Oktoberfest is a 16–18 day beer festival held annually in Munich, Bavaria, Germany, running from late September to the first weekend in October. It is one of the most famous events in Germany and is the world's largest fair, with more than 5 million people attending every year. Ref: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oktoberfest

Matthias-Pschorr-Straße, Ludwigvorstadt-Kliniken, München, Bayern, Deutschland.

Camera: Canon EOS 5D Mark II

Lens: Zeiss Makro-Planar T* 2/100 ZE

Focal Length: 100 mm

Exposure: ¹⁄₆₄₀₀ sec at f/2.0

ISO: 100

This is a lovely Painted Tiger Moth (Arachnis picta, family Arctiidae) clutching a slender stem of native California Honeysuckle (Lonicera hispidula, Caprifoliaceae). I found her this morning in light rain, on front of our concrete block retaining wall. I moved the stem above the wall to get a better background, and only then discovered that she was ovipositing! See my [Previous] two photos. I hope I didn't interfere too much. Did you notice that tiny red mite walking over her hind leg? (San Marcos Pass, 2 November 2015)

We did get some rain today, but only about 1/10 inch. Most of the rain was to the north and west of us, but it was still good for the soul. It was rather cold today - in the 40s for most of the day. I know, that's not cold, but I'm spoiled because we just finished our warmest October ever in Santa Barbara, see this NWS page. (Look quick - I don't know how long these links last.)

Salamis (Ancient Greek: Σαλαμίς, Greek: Σαλαμίνα) is an ancient Greek city-state on the east coast of Cyprus, at the mouth of the river Pedieos, 6 km north of modern Famagusta. According to tradition, the founder of Salamis was Teucer, son of Telamon, who could not return home after the Trojan war because he had failed to avenge his brother Ajax.

Contents

1History

1.1Early history

1.2In the Greek period

1.3Resistance to Persian rule

1.4Alexander the Great and the Roman Empire

1.5In the Roman and Byzantine periods

1.6Christianity

2Excavations

3Notes

4References

5External links

History

Early history

The earliest archaeological finds go back to the eleventh century BC (Late Bronze Age III). The copper ores of Cyprus made the island an essential node in the earliest trade networks, and Cyprus was a source of the orientalizing cultural traits of mainland Greece at the end of the Greek Dark Ages, hypothesized by Walter Burkert in 1992. Children's burials in Canaanite jars indicate a Phoenician presence. A harbour and a cemetery from this period have been excavated. The town is mentioned in Assyrian inscriptions as one of the kingdoms of Iadnana (Cyprus).[1] In 877 BC, an Assyrian army reached the Mediterranean shores for the first time. In 708 BC, the city-kings of Cyprus paid homage to Sargon II of Assyria (Burkert). The first coins were minted in the 6th century BC, following Persian prototypes.

The theatre in Salamis

Cyprus was under the control of the Assyrians at this time but the city-states of the island enjoyed a relative independence as long as they paid their tribute to the Assyrian king. This allowed the kings of the various cities to accumulate wealth and power. Certain burial customs observed in the "royal tombs" of Salamis relate directly to Homeric rites, such as the sacrifice of horses in honor of the dead and the offering of jars of olive oil. Some scholars have interpreted this phenomenon as the result of influence of the Homeric Epics in Cyprus. Most of the grave goods come from the Levant or Egypt.

According to the foundation myth, the founder of Salamis is said to be Teucer, son of Telamon, who could not return home after the Trojan war because he had failed to avenge his brother Ajax. There is however some evidence that the area had been occupied long before the alleged arrival of Mycenaeans (at Enkomi) and the town of Salamis was developed as a replacement when Engkomi was isolated from the sea. There is otherwise little direct evidence to support the foundation myth.

In the Greek period

In the 11th century BC, the town was confined to a rather small area around the harbour but soon expanded westwards to occupy the area, which today is covered by forest. The cemetery of Salamis covers a large area from the western limits of the forest to the Monastery of St. Barnabas to the west, to the outskirts of the village of Ayios Serghios to the north, and to the outskirts of Enkomi village to the south. It contains tombs dating from the 9th century BC down to the Early Christian period. The earlier tombs are within the forest area, near the boundary of the early town.

Though Salamis maintained direct links with the Near East during the 8th and 7th centuries BC, there were bonds with the Aegean as well. One royal tomb contained a large amount of Greek Geometric pottery and this has been explained as the dowry of a Greek princess who married into the royal family of Salamis. Greek pottery was also found in tombs of ordinary citizens. At this time the Greeks were embarking on an eastward expansion by founding colonies in Asia Minor and Syria; Salamis must have served as an intermediate station; it has even been suggested that Cypriots helped the Greeks in their venture.

Resistance to Persian rule

In 450 BC, Salamis was the site of a simultaneous land and sea battle between Athens and the Persians. (This is not to be confused with the earlier Battle of Salamis in 480 BC between the Greeks and the Persians at Salamis in Attica.)

The history of Salamis during the early Archaic and Classical periods is reflected in the narrations of the Greek historian Herodotus and the much later speeches of the Greek orator Isocrates. Salamis was afterwards besieged and conquered by Artaxerxes III. Under King Evagoras (411-374 BC) Greek culture and art flourished in the city and it would be interesting one day when the spade of the archaeologist uncovers public buildings of this period. A monument, which illustrates the end of the Classical period in Salamis, is the tumulus, which covered the cenotaph of Nicocreon, one of the last kings of Salamis, who perished in 311 BC. On its monumental platform were found several clay heads, some of which are portraits, perhaps of members of the royal family who were honoured after their death on the pyre.

Marguerite Yon (archaeologist) claims that "Literary texts and inscriptions suggest that by the Classical period, Kition [in present-day Larnaca] was one of the principal local powers, along with its neighbor Salamis."[2]

Alexander the Great and the Roman Empire

Map showing the ten ancient city Kingdoms of Cyprus

After Alexander the Great conquered the Persian Empire, Ptolemy I of Egypt ruled the island of Cyprus. He forced Nicocreon, who had been the Ptolemaic governor of the island, to commit suicide in 311 BC, because he did not trust him any more. In his place came king Menelaus, who was the brother of the first Ptolemy. Nicocreon is supposed to be buried in one of the big tumuli near Enkomi. Salamis remained the seat of the governor.

In 306 BC, Salamis was the site of a naval battle between the fleets of Demetrius I of Macedon and Ptolemy I of Egypt. Demetrius won the battle and captured the island.

In Roman times, Salamis was part of the Roman province of Cilicia. The seat of the governor was relocated to Paphos. The town suffered heavily during the Jewish rising of AD 116–117. Although Salamis ceased to be the capital of Cyprus from the Hellenistic period onwards when it was replaced by Paphos, its wealth and importance did not diminish. The city was particularly favoured by the Roman emperors Trajan and Hadrian, who restored and established its public buildings.

In the Roman and Byzantine periods

Columns of the gymnasium

The "cultural centre" of Salamis during the Roman period was situated at the northernmost part of the city, where a gymnasium, theatre, amphitheatre, stadium and public baths have been revealed. There are baths, public latrines (for 44 users), various little bits of mosaic, a harbour wall, a Hellenistic and Roman agora and a temple of Zeus that had the right to grant asylum. Byzantine remains include the basilica of Bishop Epiphanos (AD 367–403). It served as the metropolitan church of Salamis. St. Epiphanios is buried at the southern apse. The church contains a baptistry heated by hypocausts. The church was destroyed in the 7th century and replaced by a smaller building to the south.

There are very extensive ruins. The theatre, and the gymnasium have been extensively restored. Numerous statues are displayed in the central court of the gymnasium most of which are headless. While a statue of Augustus originally belonged here, some columns and statues originally adorned the theatre and were only brought here after an earthquake in the 4th century. The theatre is of Augustean date. It could house up to 15.000 spectators but was destroyed in the 4th century.

The town was supplied with water by an aquaeduct from Kyhrea, destroyed in the 7th century. The water was collected in a large cistern near the Agora. The necropolis of Salamis covers ca. 7 km² to the west of the town. It contains a museum showing some of the finds. Burials date from the geometric to the Hellenistic period. The best known burials are the so-called Royal-Tombs, containing chariots and extremely rich grave gifts, including imports from Egypt and Syria. A tomb excavated in 1965 by the French Mission of the University of Lyon brought to light an extraordinary wealth of tomb-gifts, which also attest trade relations with the Near East.

Christianity

In what is known as the "First Missionary Journey", Paul the apostle and the Cypriot-born Barnabas made Salamis their first destination, landing there after heading out from Antioch of Syria. There they proclaimed Christ in the Jewish synagogues before proceeding through the rest of the island (Acts 13:1-5). Tradition says that Barnabas preached in Alexandria and Rome, and was stoned to death at Salamis in about 61 CE. He is considered the founder of the Church of Cyprus. His bones are believed to be located in the nearby monastery named after him.

Several earthquakes led to the destruction of Salamis at the beginning of the 4th century. The town was rebuilt under the name of Constantia by Constantius II (337–361) and became an Episcopal seat, the most famous occupant of which was Saint Epiphanius. Emperor Constantius II helped the Salaminians not only for the reconstruction of their city but also he helped them by relieving them from paying taxes for a short period and thus the new city, rebuilt on a smaller scale, was named Constantia. The silting of the harbour led to a gradual decline of the town. Salamis was finally abandoned during the Arab invasions of the 7th century after destructions by Muawiyah I ( reigned 661-680 ). The inhabitants moved to Arsinoë (Famagusta).

Excavations

Archaeological excavations at the site began in the late nineteenth century under the auspices of the Cyprus Exploration Fund.[3] Many of these finds are now in the British Museum in London.[4]

Excavations at Salamis started again in 1952 and were in progress until 1974. Before the Turkish invasion there was much archaeological activity there; one French Mission was excavating at Enkomi, another at Salamis and the Department of Antiquities was busy almost throughout the year with repairs and restorations of monuments and was engaged in excavations at Salamis. After the Turkish invasion the international embargo has prevented the continuation of the excavations. The site and the museums are maintained by the antiquities service. Important archaeological collections are kept in the St. Barnabas monastery. In the District Archaeological Museum there are marble statues from the gymnasium and the theatre of Salamis, Mycenaean pottery and jewellery from Enkomi and other objects representative of the rich archaeological heritage of the whole district. Several of the statues and sculptures from antiquity are disfigured, headless or mutilated, likely by Christian zealots in late antiquity [5] during the persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire.

The public buildings uncovered at the city site of Salamis date to the post-Classical period. The Temple of Zeus Salaminios, whose cult was established, according to tradition, by Teucer himself, must have existed since the foundation of the city; the extant remains date to the late Hellenistic period. Early excavators discovered in the esplanade of the Temple of Zeus an enormous marble capital carved on each side with a caryatid figure standing between the foreparts of winged bulls. Now in the British Museum's collection,[6] the function of the capital remains unclear, although it does indicate influence from Achaemenid art and is consequently dated to between 300 and 250 BC.

The Bund (simplified Chinese: 外滩) is a waterfront area in central Shanghai. The area centres on a section of Zhongshan Road (East-1 Zhongshan Road) within the former Shanghai International Settlement, which runs along the western bank of the Huangpu River, facing Pudong, in the eastern part of Huangpu District. The Bund usually refers to the buildings and wharves on this section of the road, as well as some adjacent areas. It is one of the most famous tourist destinations in Shanghai. Building heights are restricted in this area.

The City God Temple or Chenghuang Miao (Chinese: 上海城隍庙) is a temple located in Shanghai, China, within the old walled city. Today the "City God Temple" not only refers to the large temple complex, but also the traditional district of commerce in the city, surrounding the temple. There are over a hundred stores and shops in this area, and most of these store buildings are nearly a century old. The temple connects to the Yuyuan Garden, another landmark of the old city.

More information about the Bund.

The Shanghai Bund has dozens of historical buildings, lining the Huangpu River, that once housed numerous banks and trading houses from the United Kingdom, France, the United States, Italy, Russia, Germany, Japan, the Netherlands and Belgium, as well as the consulates of Russia and Britain, a newspaper, the Shanghai Club and the Masonic Club. The Bund lies north of the old, walled city of Shanghai. It was initially a British settlement; later the British and American settlements were combined in the International Settlement. Magnificent commercial buildings in the Beaux Arts style sprung up in the years around the turn of the 20th century as the Bund developed into a major financial center of East Asia. Directly to the south, and just northeast of the old walled city, the former French Bund (the quai de France, part of the Shanghai French Concession) was of comparable size to the Bund but functioned more as a working harbourside.

By the 1940s the Bund housed the headquarters of many, if not most, of the major financial institutions operating in China, including the "big four" national banks in the Republic of China era. However, with the Communist victory in the Chinese civil war, many of the financial institutions were moved out gradually in the 1950s, and the hotels and clubs closed or converted to other uses. The statues of colonial figures and foreign worthies which had dotted the riverside were also removed.

In the late 1970s and early 1980s, with the thawing of economic policy in the People's Republic of China, buildings on the Bund were gradually returned to their former uses. Government institutions were moved out in favour of financial institutions, while hotels resumed trading as such. Also during this period, a series of floods caused by typhoons motivated the municipal government to construct a tall levee along the riverfront, with the result that the embankment now stands some 10 metres higher than street level. The Bunds revitalization began in 1986 with a new promenade by the Dutch Architect Paulus Snoeren and has dramatically changed the streetscape of the Bund. In the 1990s, Zhongshan Road (named after Sun Yat-sen), the road on which the Bund is centred, was widened to ten lanes. As a result, most of the parkland which had existed along the road disappeared. Also in this period, the ferry wharves connecting the Bund and Pudong, which had served the area's original purpose, were removed. A number of pleasure cruises still operate from some nearby wharves.

In the 1990s the Shanghai government attempted to promote an extended concept of the Bund to boost tourism, and land value in nearby areas, as well as to reconcile the promotion of "colonial relics" with the Socialist ideology. In its expanded form, the term "Bund" (as "New Bund" or "Northern Bund") was used to refer to areas south of the Yan'an Road, and a stretch of riverfront north of the Suzhou River (Zhabei). Such use of the term, however, remains rare outside of tourism literature.

From 2008, a major reconfiguration of traffic flow along the Bund was carried out. The first stage of the plan involved the southern end of the Bund, and saw the demolition of a section of the Yan'an Road elevated expressway, including removal of the large elevated expressway exit structure that formerly dominated the confluence of Yan'an Road and the Bund. A second phase involved the year-long restoration of the century-old Waibaidu Bridge at the northern end of the Bund. In a third stage, the former 10-lane Bund roadway was reconstructed in two levels, with six lanes carried in a new tunnel. The vacated road space was used to widen the landscaped promenade along the waterfront. The new concrete bridge that was built in 1991 to relieve traffic on Waibaidu Bridge was rendered obsolete by the new double-levelled roadway, and demolished.

The Bund was re-opened to the public on Sunday 28 March 2010 after restoration.

Text form the Wikipedia article the Bund.

Once upon a time, I guess Kingsnorth was a small leafy village, set in loamy countryside, rarely visited. Indeed this is what Hasted suggests.

Set a mile or two outside Ashford, all was calm and peaceful until the railways came to Ashford and the town grew and grew.

In the 21st century, Kingsnorth is found from the main road into the town centre, along a busy road to where the old village pub still sits. And opposite is the start of Church Hill, at the top, not surprisingly, sits the church.

Inbetween now is a large and modern housing estate, and beside the church, a busy school, even busy on a Saturday morning due to football practice and the fleet of MPVs and Soccer Moms taking their darlings for a kickabout.

It is the modern way, after all.

St Michael sits quietly next door to the school, the end of a footpath leading to another housing development on the Brenzett road, were an old friend once had a house. And I can remember him leading us on a walk over the fields through clouds of Gatekeepers where we found, as today, the church open.

I took a few shots then, but am back now to complete the task.

First highlight was the 17th century graffiti in the porch.

In truth it is a small and simple church, mostly clear what looks like modern glass, though a single panel of ancient glass is in one of the north have windows and a single panel of wall painting on the side of the north chancel arch.

-------------------------------------------

KINGSNOTH,

THE next parish south-eastward is Kingsnoth, sometimes called Kingsnode, and by Leland written Kinges-snode.

THIS PARISH is so obscurely situated as to be but little known, the soil in it is throughout a deep miry clay; it is much interspersed with woodlands, especially in the south-east part of it, the whole face of the country here is unpleasant and dreary, the hedge rows wide, with spreading oaks among them; and the roads, which are very broad, with a wide space of green swerd on each side, execrably bad; insomuch, that they are dangerous to pass except in the driest time of summer; the whole of it is much the same as the parishes adjoining to it in the Weald, of which the church, which stands on the hill nearly in the middle of the parish, is the northern boundary, consequently all that part of it southward is within that district. There is no village, the houses standing single, and interspersed throughout it At no great distance eastward from the church is the manor house of Kingsnoth, still called the Park-house, the antient mansion, which stood upon a rise, at some distance from the present house, seems from the scite of it, which is moated round, to have been large, remains of Mosaic pavement, and large quantities of stone have been at times dug up from it. South-eastward from the church is Mumfords, which seems formerly to have been very large, but the greatest part of it has been pulled down and the present small farm-house built out of it; westward from the church stands the court-lodge, now so called, of East Kingsnoth manor, it is moated round, and seems likewise to have been much larger than it is at present, and close to the western boundary of the parish is the manor-house of West Halks, which has been a large antient building, most probably of some consequence in former times, as there appears to have been a causeway once from it, wide enough for a carriage, which led through the courtlodge farm towards Shadoxhurst, Woodchurch, and son on to Halden, remains of which are often turned up in ploughing the grounds. In the low grounds, near the meadows, is the scite of the manor of Moorhouse, moated round. The above mansions seem to have been moated round not only for defence, but to drain off the water from the miry soil on which they were built, which was no doubt the principal reason why so many of the antient ones, in this and the like situations were likewise moated round. There is a streamlet, which rises in the woods near Bromley green, and slows along the eastern par to this parish northward, and joining the Postling branch of the Stour near Sevington, runs with it by Hockwood barn and under Alsop green, towards Ashford. Leland in his Itinerary says, vol. vii. p. 145, "The river of Cantorbury now cawled Sture springeth at Kinges Snode the which standeth sowthe and a lytle by west fro Cantorbury and ys distant of Cant. a xiiii or xv myles."

THE ROYAL MANOR OF WYE claims paramount over this parish. The lord of that manor, George Finch Hatton, esq. of Eastwell, holds a court leet here for the borough of East Kingsnoth, which claims over this parish, at which a borsholder is yearly appointed; subordinate to which is THE MANOR OF KINGSNOTH, which in early times was the residence of a family to which it gave name, who bore for their coat armour, as appeared by seals appendant to their antient deeds, Ermine, upon a bend, five chevronels; and John de Kingsnoth, who lived here about the latter end of king Edward I. sealed with that coat of arms; yet I find that Bartholomew de Badlesmere, who was attainted about the 17th year of king Edward II had some interest in this manor, which upon his conviction escheated to the crown, and remained there until Richard II. granted it to Sir Robert Belknap, the judge, who had, not long before, purchased that proportion of this manor which belonged to the family of Kingsnoth, by which he became possessed of the whole of it; but he being attainted and banished in the 11th year of that reign, that part which had belonged to Badlesmere, and was granted by the king to Sir Robert Belknap, returned again to the crown, a further account of which may be seen hereafter. (fn. 1) But the other part of this estate, which belonged to the family of Kingsnoth likewise, henceforward called the manor of Kingsnoth, which seems to have been the greatest part of it, on the petition of Hamon Belknap his son to parliament, to be enabled in blood and lands to his father, notwithstanding the judgement against him, was restored to him, and he was found by inquisition to die possessed of it in the 7th year of king Henry VI. Soon after which I find Sir Thomas Browne, of Beechworth castle, treasurer of the king's houshold, to have become possessed of it; for in the 27th year of that reign, he obtained licence for a fair in this parish, on the feast of St. Michael, and that same year he had another to embattle his mansion here and to inclose a park, and for freewarren in all his demesne lands within this manor; and in a younger branch of his descendants this manor continued down to Richard Browne, esq. of Shingleton, in Great Chart, who married Elizabeth, daughter of Sir William Andrews, of Lathbury, in Buckinghamshire, and dying soon after the death of king Charles I. Elizabeth, their only daughter and heir, carried it in marriage to Thomas, lord Leigh, of Stoneleigh, who afterwards alienated it again to Andrews, in which name it continued till Alexander Andrews, executor and devisee of William Andrews, in 1690, conveyed this manor, with the farm called the Park, the manor of Morehouse, and other lands in this parish, being enabled so to do by act of parliament, to the company of haberdashers of London, as trustees, for the support of the hospital at Hoxton, commonly called Aske's hospital, in whom they are now vested. There is not any court held for this manor.

THE OTHER PART of the above-mentioned estate, which had formerly belonged to the family of Badlesmere, and had escheated to the crown on the attainder of Bartholomew de Badlesmere in the 17th year of king Edward II. remained there until Richard II. granted it to Sir Robert Belknap, on whose attainder and banishment in the 11th year of that reign it returned again to the crown, whence it seems, but at what time I have not found, to have been granted to the abbot and convent of Battel, in Sussex, by the name of THE MANOR OF EAST KINGSNOTH, together with the manors of West Kingenoth, in Pluckley; Morehouse, in this parish; and Wathenden, in Biddenden, lately belonging to that monastery, in as ample a manner as the late abbot, or any of his predecessors had possessed them, (fn. 2) and they continued part of the possessions of it till its dissolution in the 30th year of Henry VIII. when they came into the hands of the crown, where they staid but a short time; for the king that year granted these manors to Sir Edw. Ringsley for his life, without any rent or account whatsoever; and four years afterwards the king sold the reversion of them to Sir John Baker, one of his council, and chancellor of the first fruits and tenths, to hold in capite by knight's service. He died in 1558, possessed of this manor, with the advowson of the church of Kingsnoth, and the manors of West Kingsnoth and Morehouse, held in capite, in whose descendants the manor of East Kingsnoth, with the advowson of the church, descended down to Sir John Baker, bart. who, in the reign of king Charles I. passed it away by sale to Mr. Nathaniel Powell, of Ewehurst, in Sussex, and afterwards of Wiarton, in this county, who was in 1661 created a baronet; and in his descendants it continued down to Sir Christopher Powell, bart. who died possessed of it in 1742, s.p. leaving his widow surviving, whose trustees sold this manor and advowson, after her death, to Mrs. Fuller, widow of Mr. David Fuller, of Maidstone, attorney-at-law, who in 1775 devised them by will to her relation William Stacy Coast, esq. now of Sevenoke, the present owner of them. There is not any court held for this manor.

MUMFORDS, as it is now called, though its proper and more antient name is Montfort's, is a manor in this parish, which was once the residence of the family of Clerc, written in antient deeds le Clerc, and afterwards both Clerke and Clarke, in which it continued till about the latter end of the reign of king Edward I. when Henry le Clerc leaving no issue male, Susan his daughter and heir carried it, with much other inheritance, in marriage to Sir Simon de Woodchurch, whose descendants, out of gratitude for such increase of fortune, altered their paternal name from Woodchurch to Clerke, and in several of their deeds subsequent to this marriage, were written Clerke, alias Woodchurch. They resided at Woodchurch till Humphry Clerke, esq. removed hither in Henry VIII.'s reign. (fn. 3) His son Humphry Clerke, about the end of queen Elizabeth's reign, sold this manor to John Taylor, son of John Taylor, of Willesborough, who afterwards resided here. His son John Taylor, gent. of Winchelsea, alienated it, about the beginning of king Charles I.'s reign, to Edward Wightwick, gent. descended of a family originally of Staffordshire, who bore for their arms, Argent, on a chevron, argent, between three pheons, or, as many crosses patee, gules, granted in 1613. He afterwards resided here, as did his descendants, till at length Humphry Wightwick, gent. about the beginning of king George II.'s reign removed to New Romney, of which town and port he was jurat, in whose descendants this manor became afterwards vested in several undivided shares. At length Mr. William Whitwick, the only surviving son of Humphry, having purchased his mother's life estate in it, as well as the shares of his brother Martin's children, lately sold the whole property of it to Mr. Swaffer, the present possessor and occupier of it.

WEST HALKS, usually called West Hawks, is a manor, situated near the western bounds of this parish, being held of the manor of Kenardington; it formerly was the residence of a family of the name of Halk, who bore on their seals a fess, between three bawks, and sometimes only one, and were of no contemptible account, as appears by old pedigrees and writings, in which they are represented as gentlemen for above three hundred years. Sampson de Halk, gent. died possessed of this manor about the year 1360, and held besides much other land at Petham and the adjoining parishes; but about the latter end of king Henry VI.'s reign, this manor had passed from this family into that of Taylor, in which name it continued till the latter end of king Henry VII. when it was alienated to Clerc, whose descendant Humphry Clerke, esq. about the end of queen Elizabeth's reign, passed it away to Robert Honywood, esq, of Charing, who settled it on his fourth son by his second marriage Colonel Honywood. How long it continued in his descendants, I cannot learn; but it has been for some length of time in the name of Eaton, of. Essex, Mr. Henry Eaton being the present owner of it.

Charities.

HUMPHRY CLARKE, gent. of this parish, left by will in 1637, a parcel of land, called Pightland, containing about three acres, in the eastern part of this parish, for the benefit of the poor of it.

MRS. ELIZABETH MAY, in 1721, gave by will 9l. every third year, chargeable on Bilham farm, to be paid, clear of all deductions, to this parish in turn, during a term of years therein mentioned, to be applied yearly towards the binding out a child an apprentice, of the poorest people in three parishes in turn, as has been already mentioned more at large under Sevington. One girl only has as yet been put out apprentice from this charity, by this parish.

The number of poor constanly relieved are about twentyfive, casually twelve.

KINGSNOTH is within the ECCLESIASTICAL JURISDICTION of the diocese of Canterbury, and deanry of Limne.

The church, which is dedicated to St. Michael, is small, consisting only of one isle and one chancel, having a square tower steeple at the west end, in which are five bells. In the isle is an antient gravestone, coffin-shaped, with old French capitals round it, now illegible. In the chancel is a stone, with an inscription on it in brass, for Thomas Umfrey, rector, no date; and a monument for Thomas Reader, A. M. son of Thomas Reader, gent. of Bower, in Maidstone, obt. 1740. Against the north wall is the tomb of Humphry Clarke, esq. made of Bethersden marble, having the figures of him and his wife remaining in brass on it, and underneath four sons and five daughters. Over the tomb, in an arch in the wall, is an inscription to his memory, set up by his daughter's son Sir Martin Culpeper, over it are the arms of Clarke, Two pales wavy, ermine, impaling Mayney. In the glass of the south window of the isle are several heads remaining, and in the north-west window the figure of St. Michael with the dragon. The north chancel fell down about thirty years ago. It belonged to the manor of Mumfords, and in it were interred the Wightwicks, owners of that manor; the gravestones of them, nine in number, yet remain in the church-yard, shut out from the church; and on one next to theirs, formerly within this chancel, is the figure of a knight in armour, with a lion under his feet, and an inscription in brass, for Sir William Parker, son of William Parker, esq. citizen and mercer of London, obt. 1421; arms, On a fess, three balls.

The advowson of the rectory of this church was formerly parcel of the possessions of the priory of Christ-church, and at the dissolution of it in the 31st year of Henry VIII. came into the king's hands, where it remained till that king in his 34th year, granted it in exchange, among other premises, to archbp. Cranmer, (fn. 4) who did not keep it long; for four years afterwards, he reconveyed it, with the consent of his chapter, back again to the king, (fn. 5) who soon afterwards granted it to Sir John Baker, one of his council, and chancellor of his first-fruits and tenths, who died possessed of the manor of East Kingsnoth, together with the advowson of this church, in the year 1558, in whose descendants it continued down to Sir John Baker, bart. who in the reign of king Charles I. alienated it, with that manor, to Mr. Nathaniel Powell. Since which this advowson has continued in the like succession of ownership with that manor, as may be seen more fully in the account of it before, to the present patron of it, William Stacy Coast, esq. now of Sevenoke.

There was formerly a pension of forty shillings payable from this church to the abbot of Battel.

¶This rectory is valued in the king's books at 11l. 9s. 9½d. and the yearly tenths at 1l. 2s. 11¼d. In 1578 it was valued at sixty pounds, communicants one hundred. In 1640 it was valued at fifty pounds only, and there were the like number of communicants. It is now worth about one hundred and forty pounds per annum. The rector takes no tithes of wood below the hill southward. There are about seventeen acres of glebe land.

www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-kent/vol7/pp583-592

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

There has been a Church in Kingsnorth from Saxon Times but the present building probably dates from the 11thC. There are examples of 13thC and 14thC stained glass remaining in some of the windows. The chancel was rebuilt in the 18thC following a storm and the two side chapels were demolished at this time. Major restoration was carried out in the 19thC at which time the stained glass in the East Window was installed. At this time and again in the 1920s work was carried out to try and cure the problem of rising damp due to the high water table. In 2006 major restoration was once again required and in addition to repairs to the tower and external stonework it was decided that an extension would be built on the site of the old chantry chapel on the north side of the building and that the interior of the church would be re-ordered. This involved digging out the interior of the church and laying a new suspended floor to try and cure the problem of the rising damp (This has been largely successful). The old pews and choir stalls were replaced with modern stackable pews to enable a more flexible use of the space, new lighting and a new heating system was installed. This has resulted in a light airy user friendly building. At the back of the church a glass screen was erected forming a separate area. This provides a space where parents can take their children if they become restless during the services. The ground floor of the extension consists of a large meeting room with kitchenette plus toilet. On the first floor there is a choir vestry and church office. There are currently plans to install a second toilet on this floor. On the second floor there is a further small meeting room and a store room.

www.kandschurches.org.uk/

I seek refuge in Allah from Satan, the outcast.

In the name of Allah, the Beneficent, the Merciful.

Allah’s peace be upon Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W), the glorious Prophet of Islam, and on his Companions and his followers.

TASAWWUF

"There is no doubt that Tasawwuf is an important branch of Islam. The word itself may have been derived form the Arabic word "Soof" (Wool) or from "Safa" (cleanliness), but its foundation lies in one’s personal sincerity in seeking Allah’s nearness and trying to live a life pleasing to Him. Study of the Quran, the Hadith, and the practical life of the holy Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W) and his faithful Companions provide unmistakable support to this reality." (Hazrat Moulana Allah Yar Khan (R.A)

SUFISM, AN ESSENTIAL PART OF ISLAM

Doubts exist not only in the minds of the Muslim faithful but also among the Ulema, notably the exoteric about Tasawwuf and its votaries. Often they lead to misunderstanding, as if Shariah and Tariqah were two separate entries, or that Tasawwuf was some obscure discipline foreign to Islam, or that it was altogether above the established laws and injunctions of our Religion. To help remove these misgivings and to reassure seekers, as well as scholars, our Sheikh Hazrat Moulana Allah Yar Khan (R.A), Sheikh Silsila Naqshbandia Awaisia, wrote Al-Jamal Wal Kamal, Aqaid-O-Kamalaat Ulmai-e-Deoband, Binat-e-Rasool (S.A.W), Daamad-e-Ali (R.A), Dalael-us-Salook, Ejaad-e-Mazhab Shia, Hayat-un-Nabi (S.A.W), Hayat Barzakhia, Ilm-o-Irfan, Niffaz-e-Shariat Aur Fiqah-e-Jaferia, Saif-e-Owaisi, Shikast-e-Ahdai Hussain and Tahkeek Halal Haram books.

BIOGRAPHY

Sheikh Allah Yar Khan was born in Chakrala, a remote village of Mianwali District of Pakistan, in 1904. He completed his religious education in 1934. The very year, he met Shaykh Abdul Rahim, who took him to the shrine of Shaykh Allah Deen Madni. By Divine Will his spiritual connection was right away established with the saint of the 10th century Hijra (sixteenth century) and he started receiving spiritual beneficence. His sublime education in Sufism, signifying progressive spiritual growth and advancement, continued for about twenty-five years. In 1962 he was directed to carry out the propagation of Prophetic blessings - a noble mission that he accomplished with singular enthusiasm and devotion for a period spanning half a century. Anybody who visited him was duly rewarded with a share of spiritual bliss as per his/her sincerity and capacity. Shaykh Allah Yar Khan's mission produced men and women of deep spiritual vision and distinction.

Although Hazrat Moulana Allah Yar Khan (R.A) have lived a major portion of his life as a scholar, with the avowed mission of illuminating the truth of Islam and the negation of fallacious sects, and this would appear quite removed from Tasawwuf, yet the only practical difference between the two, namely the use of the former as a media to expound the truth, and the latter to imbue people with positive faith. Nevertheless, people are amazed that a man, who until the other day, was known as a dialectician and a preacher of Islam, is not only talking of Mystic Path, but is also claiming spiritual bonds with the veteran Sufi Masters of the Past. This amazement is obviously out of place in the view of Quranic injunction: This is the bounty of Allah which He gives to whom He wills. (62:4)

THE PURIFICATION OF THE SOUL

The purification of the soul always formed part of the main mission of the Prophets; that is, the dissemination and propagation of the Devine Message. This responsibility later fell directly on the shoulders of the true Ulema in the Ummah of the last Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W), who, as his genuine successors, have continued to shed brave light in every Dark Age of materialism and sacrilege. In the present age of ruinous confusion, the importance of this responsibility has increased manifold; of the utter neglect of Islam by Muslims has not only driven them to misery, but also grievously weakened their bonds of faith in Allah and His Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W). The decay in their belief and consequent perversion in their conduct has reached a stage that any attempt to pull them out of the depth of ignominy and the heedless chaos of faithlessness, attracts grave uncertainties and apprehensions rather than a encouraging will to follow the Shariah, to purify the soul and to reform within. The Quranic Verse: Layers upon layers of darkness… (24:40) provides the nearest expression of their present state.

SHARIAH & SUFISM

Any action against the Sunnah (Prophet’s way of life) cannot be called Sufism. Singing and dancing, and the prostration on tombs are not part of Sufism. Nor is predicting the future and predicting the outcome of cases in the courts of law, a part of Sufism. Sufis are not required to abandon their worldly possessions or live in the wilderness far from the practical world. In fact these absurdities are just its opposites. It is an established fact that Tazkiyah (soul purification) stands for that inner purity which inspires a person’s spirit to obey the holy Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W). If a false claimant of Sufism teaches tricks and jugglery, ignoring religious obligations, he is an impostor. A true Sheikh will lead a believer to the august spiritual audience of the holy Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W). If you are fortunate enough to be blessed with the company of an accomplished spiritual guide and Sheikh of Sufism, and if you follow his instructions, you will observe a positive change in yourself, transferring you from vice to virtue.

ISLAM, AS A COMPLETE CODE OF LIFE

Islam, as a complete code of life or Deen, was perfected during the life of the Holy Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W). He was the sole teacher and his mosque was the core institution for the community. Although Islam in its entirety was practiced during that blessed era, the classification and compilation of its knowledge into distinct branches like ‘Tafsir’ (interpretation of the Quran), Hadith (traditions or sayings of the holy Prophet- SAWS), Fiqh (Islamic law), and Sufism (the soul purification) were undertaken subsequently. This Deen of Allah passed from the holy Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W) to his illustrious Companions in two ways: the outward and the inward. The former comprised the knowledge defined by speech and conduct, i.e., the Quran and Sunnah. The latter comprised the invisible blessings or the Prophetic lights transmitted by his blessed self. These blessings purified the hearts and instilled in them a passionate desire to follow Islam with utmost love, honesty and loyalty.

WHAT’S SUFISM

Sufism is the attempt to attain these Barakah (Blessings). The Companions handed down Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W) teachings as well as blessings to the Taba’een. Their strong hearts were capable of infusing these blessings into the hearts of their followers. Both aspects of Islam were similarly passed on by the Taba’een to the Taba Taba’een. The compilation of knowledge and its interpretation led to the establishment of many schools of religious thought; famous four being the Hanafi, the Hanbali, the Maliki, and the Shafa'i, all named after their founders. Similarly, in order to acquire, safeguard and distribute his blessings, an organized effort was initiated by four schools of Sufism: The Naqshbandia, the Qadria, the Chishtia, and the Suharwardia. These schools were also named after their organizers and came to be known as Sufi Orders. All these Orders intend to purify the hearts of sincere Muslims with Prophetic lights. These Sufi Orders also grew into many branches with the passage of time and are known by other names as well. The holy Quran has linked success in this life and the Hereafter with Tazkiyah (soul purification). He, who purified, is successful. (87: 14) Sufi Orders of Islam are the institutions where the basics of Tazkiyah (soul purification) and its practical application are taught. They have graded programs in which every new seeker is instructed in Zikr-e Lisani (oral Zikr) and is finally taught the Zikr-e Qalbi (Remembrance in heart).

ZIKR-E QALBI

However, in the Naqshbandia Order, Zikr-e Qalbi is practiced from the very beginning. Adherence to the Sunnah (Prophet’s way of life) is greatly emphasized in this Order, because the seeker achieves greater and quicker progress through its blessings. The essence of Zikr is that the Qalb should sincerely accept Islamic beliefs and gain the strength to follow the Sunnah with even greater devotion. ‘If the heart is acquainted with Allah and is engaged in His Zikr; then it is filled with Barakaat-e Nabuwwat (Prophetic blessings) which infuse their purity in the mind and body. This not only helps in controlling sensual drives but also removes traces of abhorrence, voracity, envy and insecurity from human soul. The person therefore becomes an embodiment of love, both for the Divine and the corporeal. This is the meaning of a Hadith, “There is a lump of flesh in the human body; if it goes astray the entire body is misguided, and if it is reformed the entire body is reformed. Know that this lump is the Qalb”.’

PAS ANFAS

Recent History Khawajah Naqshband (d. 1389 CE) organized the Naqshbandia Order at Bukhara (Central Asia). This Order has two main branches – the Mujaddidia and the Owaisiah. The former is identified with Sheikh Ahmed Sirhindi, known as Mujaddid Alif Sani (literally: reviver of the second Muslim millennium), a successor to Khawajah Baqi Billah, who introduced the Order to the Indo- Pakistan sub-continent. The Owaisiah Order employs a similar method of Zikr but acquires the Prophetic blessings in the manner of Khawajah Owais Qarni, who received this beneficence from the Holy Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W) without a formal physical meeting. The Zikr employed by the Naqshbandia is ‘Zikr-e Khafi Qalbi’ (remembrance of Allah’s Name within the heart) and the method is termed ‘Pas Anfas’, which (in Persian) means guarding every breath. The Chain of Transmission of these Barakah, of course, emanates from the holy Prophet- SAWS.

SPIRITUAL BAI’AT (OATH OF ALLEGIANCE

It is necessary in all Sufi Orders that the Sheikh and the seekers must be contemporaries and must physically meet each other for the transfer of these blessings. However, the Naqshbandia Owaisiah Order goes beyond this requirement and Sufis of this Order receive these Barakah regardless of physical meeting with their Sheikh or even when the Sheikh is not their contemporary. Yet, it must be underscored that physical meeting with the Sheikh of this Order still holds great importance in dissemination of these Barakah. Sheikh Sirhindi writes about the Owaisiah Order in his book ‘Tazkirah’: ‘It is the most sublime, the most exalted, and the most effective…and the highest station of all others is only its stepping stone.’ By far the greatest singular distinction of the Naqshbandia Owaisiah Order is the honor of Spiritual Bai’at (Oath of Allegiance) directly at the blessed hands of the holy Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W).

SHEIKH HAZRAT MOULANA ALLAH YAR KHAN (R.A)

The Reviver Sheikh Allah Yar Khan was born in Chikrala, a remote village of Mianwali District of Pakistan, in 1904. He completed his religious education in 1934. The same year, he met Sheikh ‘Abdul Rahim, who took him to the shrine of Sheikh Allah Deen Madni. By Divine Will his spiritual connection was immediately established with the saint of the 10th century Hijra (sixteenth century CE) and he started receiving spiritual beneficence. His sublime education in Sufism, signifying progressive spiritual growth and advancement, continued for about twenty-five years, after which he was directed to undertake the propagation of Prophetic blessings - a noble mission that he accomplished with singular zeal and dedication for a period spanning half a century. Anybody who visited him was duly rewarded with a share of spiritual bliss commensurate with his/her sincerity and capacity. Sheikh Allah Yar Khan’s mission produced men and women of deep spiritual vision and eminence. He authored eighteen books, the most distinguished being Dalael us-Sulook (Sufism - An Objective Appraisal), Hayat-e Barzakhiah (Life Beyond Life) and Israr ul- Haramain (Secrets of the two holy Mosques). He was undoubtedly one of the most distinguished Sufi saints of the Muslim Ummah and a reviver of the Naqshbandia Owaisiah Order. He passed away on 18 February 1984 in Islamabad at the age of eighty.

THE CHAIN OF TRANSMISSION OF NAQSHBANDIA OWAISIAH

1. Hazrat Muhammad ur-Rasool Allah (Sall Allah-o Alaihi wa Sallam), 2. Hazrat Abu Bakr Siddiq (Radhi Allah-o Unho), 3. Hazrat Imam Hassan Basri (Rahmat Ullah Alaihi), 4. Hazrat Daud Tai (Rahmat Ullah Alaihi), 5. Hazrat Junaid Baghdadi (Rahmat Ullah Alaihi), 6. Hazrat Ubaid Ullah Ahrar (Rahmat Ullah Alaihi), 7. Hazrat Abdur Rahman Jami (Rahmat Ullah Alaihi), 8. Hazrat Abu Ayub Muhammad Salih (Rahmat Ullah Alaihi), 9. Hazrat Allah Deen Madni (Rahmat Ullah Alaihi), 10. Hazrat Moulana Allah Yar Khan (Rahmat Ullah Alaihi).

THE SPIRIT OR RUH

The spirit or Ruh of every person is a created reflection of the Divine Attributes and it originates in Alam-e Amar (Realm of Command). Its food is the Light of Allah or the Divine Refulgence, which it acquires from the Realm of Command through the holy Prophet Muhammad (may Allah’s choicest favors and peace be upon him), whose status in the spiritual world is like that of the sun in the solar system. The Quran refers to him as the ‘bright lamp’. Indeed, he is the divinely selected channel of all Barakah. All Exalted Messengers themselves receive these Barakah from him.

LATAIF

The human Ruh also possesses vital organs like the physical body; through which it acquires its knowledge, food and energy. These are called Lataif (singular Latifah: subtlety). Scholars of various Sufi Orders have associated them with specific areas of the human body. The Naqshbandia Owaisiah Order identifies these Lataif as follows. First - Qalb: This spiritual faculty is located within the physical heart. Its function is Zikr. Its strength increases one’s capacity for Allah’s Zikr. Second – Ruh: The site of this Latifah, which is a distinct faculty of the human Ruh, is on the right side of the chest at the level of Qalb. Its primary function is concentration towards Allah. Third – Sirri: This is located above the Qalb and functions to make possible Kashf. Forth – Khaffi: This is located above the Ruh and functions to perceive the omnipresence of Allah. Fifth – Akhfa: This is located in the middle of chest, at the centre of the first four Lataif and makes it possible for the Ruh to perceive the closeness of Allah, Who is closer to us than our own selves. Sixth – Nafs: This Latifah is located at the forehead and functions to purify the human soul. Seventh – Sultan al-Azkar: This Latifah is located at the top centre of the head and serves to absorb the Barakah of Allah into the entire body, so that every cell resonates with Zikr.

FIVE EXALTED MESSENGERS OF GOD

There are Five Exalted Messengers among the many known and unknown Messengers of Allah. They are Hazrat Muhammad, Hazrat Nuh (Noah), Hazrat Ibrahim (Abraham), Hazrat Musa (Moses), and Hazrat Esa (Jesus), peace be upon them all. Hazrat Adam is the first Prophet of Allah and the father of mankind. Each Latifah is associated with a particular Prophet. The Barakah and lights from Hazrat Adam (peace be upon him), descend on the first Latifah Qalb; its lights are reflected from the first heaven and are yellowish. The second Latifah is associated with Hazrat Nuh and Hazrat Ibrahim (peace be upon them). Its lights descend from the second heaven and appear as golden red. The lights descending upon the third Latifah are from Hazrat Musa (peace be upon him) and are white. One the fourth Latifah, the lights of Hazrat Esa (peace be upon him) descend from the fourth heaven and are deep blue. The fifth Latifah receives its Barakah directly from the holy Prophet Muhammad (may Allah’s choicest favors and peace be upon him). The lights associated with this Latifah are green, descend from the fifth heaven, and overwhelm all the first four Lataif. The Lights descending upon the sixth and seventh Lataif are the Divine Lights, whose color and condition cannot be determined. These are like flashes of lightening that defy comprehension. If Allah blesses a seeker with Kashf, he can observe all of this. The vision is slightly diffused in the beginning, but gradually the clarity improves.

SULOOK

Stages of the Path After all seven Lataif of a seeker have been illuminated with Divine Lights through Tawajjuh of the Sheikh and his Ruh has acquired the ability to fly, the Sheikh initiates its journey on the sublime Path of Divine nearness. The Path is known as Sulook, and its stages are not hypothetical imaginations but real and actually existing stations on the spiritual Path. These are also referred to as Meditations, because a seeker mentally meditates about a station while his/her Ruh actually ascends towards it. The first three stations that form the base of whole Sulook are described as; Ahadiyyat, a station of Absolute Unity of Divinity. It is above and beyond the seven heavens. It is so vast a station that the seven heavens and all that they encompass are lost within Ahadiyyat as a ring is lost in a vast desert. Its lights are white in color. Maiyyat station denotes Divine Company, ‘He is with you, wherever you might be.’ This station is so vast that Ahadiyyat along with the seven heavens beneath are lost within it as a ring is lost in a desert. Its lights are green in color. Aqrabiyyat station denotes Divine Nearness, ‘He is nearer to you than your life- vein.’ Again, Aqrabiyyat is vast as compared to Maiyyat in the same proportion. Its lights are golden red and are reflected from the Divine Throne. It is indeed the greatest favor of Almighty Allah that He blesses a seeker with an accomplished Sheikh, who takes him to these sublime stations. The final station that a seeker attains to during his/her lifetime becomes his/her Iliyyeen (blessed abode) in Barzakh and his/her Ruh stays at this station after death.

ZIKR

Why is Zikr Necessary for Everyone? Allah ordains every soul in the Quran to Perform Zikr. This not only means reciting the Quran and Tasbeeh but also Zikr-e Qalb. It is only through Zikr-e Qalbi that Prophetic Lights reach the depths of human soul and purify it from all vice and evil. Zikr infuses a realization of constant Divine Presence and a seeker feels great improvement in the level of sincerity and love towards Allah and the holy Prophet- SAWS. Such levels of sincerity, love and feelings of Divine Presence can never be obtained without Zikr. It would be a mistake to believe that Zikr may be a requirement only for the very pious and virtuous people. Zikr provides the Prophetic blessings which are in effect the life line of every human soul. It transforms even the most corrupted humans into virtuous souls by bringing out the best in them. The fact is that Zikr is the only way to achieve true contentment and satisfaction in life. The holy Quran has pointed to this eternal fact that it is only through Zikr Allah that hearts can find satisfaction. Such satisfaction and peace are the ultimate requirements of every person, regardless of religion, race and ethnicity. Practicing Zikr regularly removes all traces of anxiety and restlessness, and guides the human soul to eternal bliss and peace.

KHALIFA MAJAZEEN

Hazrat Moulana Allah Yar Khan (R.A), during his life time in 1974, presented a nomination list to Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W), during Maraqba, of expected Khalifa Majazeen for Silsila Naqshbandia Awaisia. Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W) approved some names, deleted some of the names, and added down the name of Major Ghulam Muhammad as also Khalifa Majaaz of Silsila Naqshbandia Awaisia (which was not previously included in the list)

The approved names at that time included:

1. Mr. Muhammad Akram Awan Sahib,

2. Mr. Sayed Bunyad Hussain Shah Sahib,

3. Mr. Major Ahsan Baig Sahib,

4. Mr. Col. Matloob Hussain Sahib,

5. Mr. Major Ghulam Muhammad Sahib of Wan Bhachran Mianwali,

6. Mr. Molvi Abdul Haq Sahib,

7. Mr. Hafiz Abdul Razzaq Sahib,

8. Mr. Hafiz Ghulam Qadri Sahib,

9. Mr. Khan Muhammad Irani Sahib,

10. Mr. Maolana Abdul Ghafoor Sahib,

11. Mr. Syed Muhammad Hassan Sahib of Zohb.

These Majazeen were authorized to; held Majalis of Zikar (Pas Anfas) in their respective areas, arrange Majalis of Zikar in neighboring areas, train them on the way of Sulook, prepare them for Spiritual Bai’at (Oath of Allegiance), and present them to Sheikh Hazrat Moulana Allah Yar Khan for Spiritual Bai’at at the Hand of Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W), in the life of Hazrat Moulana Allah Yar Khan (R.A), and were all equal in status as Khalifa Majaaz of Hazrat Moulana Allah Yar Khan (R.A).

Presently we are following Hazrat Major ® Ghulam Muhammad Sahib, Khalifa Majaaz of Hazrat Moulana Allah Yar Khan (R.A).

Stay-Puft: PINK AND GREEN GO GOOD TOGETHER!!

P: 0_o

Pudding got a little help from the office toys today when she started decorating the little Charlie Brown tree I got for my desk.

You can't really see it too well, but Pudding is wearing one of our first TheFuture dresses. We love it!

This is an Autostitch panorama of three Ferrari 360 Modena Berlinettas and a Ferrari 308 GTS Targa on display on Preston Street (Corso Italia) near Gladstone Avenue in Ottawa's Little Italy during the 2008 Ottawa Ferrari Festival held by the Ottawa chapter of the Ferrari Club of America.

This one is a higher angle than most of my Autostitch shots because I took the source photos standing on top of a roughly 5-foot rise separating a small parking lot from Preston Street.

Chocolate Milk Is Good For Boxer - The Video Chocolate Milk - Cocoa Puffs TV Commercial Great Chocolate milk is sweetened cocoa-flavored milk It Is Good By: Chocolate Milk Rap Parody Displaying search results for Kinder Chocolate (Consumer Product) the number of total video 129386 Three-time IRONMAN world champion Craig Alexander featured in three new ads in the BUILT WITH CHOCOLATE MILK campaign carmelo anthony talks about his 'after' in this 30 second got chocolate milk? The Video Chocolate Milk - Cocoa Puffs TV Commercial Great 00:0:15 Chocolate milk has between 8 and 12 additional grams of sugar added · It Is Good By: Chocolate Milk Posts about Kinder Chocolate (Consumer Product) written by magictoysclub The new Built with Chocolate Milk campaign, the flavored, mustache-free sister of Got Milk The Video Chocolate Milk - Cocoa Puffs Tv Commercial Great (File : 3Gp, Flv, Mp4, WBEM, Mp3) Downing chocolate milk after a tough workout can help replenish exhausted muscles and significantly aid exercise recovery, new research shows It Is Good By: Chocolate Milk Duration: FEDER - Goodbye)) Duration: George Carlin - on airlines and flying Download and play online Kinder Chocolate (Consumer Product) Videos To mp3, mp4, 3gp, flv to your mobile phone, android, iphone, blackberry, tablet "Built With Chocolate Milk" partners with high-profile athletes, but that's not the only reason why its social media is successful Subscribe For More Boxing News: www.youtube.com/channel/UCsQQHa5xRhniFMFMw7O3RHQ youtu.be/z_x7TFBvSNA

Here is a distant, hazy look at a United Airlines Boeing 737 classic that will not be taking to the skies ever again.

United acquired a large fleet of Boeing 737-300 aircraft in the late 1980s, to replace its fleet of early Boeing 727-100s; this particular example was delivered new in December 1989. United also started acquiring the Boeing 737-500 from 1991, as replacements for the aging 737-200s. In the mid-1990s, this aircraft, alongside many other 737-300s and 737-500s, became part of the Shuttle by United low-cost division, until the Shuttle was disbanded in 2001.

United continued to operate this aircraft until 2009, when the entire 737 fleet was retired for cost savings and capacity adjustment; this particular aircraft was decommissioned at San Francisco then ferried to Victorville on 26 October 2009. That ended United's continuous 41-year operation of the 737, dating back to being the launch customer of the 737-200 back in 1968, and United operated the Airbus A320 family instead.

United is now a major 737 operator again, but its current fleet is all inherited from Continental Airlines and its outstanding orders. None of Continental's 737-300s ever entered United service, and Continental's 737-500 fleet exited the United fleet by May 2013; all Boeing 737s remaining in United service today are of the newer -NG variety (-700, -800, -900, -900ER), with postmerger United ordering additional -900ERs and MAX 9s.

In the distance can be seen a few other aircraft in various stages of dismantling/decay, including a 737-200 formerly of Air Caribbean.

N375UA, Boeing 737-300

© Don't use without my permission.

{{Blog}}

NO IMAGES AND BANNER IN COMMENTS PLEASE.

Prospect is only about an hour and a half from my home, but today was my first visit. In addition to doing some bracketing to play with Enfuse, I also pulled out my B&W 110 to try long exposures while the tide started to roll in. This one is 30 seconds, but the clouds are still very defined. I think it's because it was a still evening, but this is just a guess.

Upfest is Europe's largest Street Art and Graffiti Festival.

Upfest is a as a multi-venue urban festival with the 1.3km stretch of North Street in Bedminster at it's centre, connecting venues and painting locations. The multi-venue urban setting has given the festival it's transient feel, with visitors encouraged to explore and find whats around the next corner.

The Festival takes place from the 23rd to the 25th July this year and attracts over 300 artists painting 28 venues throughout Bedminster & Southville, Bristol.

Talented artists travel from 25 countries and across the UK to paint live on 30,000sqft of surfaces in front of 25,000 visitors.

My blog:

timster1973.wordpress.com

Also on Facebook

www.Facebook.com/TimKniftonPhotography

online store: www.artfinder.com/tim-knifton

affordable metal prints: displate.com/timster1973/

My instagram: www.instagram.com/Timster_1973

Downtown Newark is Newark, New Jersey's major central business, retail, and cultural district. It is located at a bend in the Passaic River.

Downtown is the site of the original Puritan settlement of Newark. The first settlers, led by Robert Treat, landed not far from the present site of the New Jersey Performing Arts Center. The intersection of Broad and Market Streets, known as Four Corners was once considered the busiest intersection in the nation, and is the heart of traditional downtown.

Most of Newark's office buildings are located in this area. In the post-World War II era, downtown seemed to be moving north during the New Newark architectural period, in the direction of Washington Park. Since the 1967 riots, it has been shifting slightly east in the direction of Newark Penn Station, the Gateway Center and the Passaic River.

Downtown Newark is the home to Newark's major cultural venues - the New Jersey Performing Arts Center (NJPAC), the 3,000-seat Newark Symphony Hall, Prudential Center, the Newark Museum, Military Park, the Playland Arcade and the New Jersey Historical Society. Downtown is also home to Seton Hall University School of Law and Aljira, an emerging artist's gallery. It is also home to Government Center, an area of municipal and federal government offices. It was once home to a Chinatown neighborhood centered around Mulberry Arcade, which was off of Mulberry Street, near Lafayette and Green Streets. Many of downtown's cultural and historical sites are linked by the unmarked Lenape Trail, which also leads to Branch Brook Park, the Watchung Mountains and the Passaic Meadows on this yellow-blazed trail.

The $375 million Prudential Center, home to the New Jersey Devils, opened on October 25, 2007, with the first of ten concerts by Bon Jovi. At the time, the arena was the New York metropolitan area's first all-new professional sports venue in over two decades.

Though it has a number of buildings of great architectural significance, downtown Newark has very few housing units and its storefronts are typically not well maintained. The buildings range from four to 35 stories tall presenting indiscriminate architecture. Many storefronts have enormous awnings.

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Newark

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_...

This is another direct positive paper, this time developed in Caffenol (instant coffee developer).

I shot this using my Deardorf V8, with my 300mm Nikor lens, at f/16 for 15 seconds.

Development was in Delta-STD caffenol for 4 mins. Fixed in Ilford rapid fix for 60 seconds, and washed in plain water for 5 minutes.

The tones are as accurate as I can get from my scanner.

Samarkand - the Capital of Tamerlane

Samarkand is situated in the valley of the river Zarafshan. It is the second largest city of Uzbekistan and is of the same age as the city of Babylon or Rome. The history of Samarkand is about 2,500 years old and has witnessed a lot of upheavals during the times of Alexander the Great, the Arabic Conquest, Genghis-Khan Conquest and lastly Tamerlane's. Hence, the culture of Samarkand was developed and mixed together with the Iranian, Indian, Mongolian and a bit of the Western and Eastern cultures. Majestic and beautiful city Samarkand has a marvelous and attractive power. Poets and historians of the past called it "Rome of the East, The beauty of sublunary countries, The pearl of the Eastern Moslem World". Its advantageous geographical position in Zarafshan valley put Samarkand to the first place among cities of the Central Asia.

Registan Square, Samarkand

During centuries Registan Square was the center of Samarkand. The word Registan means “sand place”. There was a river running there many ages ago, before building the first Madrassah on the square. Years passed, the river dried out and left lots of sank there, that was the first place where the first Madrassah was built in the beginning of the 15th century and named Registan square. As the Madrassah was first built, all the holidays, parades, festivals and Sunday bazaars took place. The ensemble consists of three Madrassah: Ulugbek Madrassah (15th century), Sher – Dor Madrassah (17th century) and Tilla-Kari Madrassah (gold covered)(17th century). Madrassah– is the Muslim high educational institution. Only the boys from reach families studied there. The training lasted for 10, 12, 20 years. It was up to the discipline the student selected. The main discipline for all of them was Learning Koran. The rest of the subjects were not obligatory and could be selected by students.The Ulugbek Madrassah was built by the Ulugbek’s order and guidance. It lasted only three years from 1417 to 1420. When the medresse was constructed, Ulugbek gave lectures on mathematics and astronomy till his death. Two years later, the ruler of Samarkand Yalangtush Bahadur ordered to build the copy of the Madrassah, and the second Sher-Dor Madrassah was built opposite it. The only difference was that it had two more winter teaching halls, but the main structure was the same as in Ulugbek Madrassah. Several years later, the same ruler of Samarkand ordered the third Tilla-Kari Madrassah. It’s outward is the same as those two other medresses, but coming in you’ll see a one story building. To make the architectural ensemble, the architecture made two floors on the outside but only one inside. Madrassah was always built by one project – four-cornered yard with four terraces and cells along the whole perimeter. The main entrance was always locked with lattice and two other entrances were used by purpose. The doors in cell were always low because “Islam” means “obedience”, that is why everyone who entered or went out of cell always had to bow, it was like greeting and wishing health to everyone. Only Tilla-Kari Madrassah was bult like medresse, but was used mostly as mosque; just looking at minarets can see this, Tilla-Kari has low minarets to call people to pray. In 17th century Till-Kari mosque and Madrassah was the biggest mosque in Samarkand. Right up to 19th century Madrassah and Madrassah-mosque was used by purpose, and only from the beginning of 20th century till now they serve as monuments. “Eden of Ancient East”, “Precious Pearl of Islam World”, “ Rome of East”, “Rui Zamin”-“Face of Earth”-with such magnificent names poets, historians, medieval geographers of Iran, India, China, Byzantium, Egypt called Samarkand. Even though of such magnificent description Samarkand saw many sites of fire and destructions, which left their sign in history. During centuries Samarkand was gained by different nomadic and half nomadic generations, which always were destroying, sacking, and leaving ruins after them. Samarkand saw three the largest tragedies. 1. The first ine is related to the time of Aleksandr Macedonian’s gains in 329 year BC; the city was fully destroyed, citizens were exterminated. After reconstruction of the city there was a development of different crafts, the east and Greek cultures mixed together, and this left its sign in the history of Samarkand. 2. The second tragedy is related to 8th century, when Arabs were gaining the Central Asia. Stating from 8th century Islam became main religion in Central Asia. Before that time there were different religions in Central Asia but the main was zoroastrism. And only Arabs with sword and fire, destroying people brought new religion Islam to Central Asia. And till now it is still main religion here. 3. Third tragedy is related to 13th century, when Chigiz han was gaining the Central Asia. When the city was destroyed, Samarkand ame to the new decline. And only in 14th century when Timur came to the power Samarkand was reconstructed. 14-15th centuries are called the Renaissance because Timur brought scientists from each aggressive crusade. In particular he was assisted in development of different sciences in Central Asia. Samarkand reached the highest level of development only during Timur’s government, though he is described as cruel gainer in history. All this was happened because during 35 year he brought with him mathematicians, astronomers, architectures, and musicians from his aggressive campaigns to his country. Architectures from many countries participated in the construction of many monuments. Picture of rising sun with lions chasing after fallow-deers is the illustration of it. It is not allow illustrating animals and people in Islam. But Sher-Dor medresse is decorated exactly with pictures of animals. What is concerned about decoration of the whole ensemble, here it is possible to see the difference in designing of tympanums of every medresse. If in Ulugbek medresse cable is often repeating, but in 17th century medresse no picture is repeated because it was prohibited in that time to repeat the pictures in architectures work. Geometric, letter design, and crockets were used in designing.

Various Artists

Wednesday 6 - Friday 8 November, Check listing for times

Various Locations

Various Locations

Street Talks is a series of quickfire public talks, part of the Re@ct: Social Change Art Technology Symposium. Rather than your typical poster session, these talks will take place on the streets of Dundee in various locations. Free speech is essential to political and social change – these artists are quite literally taking it to the streets to share their creative practices.

Luisa Charles & Elke Reinhuber –Wednesday 6th November, 2pm, Slessor Gardens

Luisa Charles – discusses the intersections of disability and design, and how novel bespoke design practices could offer a solution to designing for all needs, where universal design could not. These design ideologies, that include co-design, individual centred design, mass customisation, and mass personalisation, are exemplified by case studies from pop culture design media, such as the Fixperts and BBC’s Big Life Fix. She analyses the social, technological, and economical shifts that are required for these practices to become mainstream, and the capability of bespoke design to cause enough disruption within the design economy to create a shift in capitalism.

Elke Reinhuber – The Urban Beautician moved recently from the speckless city state of Singapore, where she already developed her retirement plans, across the South China Sea, to protest-ridden Hong Kong. There, she observed how much effort the cleaners put up to keep these megapolises scrubbed and tidy. As they are frequently overlooked, the Urban Beautician captured some of them during their relentless daily routine. While they have adapted themselves to their particular duties, their skills are hardly ever honoured or even acknowledged. Paying homage to their Sisyphean challenge, they can be positioned now anywhere through Augmented Reality and venerated as perpetualised sculptures of our everyday heroes.The Urban Beautician tries to improve neglected details in our urban environment with interventions in public space and performances to camera. Since more than a decade she cares for things most people are oblivious to.

Ibarieze Abani and Daisy Abbott & Anders Zanichkowsky – Thursday 7th November, 1:30pm, Albert Square, by McManus Gallery Steps

Ibarieze Abani and Daisy Abbott – Transmedia storytelling uses multiple delivery channels to convey a narrative in order to provide a more immersive entertainment experience (Jenkins, 2009). Transmedia activism can be very broadly defined as using storytelling to “effect social change by engaging multiple stakeholders on multiple platforms to collaborate toward appropriate, community-led social action” (Srivastava, 2009). Activism depends on participation and collaboration within a community to avoid unsustainable or inappropriate top-down interventions. A similar concept, transmedia mobilization, uses transmedia storytelling to engage “the social base of a movement in participatory media making practices across multiple platforms” (Constanza-Chock, 2013) and also requires interaction from diverse voices from within the community.

Anders Zanichkowsky –“I Am in Your Hands: Smartphones and the erotics of the future”Social media artist and queer anarchist Anders Zanichkowsky will present excerpts and reflections from his current Grindr project, “Queen of Hearts,” as well as other recent projects reading Tarot cards on hookup apps and go-go dancing for a remote audience on Instagram. During this talk, Anders will use the same social media platforms that are the subject of his presentation, inviting you into the theory behind the work, and into the work itself. Equal parts cultural criticism, performance art, and experimental public speaking, this street talk will level the hierarchy of physical presence over virtual appearance, and scandalously suggest how thirst traps and sexting with strangers can indeed point us towards a radical future of queer intimacy and counterculture.

Mohammad Namazi & Matteo Preabianca – Friday 8th November, 1:30pm, Wellgate Centre, Victoria Road entrance

Mohammad Namazi – An Archive of Audio Disobedience, intervenes into the public realm, and collaborates with individuals, to construct a live-event. The event manifests through utilising a net-based sound archive, capable of involving participants in a collective form of sound-action, -publication, -demonstration, -performance, and -play.

The archive comprises various audio effects, sound segments, words, and computer-generated speeches – to stage a critical symphony, rooted in and derived from, socio-political concerns.

Matteo Preabianca – Mantra Marx is the eighth album for the NonMiPiaceIlCirco! Project. NonMiPiaceIlCirco! is a musical project that has been on since 2004, the year of the first album. Since then, the line-up has been in a constant change, with Matteo Preabianca the only member from the beginning. So they took The Capital from the shelf to read again. But who remembers it, especially young people? Let’s get rid of guitars and songs to give a didactic approach to the music. 25 tracks, one for each of the First Book’s 25 chapters. They use the lyrics as Hinduist mantras, where repetition is the key for a deep understanding of our life, and Marx as well. Its music, besides being lo-fi and badly made, is just an excuse. The lyrics are a summarized version of the aforementioned book, spoken by 25 different Mandarin native voices, completely unaware of the reason behind the recording. Still time to die as a Marxist(?). Developed and recorded in China.

About the Artists

Daisy Abbott is an interdisciplinary researcher and research developer based in the School of Simulation and Visualisation at The Glasgow School of Art. Daisy’s current research focusses on game-based learning, 3D visualisation, and issues surrounding digital interaction, documentation, preservation, and interpretation in the arts and humanities. She also collaborates with artists on works aiming to explore the nature of digital interactivity and digital art.

Luisa Charles is an interaction designer, multidisciplinary artist, and filmmaker. Having been exhibited in the Science Museum, Science Gallery London, London Design Festival, and various film festivals, amongst others, her work spans many themes across science and technology, social politics, and personal narratives. She specialises in installation design and physical computing, experience design, fabrication, and videography, and her work often comes under the umbrella of speculative and critical design. Her work focuses heavily on research processes, and forms itself organically through investigation and experimentation.

Ibarieze Abani is a recent Masters graduate in Serious Games and Virtual Reality at the Glasgow School of Art, where she has carried out projects about cultural heritage, gender inequality, transmedia storytelling and climate policy. She is an advocate of the capabilities of interactive digital media as a tool for opening up dialogues surrounding large scale themes such as climate justice, social justice and intersectionality. She has a keen interest in working with people using digital media to make meaningful and tangible differences on a societal scale.

Mohammad Namazi (b. 1981. Tehran) is an artist, educator and researcher based in London. Mohammad works through means of de-construction, collaboration, process, unlearning, and telematics systems within social and cultural realms. The studio operates as a research-lab for inter-disciplinary projects that can span video, sound, liveevents, graphics, photography, sculptural structures, and internet-based projects. He received his doctorate from UAL research in 2019, and currently teaches as visiting lecturer at Wimbledon, and Chelsea College of Arts. Mohammad is a member of research cluster Critical Practice.

Matteo Preabianca- Music and Languages…Music and Languages? How come? Matteo starts playing violin when he was a child, but he did not like it, especially when he tried to beat it on the table. It did not make any good sound. So, better drumming, right? Meanwhile playing and spending a lot his mum’s money to buy records he realised even speaking other languages was not so bad. Especially when he invented his own. Step by step, he turned into a music and languages teacher.

Elke Reinhuber is not your average artist, because she became a specialist on choice, decision making and counterfactual thoughts in media arts. Currently, Reinhuber teaches and researches at the School of Creative Media, CityU Hing Kong and is affiliated with the School of Art, Design and Media at NTU in Singapore. In her artistic practice, she investigates on the correlation between decisions and emotions and explores different strategies of visualisation and presentation, working with immersive environments, mixed reality, imaging technologies and performance. In addition, her alter ego, the ‘Urban Beautician’ is pursuing a life which Elke didn’t follow.

Anders Zanickowsky is an American artist and activist who uses platforms like Grindr and Instagram as actual sites for performances about desire, uncertainty, and vulnerability. He is committed to José Esteban Muñoz’s concept of queer futurity in which artists refuse the oppressive confines of the present and reach instead towards what can only be imagined. He has an MFA from the University of Wisconsin-Madison (2019) and was a resident with The Arctic Circle program in Svalbard (2016). Since 2008 he has worked in movements for housing justice, prison abolition, and HIV/AIDS.

Photography Kathryn Rattray

Gerani (Greek: Γεράνι, literally 'Geranium', Turkish: Turnalar) is a village in the Famagusta District of Cyprus, located 8 km (5.0 mi) northeast of Trikomo. It is under the de facto control of Northern Cyprus.

Northern Cyprus, officially the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC), is a de facto state that comprises the northeastern portion of the island of Cyprus. It is recognised only by Turkey, and its territory is considered by all other states to be part of the Republic of Cyprus.

Northern Cyprus extends from the tip of the Karpass Peninsula in the northeast to Morphou Bay, Cape Kormakitis and its westernmost point, the Kokkina exclave in the west. Its southernmost point is the village of Louroujina. A buffer zone under the control of the United Nations stretches between Northern Cyprus and the rest of the island and divides Nicosia, the island's largest city and capital of both sides.

A coup d'état in 1974, performed as part of an attempt to annex the island to Greece, prompted the Turkish invasion of Cyprus. This resulted in the eviction of much of the north's Greek Cypriot population, the flight of Turkish Cypriots from the south, and the partitioning of the island, leading to a unilateral declaration of independence by the north in 1983. Due to its lack of recognition, Northern Cyprus is heavily dependent on Turkey for economic, political and military support.

Attempts to reach a solution to the Cyprus dispute have been unsuccessful. The Turkish Army maintains a large force in Northern Cyprus with the support and approval of the TRNC government, while the Republic of Cyprus, the European Union as a whole, and the international community regard it as an occupation force. This military presence has been denounced in several United Nations Security Council resolutions.

Northern Cyprus is a semi-presidential, democratic republic with a cultural heritage incorporating various influences and an economy that is dominated by the services sector. The economy has seen growth through the 2000s and 2010s, with the GNP per capita more than tripling in the 2000s, but is held back by an international embargo due to the official closure of the ports in Northern Cyprus by the Republic of Cyprus. The official language is Turkish, with a distinct local dialect being spoken. The vast majority of the population consists of Sunni Muslims, while religious attitudes are mostly moderate and secular. Northern Cyprus is an observer state of ECO and OIC under the name "Turkish Cypriot State", PACE under the name "Turkish Cypriot Community", and Organization of Turkic States with its own name.

Several distinct periods of Cypriot intercommunal violence involving the two main ethnic communities, Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots, marked mid-20th century Cyprus. These included the Cyprus Emergency of 1955–59 during British rule, the post-independence Cyprus crisis of 1963–64, and the Cyprus crisis of 1967. Hostilities culminated in the 1974 de facto division of the island along the Green Line following the Turkish invasion of Cyprus. The region has been relatively peaceful since then, but the Cyprus dispute has continued, with various attempts to solve it diplomatically having been generally unsuccessful.

Cyprus, an island lying in the eastern Mediterranean, hosted a population of Greeks and Turks (four-fifths and one-fifth, respectively), who lived under British rule in the late nineteenth-century and the first half of the twentieth-century. Christian Orthodox Church of Cyprus played a prominent political role among the Greek Cypriot community, a privilege that it acquired during the Ottoman Empire with the employment of the millet system, which gave the archbishop an unofficial ethnarch status.

The repeated rejections by the British of Greek Cypriot demands for enosis, union with Greece, led to armed resistance, organised by the National Organization of Cypriot Struggle, or EOKA. EOKA, led by the Greek-Cypriot commander George Grivas, systematically targeted British colonial authorities. One of the effects of EOKA's campaign was to alter the Turkish position from demanding full reincorporation into Turkey to a demand for taksim (partition). EOKA's mission and activities caused a "Cretan syndrome" (see Turkish Resistance Organisation) within the Turkish Cypriot community, as its members feared that they would be forced to leave the island in such a case as had been the case with Cretan Turks. As such, they preferred the continuation of British colonial rule and then taksim, the division of the island. Due to the Turkish Cypriots' support for the British, EOKA's leader, Georgios Grivas, declared them to be enemies. The fact that the Turks were a minority was, according to Nihat Erim, to be addressed by the transfer of thousands of Turks from mainland Turkey so that Greek Cypriots would cease to be the majority. When Erim visited Cyprus as the Turkish representative, he was advised by Field Marshal Sir John Harding, the then Governor of Cyprus, that Turkey should send educated Turks to settle in Cyprus.

Turkey actively promoted the idea that on the island of Cyprus two distinctive communities existed, and sidestepped its former claim that "the people of Cyprus were all Turkish subjects". In doing so, Turkey's aim to have self-determination of two to-be equal communities in effect led to de jure partition of the island.[citation needed] This could be justified to the international community against the will of the majority Greek population of the island. Dr. Fazil Küçük in 1954 had already proposed Cyprus be divided in two at the 35° parallel.

Lindley Dan, from Notre Dame University, spotted the roots of intercommunal violence to different visions among the two communities of Cyprus (enosis for Greek Cypriots, taksim for Turkish Cypriots). Also, Lindlay wrote that "the merging of church, schools/education, and politics in divisive and nationalistic ways" had played a crucial role in creation of havoc in Cyprus' history. Attalides Michael also pointed to the opposing nationalisms as the cause of the Cyprus problem.

By the mid-1950's, the "Cyprus is Turkish" party, movement, and slogan gained force in both Cyprus and Turkey. In a 1954 editorial, Turkish Cypriot leader Dr. Fazil Kuchuk expressed the sentiment that the Turkish youth had grown up with the idea that "as soon as Great Britain leaves the island, it will be taken over by the Turks", and that "Turkey cannot tolerate otherwise". This perspective contributed to the willingness of Turkish Cypriots to align themselves with the British, who started recruiting Turkish Cypriots into the police force that patrolled Cyprus to fight EOKA, a Greek Cypriot nationalist organisation that sought to rid the island of British rule.

EOKA targeted colonial authorities, including police, but Georgios Grivas, the leader of EOKA, did not initially wish to open up a new front by fighting Turkish Cypriots and reassured them that EOKA would not harm their people. In 1956, some Turkish Cypriot policemen were killed by EOKA members and this provoked some intercommunal violence in the spring and summer, but these attacks on policemen were not motivated by the fact that they were Turkish Cypriots.

However, in January 1957, Grivas changed his policy as his forces in the mountains became increasingly pressured by the British Crown forces. In order to divert the attention of the Crown forces, EOKA members started to target Turkish Cypriot policemen intentionally in the towns, so that Turkish Cypriots would riot against the Greek Cypriots and the security forces would have to be diverted to the towns to restore order. The killing of a Turkish Cypriot policeman on 19 January, when a power station was bombed, and the injury of three others, provoked three days of intercommunal violence in Nicosia. The two communities targeted each other in reprisals, at least one Greek Cypriot was killed and the British Army was deployed in the streets. Greek Cypriot stores were burned and their neighbourhoods attacked. Following the events, the Greek Cypriot leadership spread the propaganda that the riots had merely been an act of Turkish Cypriot aggression. Such events created chaos and drove the communities apart both in Cyprus and in Turkey.

On 22 October 1957 Sir Hugh Mackintosh Foot replaced Sir John Harding as the British Governor of Cyprus. Foot suggested five to seven years of self-government before any final decision. His plan rejected both enosis and taksim. The Turkish Cypriot response to this plan was a series of anti-British demonstrations in Nicosia on 27 and 28 January 1958 rejecting the proposed plan because the plan did not include partition. The British then withdrew the plan.

In 1957, Black Gang, a Turkish Cypriot pro-taksim paramilitary organisation, was formed to patrol a Turkish Cypriot enclave, the Tahtakale district of Nicosia, against activities of EOKA. The organisation later attempted to grow into a national scale, but failed to gain public support.

By 1958, signs of dissatisfaction with the British increased on both sides, with a group of Turkish Cypriots forming Volkan (later renamed to the Turkish Resistance Organisation) paramilitary group to promote partition and the annexation of Cyprus to Turkey as dictated by the Menderes plan. Volkan initially consisted of roughly 100 members, with the stated aim of raising awareness in Turkey of the Cyprus issue and courting military training and support for Turkish Cypriot fighters from the Turkish government.

In June 1958, the British Prime Minister, Harold Macmillan, was expected to propose a plan to resolve the Cyprus issue. In light of the new development, the Turks rioted in Nicosia to promote the idea that Greek and Turkish Cypriots could not live together and therefore any plan that did not include partition would not be viable. This violence was soon followed by bombing, Greek Cypriot deaths and looting of Greek Cypriot-owned shops and houses. Greek and Turkish Cypriots started to flee mixed population villages where they were a minority in search of safety. This was effectively the beginning of the segregation of the two communities. On 7 June 1958, a bomb exploded at the entrance of the Turkish Embassy in Cyprus. Following the bombing, Turkish Cypriots looted Greek Cypriot properties. On 26 June 1984, the Turkish Cypriot leader, Rauf Denktaş, admitted on British channel ITV that the bomb was placed by the Turks themselves in order to create tension. On 9 January 1995, Rauf Denktaş repeated his claim to the famous Turkish newspaper Milliyet in Turkey.

The crisis reached a climax on 12 June 1958, when eight Greeks, out of an armed group of thirty five arrested by soldiers of the Royal Horse Guards on suspicion of preparing an attack on the Turkish quarter of Skylloura, were killed in a suspected attack by Turkish Cypriot locals, near the village of Geunyeli, having been ordered to walk back to their village of Kondemenos.

After the EOKA campaign had begun, the British government successfully began to turn the Cyprus issue from a British colonial problem into a Greek-Turkish issue. British diplomacy exerted backstage influence on the Adnan Menderes government, with the aim of making Turkey active in Cyprus. For the British, the attempt had a twofold objective. The EOKA campaign would be silenced as quickly as possible, and Turkish Cypriots would not side with Greek Cypriots against the British colonial claims over the island, which would thus remain under the British. The Turkish Cypriot leadership visited Menderes to discuss the Cyprus issue. When asked how the Turkish Cypriots should respond to the Greek Cypriot claim of enosis, Menderes replied: "You should go to the British foreign minister and request the status quo be prolonged, Cyprus to remain as a British colony". When the Turkish Cypriots visited the British Foreign Secretary and requested for Cyprus to remain a colony, he replied: "You should not be asking for colonialism at this day and age, you should be asking for Cyprus be returned to Turkey, its former owner".

As Turkish Cypriots began to look to Turkey for protection, Greek Cypriots soon understood that enosis was extremely unlikely. The Greek Cypriot leader, Archbishop Makarios III, now set independence for the island as his objective.

Britain resolved to solve the dispute by creating an independent Cyprus. In 1959, all involved parties signed the Zurich Agreements: Britain, Turkey, Greece, and the Greek and Turkish Cypriot leaders, Makarios and Dr. Fazil Kucuk, respectively. The new constitution drew heavily on the ethnic composition of the island. The President would be a Greek Cypriot, and the Vice-President a Turkish Cypriot with an equal veto. The contribution to the public service would be set at a ratio of 70:30, and the Supreme Court would consist of an equal number of judges from both communities as well as an independent judge who was not Greek, Turkish or British. The Zurich Agreements were supplemented by a number of treaties. The Treaty of Guarantee stated that secession or union with any state was forbidden, and that Greece, Turkey and Britain would be given guarantor status to intervene if that was violated. The Treaty of Alliance allowed for two small Greek and Turkish military contingents to be stationed on the island, and the Treaty of Establishment gave Britain sovereignty over two bases in Akrotiri and Dhekelia.

On 15 August 1960, the Colony of Cyprus became fully independent as the Republic of Cyprus. The new republic remained within the Commonwealth of Nations.

The new constitution brought dissatisfaction to Greek Cypriots, who felt it to be highly unjust for them for historical, demographic and contributional reasons. Although 80% of the island's population were Greek Cypriots and these indigenous people had lived on the island for thousands of years and paid 94% of taxes, the new constitution was giving the 17% of the population that was Turkish Cypriots, who paid 6% of taxes, around 30% of government jobs and 40% of national security jobs.

Within three years tensions between the two communities in administrative affairs began to show. In particular disputes over separate municipalities and taxation created a deadlock in government. A constitutional court ruled in 1963 Makarios had failed to uphold article 173 of the constitution which called for the establishment of separate municipalities for Turkish Cypriots. Makarios subsequently declared his intention to ignore the judgement, resulting in the West German judge resigning from his position. Makarios proposed thirteen amendments to the constitution, which would have had the effect of resolving most of the issues in the Greek Cypriot favour. Under the proposals, the President and Vice-President would lose their veto, the separate municipalities as sought after by the Turkish Cypriots would be abandoned, the need for separate majorities by both communities in passing legislation would be discarded and the civil service contribution would be set at actual population ratios (82:18) instead of the slightly higher figure for Turkish Cypriots.

The intention behind the amendments has long been called into question. The Akritas plan, written in the height of the constitutional dispute by the Greek Cypriot interior minister Polycarpos Georkadjis, called for the removal of undesirable elements of the constitution so as to allow power-sharing to work. The plan envisaged a swift retaliatory attack on Turkish Cypriot strongholds should Turkish Cypriots resort to violence to resist the measures, stating "In the event of a planned or staged Turkish attack, it is imperative to overcome it by force in the shortest possible time, because if we succeed in gaining command of the situation (in one or two days), no outside, intervention would be either justified or possible." Whether Makarios's proposals were part of the Akritas plan is unclear, however it remains that sentiment towards enosis had not completely disappeared with independence. Makarios described independence as "a step on the road to enosis".[31] Preparations for conflict were not entirely absent from Turkish Cypriots either, with right wing elements still believing taksim (partition) the best safeguard against enosis.

Greek Cypriots however believe the amendments were a necessity stemming from a perceived attempt by Turkish Cypriots to frustrate the working of government. Turkish Cypriots saw it as a means to reduce their status within the state from one of co-founder to that of minority, seeing it as a first step towards enosis. The security situation deteriorated rapidly.

Main articles: Bloody Christmas (1963) and Battle of Tillyria

An armed conflict was triggered after December 21, 1963, a period remembered by Turkish Cypriots as Bloody Christmas, when a Greek Cypriot policemen that had been called to help deal with a taxi driver refusing officers already on the scene access to check the identification documents of his customers, took out his gun upon arrival and shot and killed the taxi driver and his partner. Eric Solsten summarised the events as follows: "a Greek Cypriot police patrol, ostensibly checking identification documents, stopped a Turkish Cypriot couple on the edge of the Turkish quarter. A hostile crowd gathered, shots were fired, and two Turkish Cypriots were killed."

In the morning after the shooting, crowds gathered in protest in Northern Nicosia, likely encouraged by the TMT, without incident. On the evening of the 22nd, gunfire broke out, communication lines to the Turkish neighbourhoods were cut, and the Greek Cypriot police occupied the nearby airport. On the 23rd, a ceasefire was negotiated, but did not hold. Fighting, including automatic weapons fire, between Greek and Turkish Cypriots and militias increased in Nicosia and Larnaca. A force of Greek Cypriot irregulars led by Nikos Sampson entered the Nicosia suburb of Omorphita and engaged in heavy firing on armed, as well as by some accounts unarmed, Turkish Cypriots. The Omorphita clash has been described by Turkish Cypriots as a massacre, while this view has generally not been acknowledged by Greek Cypriots.

Further ceasefires were arranged between the two sides, but also failed. By Christmas Eve, the 24th, Britain, Greece, and Turkey had joined talks, with all sides calling for a truce. On Christmas day, Turkish fighter jets overflew Nicosia in a show of support. Finally it was agreed to allow a force of 2,700 British soldiers to help enforce a ceasefire. In the next days, a "buffer zone" was created in Nicosia, and a British officer marked a line on a map with green ink, separating the two sides of the city, which was the beginning of the "Green Line". Fighting continued across the island for the next several weeks.

In total 364 Turkish Cypriots and 174 Greek Cypriots were killed during the violence. 25,000 Turkish Cypriots from 103-109 villages fled and were displaced into enclaves and thousands of Turkish Cypriot houses were ransacked or completely destroyed.

Contemporary newspapers also reported on the forceful exodus of the Turkish Cypriots from their homes. According to The Times in 1964, threats, shootings and attempts of arson were committed against the Turkish Cypriots to force them out of their homes. The Daily Express wrote that "25,000 Turks have already been forced to leave their homes". The Guardian reported a massacre of Turks at Limassol on 16 February 1964.

Turkey had by now readied its fleet and its fighter jets appeared over Nicosia. Turkey was dissuaded from direct involvement by the creation of a United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP) in 1964. Despite the negotiated ceasefire in Nicosia, attacks on the Turkish Cypriot persisted, particularly in Limassol. Concerned about the possibility of a Turkish invasion, Makarios undertook the creation of a Greek Cypriot conscript-based army called the "National Guard". A general from Greece took charge of the army, whilst a further 20,000 well-equipped officers and men were smuggled from Greece into Cyprus. Turkey threatened to intervene once more, but was prevented by a strongly worded letter from the American President Lyndon B. Johnson, anxious to avoid a conflict between NATO allies Greece and Turkey at the height of the Cold War.

Turkish Cypriots had by now established an important bridgehead at Kokkina, provided with arms, volunteers and materials from Turkey and abroad. Seeing this incursion of foreign weapons and troops as a major threat, the Cypriot government invited George Grivas to return from Greece as commander of the Greek troops on the island and launch a major attack on the bridgehead. Turkey retaliated by dispatching its fighter jets to bomb Greek positions, causing Makarios to threaten an attack on every Turkish Cypriot village on the island if the bombings did not cease. The conflict had now drawn in Greece and Turkey, with both countries amassing troops on their Thracian borders. Efforts at mediation by Dean Acheson, a former U.S. Secretary of State, and UN-appointed mediator Galo Plaza had failed, all the while the division of the two communities becoming more apparent. Greek Cypriot forces were estimated at some 30,000, including the National Guard and the large contingent from Greece. Defending the Turkish Cypriot enclaves was a force of approximately 5,000 irregulars, led by a Turkish colonel, but lacking the equipment and organisation of the Greek forces.

The Secretary-General of the United Nations in 1964, U Thant, reported the damage during the conflicts:

UNFICYP carried out a detailed survey of all damage to properties throughout the island during the disturbances; it shows that in 109 villages, most of them Turkish-Cypriot or mixed villages, 527 houses have been destroyed while 2,000 others have suffered damage from looting.

The situation worsened in 1967, when a military junta overthrew the democratically elected government of Greece, and began applying pressure on Makarios to achieve enosis. Makarios, not wishing to become part of a military dictatorship or trigger a Turkish invasion, began to distance himself from the goal of enosis. This caused tensions with the junta in Greece as well as George Grivas in Cyprus. Grivas's control over the National Guard and Greek contingent was seen as a threat to Makarios's position, who now feared a possible coup.[citation needed] The National Guard and Cyprus Police began patrolling the Turkish Cypriot enclaves of Ayios Theodoros and Kophinou, and on November 15 engaged in heavy fighting with the Turkish Cypriots.

By the time of his withdrawal 26 Turkish Cypriots had been killed. Turkey replied with an ultimatum demanding that Grivas be removed from the island, that the troops smuggled from Greece in excess of the limits of the Treaty of Alliance be removed, and that the economic blockades on the Turkish Cypriot enclaves be lifted. Grivas was recalled by the Athens Junta and the 12,000 Greek troops were withdrawn. Makarios now attempted to consolidate his position by reducing the number of National Guard troops, and by creating a paramilitary force loyal to Cypriot independence. In 1968, acknowledging that enosis was now all but impossible, Makarios stated, "A solution by necessity must be sought within the limits of what is feasible which does not always coincide with the limits of what is desirable."

After 1967 tensions between the Greek and Turkish Cypriots subsided. Instead, the main source of tension on the island came from factions within the Greek Cypriot community. Although Makarios had effectively abandoned enosis in favour of an 'attainable solution', many others continued to believe that the only legitimate political aspiration for Greek Cypriots was union with Greece.

On his arrival, Grivas began by establishing a nationalist paramilitary group known as the National Organization of Cypriot Fighters (Ethniki Organosis Kyprion Agoniston B or EOKA-B), drawing comparisons with the EOKA struggle for enosis under the British colonial administration of the 1950s.

The military junta in Athens saw Makarios as an obstacle. Makarios's failure to disband the National Guard, whose officer class was dominated by mainland Greeks, had meant the junta had practical control over the Cypriot military establishment, leaving Makarios isolated and a vulnerable target.

During the first Turkish invasion, Turkish troops invaded Cyprus territory on 20 July 1974, invoking its rights under the Treaty of Guarantee. This expansion of Turkish-occupied zone violated International Law as well as the Charter of the United Nations. Turkish troops managed to capture 3% of the island which was accompanied by the burning of the Turkish Cypriot quarter, as well as the raping and killing of women and children. A temporary cease-fire followed which was mitigated by the UN Security Council. Subsequently, the Greek military Junta collapsed on July 23, 1974, and peace talks commenced in which a democratic government was installed. The Resolution 353 was broken after Turkey attacked a second time and managed to get a hold of 37% of Cyprus territory. The Island of Cyprus was appointed a Buffer Zone by the United Nations, which divided the island into two zones through the 'Green Line' and put an end to the Turkish invasion. Although Turkey announced that the occupied areas of Cyprus to be called the Federated Turkish State in 1975, it is not legitimised on a worldwide political scale. The United Nations called for the international recognition of independence for the Republic of Cyprus in the Security Council Resolution 367.

In the years after the Turkish invasion of northern Cyprus one can observe a history of failed talks between the two parties. The 1983 declaration of the independent Turkish Republic of Cyprus resulted in a rise of inter-communal tensions and made it increasingly hard to find mutual understanding. With Cyprus' interest of a possible EU membership and a new UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan in 1997 new hopes arose for a fresh start. International involvement from sides of the US and UK, wanting a solution to the Cyprus dispute prior to the EU accession led to political pressures for new talks. The believe that an accession without a solution would threaten Greek-Turkish relations and acknowledge the partition of the island would direct the coming negotiations.

Over the course of two years a concrete plan, the Annan plan was formulated. In 2004 the fifth version agreed upon from both sides and with the endorsement of Turkey, US, UK and EU then was presented to the public and was given a referendum in both Cypriot communities to assure the legitimisation of the resolution. The Turkish Cypriots voted with 65% for the plan, however the Greek Cypriots voted with a 76% majority against. The Annan plan contained multiple important topics. Firstly it established a confederation of two separate states called the United Cyprus Republic. Both communities would have autonomous states combined under one unified government. The members of parliament would be chosen according to the percentage in population numbers to ensure a just involvement from both communities. The paper proposed a demilitarisation of the island over the next years. Furthermore it agreed upon a number of 45000 Turkish settlers that could remain on the island. These settlers became a very important issue concerning peace talks. Originally the Turkish government encouraged Turks to settle in Cyprus providing transfer and property, to establish a counterpart to the Greek Cypriot population due to their 1 to 5 minority. With the economic situation many Turkish-Cypriot decided to leave the island, however their departure is made up by incoming Turkish settlers leaving the population ratio between Turkish Cypriots and Greek Cypriots stable. However all these points where criticised and as seen in the vote rejected mainly by the Greek Cypriots. These name the dissolution of the „Republic of Cyprus", economic consequences of a reunion and the remaining Turkish settlers as reason. Many claim that the plan was indeed drawing more from Turkish-Cypriot demands then Greek-Cypriot interests. Taking in consideration that the US wanted to keep Turkey as a strategic partner in future Middle Eastern conflicts.

A week after the failed referendum the Republic of Cyprus joined the EU. In multiple instances the EU tried to promote trade with Northern Cyprus but without internationally recognised ports this spiked a grand debate. Both side endure their intention of negotiations, however without the prospect of any new compromises or agreements the UN is unwilling to start the process again. Since 2004 negotiations took place in numbers but without any results, both sides are strongly holding on to their position without an agreeable solution in sight that would suit both parties.

Bear Mountain is a nice training hike in the Red Rock Secret Mountain Wilderness northwest of Sedona and west of the Enchantment Resort in Boynton Canyon. Strenuous but well rewarding with great views. Fay Canyon to the eastsoutheast, Sedona to the southeast, San Francisco Peaks to the northeast.

www.fs.fed.us/r3/coconino/recreation/red_rock/bear-mounta...

hikearizona.com/decoder.php?ZTN=310

The hike to the top of the mountain is mostly unshaded, steep and difficult in places. Great views the whole way. The trail begins at a broad path at the parking area, crosses two washes and then starts a gradual ascent 1/4 mile to the wilderness boundary at the base of the mountain. The trail narrows and begins a 450 foot switchback that is steep and rocky in places. It levels out following narrow plateau area and then begins a steep rocky 500 foot climb in a narrow side canyon to a broad plateau. It crosses the plateau gradually ascending, dips down, and then climbs another 400 feet to a false summit. Fay canyon views are to the right (northeast). The trail continues a moderate climb to true summit. There are great panoramic views here. Continue over level ground another 200 yards to the Red Canyon overlook and a view of the San Francisco Peaks in the distance to the north. Return by the same route. Do not attempt this hike when there is significant snow on the mountain.

thehikehouse.com/trails/bear-mountain-trail

IMG_0274

Dining in the Docklands is to get a whole lot more interesting as a new wave of restaurants open in the south Docklands in time for summer.

Dieter Bergmann along with Szabi Csitari, Head Chef of the award winning restaurant, the Winding Stair, and Sirin Lewendon, a restaurateur from London, will lead the way with the opening of Riva on Hanover Quay in late April. Seating 70 customers, Riva will offer a continental menu using only organic ingredients and an extensive wine list.

Next door, the Herbstreet Bistro will open in May with dining space for approximately 50 customers inside and 20 more in an outdoor seated area, Herbstreet's focus will be on simply prepared, good value food in an urban waterfront setting. It will open early for breakfast and serve food all day until 11 pm. The restaurant will be putting a major emphasis on minimising its carbon footprint.

Real Gourmet Burger will offer a range of thirty organic gourmet burgers from Gallery Quay in July 2008. The restaurant will occupy 2000 square feet and accommodate up to 100 customers. This will be the third restaurant for Real Gourmet Burger with the other units located at the Pavilion, Dun Laoghaire and Ballsbridge.

The Crystal Boat, an Asian restaurant specialising in seafood, will also open during the summer period at Gallery Quay. The restaurant will occupy 2,000 square feet over two floors and will accommodate 90 customers.

The new restaurants will join ely hq, Milanos, Bridge Bar and Grill, Il Valentino, KC Peaches and Café Java already trading in the area.

The Grand Canal Dock area is already home to commercial tenants including McCann Fitzgerald, Matheson Ormsby Prentice, Beauchamps, PFPC Bank, Arup Consulting Engineers and Accenture who will be shortly joined by Hong Kong Shanghai Bank.

Grand Canal Square is the centrepiece of the Grand Canal Dock area and was designed by renowned landscape architect, Martha Schwartz. Grand Canal Square's red glowing angled light sticks and green lighted seating area has brought a significant "wow factor" to the area since its official opening in mid-2007. The Square will be one of the leading architectural and cultural hot-spots in the Docklands.

Facing onto Grand Canal Square will be the 2,200 seater Grand Canal theatre, which was designed by Studio Libeskind and is currently under construction. In addition, a five-star hotel, designed by renowned Portuguese architect Manuel Aires Mateus, is due to be completed later this year and will be operated by Monogram Hotels.

"The Grand Canal Dock area is really coming into its own with a solid range of restaurants and cafes. Ideally located in a busy commercial area and with major cultural and leisure facilities due to open there in 2009, Grand Canal Square will become one of the focal points of the city," said Paul Maloney, Chief Executive of the Docklands Authority.

The current house was commissioned in 1759 by Nathaniel Curzon and designed by Robert Adam.[11] George Nathaniel Curzon is Kedleston's first Marquess Curzon, the first son of the fourth Baron Scarsdale.[18] The second Baroness Ravensdale was Irene Mary Curzon (1896–1966).[citation needed] The third Baron Ravensdale (b. 1923), was Sir Nicholas Mosley, born to George Curzon's daughter, Cynthia Blanche Mosley (1898–1933).[19] The first Earl Howe included Curzon-Howe Richard William (1796–1870);[3] Curzon-Howe George Frederick (1821–1876).[20] The third Earl Howe going forward included the third, fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh Earl Howe as Curzon-Howe Richard William (1822–1900), Curzon Richard George (1861–1929), Curzon Francis Penn (1884–1964), Curzon Richard Assheton (1908–1984), and Curzon Frederick Richard (b. 1951), in that order.[5][21][16]

On the death of the second Viscount Scarsdale, Richard Curzon in 1977, expenses compelled the heir, his cousin (Francis Curzon), to transfer the property to the care of the National Trust.[22]

Places and facilities named after the Curzon family name include Curzon Street believed to have been named after the third Viscount Howe, Mr. George Howe, and later transferred to another member of the family whose last name was Curzon.[23] Curzon Avenue is a street in England's North West expanse, specifically Northwich, in the Weaver Vale constituency.[24] In the world of athletics, Curzon Ashton F.C. is a soccer club situated in Ashton-Under-Lyne, which traces its history to the family's name owing to a few members of the family who participated in football. The key parks bearing the Curzon family name include Roker Curzon Park (Sunderland), Curzon Park (in Chester),[25] and Curzon Park Abbey (a monastery of nuns).[26]

Exterior

Kedleston Hall was Brettingham's opportunity to prove himself capable of designing a house to rival Holkham Hall. The opportunity was taken from him by Robert Adam who completed the North front (above) much as Brettingham designed it, but with a more dramatic portico.

The design of the three-floored house is of three blocks linked by two segmentally curved corridors. The ground floor is rusticated, while the upper floors are of smooth-dressed stone. The central, corps de logis, the largest block, contains the state rooms and was intended only for formal entertaining. The East block was a self-contained country house in its own right, containing all the rooms for the family's private use, and the identical West block contained the kitchens and all other domestic rooms and staff accommodation.

Plans for two more pavilions (as the two smaller blocks are known), of identical size and similar appearance, were never executed. These further wings were intended to contain, in the south-east a music room, and in the southwest a conservatory and chapel. Externally these latter pavilions would have differed from their northern counterparts by large glazed Serlian windows on the piano nobile of their southern facades. Here the blocks were to appear as of two floors only; a mezzanine was to have been disguised in the north of the music room block. The linking galleries here were also to contain larger windows, than on the north, and niches containing classical statuary.

The north front, approximately 117 yards [107 m] in length, is Palladian in character, dominated by a massive, six-columned Corinthian portico; however, the south front (illustrated right) is pure neoclassical Robert Adam. This garden facade is divided into three distinct sets of bays; the central section is a four-columned, blind triumphal arch (based on the Arch of Constantine in Rome) containing one large, pedimented glass door reached from the rusticated ground floor by an external, curved double staircase. Above the door, at second-floor height, are stone garlands and medallions in relief.

The four Corinthian columns are topped by classical statues. This whole centre section of the facade is crowned by a low dome visible only from a distance. Flanking the central section are two identical wings on three floors, each three windows wide, the windows of the first-floor piano nobile being the tallest. Adam's design for this facade contains huge "movement" and has a delicate almost fragile quality.

Interior

A cross section through the hall and saloon

The neoclassical interior of the house was designed by Adam to be no less impressive than the exterior. Entering the house through the great north portico on the piano nobile, one is confronted by the marble hall designed to suggest the open courtyard or atrium of a Roman villa.

Marble Hall 1763, decoration completed in 1776-7

Twenty fluted alabaster columns with Corinthian capitals support the heavily decorated, high-coved cornice. Niches in the walls contain classical statuary; above the niches are grisaille panels. The floor is of inlaid Italian marble. Matthew Paine's original designs for this room intended for it to be lit by conventional windows at the northern end, but Adam, warming to the Roman theme, did away with the distracting windows and lit the whole from the roof through innovative glass skylight.

At Kedleston, the hall symbolises the atrium of the Roman villa and the adjoining saloon the vestibulum. The saloon, contained behind the triumphal arch of the south front, like the marble hall rises the full height of the house, 62 feet to the top of the dome, where it too is sky-lit through a glass oculus. Designed as a sculpture gallery, this circular room was completed in 1763. The decorative theme is based on the temples of the Roman Forum with more modern inventions: in the four massive, apse-like recesses are stoves disguised as pedestals for classical urns. The four sets of double doors giving entry to the room have heavy pediments supported by scagliola columns, and at second-floor height, grisaille panels depict classical themes.

A neoclassical drawing room at Kedleston photographed in 1915.

From the saloon, the atmosphere of the 18th-century Grand Tour is continued throughout the remainder of the principal reception rooms of the piano nobile, though on a slightly more modest scale. The "principal apartment", or State bedroom suite, contains fine furniture and paintings as does the drawing room with its huge Venetian window; the dining room, with its gigantic apse, has a ceiling that Adam based on the Palace of Augustus in the Farnese Gardens.

The theme carries on through the library, music room, down the grand staircase (not completed until 1922) onto the ground floor and into the so-called "Caesar's hall". On the departure of guests, it must sometimes have been a relief to vacate this temple of culture and retreat to the relatively simple comforts of the family pavilion.

Below the Rotunda is the Tetrastyle Hall, which was converted into a museum in 1927. The kitchen is an oblong shape with a balustraded gallery at one end. This links the room to other household offices on each side.

Also displayed in the house are many curiosities pertaining to George, Lord Curzon of Kedleston, who succeeded to the house in 1916 and who had earlier served as Viceroy of India from 1899 to 1905. Lord Curzon had amassed a large collection of subcontinental and Far Eastern artefacts. Also shown is Lady Curzon's Delhi Durbar Coronation dress of 1903. Designed by Worth of Paris, it was known as the peacock dress for the many precious and semi-precious stones sewn into its fabric. These have now been replaced by imitation stones; however, the effect is no less dazzling.

In addition to that described above, this great country house contains collections of art, furniture and statuary. Kedleston Hall's alternative name, The Temple of the Arts, is truly justified.

Gardens and grounds

A sketch by Robert Adam for the Fishing Room and Boat House at Kedleston. Circa 1769

Fishing Room and Boat House built 1770-72

The gardens and grounds, as they appear today, are largely the concept of Robert Adam. Adam was asked by Nathaniel Curzon in 1758 to "take in hand the deer park and pleasure grounds". The landscape gardener William Emes had begun work at Kedleston in 1756, and he continued in Curzon's employ until 1760; however, it was Adam who was the guiding influence. It was during this period that the former gardens designed by Charles Bridgeman were swept away in favour of a more natural-looking landscape. Bridgeman's canals and geometric ponds were metamorphosed into serpentine lakes.

The Bridge by Robert Adam built 1770-71

Adam designed numerous temples and follies, many of which were never built. Those that were include the North lodge (which takes the form of a triumphal arch), the entrance lodges in the village, a bridge, cascade and the Fishing Room. The Fishing Room is one of the most noticeable of the park's buildings. In the neoclassical style it is sited on the edge of the upper lake and contains a plunge pool and boat house below. Some of Adam's unexecuted design for follies in the park rivalled in grandeur the house itself.

A "View Tower" designed in 1760 – 84 feet high and 50 feet wide on five floors, surmounted by a saucer dome flanked by the smaller domes of flanking towers — would have been a small neoclassical palace itself. Adam planned to transform even mundane utilitarian buildings into architectural wonders. A design for a pheasant house (a platform to provide a vantage point for the game shooting) became a domed temple, the roofs of its classical porticos providing the necessary platforms; this plan too was never completed. Among the statuary in the grounds is a Medici lion sculpture carved by Joseph Wilton on a pedestal designed by Samuel Wyatt, from around 1760–1770.[27][28]

In the 1770s, George Richardson designed the hexagonal summerhouse, and in 1800 the orangery. The Long Walk was laid out in 1760 and planted with flowering shrubs and ornamental trees. In 1763, it was reported that Lord Scarsdale had given his gardener a seed from rare and scarce Italian shrub, the "Rodo Dendrone" (sic).

The gardens and grounds today, over two hundred years later, remain mostly unaltered. Parts of the park are designated as a Site of Special Scientific Interest, primarily because of the "rich and diverse deadwood invertebrate fauna" inhabiting its ancient trees.[29]

Later history

The Curzon family, whose name originates in Notre-Dame-de-Courson in Normandy, have been in Kedleston since at least 1297, and have lived in a succession of manor houses near to or on the site of the present Kedleston Hall. The present house was commissioned by Sir Nathaniel Curzon (later 1st Baron Scarsdale) in 1759. The house was designed by the Palladian architects James Paine and Matthew Brettingham and was loosely based on an original plan by Andrea Palladio for the never-built Villa Mocenigo.

At the time a relatively unknown architect, Robert Adam, was designing some garden temples to enhance the landscape of the park; Curzon was so impressed with his designs that Adam was quickly put in charge of the construction of the new mansion.

Second World War

In 1939, Kedleston Hall was offered by Richard Curzon, 2nd Viscount Scarsdale, for use by the War Office.[30] The Hall was used in various ways during the War, including as a mustering point and army training camp.

It also formed one of the Y-stations used to gather signals intelligence by collecting radio transmissions which, if encrypted, were subsequently passed to Bletchley Park for decryption.[31]

National Trust

By the 1970s Kedleston Hall had become too expensive for the Curzon family to maintain. When Richard Curzon, 2nd Viscount Scarsdale, died, his cousin Francis Curzon, 3rd Viscount Scarsdale, offered the house, park and gardens to the nation in lieu of death duties. A deal was agreed with the National Trust that it should take over Kedleston, along with an endowment, while still allowing the family to live rent-free in the 23-room Family Wing, which contained an adjoining garden and two rent-free flats for servants or other family members.[22] Richard Curzon and his family currently reside there.

In 2020, the Trust was working on a plan to include coverage about the owners of its properties who had links to colonialism and slavery. That had included Kedelston Hall; although Lord George Nathaniel Curzon had no links to slavery, he was president of The National League for Opposing Women's Suffrage and worked to prevent giving women the right to vote. Visitors to the Hall will find a display in the Billiard Room[32] exploring his role in the Anti-Suffrage movement.[33][34][35]

This is my interpretation of the 1970s California framebuilders' style and techniques: filleted lugs filed very thin, machined fork crown, drilled out track drop outs, and machined bottom bracket shell. Heavily influenced by Peter Johnson, DiNucci, Eisentraut, Bruce Gordon, Strawberry

Photos by John "Prolly" Watson.

prollyisnotprobably.com/2012/03/beautiful-bicycle-bishop-...

This is a wrap skirt (a la Sew What Skirts beach wrap). It's made from, of all things, a thrifted shower curtain. It's my third wrap ever, and the first one this year - I'm really pleased with it. It came together very quickly, in part because I was able to take advantage of some of the existing hems of the shower curtain. Blogged here.

This is the Piper "Comanche" that my buddy, Chris (hiding behind the engine) gave us a ride in around Lake Tahoe. My SAR Sergeant, Pete, is always a ham for cameras. I thought the title sounded like a funny nickname out of the Old West. Hahaha

So as Chris pulled us out from the ramp to the runway, getting ready to take off, he said to Pete, "OK, you're going to fly"... Pete has never flown an airplane before, and he thought Chris was joking at first...Hahahahaha

Chris kept his hands and feet on the controls just in case, but he let Pete do the flying (all until it was time for our final approach and landing, which are not something a novice can do). Pete was so happy to be on the ground when we landed that he literally hugged the tarmac. Haha! :-D

When it was time for us to get ready for final approach, Chris said, "I have the controls...I don't think Doug would be comfortable with you flying from here on out". I replied, "I perfectly OK with Pete's flying, it's his landings that concern me".

"A mountain is composed of tiny grains of earth. The ocean is made up of tiny drops of water. Even so, life is but an endless series of little details, actions, speeches, and thoughts. And the consequences whether good or bad of even the least of them are far-reaching."

...Sivananda

Here is the BJD Italia forum stand at this year Rimini fashion dolls convention in Italy.

As a forum we decided to recreate a maid café taking inspiration from pictures of actual places and anime and manga we read in the past. We named it "Maid Latte", to better suggest the connection between the anime/manga world and the type of coffee shop.

Furniture and background were made by our shop, The Dark Wood, since we were going to take part in the event anyway.

Table was 1.80 x 1.20 metres and everything is in SD size.

Food and drinks were made by saskhart (saskha here on Flickr). Menus and signs were made by LadyHimiko.

Pictures were taken by borboletta_blu.

This is the first bike in a series of Project bikes I am collaborating with various painters and artists on.They are all one off's and FOR SALE! This is a 52cm frame and if you are interested I am happy to use your contact points in the CAD program to see if the bike will fit and work for you well. Please email me directly for more info.

Here is what Ben had to say about his inspiration for the paint scheme-

When beginning a project like this with little to no parameters on the design, it's helpful to narrow down the colors and think of a general theme.

For this frame set, Thomas (of Horse Cycles) helped to give me some budget constraints by proposing a palette of white and some varying shades of red. From there, I did a quick sample tube to get a feel for the masking process I was going to use for the final product. Naturally, upon completing the sample tube I ended up departing from it entirely, and just started laying down the white and taping away while sketching various abstract geometric patterns until something felt right.

I ended up landing on an architectural design that started as Art Deco, and perhaps ended up conveying the visual language of some ancient cultures as well. Once I saw the connection to some ancient cultures, my mind went to one of my favorite cartoons, Samurai Jack. I kept that in the back of my mind and continued taping and spraying away. The lattice work around the down tube logo probably owes more to that reference than the rest of the design, and was an afterthought. Once I applied the Bishop text and saw how it was interacting with the cascading lines around it, I decided to emphasize that effect with a lattice work in an accent color.

-Ben

Schloss Vollrads is a wine estate in the Rheingau wine-growing region in Germany, that has been making wine for over 800 years.

After the donation of Verona in 983 the archbishopric of Mainz, the new owner, invested in vine growing, although vines had been cultivated there since Roman times. The manor house was named after the Lords of Winkel; Vollradus is a given name. In 1218 a "Vollradus in Winkela" (so-called knight Vollradus), in 1268 a "Conradus dictus Vollradus armiger" is documented. No building originating from this time is traceable.

Today the core building of the estate is a substantial tower house, surrounded by a square moat. Therefore the house is only reachable by bridge. This keep can be traced to the first third of the 14th century and the family of Greiffenclau, the heirs of the Lords of Winkel. The octagon stage tower, flanking the donjon, was erected in 1471; the bay window was added in 1620. Above the doorway the coat of arms of the Greiffenclau family is to be seen.

In 1684 the present two-winged manor house was built by Georg Phillip Greiffenclau von Vollrads near the tower. His son Johann Erwein erected the estate buildings around 1700, as well as boundary walls around the manor garden, and finally equipped the tower with a typical baroque roof.

In 1907/1908 Countess Clara Matuschka-Greiffenclau had the buildings remodelled. She increased the height of the southern wing of the mansion by a third floor, added two towers with an onion dome, and enlarged the terraces and the bay windows at the Donjon.

In 1975 Erwein Matuschka Greiffenclau took charge of the property, which was heavily in debt. Although an important figure in the emergence of a new or rediscovered style of high quality dry Rheingau wine in the 1980s and 1990s, he was not successful in reorganising his estate. When in 1997 the principal bank decided on the declaration of bankruptcy, Erwein, who was then also the chairman of the VDP-Rheingau, took his gun, went to his beloved vineyards, and committed suicide. Since then, the estate has belonged to the Nassauische Sparkasse bank, which runs the manor house as well as the vineyards and a restaurant.

Dunk Island, known as Coonanglebah in the Warrgamay and Dyirbal languages, is an island within the locality of Dunk in the Cassowary Coast Region, Queensland, Australia. It lies 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) off the Australian east coast, opposite the town of Mission Beach. The island forms part of the Family Islands National Park and is in the larger Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area.

The island is surrounded by reefs and has a diverse population of birds. The Bandjin and Djiru peoples once used the island as a source for food. Europeans first settled on the island in 1897. Dunk Island was used by the Royal Australian Air Force during World War II. In recent years the island and its resort facilities have been adversely affected by both Cyclone Larry and Cyclone Yasi.

The traditional Aboriginal owners of Dunk Island are the Bandjin and Djiru people, who have lived in this area for tens of thousands of years. After the sea level rise, they paddled to the islands in bark canoes to gather food and materials. The Warrgamay and Dyirbal name for Dunk Island is Coonanglebah, meaning "The Island of Peace and Plenty". It received its European name from Captain Cook, who sailed past it on 8 June 1770, remarked that it was a "tolerable high island" and named it after George Montague-Dunk, 2nd Earl of Halifax (a former First Lord of the Admiralty).

Europeans settled the nearby mainland during the 1800s, seeking gold, timber and grazing land. In 1848, John MacGillivray studied the fauna and flora of the island while HMS Rattlesnake was anchored off the island for ten days. He subsequently wrote of its natural features in the Narrative of the Voyage of HMS Rattlesnake, published in England in 1852.

Dunk Island, eight or nine miles in circumference, is well wooded—it has two conspicuous peaks, one of which (the North-West one) is 857 feet in height. Our excursions were confined to the vicinity of the watering place and the bay in which it is situated. The shores are rocky on one side and sandy on the other, where a low point runs out to the westward. At their junction, and under a sloping hill with large patches of brush, a small stream of fresh water, running out over the beach, furnished a supply for the ship, although the boats could approach the place closely only at high-water. — John MacGillivray, Narrative of the Voyage of HMS Rattlesnake

Edmund Banfield

In 1897, suffering from work anxiety and exhaustion, and advised by doctors that he had just six months to live, writer Edmund James Banfield moved to Dunk Island with his wife Bertha – so becoming the island's first white settlers. Previously a journalist and senior editor with the Townsville Daily Bulletin for fifteen years, Banfield let the tranquillity of this unspoilt tropical paradise weave its magic and he lived on Dunk Island for the remaining 26 years of his life until his death in 1923.

A small hut built with the assistance of an Aborigine called Tom was the Banfields' first home. Over a period of time they cleared four acres of land for a plantation of fruit and vegetables. Combined with their chickens, cows and goats as well as the abundance of seafood and mangrove vegetation, they lived very self-sufficiently. Fascinated by Dunk Island's flora and fauna Banfield meticulously recorded his observations and went on to write a series of articles about island life under the pseudonym Rob Krusoe. He was further inspired to write a full-length book entitled Confessions of a Beachcomber (1908). The book became a celebrated text for romantics and escapists and established Dunk Island's reputation as an exotic island paradise.

In the ensuing years, Banfield wrote several other books about Dunk including My Tropical Isle (1911) and Tropic Days (1918). In these he shared the secrets of nature that he had uncovered and described the customs and legends of the Aboriginal people on the island. E. J. Banfield died on 2 June 1923 and his final book Last Leaves from Dunk Island was published posthumously in 1925. His widow remained on the island for another year before moving to Brisbane where she died, ten years after her husband. Today both are buried on the trail to Mt Kootaloo.

Commencement of the resort and World War II

The island was bought in 1934 by Captain Brassey and Banfield's bungalow provided the basis for the beginnings of a resort. The resort was commenced in 1936. The Royal Australian Air Force occupied Dunk Island during World War II, building its airstrip in 1941. They installed a radar station on the island's highest point a year later, which was then dismantled when the war ended in 1945.

Post-war development of the resort

The Brassey family returned to run the resort for a period at the end of the war. The island then went through a succession of owners. In 1956, Gordon & Kathleen Stynes purchased it and relocated their family there from Victoria. They then redeveloped and upgraded the resort's facilities to establish the island as a tourist destination. As a result, Dunk Island became a popular destination for celebrities[11] including Sean Connery, Henry Ford II, and Australian Prime Ministers Harold Holt and Gough Whitlam. The Stynes Family owned and operated the island and resort until 1964, when it was sold to Eric McIlree, founder of Avis Rent-A-Car.

In 1976, Trans Australia Airlines purchased Dunk Island. Ownership passed to Qantas in 1992, following its merger with Australian Airlines. On 24 December 1997, the island was purchased by P&O Australian Resorts, which was acquired by Voyages in July 2004. In September 2009, both Dunk and Bedarra island resorts were purchased by Hideaway Resorts, a wholly owned subsidiary of Pamoja Capital.

Artists' colony

Dunk Island was also home to a small community of artists who lived, worked and showcased their work to many international and local visitors on a property on the southern side of the island. The Colony was established in 1974 by former Olympic wrestler Bruce Arthur, who died at his home on Island in March 1998 and continued to operate under resident metalsmith Susi Kirk until Cyclone Larry damaged much of the colony. Kirk continued to live at the colony until Cyclone Yasi destroyed her home in 2011, and has subsequently continued to live and work on Dunk Island as the last member of the artist colony.

After Cyclone Yasi, 2011–2020

After Cyclone Yasi, Dunk Island was bought by Australian entrepreneur Peter Bond and redevelopment of the resort commenced in 2014. This redevelopment never took place.

In September 2019 Mayfair 101, an Australian family-owned investment conglomerate led by James Mawhinney, purchased Dunk Island. Mayfair 101 also secured over 250 properties on mainland Mission Beach as part of its estimated AUD1.6 billion 10-15-year plan to restore the region. Mayfair 101 was awarded the Dunk Island Spit tender on 14 November 2019 by the Cassowary Coast Regional Council, providing the opportunity for Mayfair 101 to negotiate a 30-year lease over the iconic Dunk Island Spit. The island's redevelopment is being undertaken by Mayfair 101's property division, Mayfair Iconic Properties, which has established a team based at Mission Beach to undertake the significant rejuvenation of the region.

In August 2020, the previous owners of the island, Family Islands Operations, owned by the family of Australian businessman Peter Bond repossessed the island after the owners Mayfair 101 failed to meet their payment obligations.

Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunk_Island

Image source: Queensland State Archives Item ID ITM435811 Islands - Barrier Reef

The Hudson Commodore is an automobile that was produced by the Hudson Motor Car Company of Detroit, Michigan between 1941 and 1952. During its time in production, the Commodore was the largest and most luxurious Hudson model.

The Commodore Series 12 and Series 14 were the junior models to the Commodore Custom Series 15 and Series 17, and debuted in Hudson's 1941 model line. Commodore Series 12 featured a I6 engine and the Series 14 models came with a I8, with all built on a 121-inch (3,073 mm) wheelbase, while Commodore Customs utilized on the 121 in (3,073 mm) wheelbase for Series 15 coupes and a 128 in (3,251 mm) version for Series 17 sedans.

The Commodore was powered by Hudson's 202 cu in (3.3 L) I6 producing 102 bhp (76 kW), or by Hudson's 254.4 cu in (4.2 L) I8 that produced 128 bhp (95 kW). Prices listed for the Series 12 coupe started at US$1,028 ($18,939 in 2021 dollars) to the top level Custom Series 17 Sedan at US$1,537 ($28,316 in 2021 dollars).

The Commodore series was Hudson's largest model range in its debut year, consisting of sedans, coupes, and convertibles. Hudson used a forward hinged hood that opened from the rear by the windshield with the front end of the hood sliding downward over the grille. Elements of the interior and exterior were styled by Betty Thatcher, "the first woman designer to be employed by a car manufacturer".

For 1942, the cars received a facelift. This included concealed running boards, modestly enlarged front grilles, and external trim arrangements. Hudson offered an optional "Drive-Master" vacuum assisted clutch with a servo-operated transmission with three modes: "automatic" shifting and clutching, automated clutching only, or fully manual.

The firm promoted its economy over luxury during the shortened model year that ended in January 1942, as U.S. war production accelerated.

I dreamed about a human being is is part of a project exploring the use of artificial intelligence as applied to photography by using online open source code and data.

More information at fransimo.info/?p=1100

ID:338d8a144e3b0323ce33ca3408879cfd

Image credits: www.flickr.com/photos/mybigtrip/3835826/

www.flickr.com/photos/obra/7453622/

www.flickr.com/photos/gj_thewhite/12022538/

www.flickr.com/photos/gj_thewhite/12022749/

www.flickr.com/photos/gj_thewhite/12023443/

www.flickr.com/photos/jenniever/12206490/

www.flickr.com/photos/tony_wright/16709307/

www.flickr.com/photos/tony_wright/16709307/

www.flickr.com/photos/jan_k/32834579/

www.flickr.com/photos/dalydaly/32835795/

www.flickr.com/photos/dalydaly/32835825/

www.flickr.com/photos/john_lustig/36099689/

www.flickr.com/photos/74444001@N00/58594669/

www.flickr.com/photos/shoshanah/58615793/

www.flickr.com/photos/fnordius/58645133/

www.flickr.com/photos/monkeydlueffy/58647956/

www.flickr.com/photos/mcgarry/58654831/

www.flickr.com/photos/richard_james_hall/58679442/

www.flickr.com/photos/richard_james_hall/58717333/

www.flickr.com/photos/wreakjavik/58893972/

www.flickr.com/photos/jasonedward/58898461/

www.flickr.com/photos/judybaxter/58930027/

www.flickr.com/photos/judybaxter/58931601/

www.flickr.com/photos/xerones/58941009/

www.flickr.com/photos/viclic/59019625/

www.flickr.com/photos/borkweb/59190375/

www.flickr.com/photos/sheepguardingllama/59234351/

www.flickr.com/photos/tantek/59256244/

www.flickr.com/photos/heygabe/59494698/

www.flickr.com/photos/richard_james_hall/59509004/

www.flickr.com/photos/junjhen/59549210/

www.flickr.com/photos/jacksonlee/59616977/

www.flickr.com/photos/jacksonlee/59616977/

www.flickr.com/photos/ssandars/59663077/

www.flickr.com/photos/uncleboatshoes/59785992/

www.flickr.com/photos/mikebdoss/59792614/

www.flickr.com/photos/the_pageman/59817830/

www.flickr.com/photos/the_pageman/59817830/

www.flickr.com/photos/james_crowley/59846103/

www.flickr.com/photos/raveller/59847262/

www.flickr.com/photos/ruthieki/59865250/

www.flickr.com/photos/legalsec/59896221/

www.flickr.com/photos/fuzzhead/59905598/

www.flickr.com/photos/scruffydan/59967219/

www.flickr.com/photos/scruffydan/59967219/

www.flickr.com/photos/in-duce/60071698/

www.flickr.com/photos/acarneiro/60127250/

www.flickr.com/photos/raveller/60135124/

www.flickr.com/photos/neasist/60235499/

www.flickr.com/photos/crderivative/60360779/

www.flickr.com/photos/joyoflife/60422281/

www.flickr.com/photos/mcvay728/60439850/

www.flickr.com/photos/carloshenriquezve/60525163/

www.flickr.com/photos/carloshenriquezve/60525163/

www.flickr.com/photos/carloshenriquezve/60525163/

www.flickr.com/photos/philscoville/60555363/

www.flickr.com/photos/philscoville/60555472/

www.flickr.com/photos/thirteenofclubs/60622967/

www.flickr.com/photos/whatdavesees/60630409/

www.flickr.com/photos/sdho/60679702/

www.flickr.com/photos/chrispederick/60692802/

www.flickr.com/photos/acatwuzere/60775825/

www.flickr.com/photos/tuija/60805773/

www.flickr.com/photos/nadaabdalla/60825532/

www.flickr.com/photos/jimpurbrick/60844667/

www.flickr.com/photos/ameliasdad/60877759/

www.flickr.com/photos/danakin/60920293/

www.flickr.com/photos/danakin/60920293/

www.flickr.com/photos/oliharwood/60944750/

www.flickr.com/photos/demos/60952812/

www.flickr.com/photos/shaggypaul/60996207/

www.flickr.com/photos/oskarlin/61003536/

www.flickr.com/photos/semselecao/61052733/

www.flickr.com/photos/futurebreed/61053441/

www.flickr.com/photos/foolswisdom/61100012/

www.flickr.com/photos/ieatfood/61206580/

www.flickr.com/photos/treg/61208124/

www.flickr.com/photos/patchofpuddles/61220762/

www.flickr.com/photos/arimoore/61245961/

www.flickr.com/photos/henrychen/61265757/

www.flickr.com/photos/henrychen/61265776/

www.flickr.com/photos/henrychen/61265776/

www.flickr.com/photos/briangeller/61394822/

www.flickr.com/photos/briangeller/61394822/

www.flickr.com/photos/the_tourist/61412186/

www.flickr.com/photos/clanlife/61541186/

www.flickr.com/photos/dropletsoftime/61596016/

www.flickr.com/photos/chrisbudden/61604135/

www.flickr.com/photos/lukemontague/61634941/

www.flickr.com/photos/vanessabertozzi/61644631/

www.flickr.com/photos/crackersunited/61694349/

www.flickr.com/photos/kevins_adventure/61704564/

www.flickr.com/photos/sheila_steele/61705352/

www.flickr.com/photos/qooop/61739554/

www.flickr.com/photos/uncle_jerry/61810019/

www.flickr.com/photos/uncle_jerry/61810019/

www.flickr.com/photos/johnrobinson/61815939/

www.flickr.com/photos/kkanouse/61818099/

www.flickr.com/photos/hartsell/61819030/

www.flickr.com/photos/sandy29/61860572/

www.flickr.com/photos/davemee/61872959/

www.flickr.com/photos/mattchang/61893909/

www.flickr.com/photos/pablomoroe/61906039/

www.flickr.com/photos/pablomoroe/61906039/

www.flickr.com/photos/pablomoroe/61906137/

www.flickr.com/photos/pablomoroe/61906137/

www.flickr.com/photos/mathowie/61950351/

www.flickr.com/photos/kylemacdonald/62025934/

www.flickr.com/photos/tkoltz/62066075/

www.flickr.com/photos/malcomito/62196543/

www.flickr.com/photos/missrogue/62199661/

www.flickr.com/photos/karlasfotos/62238326/

www.flickr.com/photos/thepartycow/62282411/

www.flickr.com/photos/mzd/62319968/

www.flickr.com/photos/dobyns/62335038/

www.flickr.com/photos/meensel/62387003/

www.flickr.com/photos/todbaker/62407264/

www.flickr.com/photos/amycgx/62482049/

www.flickr.com/photos/brodkin/62518318/

www.flickr.com/photos/dbspringer/62519801/

www.flickr.com/photos/stevennoble/62575944/

www.flickr.com/photos/james_crowley/62597357/

www.flickr.com/photos/juan_carlos/62615191/

www.flickr.com/photos/mgerlach/62641839/

www.flickr.com/photos/ssandars/62730672/

www.flickr.com/photos/qooop/62738937/

www.flickr.com/photos/qooop/62739493/

www.flickr.com/photos/maxpower/62803063/

www.flickr.com/photos/lahorad/62818077/

www.flickr.com/photos/leonardoribeiro/62844957/

www.flickr.com/photos/glenn_e_wilson/62853324/

www.flickr.com/photos/gellar/62863287/

www.flickr.com/photos/katemonster/62922594/

www.flickr.com/photos/waitingforwonderful/63030871/

www.flickr.com/photos/senrable/63032372/

www.flickr.com/photos/carolynhack/63036058/

www.flickr.com/photos/jmaldona/63072448/

www.flickr.com/photos/bering/63165340/

www.flickr.com/photos/ijac/63178083/

www.flickr.com/photos/louiskreusel/63331694/

www.flickr.com/photos/zbowling/63401448/

www.flickr.com/photos/ddq/63439531/

www.flickr.com/photos/ddq/63439531/

www.flickr.com/photos/carolynhack/63463693/

www.flickr.com/photos/gershamabob/63477908/

www.flickr.com/photos/lafalott/63529878/

www.flickr.com/photos/jackdalton/63580227/

www.flickr.com/photos/tashiya/63581814/

www.flickr.com/photos/tashiya/63582162/

www.flickr.com/photos/bzo/63591231/

www.flickr.com/photos/samrich2003/63689789/

www.flickr.com/photos/joseluisl/63695199/

www.flickr.com/photos/the_pageman/63706231/

www.flickr.com/photos/mrmatt/63732373/

www.flickr.com/photos/mrmatt/63735952/

www.flickr.com/photos/benjamin_harrison/63736970/

www.flickr.com/photos/flc214/63743336/

www.flickr.com/photos/joits/63772388/

www.flickr.com/photos/dj_diem/63803006/

www.flickr.com/photos/maveric2003/63812071/

www.flickr.com/photos/cpiekarski/63828703/

www.flickr.com/photos/dhw/63880272/

www.flickr.com/photos/mroutley/63936889/

www.flickr.com/photos/jmaldona/63940976/

www.flickr.com/photos/45688285@N00/64024740/

www.flickr.com/photos/inti/64033229/

www.flickr.com/photos/yolopey/64103739/

www.flickr.com/photos/dj_diem/64201778/

www.flickr.com/photos/dj_diem/64201778/

www.flickr.com/photos/hector66/64234567/

www.flickr.com/photos/eqqman/64354973/

www.flickr.com/photos/dj_diem/64384278/

www.flickr.com/photos/bensavage/64395679/

www.flickr.com/photos/sq/64399274/

www.flickr.com/photos/paul/64406667/

www.flickr.com/photos/randylane/64467745/

www.flickr.com/photos/nachocorrea/64502952/

www.flickr.com/photos/nachocorrea/64503108/

www.flickr.com/photos/donut2d/64541054/

www.flickr.com/photos/wanhoff/64554246/

www.flickr.com/photos/opspin/64591889/

www.flickr.com/photos/trevorh/64628557/

www.flickr.com/photos/leelefever/64683187/

www.flickr.com/photos/toshihiko2001/64696412/

www.flickr.com/photos/toshihiko2001/64696677/

www.flickr.com/photos/toshihiko2001/64696677/

www.flickr.com/photos/knave/64696957/

www.flickr.com/photos/knave/64696979/

www.flickr.com/photos/clith/64704590/

www.flickr.com/photos/bjarnit/64735740/

www.flickr.com/photos/aliasgrace/64833464/

www.flickr.com/photos/kafka4prez/64839263/

www.flickr.com/photos/jrwi/64865789/

www.flickr.com/photos/jbennett/64987809/

www.flickr.com/photos/pyrotechnicphoenix/65039309/

www.flickr.com/photos/sancho_panza/65047128/

www.flickr.com/photos/hoder/65124598/

www.flickr.com/photos/buriednexttoyou/65330038/

www.flickr.com/photos/sigsegv/65352658/

www.flickr.com/photos/gideon/65410141/

www.flickr.com/photos/donut2d/65447892/

www.flickr.com/photos/kylemacdonald/65533005/

www.flickr.com/photos/waiferx/65653135/

www.flickr.com/photos/juan_carlos/65698080/

www.flickr.com/photos/doophy/65706752/

www.flickr.com/photos/jeffreypeeden/65724618/

www.flickr.com/photos/crackersunited/65875896/

www.flickr.com/photos/kylemacdonald/65958387/

www.flickr.com/photos/kylemacdonald/65958387/

www.flickr.com/photos/kylemacdonald/65958387/

www.flickr.com/photos/kylemacdonald/66010421/

www.flickr.com/photos/scottfeldstein/66023126/

www.flickr.com/photos/dewo/66031853/

www.flickr.com/photos/scottfeldstein/66050050/

www.flickr.com/photos/astanhope/73368287/

www.flickr.com/photos/astanhope/73368392/

www.flickr.com/photos/astanhope/73369190/

www.flickr.com/photos/astanhope/73369228/

www.flickr.com/photos/hoder/101784801/

www.flickr.com/photos/hoder/101786217/

www.flickr.com/photos/hoder/101787209/

www.flickr.com/photos/egansnow/101787268/

www.flickr.com/photos/egansnow/101787268/

www.flickr.com/photos/hoder/101787389/

www.flickr.com/photos/trebol_a/101787492/

www.flickr.com/photos/500hats/101789090/

www.flickr.com/photos/ebygomm/113031854/

www.flickr.com/photos/myorange/113983202/

www.flickr.com/photos/myorange/113983232/

www.flickr.com/photos/myorange/113983263/

www.flickr.com/photos/myorange/113983276/

www.flickr.com/photos/myorange/113983512/

www.flickr.com/photos/myorange/113983533/

www.flickr.com/photos/myorange/113983613/

www.flickr.com/photos/redjar/113983786/

www.flickr.com/photos/redjar/113984081/

www.flickr.com/photos/tentaclemonkey/147164275/

www.flickr.com/photos/roba/150020711/

www.flickr.com/photos/faundez/188640181/

www.flickr.com/photos/bre/207520720/

www.flickr.com/photos/s3k/230807975/

www.flickr.com/photos/jonathancharles/237517882/

www.flickr.com/photos/jonathancharles/237518584/

www.flickr.com/photos/honeyjew/270129574/

www.flickr.com/photos/jslee/273708710/

www.flickr.com/photos/picsfromj/287154115/

www.flickr.com/photos/jammcat/287155897/

www.flickr.com/photos/pixxiestails/287156135/

www.flickr.com/photos/clen/317361510/

www.flickr.com/photos/iheartphoto/341516782/

www.flickr.com/photos/worldofjan/422501175/

www.flickr.com/photos/peter_verrant/466535998/

www.flickr.com/photos/mikulicz/466541823/

www.flickr.com/photos/notarockstar/477454228/

www.flickr.com/photos/sgirolimetto/492931958/

www.flickr.com/photos/sgirolimetto/492951977/

www.flickr.com/photos/sgirolimetto/492951977/

www.flickr.com/photos/86953562@N00/492952645/

www.flickr.com/photos/leehopkins/522286289/

www.flickr.com/photos/leehopkins/522286811/

www.flickr.com/photos/mbk/542223291/

www.flickr.com/photos/thomasbrauner/840402917/

www.flickr.com/photos/magic_bee/840439399/

www.flickr.com/photos/wadehone/840443295/

www.flickr.com/photos/ianivarieanna/841289488/

www.flickr.com/photos/keithpr/978279987/

www.flickr.com/photos/ccfjsz/979129990/

www.flickr.com/photos/norriswong/990171861/

www.flickr.com/photos/gsiener/1076046968/

www.flickr.com/photos/barackobamadotcom/1120204770/

www.flickr.com/photos/elcio/1120270542/

www.flickr.com/photos/satavtar/1153242286/

www.flickr.com/photos/oblivion/1186108551/

www.flickr.com/photos/dublab/1186151159/

www.flickr.com/photos/taguri/1385115371/

www.flickr.com/photos/paulbence/1426954469/

www.flickr.com/photos/lorello/1431750419/

www.flickr.com/photos/ccm224/1431775695/

www.flickr.com/photos/ccm224/1432648226/

www.flickr.com/photos/vegaseddie/1472104846/

www.flickr.com/photos/e_cathedra/1800450205/

www.flickr.com/photos/spikeyhelen/1800456283/

www.flickr.com/photos/e_cathedra/1801292968/

www.flickr.com/photos/gaoist/1862822139/

www.flickr.com/photos/urbanmixer/1998792023/

www.flickr.com/photos/urbanmixer/1998824585/

www.flickr.com/photos/urbanmixer/1999533274/

www.flickr.com/photos/fiore_barbato/2066659948/

www.flickr.com/photos/unia/2067746901/

www.flickr.com/photos/_sml/2075775780/

www.flickr.com/photos/tacosdelaluna/2256420468/

www.flickr.com/photos/tm22/2256458110/

www.flickr.com/photos/gnuowned/2370015696/

www.flickr.com/photos/edurecio/2370022430/

www.flickr.com/photos/jvmieghem/2392334000/

www.flickr.com/photos/kristina06/2460643081/

www.flickr.com/photos/alexanderbell/2477191066/

www.flickr.com/photos/alexanderbell/2477191066/

www.flickr.com/photos/glemak/2477205172/

www.flickr.com/photos/whitneygh/2500685496/

www.flickr.com/photos/comunanze_net/2555994294/

www.flickr.com/photos/cellgfx/2649559774/

www.flickr.com/photos/sharpteam/2809332187/

www.flickr.com/photos/sharpteam/2809446649/

www.flickr.com/photos/sharpteam/2809446649/

www.flickr.com/photos/sharpteam/2809619499/

www.flickr.com/photos/sharpteam/2810184040/

www.flickr.com/photos/sharpteam/2810184040/

www.flickr.com/photos/sharpteam/2810200180/

www.flickr.com/photos/urbanmixer/2831877472/

www.flickr.com/photos/urbanmixer/2831880216/

www.flickr.com/photos/vthockey/2832134251/

www.flickr.com/photos/vthockey/2832970662/

www.flickr.com/photos/vthockey/2832970716/

www.flickr.com/photos/vthockey/2832971158/

www.flickr.com/photos/vthockey/2832971890/

www.flickr.com/photos/mollyeknox/3113158886/

www.flickr.com/photos/txikita69/3113161976/

www.flickr.com/photos/bradleypjohnson/3138960147/

www.flickr.com/photos/bradleypjohnson/3138960147/

www.flickr.com/photos/mycraze/3160650073/

www.flickr.com/photos/jessicapearson/3177540733/

www.flickr.com/photos/ridderhof/3191202316/

www.flickr.com/photos/33718592@N06/3269326272/

www.flickr.com/photos/khiltscher/3311933033/

www.flickr.com/photos/eventosdoboske/3378248767/

www.flickr.com/photos/23659928@N06/3386603687/

www.flickr.com/photos/faelindo/3410818329/

www.flickr.com/photos/susansermoneta/3411635258/

www.flickr.com/photos/25027629@N05/3498267037/

www.flickr.com/photos/shankbone/3498271177/

www.flickr.com/photos/dixiepistols/3519561305/

www.flickr.com/photos/micbaun/3550551263/

www.flickr.com/photos/randywombat/3555727525/

www.flickr.com/photos/zanehollingsworth/3556543054/

www.flickr.com/photos/peterlundgren/3624945968/

www.flickr.com/photos/ifranz/3624955118/

www.flickr.com/photos/dovi/3634671569/

www.flickr.com/photos/dovi/3635482044/

www.flickr.com/photos/frankenspock/3714106229/

www.flickr.com/photos/reggiebibbs/3714874640/

www.flickr.com/photos/gregatron/3730148415/

www.flickr.com/photos/justcallmehillsy/3730927408/

www.flickr.com/photos/gregatron/3730930968/

www.flickr.com/photos/ennuiislife/3793704340/

www.flickr.com/photos/undercover-net/3844438859/

www.flickr.com/photos/undercover-net/3845228166/

www.flickr.com/photos/apdy/3955594608/

www.flickr.com/photos/paulofierro/3955646230/

www.flickr.com/photos/gamecityfestival/3955649560/

www.flickr.com/photos/iwasaround/3955658532/

www.flickr.com/photos/apdy/3955662558/

www.flickr.com/photos/apdy/3955662558/

www.flickr.com/photos/morberg/3955743234/

www.flickr.com/photos/lieb/3955767590/

www.flickr.com/photos/33121456@N00/3955799510/

www.flickr.com/photos/nicopetit/3955815110/

www.flickr.com/photos/jimsphotoworld/3955824662/

www.flickr.com/photos/jimsphotoworld/3955824662/

www.flickr.com/photos/seejake/3955978986/

www.flickr.com/photos/kddimobile/3956093628/

www.flickr.com/photos/kddimobile/3956154438/

www.flickr.com/photos/kddimobile/3956199508/

www.flickr.com/photos/theatrebhs/3956276504/

www.flickr.com/photos/kddimobile/3956317650/

www.flickr.com/photos/kddimobile/3956317650/

www.flickr.com/photos/jvh33/3956328694/

www.flickr.com/photos/kimberlykv/3956330478/

www.flickr.com/photos/ericarhiannon/3956367488/

www.flickr.com/photos/28277462@N06/3956368956/

www.flickr.com/photos/ericarhiannon/3956381172/

www.flickr.com/photos/28277462@N06/3956392224/

www.flickr.com/photos/deliciousblur/3956439578/

www.flickr.com/photos/e_cathedra/3956500000/

www.flickr.com/photos/eunainternet/3956574329/

www.flickr.com/photos/paulfujimoto/3956583431/

www.flickr.com/photos/eunainternet/3956595303/

www.flickr.com/photos/eunainternet/3956595303/

www.flickr.com/photos/eunainternet/3956604247/

www.flickr.com/photos/eunainternet/3956611017/

www.flickr.com/photos/httpwwwflickrcomphotostopend/395661...

www.flickr.com/photos/d7spirit/3956624366/

www.flickr.com/photos/kddimobile/3956691874/

www.flickr.com/photos/28487447@N05/3956701200/

www.flickr.com/photos/lindashermangordon/3956742068/

www.flickr.com/photos/deegephotos/3956780628/

www.flickr.com/photos/remolachaoficial/3956788028/

www.flickr.com/photos/38664795@N06/3956792550/

www.flickr.com/photos/eunainternet/3956900844/

www.flickr.com/photos/eunainternet/3956903118/

www.flickr.com/photos/andreyca/3956905700/

www.flickr.com/photos/murkatos/3956907178/

www.flickr.com/photos/eunainternet/3956915294/

www.flickr.com/photos/kimbauer/3956915821/

www.flickr.com/photos/rbucich/3956917604/

www.flickr.com/photos/rbucich/3956956216/

www.flickr.com/photos/kddimobile/3957002450/

www.flickr.com/photos/eunainternet/3957011206/

www.flickr.com/photos/eunainternet/3957011206/

www.flickr.com/photos/eunainternet/3957013940/

www.flickr.com/photos/eunainternet/3957014158/

www.flickr.com/photos/eunainternet/3957014158/

www.flickr.com/photos/kddimobile/3957014370/

www.flickr.com/photos/eunainternet/3957016160/

www.flickr.com/photos/kimbauer/3957018019/

www.flickr.com/photos/ryanh/3957025658/

www.flickr.com/photos/wfryer/3957049046/

www.flickr.com/photos/epaul_07/3957085006/

www.flickr.com/photos/simple_dog/3957089303/

www.flickr.com/photos/anjamation/3957093425/

www.flickr.com/photos/txikita69/3957123676/

www.flickr.com/photos/simple_dog/3957132677/

www.flickr.com/photos/pictoral/3957137251/

www.flickr.com/photos/buehlerphoto/3957150969/

www.flickr.com/photos/buehlerphoto/3957150969/

www.flickr.com/photos/txikita69/3957157308/

www.flickr.com/photos/txikita69/3957157308/

www.flickr.com/photos/jamsmooth/3957165272/

www.flickr.com/photos/jamsmooth/3957165492/

www.flickr.com/photos/luizagoodgroves/3957194541/

www.flickr.com/photos/docpopular/3957245295/

www.flickr.com/photos/adapar/3957342744/

www.flickr.com/photos/eunainternet/3957353114/

www.flickr.com/photos/eunainternet/3957354594/

www.flickr.com/photos/eunainternet/3957354594/

www.flickr.com/photos/eunainternet/3957355578/

www.flickr.com/photos/eunainternet/3957356454/

www.flickr.com/photos/kelvin0619/3957416547/

www.flickr.com/photos/stephenjohnbryde/3957427247/

www.flickr.com/photos/apdy/3957493261/

www.flickr.com/photos/the_sleepydumpling/3957494005/

www.flickr.com/photos/nrfotos/3957501822/

www.flickr.com/photos/kenobi360/3957532853/

www.flickr.com/photos/horaciogd/3957534217/

www.flickr.com/photos/jingdianmeinv2/3957537564/

www.flickr.com/photos/jingdianmeinv2/3957540314/

www.flickr.com/photos/colegio_altamira/3957577304/

www.flickr.com/photos/joachimp/3957647690/

www.flickr.com/photos/for_tea_too/3957688598/

www.flickr.com/photos/12441230@N05/3957726039/

www.flickr.com/photos/boedker/3957737469/

www.flickr.com/photos/simple_dog/3957768702/

www.flickr.com/photos/kimbauer/3957801682/

www.flickr.com/photos/kimbauer/3957801682/

www.flickr.com/photos/mauriciomercer/3957809558/

www.flickr.com/photos/mauriciomercer/3957811458/

www.flickr.com/photos/joi/3957818887/

www.flickr.com/photos/simple_dog/3957822906/

www.flickr.com/photos/grimmo/3957839171/

www.flickr.com/photos/fernandopangare/3957881663/

www.flickr.com/photos/simple_dog/3957899311/

www.flickr.com/photos/sufw/3957909386/

www.flickr.com/photos/meaganjean/3957928992/

www.flickr.com/photos/aphrodite-in-nyc/3958070710/

www.flickr.com/photos/presidenciaecuador/3958096546/

www.flickr.com/photos/adriennevh/3958226554/

www.flickr.com/photos/wanghaozhong/3958238655/

www.flickr.com/photos/brooke-incognito/3958244515/

www.flickr.com/photos/36356609@N00/3958336392/

www.flickr.com/photos/15472273@N07/3958338684/

www.flickr.com/photos/freeparking/3958341500/

www.flickr.com/photos/nrfotos/3958341933/

www.flickr.com/photos/dmatos/3958344979/

www.flickr.com/photos/nous_davidse/3958345731/

www.flickr.com/photos/39809029@N03/3958370247/

www.flickr.com/photos/ballerballer/3958494400/

www.flickr.com/photos/abzisse/3958496879/

www.flickr.com/photos/12441230@N05/3958498020/

www.flickr.com/photos/sopues/3958512543/

www.flickr.com/photos/butters-photos/3958547589/

www.flickr.com/photos/abzisse/3958552107/

www.flickr.com/photos/simple_dog/3958576540/

www.flickr.com/photos/kddimobile/3958594559/

www.flickr.com/photos/87969372@N00/3958845104/

www.flickr.com/photos/87969372@N00/3958845104/

www.flickr.com/photos/mauriciomercer/3958858333/

www.flickr.com/photos/noizephotography/3958859857/

www.flickr.com/photos/matteotarenghi/3958903565/

www.flickr.com/photos/blackpit/3958920043/

www.flickr.com/photos/zeimke/3958933990/

www.flickr.com/photos/mkorchia/3958934084/

www.flickr.com/photos/tgaw/3958982429/

www.flickr.com/photos/kddimobile/3959032161/

www.flickr.com/photos/e_cathedra/3959107675/

www.flickr.com/photos/skippy/3959121886/

www.flickr.com/photos/king-edward/3959144717/

www.flickr.com/photos/noizephotography/3959179077/

www.flickr.com/photos/nrfotos/3959218897/

www.flickr.com/photos/marcinmoga/3959229884/

www.flickr.com/photos/marcinmoga/3959229884/

www.flickr.com/photos/matthewjolly/3959438641/

www.flickr.com/photos/throk/3959507871/

www.flickr.com/photos/throk/3959507871/

www.flickr.com/photos/bohwaz/3959610255/

www.flickr.com/photos/stepsideways/3959857487/

www.flickr.com/photos/fpoisson/3959887930/

www.flickr.com/photos/russellchopping/3959980178/

www.flickr.com/photos/ctkennedy75/3959994341/

www.flickr.com/photos/acusticoz/3960018695/

www.flickr.com/photos/eduardometinger/3960037892/

www.flickr.com/photos/aficiomaquinas/3960053160/

www.flickr.com/photos/bkbral/3960119548/

www.flickr.com/photos/viernullvier/3960181255/

www.flickr.com/photos/donzorart/3960197201/

www.flickr.com/photos/philmo/3960214640/

www.flickr.com/photos/dfdfphoto/3960216716/

www.flickr.com/photos/dfdfphoto/3960216716/

www.flickr.com/photos/samsuanchen/3960221954/

www.flickr.com/photos/jasperswardrobe/3960229719/

www.flickr.com/photos/jasperswardrobe/3960262537/

www.flickr.com/photos/jasperswardrobe/3960272203/

www.flickr.com/photos/mauriciomercer/3960297171/

www.flickr.com/photos/dfdfphoto/3960302566/

www.flickr.com/photos/dfdfphoto/3960302566/

www.flickr.com/photos/ivanmello/3960309727/

www.flickr.com/photos/ivanmello/3960309727/

www.flickr.com/photos/les_stockton/3960320409/

www.flickr.com/photos/ivanmello/3960325323/

www.flickr.com/photos/nesnej/3960362317/

www.flickr.com/photos/nipperflickr/3960370601/

www.flickr.com/photos/blackpit/3960482816/

www.flickr.com/photos/brunozanardo/3960574267/

www.flickr.com/photos/brunozanardo/3960607395/

www.flickr.com/photos/brunozanardo/3960607395/

www.flickr.com/photos/shanegibbons/3960677169/

www.flickr.com/photos/freshdna/3960774687/

www.flickr.com/photos/ivanmello/3960781305/

www.flickr.com/photos/ivanmello/3960818907/

www.flickr.com/photos/ivanmello/3960818907/

www.flickr.com/photos/divemasterking2000/3960870863/

www.flickr.com/photos/hectoralejandro/3960874633/

www.flickr.com/photos/chongor/3961023890/

www.flickr.com/photos/jasperswardrobe/3961025156/

www.flickr.com/photos/creepysleepy/3961028037/

www.flickr.com/photos/jasperswardrobe/3961031740/

www.flickr.com/photos/jasperswardrobe/3961077826/

www.flickr.com/photos/nrfotos/3961080546/

www.flickr.com/photos/michaelaion/3961167601/

www.flickr.com/photos/elchupacabra/3961204805/

www.flickr.com/photos/istvanszucs/3961207321/

www.flickr.com/photos/32140739@N02/3961227583/

www.flickr.com/photos/brunozanardo/3961292256/

www.flickr.com/photos/kishas_pictures/3961293697/

www.flickr.com/photos/dustyknapp/3961315779/

www.flickr.com/photos/brunozanardo/3961382884/

www.flickr.com/photos/brunozanardo/3961388832/

www.flickr.com/photos/brunozanardo/3961391392/

www.flickr.com/photos/brunozanardo/3961391392/

www.flickr.com/photos/starlord/3961455448/

www.flickr.com/photos/wohlford/3961509476/

www.flickr.com/photos/kkikuchi/3961510876/

www.flickr.com/photos/bryanesque/3961534268/

www.flickr.com/photos/davelanglois/3961539360/

www.flickr.com/photos/28950284@N06/3961543711/

www.flickr.com/photos/ivanmello/3961588570/

www.flickr.com/photos/ivanmello/3961588570/

www.flickr.com/photos/8810304@N04/3961618791/

www.flickr.com/photos/8810304@N04/3961618791/

www.flickr.com/photos/simple_dog/3961642799/

www.flickr.com/photos/zbrox/3961664863/

www.flickr.com/photos/trey333/3961727371/

www.flickr.com/photos/agecombahia/3961729257/

www.flickr.com/photos/wilsonh/3961765122/

www.flickr.com/photos/trey333/3961804865/

www.flickr.com/photos/27670494@N05/3961840276/

www.flickr.com/photos/michaelaion/3961900580/

www.flickr.com/photos/kerfern/3961942482/

www.flickr.com/photos/pump937/3961949764/

www.flickr.com/photos/ishaip/3962022336/

www.flickr.com/photos/eunainternet/3962039499/

www.flickr.com/photos/eunainternet/3962045945/

www.flickr.com/photos/eunainternet/3962047715/

www.flickr.com/photos/eunainternet/3962080159/

www.flickr.com/photos/eunainternet/3962093947/

www.flickr.com/photos/ekurvine/3962175464/

www.flickr.com/photos/jmpk/3962199845/

www.flickr.com/photos/scrubbersr/3962206807/

www.flickr.com/photos/nrfotos/3962212501/

www.flickr.com/photos/nrfotos/3962212501/

www.flickr.com/photos/emmablackburn/3962284030/

www.flickr.com/photos/pump937/3962311830/

www.flickr.com/photos/pump937/3962312838/

www.flickr.com/photos/hulivili/3962382159/

www.flickr.com/photos/rubyblossom/3962383593/

www.flickr.com/photos/8810304@N04/3962388626/

www.flickr.com/photos/8810304@N04/3962388626/

www.flickr.com/photos/8810304@N04/3962395442/

www.flickr.com/photos/simple_dog/3962411194/

www.flickr.com/photos/tbone2/3962483306/

www.flickr.com/photos/lloydnc/3962489785/

www.flickr.com/photos/onesec/3962531004/

www.flickr.com/photos/onesec/3962538456/

www.flickr.com/photos/trey333/3962549136/

www.flickr.com/photos/speakingoffaith/3962562433/

www.flickr.com/photos/healthgrid/3962573091/

www.flickr.com/photos/dedeboys/3962582714/

www.flickr.com/photos/lambdachialpha/3962623543/

www.flickr.com/photos/cubworld/3962626255/

www.flickr.com/photos/quad/3962635196/