashionable clothing, shoes and accessories, but there are also a few of them dedicated to cosmetics, jewellery and crafts. There is on the fifth floor a food court offering all the usual items of food.
Grand Diamond Plaza, Phetchaburi road, is a unique shopping mall because it is also a suite hotel with four incredible penthouse suites along with 172 luxuriously appointed suites. They have a Morning market : 04:00 am – 09:00 am and a Night market : 06:00 pm – 09:00 pm. The basement holds a 24 hour Super Market. There is also an international food court on the top floor and a outdoor swimming pool for both adults and children is on the 8th floor.
Indra Square Ratchaprarop rd. is an indoor shopping mall with more than 300 retail and wholesale outlets. The first floor is mostly for fashion, silk and accessories, and has some fast food outlets. The clothes here are remarkably good value, and unlike City Complex, there is a decent supply for men and children as well. The second floor has a more larger selection of items for sale, including arts, crafts, toys and mobile / cell phones. If you're getting hungry, there's a food centre on the second floor. There are some clothing shops at the ground level of the nearby Baiyoke Tower II also.
Metro Fashion Mall Phetchaburi rd. This brand new wholesale shopping mall opened in 2009. Its seven floors accommodate 370 wholesale vendors selling fashion apparel, bags, footwear, cosmetics and accessories. There is a food centre on the third floor and a branch of McDonald's on the ground floor outside.
Pantip Plaza Phetchaburi rd. This shopping mall is great for kids and men that are still kids! You enter the doors and bang it hits you, The I want syndrome. A six floor shopping mall devoted to computer gear, famous for its pirated media. The pirated trade is much more low key than it used to be, but software and DVDs are still widely available, It is also a good place for digital cameras, gadgets, printers, I-pod players, etc. Test out whatever you are buying as there are many suspect goods on sale here. If you want to be safe, buy at the official brand stores, although prices are similar to Western countries prices. You will find IT City here, also a large retailer of computers and cameras along with software.
Platinum Fashion Mall Phetchaburi rd. Its very imposing from outside but the shops are really packed in inside, some of them being no more than the size of a kiosk. A great place for fashion shopping, especially as it is air conditioned. Many of the 1,300 shops here are also at the Chatuchak Market at weekends. It is particularly interesting for women as the shops mostly sell clothing, handbags, shoes, accessories, gifts and make-up. A lot of shops ( but not all of them ) are geared towards export and wholesale. There's a huge and very good food court at the sixth floor of the mall. It can get very busy, especially around noon and evening time.
Palladium Square ~ It was formerly known as Pratunam Centre and is located on the corner of Phetchaburi Road and Ratchaprarop and the very busy cross roads with Ratchadamri road. This area is already known for wholesale shopping at Platinum Fashion Mall, electronics Mecca Pantip Plaza and the busy, all day and all night world of Pratunam Market found just across the road. This five storey building is home to bargains galore with most shops and stalls selling many items of clothing for 100 Baht or less.
Pratunam Market Phetchaburi road and surrounding Soi’s ~ Pratunam Market is an immense open-air garment market, and although it is geared towards exporters, anyone can shop here. Most of the items for sale are T-shirts, dresses, shorts, jeans, shoes and accessories. You could easily spend a day here if you wish, as the area has a stunning amount of more than 4,000 shops. While the market is officially open till 18:00, many shops already close around 16:00. The market spreads out on the streets around Baiyoke Tower I, and the ground floor of that tower also has a few clothing shops. In the early evening, a night market is set up in the streets along Baiyoke Tower I that stay open until after 02:00 am. This market whilst great for looking around is not as good as Khlong Thom Market in China Town. I would suggest taking a tape measure with you, as many of the products are not true to size.