The Royal Pavilion is a former royal residence located in Brighton, England. It was built in three campaigns, beginning in 1787, as a seaside retreat for George, Prince of Wales, from 1811 Prince Regent. It is often referred to as the Brighton Pavilion. It is built in the Indo-Saracenic style prevalent in India for most of the 19th century, with the most extravagant chinoiserie interiors ever executed in Britain.

 

The Prince of Wales, who later became King George IV, first visited Brighton in 1783, soon after achieving his majority. The seaside town had become fashionable through the residence of George's uncle, the Duke of Cumberland, whose tastes for cuisine, gaming, the theatre and fast living the young prince shared, and with whom he lodged in Brighton at Grove House. In addition, his physician advised him that the seawater would be beneficial for his gout. In 1786, under a financial cloud that had been examined in Parliament for the extravagances incurred in building Carlton House, London, he rented a modest erstwhile farmhouse facing the Steine, a grassy area of Brighton used as a promenade by visitors. Being remote from the Royal Court in London, the Pavilion was also a discreet location for the Prince to enjoy liaisons with his long-time companion, Mrs Fitzherbert. The Prince had wished to marry her, and did so in secrecy, as her Roman Catholicism ruled out marriage under the Royal Marriages Act.

 

In 1787 the designer of Carlton House, Henry Holland, was employed to enlarge the existing building, which became one wing of the Marine Pavilion, flanking a central rotunda, which contained only three main rooms, a breakfast room, dining room and library, fitted out in Holland's French-influenced neoclassical style, with decorative paintings by Biagio Rebecca. In 1801-02 the Pavilion was enlarged with a new dining room and conservatory, to designs of Peter Frederick Robinson, in Holland's office. The Prince also purchased land surrounding the property, on which a grand riding school and stables were built in an Indian style in 1803-08, to designs by William Porden that dwarfed the Marine Pavilion, in providing stabling for sixty horses.

 

Between 1815 and 1822 the designer John Nash redesigned and greatly extended the Pavilion, and it is the work of Nash which can be seen today. The palace looks rather striking in the middle of Brighton, having a very Indian appearance on the outside. However, the fanciful interior design, primarily by Frederick Crace and the little-known decorative painter Robert Jones, is heavily influenced by both Chinese and Indian fashion (with Mughal and Islamic architectural elements). It is a prime example of the exoticism that was an alternative to more classicising mainstream taste in the Regency style.

 

After the death of George IV in 1830, his successor King William IV also stayed in the Pavilion on his frequent visits to Brighton. However, Queen Victoria disliked Brighton and the lack of privacy the Pavilion afforded her on her visits there (especially once Brighton became accessible to Londoners by rail in 1841) and the cramped quarters it provided her growing family. She purchased the land for Osborne House in the Isle of Wight, which became the summer home of the royal family. After her last visit to Brighton in 1845, the Government planned to sell the building and grounds. The Brighton Commissioners and the Brighton Vestry successfully petitioned the Government to sell the Pavilion to the town for £53,000 in 1850 under the Brighton Improvement (Purchase of the Royal Pavilion and Grounds) Act 1850.[2] The town used the building as assembly rooms. Many of the Pavilion's original fixtures and fittings were removed on the order of the royal household at the time of the sale, most ending up either in Buckingham Palace or Windsor Castle. Queen Victoria returned to Brighton large quantities of unused fittings in the late 1860s and George V and Queen Mary returned more after the First World War. Since the Second World War, the municipality of Brighton has spent a great deal of time, effort and money restoring the Pavilion to its state at the time of King George IV, encouraged by the permanent loan of over 100 items of furniture from Queen Elizabeth II in the 1950s, and has undertaken an extensive programme of restoring the rooms, reinstating stud walls, and creating replicas of some original fittings and occasionally pieces of furniture.

© All rights reserved

 

robin ~ erithacus rubecula (feeding)

 

RSPB Green status list.

 

Our local resident robin is not a bully and we have seen him happily tolerate up to six visiting robins on the birdtable and ground feeding in freezing weather. However robins started coming in for food with the constant rain and our robin has been fighting them all off. This robin had an obvious leg injury but his wing looked as though he had just lost a few feathers. Anyway he finished eating the food he came for and then disappeared into the hedge.

 

UPDATE: It is now a few weeks since this robin was injured and he seems to be fit and well apart from his leg that now seems useless. He spent more time perching on one leg. He couldn't manage to perch on the feeder trays so he fed on the ground.

Nine million in Lima, rush hour is not the time to figure out a way back to the airport. Fortunately, We found a young college student who spoke English. She quickly called us an Uber which pulled up on the crowded sidewalk. No account was necessary as a predetermined cash payment was quoted in advance. Next time we will pay the limo driver to wait for our return trip to the airport hotel. We did not have any other problems in the city, but it was real apparent that we were no longer in Kansas, if you know what I mean.

This is the view looking into the building seen in the previous three photos. I shot this from the doorway--I definitely did not feel like stepping inside, as in real life this looked a lot darker. Unquestionably the creepiest location I've ever photographed. View large on black.

 

Yashica-Mat LM with Yashinon lens, f/16, 1 sec. Kodak Portra 400NC, developed with Arista C-41 kit.

 

[Title taken from here.]

This is the right tier of my desk. Since it's closest to the door (directly in back of the camera), its most frequently used. I have my inbox, which is usually empty, because nobody uses paper at my school, so I put my Incase neoprene sleeve for my 13" MBP, and my iPad version there, as well as my Black Speck Hard-Shell case. On the top is my Duracell MyGrid wireless charger, which I won online. It's pretty useless, but fun to show off :) (There is a better pic of it somewhere else here). To the left, I put my writing stuff that used to be on the top, but I don't really write anymore, so it doesn't have to be there.

Snow White has been deboxed. She is standing, supported by the included display stand.

 

Detailed photos of the LE Snow White and Prince Doll Set. I got it from from the UK Disney Store, via a collector friend. It was double boxed by the DS. The outer shipping box sustained some damage, but the inner factory shipper box was undamaged. However, there is a small crease in the inner front cover, and considerable bowing on the sides of the plastic window. Both of these defects I don't mind so much, as I will debox the dolls. The dolls themselves appear to be in perfect condition. I love the way they are posed in the box, and their outfits match very well. The factory shipper box has Carton #270 of 330. The actual CoA number is 480 of 650.

 

I show Prince being deboxed, and fully deboxed, both with and without his cape. His cape is designed to be draped over his left shoulder. But I prefered that it be behind his back, so his is more balanced and can be more stable free standing, as well as freeing both arms. He has his edition number stamped on his back. I then debox Snow White, and show her and her Prince together.

 

Snow White and Prince Collector's Doll Set - 17'' - Limited Edition

$750.00

Item No. 6003040900391P

US Disney Store

Released online 2017-08-02

 

Happily ever after begins with this Snow White and Prince limited edition doll set. Created for the 80th Anniversary of Walt Disney's original animated classic, this finely crafted pair of collectible dolls feature exquisitely detailed costumes.

 

Magic in the details...

 

Please Note: Purchase of this item is limited to 1 per Guest.

 

• Limited Edition of 650

• Includes Certificate of Authenticity

• Snow White and Prince wear coordinating red velvet outfits

• Snow White's gown features lace-up bodice with embroidered detailing and rhinestone accents

• Pane sleeves with gold satin inserts and metallic gold thread edging

• Skirt features gold satin insert panel at front with finely detailed embroidery

• Lace raised collar

• Rooted styled hair with satin rose accent

• Rooted eyelashes

• Prince features velvet cape with gold embroidered trim

• Satin cape lining

• Black faux leather tunic with gold embroidery

• Pane sleeves with gold satin inserts and metallic gold thread edging

• Rooted styled hair

• Poseable at neck, shoulders, elbows, wrists, hips, knees, and ankles

• Display stand included

• Hinged front panels open to reveal elegant window display packaging with magnetic closure

• Celebrating the 80th anniversary of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs

 

The bare necessities

 

• Ages 6+

• Plastic / polyester

• 17'' H

• Imported

 

Safety

 

• WARNING: CHOKING HAZARD - Small Parts. Not for children under 3 years.

The last decade has not been kind to Sevington. A busy dual carriageway now sits to it's west end, and to the east is the new Inland Border Facility, thanks to Brexit.

 

So what was once a tiny out of the way kind of place is now surrounded on three sides by modern encroachment and harsh modern street lights.

 

We were last inside on a hot summer's day in 2009, when the church was being prepared for a wedding. I remember a church full of light and flowers.

 

13 years on and the church is neglected, badly damaged by damp and water ingress.

 

It is the visit I have felt the most sadness in. Sad to see my memories be so far from what it is now, and that it may not be long in use.

 

Plaster is crumbling, there are buckets in place to catch water falling through the roof. I feel sad writing about it three weeks later.

 

There is a service on the 1st, 3rd and 5th Sunday of each month.

 

-------------------------------------------

 

A lovely atmospheric church, dating in the main from the thirteenth century. Lancet windows abound (many with rere-arches, a sign of wealth) although the later Perpendicular windows vie for attention. The tall west tower with spire is a beacon to the new dual carriageway whose motors mean that the church is now never silent - but as long as the road acts as a barrier to the further growth of Ashford the church will continue to stand aloof on its windy hill. Inside there is no chancel arch and one is struck by the narrowness of the south aisle - little more than a corridor leading to a charming chapel. Nineteenth century texts cover every arch, even the low one between chapel and chancel! There is a very simple sedilia and piscina in the chancel and the east window is formed of a pair of lancets - very different to the standard `group of three` for which this part of Kent is famous. Nineteenth century glass comes from Jones and Willis and C Evans of London (1882) but there are also some lovely jumbles of medieval fragments. Apparently they do not belong here but were given in 1880.A large Royal Arms is fixed toa tie beam in the traditional location. All in all a church worth going a long way to visit - but you will need to get the key.

 

www.kentchurches.info/church.asp?p=Sevington

 

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SEVINGTON

LIES the next parish to Willesborough south-eastward. It is a very small parish, having only eleven houses in it. The church stands on rising ground, overlooking the Weald, which lies in the vale below the hill southward, where the clay is again very deep, and the like country through the woods as that below Great Chart and Bethersden, already described. One of the principal heads of the river Stour, which rises at Postling, flows across the southern part of this parish, and having been joined by some other branches of it goes on to Ashford bridge, having through the course of it acquired the name of the Old Stour, to distinguish it from that branch of this river which rises at Lenham, and flowing through Little and Great Chart runs on towards Ashford bridge.

 

THE MANOR OF CONINGSBROOK claims paramount over the greatest part of this parish, by the name of THE YOKE OF DEVELAND; subordinate to which is The Manor Of Sevington, which was most probably part of those possessions belonging to the abbot and convent of St. Augustine, taken from them at the Norman conquest by Hugo de Montfort, as mentioned before, but whether included in the description of those lands belonging to him in the general survey of Domesday, inserted before under Hinxhill parish, I dare not ascertain; only that it certainly was part of his possessions, and that on the voluntary exile of his grandson Robert de Montfort in king Henry I.'s reign, this, among the rest of his estates, came into the hands of the crown, of which it was afterwards held, with others of them in this neighbourhood; by the family of Criol, and Maud, widow of Simon de Criol, as was found by inquisition, died anno 52 Henry III. possessed of it, with lands in Essetesforde, Vetersture, and Pakemanston. How it passed afterwards, I do not find; but the next owners that appear are the family of Scott, of Scotts-hall, who held it as of the honor of Dover, by ward to the castle there; in them it continued for many generations, and till at length George Scott, esq. of Scottshall, about the latter end of king George I.'s reign, passed this manor away by sale to Sir Philip Boteler, bart. of Teston, and his son of the same name died possessed of it in 1772, having by will given one moiety of his estates to Mrs. Elizabeth Bouverie, then of Chart Sutton, but late of Teston; and the other moiety to Elizabeth, viscountess dowager Folkestone, and her son-in-law, William Bouverie, earl of Radnor; (fn. 1) and on the partition made by the two latter, of their moiety, this manor of Sevington was, with others, allotted to the latter, who died in 1776, and by will devised this manor, with the rest of the abovementioned estates in this county, to his eldest son by his second wife, the Hon. William-Henry Bouverie, who is the present owner of it, but there is neither house nor demesne lands belonging to it.

 

THE MOAT is a manor, situated in this parish below the hill, almost adjoining to Willesborough, somewhat more than half a mile westward from the church of Sevington; this mansion was, in very early times, the residence of a family which took their name from hence. Sir John de Sevington, said to be descended from an ancestor of the same name, a Saxon born, who lived in the time of king Edward the Confessor, and in great authority under earl Godwin, was possessed of this manor and resided here in the reign of Henry III. bearing for his arms, Argent, on a fess wavy, sable, three escallops, or, between three trefoils, slipt of the second. He left a sole daughter and heir Maud, who entitled her husband Sir John Barrey, to the possession of it, who afterwards resided here, as did his several descendants down to Richard Barrey, esq. of Sevington, lieutenant of Dover castle in the memorable year 1588, being descended from Sir Audrian Barray, of the district of Barray, in Normandy, and came into England with king Richard I. who placed him in the north country. His descendants were of respectable account at the times in which they lived, as conservators of the peace, knights of the shire, and sheriffs, keeping their several shrievalties at this seat of the Moat; two of them were lieutenants of Dover castle, and their alliances by marriages were with some of the most eminent families in this county, of Haut, Malmaines, St. John, Aucher, and Fogge. They bore for their arms, Argent, a fess, gules, between six fleurs de lis, sable. These arms were in the windows of Milton church, near Sittingborne, and are still on the roof of the cloysters at Canterbury. Weever mentions several of them, whose monuments and inscriptions were remaining in this church in his time. Several of them had their figures on their grave-stones, habited in armour; but they have been all long since gone. Sir John Barrey before-mentioned, left two daughters his coheirs, one of whom, Elizabeth, married Vincent Boys, of Bekesborne, who in her right became afterwards entitled to this manor. He was fourth son of William Boys, of Fredville, by Mary, sister and heir of Sir Edward Ringesley, of Knolton, and bore for his arms, Or, a griffin segreant, sable, within a bordure, gules: being the arms of Boys; and for difference, On the bordure, acorns and crosses, formee fitchee, or, alternatley. His son Edward Boys, of Betshanger, alienated this manor to Mr. John Alcock, who had been steward to the Barrey family, and was afterwards tenant of this estate under Mr. Edward Boys; so that, steward-like, his wealth increased in proportion as that of his respective masters wasted; insomuch, that when they were necessitated to sell, he was enabled to purchase; too frequent an example even in these times; his sole daughter and heir Margaret carried it in marriage back again to the family of Boys, by her union with Thomas Boys, gent. of Willesborough, descended from Thomas Boys, of Bonnington, in Goodnestone, who lived in the reign of Henry VIII. and was a younger son of William Boys, by Isabella, daughter and heir of Phallop, of Nonington. He pulled down this antient seat, which stood in the bottom, just within the western boundary of this parish, where the moat, filled with water, now remains entire, inclosing strictly the scite only of it, and removed the materials of it to rebuild his house at Willesborough. He died possessed of this manor, with the scite of the antient mansion of it in 1659, and was succeeded in it by his son John Boys, gent. of Willesborough, in whose descendants it has continued down to Mr. Edward Boys, gent. now of Willesborough, the present proprietor of it.

 

NEW HARBOUR, usually called New Arbour, was once a manor and seat of some account here, which in king Henry VII.'s reign was the property of the family of Elys, of Kennington; but it did not continue long with them, for in the next reign of Henry VIII. I find it in the possession of Henry Goulding, who resided here, as did his son Robert Goulding in the reign of queen Elizabeth, bearing for his arms, A cross voided, between four lions passant, gules; which was confirmed by Robert Cooke, clarencieux, in 1572, (fn. 2) but he alienated it to Sir Edward Radcliffe, physician to James I. who afterwards resided at it. He was descended out of Lancashire, where his ancestors were antiently seated, bearing for their arms, Argent, two bendlets ingrailed, sable. (fn. 3) Ralph Radcliffe, a younger brother of the above family, purchased Hitchin priory in the reign of Henry VIII. where his descendants afterwards continued; one of whom was Sir Edward Radcliffe, the purchaser of this estate of New Harbour, in whose descendants it continued down to John Radcliffe, esq. of Hitchin priory, in Hertfordshire, who dying in 1783, s. p. this estate, among others, came to Sir Charles Farnabye, bart. of Sevenoke, in right of his wife Penelope, sister and heir-at-law of the before-mentioned John Radcliffe, and widow of Mr. Charlton, merchant, of London. Sir Charles Farnabye, afterwards named Radcliffe, removed into Hertfordshire, where he died s.p. in October 1798, and his heirs are now entitled to it.

 

IN THE BOOK OF AID, anno 20 Edward III. for the making of the black prince a knight, mention is made of the manor of Hawkyswell, in this parish, which Isabel de Hawkyswell then held by knight's service, and which Walter de Rokeslye before held in Hawkyswell of the honor of Folkestone. In the 33d year of king Henry VIII. it was found by inquisition, taken after the death of Edward Barrey, that he died possesed of it, holding it by ward to the castle of Dover, so that having the same owners, it most probably merged in the manor of the Moat, and continues so at this time.

 

Charities.

MRS. ELIZABETH, MAY, of Sittingborne, by will in 1721, gave 9l. every third year, chargeable on the estate of the Rev. Mr. Lushington, called Bilham-sarm, in Kingsnoth, Mersham, and Sevington, to be paid, clear of deductions, to this parish in turn, for a term of years therein mentioned; twenty years of which were unexpired in 1786; to be applied for the binding out yearly a child an apprentice, of the poorest people in these three parishes, to be approved of from time to time by such persons as should be owners of the estate. This charity did not take place till the year 1784. One girl only has as yet been put out apprentice from this charity by this parish.

 

HALF AN ACRE of land, called the Church spot, in this parish, was given by persons unknown; the rent of which is expended in the repairs of the church.

 

The poor constantly relieved are about ten, casually not more than two or three.

 

SEVINGTON is situated within the ECCLESIASTICAL JURISDICTION of the diocese of Canterbury, and deanry of Limne.

 

¶The church, which is dedicated to St. Mary, is very small, consisting of two isles, one much larger than the other, and one chancel. At the west end is a spire steeple, shingled, in which are four bells. There are several gravestones in this church, all which have been robbed of their brasses. In the chancel is a memorial for Edward Boys, rector, eldest son of Thomas Boys, gent. of Mersham, obt. 1723. Weever mentions several memorials for the family of Barrey, in his time, and one for John Fynch, esq. obt. 1442; none of which are now remaining.

 

This church is a rectory, which seems antiently to have been in the patronage of the owners of the Moat manor in this parish, and to have continued so till Mr. Edward Boys, the owner of that manor, about the year 1776, conveyed the patronage of it, by sale to Edward Norwood, gent. of Ashford, the present patron of it.

 

This rectory is valued in the king's books at 8l. 14s. 0½d. It is now a discharged living, of the clear yearly certified value of thirty-five pounds.

 

In 1570 it was valued at forty pounds, communicants sixty. In 1640 it had the like number of communicants, and it was valued at fifty-five pounds. It is now of the value of about one hundred and thirty pounds per annum.

 

www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-kent/vol7/pp576-583

This is another of the Iris from the garden that I'm currently exploiting. This was done with a small CF studio light and a couple of extension tubes on my macro lens. I liked the backlighting on the beard here, and took two different versions of the picture, One more vertical and one more landscape. My wife, whose artistic judgment I value, preferred one, and I preferred the other. As an experiment, I'm going to post both.

BANGABANDHU SHEIKH MUJIBUR RAHMAN

The life of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman is the saga of a great leader turning peoplepower into an armed struggle that liberated a nation and created the world’s ninth most populous state. The birth of the sovereign state of Bangladesh in December 1971, after a heroic war of nine months against the Pakistani colonial rule, was the triumph of his faith in the destiny of his people. Sheikh Mujib, endearingly called Bangabandhu or friend of Bangladesh, rose from the people, molded their hopes and aspirations into a dream and staked his life in the long battle for making it real. He was a true democrat, and he employed in his struggle for securing justice and fairplay for the Bengalees only democratic and constitutional weapons until the last moment. It is no accident of history that in an age of military coup d’etat and ‘strong men’, Sheikh Mujib attained power through elections and mass movement and that in an age of decline of democracy he firmly established democracy in one of the least developed countries of Asia.

Sheikh Mujib was born on 17 March 1920 in a middle class family at Tungipara in Gopalganj district. Standing 5 feet 11 inches, he was taller than the average Bengalee. Nothing pleased him more than being close to the masses, knowing their joys and sorrows and being part of their travails and triumphs. He spoke their soft language but in articulating their sentiments his voice was powerful and resonant. He had not been educated abroad, nor did he learn the art of hiding feelings behind sophistry; yet he was loved as much by the urban educated as the common masses of the villages. He inspired the intelligentsia and the working class alike. He did not, however, climb to leadership overnight.

Early Political Life: His political life began as an humble worker while he was still a student. He was fortunate to come in early contact with such towering personalities as Hussain Shaheed Suhrawardy and A K Fazlul Huq, both charismatic Chief Ministers of undivided Bengal. Adolescent Mujib grew up under the gathering gloom of stormy politics as the aging British raj in India was falling apart and the Second World War was violently rocking the continents. He witnessed the ravages of the war and the stark realities of the great famine of 1943 in which about five million people lost their lives. The tragic plight of the people under colonial rule turned young Mujib into a rebel.

This was also the time when he saw the legendary revolutionary Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose challenging the British raj. Also about this time he came to know the works of Bernard Shaw, Karl Marx, Rabindranath Tagore and rebel poet Kazi Nazrul Islam. Soon after the partition of India in 1947 it was felt that the creation of Pakistan with its two wings separated by a physical distance of about 1,200 miles was a geographical monstrosity. The economic, political, cultural and linguistic characters of the two wings were also different. Keeping the two wings together under the forced bonds of a single state structure in the name of religious nationalism would merely result in a rigid political control and economic exploitation of the eastern wing by the all-powerful western wing which controlled the country’s capital and its economic and military might.

Early Movement: In 1948 a movement was initiated to make Bengali one of the state languages of Pakistan. This can be termed the first stirrings of the movement for an independent Bangladesh. The demand for cultural freedom gradually led to the demand for national independence. During that language movement Sheikh Mujib was arrested and sent to jail. During the blood-drenched language movement in 1952 he was again arrested and this time he provided inspiring leadership of the movement from inside the jail.

In 1954 Sheikh Mujib was elected a member of the then East Pakistan Assembly. He joined A K Fazlul Huq’s United Front government as the youngest minister. The ruling clique of Pakistan soon dissolved this government and Shiekh Mujib was once again thrown into prison. In 1955 he was elected a member of the Pakistan Constituent Assembly and was again made a minister when the Awami League formed the provincial government in 1956. Soon after General Ayub Khan staged a military coup in Pakistan in 1958, Sheikh Mujib was arrested once again and a number of cases were instituted against him. He was released after 14 months in prison but was re-arrested in February 1962. In fact, he spent the best part of his youth behind the prison bars.

Supreme Test: March 7, 1971 was a day of supreme test in his life. Nearly two million freedom loving people assembled at the Ramna Race Course Maidan, later renamed Suhrawardy Uddyan, on that day to hear their leader’s command for the battle for liberation. The Pakistani military junta was also waiting to trap him and to shoot down the people on the plea of suppressing a revolt against the state. Sheikh Mujib spoke in a thundering voice but in a masterly well-calculated restrained language. His historic declaration in the meeting was: "Our struggle this time is for freedom. Our struggle this time is for independence." To deny the Pakistani military an excuse for a crackdown, he took care to put forward proposals for a solution of the crisis in a constitutional way and kept the door open for negotiations.

The crackdown, however, did come on March 25 when the junta arrested Sheikh Mujib for the last time and whisked him away to West Pakistan for confinement for the entire duration of the liberation war. In the name of suppressing a rebellion the Pakistani military let loose hell on the unarmed civilians throughout Bangladesh and perpetrated a genocide killing no less than three million men, women and children, raping women in hundreds of thousands and destroying property worth billions of taka. Before their ignominious defeat and surrender they, with the help of their local collaborators, killed a large number of intellectuals, university professors, writers, doctors, journalists, engineers and eminent persons of other professions. In pursuing a scorch-earth policy they virtually destroyed the whole of the country’s infrastructure. But they could not destroy the indomitable spirit of the freedom fighters nor could they silence the thundering voice of the leader. Tape recordings of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib’s 7th March speech kept on inspiring his followers throughout the war.

Return and Reconstruction: Forced by international pressure and the imperatives of its own domestic predicament, Pakistan was obliged to release Sheikh Mujib from its jail soon after the liberation of Bangladesh and on 10 January 1972 the great leader returned to his beloved land and his admiring nation.

But as he saw the plight of the country his heart bled and he knew that there would be no moment of rest for him. Almost the entire nation including about ten million people returning from their refuge in India had to be rehabilitated, the shattered economy needed to be put back on the rail, the infrastructure had to be rebuilt, millions had to be saved from starvation and law and order had to be restored. Simultaneously, a new constitution had to be framed, a new parliament had to be elected and democratic institutions had to be put in place. Any ordinary mortal would break down under the pressure of such formidable tasks that needed to be addressed on top priority basis. Although simple at heart, Sheikh Mujib was a man of cool nerves and of great strength of mind. Under his charismatic leadership the country soon began moving on to the road to progress and the people found their long-cherished hopes and aspirations being gradually realized.

Assassination: But at this critical juncture, his life was cut short by a group of anti-liberation reactionary forces who in a pre-dawn move on 15 August 1975 not only assassinated him but 23 of his family members and close associates. Even his 10 year old son Russel’s life was not spared by the assassins. The only survivors were his two daughters, Sheikh Hasina - now the country’s Prime Minister - and her younger sister Sheikh Rehana, who were then away on a visit to Germany. In killing the father of the Nation, the conspirators ended a most glorious chapter in the history of Bangladesh but they could not end the great leader’s finest legacy- the rejuvenated Bengali nation. In a fitting tribute to his revered memory, the present government has declared August 15 as the national mourning day. On this day every year the people would be paying homage to the memory of a man who became a legend in his won lifetime. Bangabandhu lives in the heart of his people. Bangladesh and Bangabandhu are one and inseparable. Bangladesh was Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman’s vision and he fought and died for it.

 

My practical experience, some of new leaders of BNP (retired amla) wants to be leader. They want to show something to Khaleda Zia in strike period. Want to be talk of the day as like Sadek Hossain Khoka. Khoka hold liquid tomato pack with him and blasted in due time while police caught him on the streets. Remember people? Shamsher Mobin Choudhury Beer Bikram Freedom fighter, I salute for his contribution, but I enjoyed his acting on strike period with police SI. He want to be arrested then news will be like this “Beer Bikram Shamsher Mobin Choudhury didn’t relief from the police tortured.

Good attitude but no need to do this simple acting for growing the attraction of Khaleda. Next time he will be foreign Minister if BNP comes to the power.

 

This is a creative commons image, which you may freely use by linking to this page. Please respect the photographer and his work.

 

This morning I noticed a string of barns and tobacco barns that I've passed literally hundreds of times. I believe it was the way the light was brushing the sides of a couple of them. Taken at Red House, Virginia (in Charlotte County), about two stones throw from Appomattox County.

 

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License

  

Long Beach Press-Telegram (2007)

The latest Star Trek movie directed by J.J. Abrams is filming in Big Town is perhaps the worst kept secret since two men, one carrying a jar of peanut butter-the other a chocolate bar, bumped into each other while rounding a corner from opposite directions back in the 70's thereby accidentally stumbling upon the highly guarded recipe for Reese's Peanut Butter Cups.

Filming is taking place at the futuristic looking City Hall building, which was also used as headquarters in the 70's Sci-Fi TV show, Battlestar Galactica.

Paramount Pictures has gone to great lengths to conceal filming of the newest movie in it's Star Trek franchise including referring to it by the phony name of "Corporate Headquarters."

Fonte Official FB page

 

Sodom is a German thrash metal band formed in 1981. Original line-up were Tom Angelripper, Chris Witchhunter and Aggressor. Receiving inspiration by bands such as Motörhead and Venom, they released two demos which led to a record deal with Steamhammer. Aggressor left the band shortly before releasing the In the Sign of Evil EP, and was replaced by Grave Violator, who did not last long himself. On the debut album Obsessed by Cruelty he was replaced by Destructor. However, after the release Destructor left the band to join Kreator.

 

Thereafter their break-through album Persecution Mania was released with yet another guitarist, Frank Blackfire. A live album Mortal Way of Live followed. The next album made Sodom famous; Agent Orange was released in 1989. Since then, Sodom is one of the three big names of German Thrash metal; the others are Kreator and Destruction. Again a new guitarist was to be found as Blackfire also left the band to join Kreator. The replacement was found in Michael Hoffman.

 

In this line-up the Better Off Dead album was released in 1990. During the South American tour however, Hoffman decided to stay in Brazil and therefore was forced to quit. His replacement was found in Andy Brings and a new album was recorded, titled Tapping the Vein, which was more death metal influenced than before. This proved to be the last album with the drummer Witchhunter who quit because of lack of interest in metal music. Atomic Steif found his way behind the drumkit.

 

This line-up now, recorded the next album, Get What You Deserve. Out were the death metal influence, in came the hardcore influences. At this time Angelripper also started a solo carreer doing metal impressions of drinking songs, German schlagers and even Xmassy Carols. Another live album was recorded of the tour in support of this album called Marooned - Live.

 

In the same vein as the previous album, Masquerade in Blood was released in 1995. Again another guitarist was to be found. The new axeman was Sthrahli, but he did not stay very long with the band either; he was fired due to drugs problems. Also Atomic Steif left and again Angelripper needed to search for new members. These were found in the person of Bernemann on guitars and Bobby Schottkowski on drums.

 

The new album 'Til Death Do Us Unite featured a controversial album cover, depicting the belly a pregnant woman and a beer gut of a man pressing a human skull together. Apparently this line-up has stabilised the band significantly as this still the current line-up. In 1999 Code Red was released and formed a return to the sound of the 1980s thrash metal. A limited edition featured a bonus CD containing a tribute to Sodom album called Homage to the Gods. In the same vein, M-16 was released displaying Sodoms interest in the Vietnam War. The title of course refers to the automatic rifle M16). A tour followed with the other two big German thrash metal bands Kreator and Destruction.

 

In 2003, a double live album was recorded in Bangkok, titled One Night in Bangkok. In 2006 Sodom released their Album "Sodom" and after the release the band played a lot of shows all over the world.

 

In 2007 comes "The final Sign of Evil". On this record the original Line up with Chris Witchhunter, Grave Violator and Tom Angelripper acting very old school. In Wacken the band played a really special Set at the Wacken Open Air with Old Members like Andy Brings, Atomic Steif, Grave Violator and a lot of more. This show will be a part of the long waited second Part of the Lords of Depravity DVD.

Drummer Legend Chris Witchhunter died at age of 42 in September 2008. We still miss him!

It is the weekend. Again.

 

And with Jools suffering a relapse in her chesty cough, we slept late and I said I'd go to Tesco first thing, before coffee, and she could get dressed in her own time.

 

So I grabbed my coat, the shopping bags and shopping list, put them in the car and drove to Tesco. First up was to fill the car with petrol, then drive round to park up, get a trolley and head into the store, grabbing a scanner on the way in.

 

Apart from the weekly things, I got some stuffing mix and more blocks of butter for Christmas. Meaning that apart from the fruit and veg and milk, we are all abut done here.

 

Yay us.

 

Back home for coffee, unload the car and put shopping away, before finally having breakfast 1 of fruit then bacon butties and brews for breakfast 2.

 

That's better.

 

The plan for the day was for some local churchcrawling. After some internet research I had the name of the keyholder at Bekesbourne, I called but was told she was out but would be back "soon". OK, in which case we would visit some other nearby churches and go there last.

 

Not far to Barham from Chez Jelltex, just along the A2, overtaking lorries and slow cars until we turned off at Wootton, down past the filling station and into Barham, stopping on the road beside the church.

 

Barham is always open, I thought, no worries here. As I got out all my camera gear and lugged it over the road and through the churchyard.

 

Round on the north side, we arrive at the porch and I find the door is locked after all. No news of a keyholder, but next week there is a coffee morning. If we feel OK after our COVID booster, we might go along.

 

Its a short drive along the Elham Valley to Bridge. And yes there is really a place called Bridge, and it does have a bridge. A bridge in Bridge, which takes the old Watling Street and high road over the bed of the Nailbourne.

 

Bridge never lets us down. And indeed it was open, door ajar, and soon a warden came and put all the lights on so snapping was easier. I'd not missed much on previous visits, but with a new-ish lens, it was always worth in redoing shots. I did have the big lens with me, great for details of carvings and in stained glass windows, which I photograph enthusiastically.

 

From Bridge, its a five minute drive to Patrixbourne.

 

I wanted to come back here to take close up details of the Tympanum and rose window from the outside, so it wasn't too much of a loss that the door was locked after all.

 

The rose window here is of the same design as at Barfrestone, so wanted to follow up the detailed shots of the one there and do the same at Patrixbourne.

 

So, I set about getting my shots and rattle off a couple of hundred.

 

Back to the car, and next village along is Bekesbourne, where I had called earlier. The keyholder lives in a "large while building opposite the church", the website said. Yes, it's a palace.

 

An actual palace.

 

So, there was scruffy me shambling up the large door, ringing the bell and asking if the church keyholder was in.

 

She wasn't.

 

And her husband wasn't too keen on letting me have it.

 

Now I know how to get it, there'll be plenty of other times.

 

I leave, but on the way back to the main road, a large Audi passes us, and pretty much the only place she could be going was the palace: should we go back?

 

No, there'll be other times.

 

I then thought that we could go back via Denton. I had not been to there for five years, and could be just a short detour.

 

St Mary Magdalene is not visible from the road through the village. It is hidden behind a copse of mature trees, and the small churchyard spreads out beneath the trees.

 

THere is a small sign pointing to the parish church from the main road, but if you don't know its there, you past it before you see it.

 

A track leads of the driveway to Denton Court, leading over a meadow towards the copse of tree and the church.

 

I parked on the drive and walked over, but people had driven through the gateway to the church before, but I walked.

 

We head home, back along the A2, but calling in at Jen's to do some admin. That done it was back home, all back by one, and ready for some more World Cup action from the sofa.

 

Lunch was pizza and beer, done in ten minutes and easy as anything, so the main task of the day was to fight my heavy eyelids that threatened to send me to sleep.

 

Argentina beat Mexico in a bad tempered game, then France beat Denmark 2-1, by which time it was nine and time for bed.

 

Phew.

 

----------------------------------------------------

 

DENTON is within the ECCLESIASTICAL JURISDICTION of the diocese of Canterbury, and deanry of Eleham.

 

¶The church, which is dedicated to St. Mary Magdalen, consists of one isle and a chancel, having a square tower at the west end, in which there are three bells. This church, though small, is neat. In the chancel is a memorial for Sir Anthony Percival, obt. 1646, and dame Gertrude his wife, obt. 1647. On a brass plate fixed to the north wall, a memorial for John Boys, esq. late patron of this church, and attorney-general for the duchy of Lancaster, obt. 1543. Inscriptions on brass, for the Petitts, of Dandelion. A memorial on an antient stone, for James Brooker, of Madekin. A monument for Phineas Andrews, esq. of Denton, and patron of this church, obt. 1661, and for John Andrews, his eldest son and heir, of the Inner Temple, obt. 1667. A monument for Wortley Whorwood, son of Sir William, of Sturton castle, bart. lord of this manor, and patron of this church, who married Anne, daughter of Sir Edward Dering, bart. obt. 1703. In a window on the south side are the arms of Oxenden, impaling in several shields those of Twitham, Barton, Ratlinge, Yonge, Wenderton, and Broadnax. In the body, a memorial for John Dix, of Milton, obt. 1728. Against the north wall is a stone cross, fixed in the wall, with very antient letters, defaced and illegible. In the church-yard, adjoining to the garden of the mansionhouse, is a remarkable building, erected as a mausoleum by Thomas Whorwood, esq. for himself, who lies buried in it, and for his family. It has several whimsical figures on the top of it, and under an inscription for him, obt. 1745.

 

The advowson of this church has always been an appendage to the manor of Denton, and continues so at this time, Samuel Egerton Brydges, esq. being the present patron of it.

 

It is valued in the king's books at 5l. 19s. 4½d. and the yearly tenths at 11s. 11¼d. but it is now of the yearly certified value of 59l. 3s. 0¾d. In 1588 here were thirty-four communicants, and it was valued at fifty pounds. In 1640 the like number of communicants, and it was valued at eighty pounds. There are five acres of glebe land.

 

www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-kent/vol9/pp358-364

 

There can be little doubt that Denton Church is of Saxon foundation. An entry in the Doomsday Book states that “at Danetone (Denton) there is a Church”. At the time of the Doomsday Book, the Manor and Parish were in the possession of Odo, Bishop of Baieux, who was also Warden and Constable of Dover Castle. There are no visible remains today of this original Saxon Church.

 

The Church which is dedicated to St Mary Magdalene, is situated to the South of the village next to Denton Court and is reached via a footpath from the driveway to the Court.

 

The building is very small and has one aisle, a chancel and a small square tower at the west end. It is built of flint, chalk and mortar and the chancel is rendered without. The present Church is largely of 13th Century construction as evidenced by the simple form of the building itself – the chancel arch and the lancet windows have been renewed at a later date but the building remains typically characteristic of the small early English village of the period. The interior is plastered, with panelling against the North wall by the side of the pews there. There are two niches for a rood screen above the chancel step. The font is of stone on a single pedestal.

 

The chancel has three windows, one of which is very low. Most of the glass is modern, but there is an ancient piece of stained glass above the priest’s door. The glass is supposed to be part of a formed window and depicts the head of Christ.

 

The church has a porch on the north side and the seats of which are dedicated to the dead who fell in the 1914 – 1918 war.

 

There were originally three bells in the tower. The middle one became cracked and was unfortunately sold in 1870 and so spoiled the Mediaeval peel.

 

The church holds a fete every year at the Village Hall

 

dentonwithwoottonpc.co.uk/history-of-denton/

I really don't know who this is but I expect there are some online resources that may enlighten me. Hang on...I think it is actually St Peter. Which is probably correct, as this is the church of St Peter Mancroft in Norwich, although its really dedicated to St Peter and St Paul, so this might be St Paul, but because I know how to read html source code, I think it is St Peter. Either way, he's looking mournful and dusty pondering a Delia Smith cheat for Loaves and Fishes featuring Waitrose frozen bread, in front of the South Aisle East window, which went all bokeh on me.

 

I actually look like this today. And forever.

 

Church of St Peter Mancroft, Norwich, UK

View location

Larger Cobwebs

This is a barn at Heritage Park in Lenexa Kansas. The park is located at 159th and Pflumm Road.

 

This was taken at sunset with a nice backlit series of clouds. I tilted the shot upwards to crop off the bottom of the barn and twisted for a nice perspective.

 

B+W was just more dramatic.

This castle is seen from Wicks Of Baiglie Road, Bridge of Earn. It is unusually painted. Originally built as square tower in 1570 for a Geo.Auchinleck. It was completely refurbished in 1915 to the highest quality, extra wings added to form a quadrangle with an inner courtyard. William Millar a Glasgow shipping and transport magnate had puchased the building and surrounding land five years earlier.

Victorian Alpine Huts survey, for Parks Victoria 1994-5.

This hut is located on Grazing Block 25 which was held by HB Duane around 1900 followed by FA & PH Howman of Eskdale in the 1920s who were later joined by JK Kelley{ 1092/121}. L Prichard of Mitta Mitta had it in the 1930s when the lease boundaries were disputed with adjoining leaseholder, Maddison. Maddison & Neilson took the block in 1934-5 but Prichard & Hodgkin won it back in the following year. Hodgkin & Yea of Eskdale took it in the early 1940s but by then the Soil Conservation Board was undertaking its investigation into erosion in the alps. In 1946 the Bogong High Plains Advisory Committee recommended that all leases be cancelled in the area and reissued with new conditions limiting stock numbers. The limit on this block was suggested at 350 cattle or horses (no sheep allowed) and the tenure was strictly 25 November to 30 April{ ibid. departmental note 9.10.46}. the area was also reduced from 8700 acres to 8100, along with a general redrawing of grazing block boundaries. The Soil Conservation Authority requested GB 24,25 be terminated at the end of 1956-7, allowing a years grace if fencing was carried out on the Eskdale Spur to exclude the Kiewa Scheme catchment. Grazing Block 25 was cancelled October 1957. The Ski Club of Victoria applied in April 1934 to erect a hut on the staircase spur. Its function would be to render a winter ascent of Mt Bogong easier so as to attract `the average ski runner who may consider conditions at the present time too difficult'{ HO 19905 applic. letter 11.4.34}. Except for three one day visits, this mountain has never been skied on' yet the club's members had established that there was `excellent extensive skiing' to be had on the mountain, being the highest point in Victoria. The Lands Department noted that the intended site was held under a grazing licence but otherwise they had no objection although they thought that the Tourist Committee could be consulted{ ibid.}. In July the club (via secretary, Ernest E Tyler) furnished the department with a map which showed the intended site, noting that they had other huts in mind which totalled three and hence hoped that they might achieve some discount on the annual fee of one guinea per hut (one at the top of staircase spur and another larger club chalet in Camp Valley). The club membership was then 500. `We deeply appreciate your action in this matter..members of the club feel sure that Mt Bogong will prove one of the best skiing mountains in the State..' The club journal outlined their plan for the mountain: 1. The placing of a "bivouac" on the Staircase Spur at 4800' 2. The clearance of snow gums from a portion of the spur 3. Erection of snow poles from a position above the "Gap" to Camp Valley. 4. The building of a Club hut in Camp Valley. 5. If it is found necessary at a later date, a second hut could be built on the staircase, "Bogong Gap" 6000 feet.{ Cleve Cole in `The Victorian Ski Year Book 1934', p121f} They were successful but the weather deterred erection of the hut immediately, meaning that the next target date was November 1934, with completion made in March 1935. The choice of site was guided by the hut's builder Walter Maddison and the financing of the hut's construction came from Tawonga residents and `city admirers of the mountain'. The hut was built using a split timber (woollybut) frame and corrugated iron cladding{ Stephenson (1982): 355f}. The snow poles would be next on the program along with the clearing of `a wide pathway' through the snow gums but lack of money would put this back another year. Cleve Cole wrote of this hut's construction as one of the improvements resulting from the Bogong Development Scheme. Cole wrote also of a typical ski journey up the mountain: `The approach to Bogong via the Staircase Spur commences at Tawonga which may be reached by rail to Bright or Wodonga. From the former a car would need to be hired; from the latter a regular mail and passenger service is conducted.' `An early start, say daybreak, should be made when private transport is used, as the 210 miles from Melbourne to Tawonga will take approximately seven hours. At the latter place horses are hired and a five-hour journey along Mountain Creek and up the Staircase Spur, a distance of ten miles, should bring you to the "bivouac" before nightfall. From here, weather permitting, an early start is recommended next day. The climb to the summit ridge, which involves an increase of 1700' in altitude, is sure to prove strenuous, and ample time should be allowed for the journey which will take at least three hours..' A photograph of a hut near this site (c1937) shows a gabled corrugated iron clad hut with a single doorway and a detached timber-framed fireplace at one end{ Stephenson: 217}. It was the scene of many bush-walks and ski tours to the summit of Mt Bogong and the place sought by Cleve Cole, Mick Hull and Howard Michell in August 1936 in their ill-fated journey from the summit. A similar unsuccessful bid was made from the second Bivouac Hut to the summit by Georgine Gadsen, John McRae and Ted Welch in 1943{ Stephenson: 212; Stephenson (1982): 270f}. The first bivouac had been destroyed in the 1939 fires and, being insured, was re-erected March 1939{ ibid. SCV letter 10.5.40}. By then the club had also erected Summit Hut (1938) and Cleve Cole Hut (1938), completing the development of three sites although their intended hut in Rocky Valley had not been built because of the club's interest in acquiring an SEC hut built some two years ago in that location. Cope Hut had been built by the Public Works Department for tourists but they were reluctant to continue maintenance of the hut. The SCV had been made an unofficial managers of the hut. By 1940 they planned another two huts, one at the head of the Bogong Creek and one at Bogong Gap but encountered a new attitude in the Lands Department. The department pointed out that in January 1938, an area had been withdrawn from occupation to serve the SEC's Kiewa scheme. The SCV was dismayed, querying if all hut occupancies were to be withdrawn on the mountain{ SCV letter 13.6.40}. nevertheless, by the late 1940s, the SCV held Bivouac, Summit, Cleve Cole, West Peak and Bogong Gap huts{ LDV note 3.1948}. The second Bivouac Hut was burnt, along with Maddison's (cattleman's hut, thought built 19th century, Camp Valley) and Summit huts in October 1978. Headlines included "Environmental Vandals on the Rampage" and "Alpine Huts Burned Down `Green group blamed'" highlighting the tension which had developed among user groups on the mountain. The claim was made by the Mt Bogong Club secretary, Keith Fizelle: `It appears they have been burned by somebody who does not think the huts should be on the mountain'{ `Sydney Morning Mail' 19.12.78: 3}. Ironically, the club had been seeking a replacement for Summit Hut since 1972 with little success because of the unfortunate precedent created by the erection of Michell Hut{ see HO 31617 SCA letter 27.4.72, submission 9.6.72}. The Lands Department handed over administration of the mountain to the National Parks Service in 1981 and this hut was replaced by the Service in that year{ ibid.: 233; NPS, `Bogong National Park' (1983): 45}. The NPS described the new hut as simple gabled hut 6x3m, clad with timber (treated with fire retardant) but the service had no plans to replace Maddison's or Summit huts{ NPS letter 2.9.80}. At that time it was heavily used by walkers and skiers and an important refuge{ ibid.}. The door and an air lock were at the north-west end and inside was a pot bell stove, the plan measuring 6x3m (actually 5mx3.3m), wall height 2.4m{ ibid.}. Tatnall's photograph shows a gabled hut (shallow pitch) clad with horizontal boarding (?) and equipped with deep eaves{ Tatnall photo #17, SLV}.

This is Max he is an Andulsion! He was in the dancing horses show at the national western stock show!! He was my favorite, and had the best personality ever!

Here is an image that I failed to post from some time ago. Not much in the way of field owls yet this year. This shot taken at Boundary Bay during the "Great Snowy Owl Irruption" in the spring of 2012. Must have been a new arrival as the tips of the wing and tail feathers are still clean and not covered with Boundary Bay mud.

The Fiat 130 is a large six cylinder executive car produced by Italian car manufacturer Fiat from 1969 to 1977. It was available as a 4-door saloon and as a 2-door coupé.

 

The saloon was launched at the 39th Geneva Motor Show in March 1969, replacing the previous largest and most exclusive Fiat saloon, the Fiat 2300. It was a thoroughly modern car, with four-wheel independent suspension (modified MacPherson struts front and rear, with torsion bars in the front and coil springs in the rear).

 

The Coupé, based on the same platform, was introduced in March 1971 having been designed by Paolo Martin of Pininfarina, who also manufactured the car. With a unique interior design (adopted in the saloon when it was upgraded to the 130B version which also featured the Coupé's enlarged 3235 cc V6), it featured a button-operated mechanism allowing the driver to open the passenger-side door. In addition to this model, there were two one-off variations built, a 2-door estate named Maremma and a 4-door saloon named Opera.[

 

Using the "128 type A" motor as a basis, a new crossflow V6 engine, with a 60° vee angle and rubber-toothed-belt driven twin overhead camshafts was developed for the model by Aurelio Lampredi. It became known as the "130 type A" engine with a capacity of 2,866 cc and a power output of 140 bhp (104 kW; 142 PS) at 5,600 rpm.

 

In 1971, the '130 type B' engine was introduced, featuring a slightly increased bore (102 mm instead of 96 mm), displacing 3,235 cc and producing 165 bhp (123 kW) at 5,600 rpm.

 

Fiat 130 Coupé

 

Identified as type 'BC' on their chassis, the 130 Coupé appeared in 1971 at Geneva motor show exhibiting a completely new 2-door body and a completely new interior. Both exterior and interior styling were the work of Paolo Martin at Pininfarina. The car won a design prize, attributed to Pininfarina, and this helped Pininfarina begin a new life after all those years relying on the 'Fiat 1800/Peugeot 404/Austin A60' concepts. Pininfarina extended the Fiat 130 Coupé line with two proposals that were rejected by Fiat: the Maremma in 1974 (2-door shooting brake) and the Opera in 1975 (4-door saloon). Paolo Martin never got involved in these Fiat 130 Coupé variations, as he left the company soon after the design prize in 1971.

Naqsh-e Rustam (Persian:

رستم‎ Naqš-e Rostam) is an ancient necropolis located about 12 km northwest of Persepolis, in Pars Province, Iran. It lies a few hundred meters from Naqsh-e Rajab.

The oldest relief at Naqsh-i Rustam is severely damaged and dates to c. 1000 BC. It depicts a faint image of a man with unusual head-gear and is thought to be Elamite in origin. The depiction is part of a larger mural, most of which was removed at the command of Bahram II. The man with the unusual cap gives the site its name, Naqsh-e Rostam, "Picture of Rostam", because the relief was locally believed to be a depiction of the mythical hero Rostam.

Four tombs belonging to Achaemenid kings are carved out of the rock face. They are all at a considerable height above the ground.

The tombs are known locally as the 'Persian crosses', after the shape of the facades of the tombs. The entrance to each tomb is at the center of each cross, which opens onto to a small chamber, where the king lay in a sarcophagus. The horizontal beam of each of the tomb's facades is believed to be a replica of the entrance of the palace at Persepolis.

One of the tombs is explicitly identified by an accompanying inscription to be the tomb of Darius I the Great (c. 522-486 BC). The other three tombs are believed to be those of Xerxes I (c. 486-465 BC), Artaxerxes I (c. 465-424 BC), and Darius II (c. 423-404 BC) respectively. A fifth unfinished one might be that of Artaxerxes III, who reigned at the longest two years, but is more likely that of Darius III (c. 336-330 BC), last of the Achaemenid dynasts.

The tombs were looted following the conquest of the Achaemenid Empire by Alexander the Great.

Naqsh-e Rostam (también conocido como Naqš-i Rustam, en persa mod. نقش رستم Naqš-i Rustam [næqʃe ɾostæm]) es un sitio arqueológico situado a unos 3 km al noroeste de Persépolis, en la provincia de Fars en Irán. Este emplazamiento es llamado Næqš-e Rostæm "el retrato de Rostam", porque los persas pensaban que los bajorrelieves sasánidas bajo las tumbas representaban a Rostam, un héroe mitológico persa.

Es una pared rocosa que contiene cuatro tumbas reales aqueménidas rupestres, cruciformes y con bajorrelieves. Una de éstas, según las inscripciones que presenta, sería la tumba de Darío I. Las otras tres tumbas que se encuentran a los lados de la de Darío I, serían las de Jerjes I, Artajerjes I y Darío II pero no llevan ninguna inscripción que permita identificarlas con certeza. En la montaña de detrás de Persépolis hay otras dos tumbas semejantes, pertenecientes probablemente a Artajerjes II y Artajerjes III, lo mismo que una tumba inacabada que podría ser la de Arsés, o más seguramente de Darío III, el último rey de la dinastía aqueménida, que fue derrocado por Alejandro Magno.

La tumba de Darío es uno de los dos modelos de tumbas que existieron en el arte persa del periodo aqueménida. Se trata de una tumba excavada en roca como los hipogeos egipcios. El otro modelo es el de la tumba de Ciro en Pasargadas.

Hay también siete grandes bajorrelieves en la roca de Naqsh-e Rustam, bajo las tumbas, esculturas mandadas por los reyes sasánidas.

Frente a la roca se encuentra Ka'ba-i-Zartosht, un monumento zoroástrico. En la extremidad del sitio se encuentran dos pequeños altares de fuego.

The San Rafael Swell is a large geologic feature located in south-central Utah about 30 miles (48 km) west of Green River, Utah. The San Rafael Swell, approximately 75 by 40 miles (121 by 64 km), consists of a giant dome-shaped anticline of sandstone, shale, and limestone that was pushed up during the Paleocene Laramide Orogeny 60-40 million years ago. Since that time, infrequent but powerful flash floods have eroded the sedimentary rocks into numerous valleys, canyons, gorges, mesas and buttes. The swell is part of the Colorado Plateau physiographic region.

 

Interstate 70 divides the Swell into northern and southern sections, and provides the only paved road access to the region. The swell lies entirely within Emery County.

 

The northern Swell is drained mainly by the San Rafael River, while the southern Swell is drained mainly by Muddy Creek which eventually joins the Fremont River to become Dirty Devil River northeast of Hanksville, Utah. The Dirty Devil River flows southward into the Colorado River, while the San Rafael River joins the Green River before it also flows into the Colorado. Muddy Creek cuts into the western edge of the Swell, exits at Muddy Creek Gorge, and then flows across the Blue Hills Badlands near Caineville to its confluence with the Fremont River.

 

The San Rafael Swell was formed when deeply buried Precambrian dike swarm rocks faulted, or broke, during the Laramide orogeny, about 60 million years ago. These "basement" rocks below the present-day Swell moved upwards relative to the surrounding areas and caused the overlying sedimentary rocks to fold into a dome-like shape called an anticline. The resulting structure is analogous to a series of blankets draped over a box.

 

Since that time, the relentless force of running water has eroded the geologic layers, resulting in older rocks becoming exposed in the middle of the Swell, and younger rocks exposed around the edges. Many of the most impressive landforms are composed of more resistant rocks, including the Jurassic Navajo Sandstone, Triassic Wingate Sandstone, and Permian Coconino Sandstone. The folding is much steeper on the eastern edge of the Swell than in the west, and this eastern edge is referred to as the San Rafael Reef.

 

Both the San Rafael River and Muddy Creek drain out of the high Wasatch Plateau and the cut directly across the uplift of the Reef, which marks them as "superimposed streams", pre-dating the time of the uplift.

 

Part of the Swell has geographic features that resemble Mars. The Mars Society decided to set up the Mars Desert Research Station in the area as a Mars analog for such reasons.

 

The San Rafael Swell is an area of high plant endemism, with many native plants occurring nowhere else in the world. An example is the endangered San Rafael cactus.

 

Evidence of Native American cultures, including the Fremont, Paiute, and Ute, is common throughout the San Rafael Swell in the form of pictograph and petroglyph panels. An example is the Buckhorn Draw Pictograph Panel, with rock art left by the Barrier Canyon Culture and the Fremont Culture. From about 1776 to the mid-1850s the Old Spanish Trail trade route passed through (or just north of) the Swell. In the past 150 years, areas of the Swell have been used for the grazing of sheep and cattle, as well as for uranium mining. Many of the gravel roads in the interior of the swell were originally used to service the uranium mining activities. Although surrounded by the communities of Price, Green River, Hanksville, Ferron, Castle Dale, and Huntington, the Swell itself does not support permanent residents.

 

The Swell has been used by Hollywood filmmakers as a location setting for alien planets, including the Planet Vulcan in the 2009 film Star Trek and the alien world in Galaxy Quest.

 

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Rafael_Swell

 

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_...

Elizabeth Montgomery as

Samantha Stephens

 

Hair of gold, eyes that twinkle

A nose that neatly twitched,

Clever charming and enchanting

Samantha left is all Bewitched

 

Presented by the people of

TV

Land

 

TV Land spent $75,000 to install a bronze statue of "Samantha" in Salem, Mass' Lappin Park on June 15, 2005. The statue was sculpted by StudioEIS under the direction of brothers Elliott and Ivan Schwartz.

 

Bewitched is an American television sitcom fantasy series, originally broadcast for eight seasons on ABC from September 17, 1964 to March 25, 1972. It was created by Sol Saks under executive director Harry Ackerman, and starred Elizabeth Montgomery, Dick York (1964–1969), Agnes Moorehead, and David White.

 

Salem Town, Massachusetts Bay Colony, location of the Salem Witch Trials of 1692

 

Happy Halloween October 31st, The Blessed Samhain Festival, Witch's New Year, All Hallow's Eve, Wiccan Sabbat, Pagan Holiday, Fall Foliage season, Autumn Harvest, Autumnal Equinox, Blessed Mabon, Lammas / Lughnasadh, Haunted Happenings celebrations in Salem Town, Massachusetts Bay Colony, New England, USA

 

The City of Salem is a coastal city in Essex County, Massachusetts, in the United States and the location of The Salem witch trials of 1692.

 

The Salem witch trials were a series of hearings and prosecutions of people accused of witchcraft in colonial Massachusetts between February 1692 and May 1693.

 

Salem Town is approximatley 5 miles from Salem Village which is now known as Danvers, Massachusetts

 

Salem is located approximately 25 miles from Boston and is available via public transportation:

From North Station, take Ipswich or Rockport trains. At Salem station, exit up stairs to Washington St.

 

For more information on the month of October Haunted Happenings celebrations and parade visit:

Salem Haunted Happenings

Destination Salem

Salem City Hall

93 Washington Street

PO Box 630

Salem, MA 01970

978-744-3663

  

Salem Witch Museum

19 1/2 N Washington Square,

Salem, MA 01970

(978) 744-1692

  

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SALEM ZOMBIE WALK WEEKEND 2016

 

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Salem Zombie Walk 2016

 

October 1 @ 3:30 pm - 5:30 pm

 

The Salem Zombiewalk has been an annual event for a number of years. This is a great family-friendly event of a genre that incorporates all aspects of life, or rather, undead that takes place in Halloweentown, USA during Halloween Season. Prior to the Zombiewalk, participants gather at Collins Cove park for some field day activities, last minute costume tweaks and alterations, and of course to admire other lovers of the Zombie theme. Pets are welcome, so long as they are crowd friendly and well-behaved. Details are on the official flyer, please look for it on Facebook, and share the event. More info available via darqsalem

 

3:30 pm: Zombie Kickball begins, 4:30 pm: walk begins.

 

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Hosted by DARQ SALEM

 

Saturday, October 1 at 3:30 PM - 5:30 PM

 

Collins Cove Park

59 E Collins St, Salem, Massachusetts 01970

 

The Annual Salem Zombiewalk occurs on October 1, 2016!

Come one, come all to show off your awesomely creative under outfits and shuffle through the streets of Salem, Massachusetts!

Face painting/kickball/gathering starts at 3:30pm, and the Walk commences at 4:30!

This is a FAMILY event!

  

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Hashtag metadata tag

#Zombie #Zombies #ZombieWalk #ZombieMarch #ZombieParade #walk #march #parade #parades #Salem #SalemMA #SalemMas #SalemMass #SalemMassachusetts #SalemCity #SalemTown #SalemVillage #SalemCommonwealthofMassachusetts #Witch #Witches #SalemWitch #SalemWitches #SalemWitchMuseum #SalemWitchTrial #SalemWitchTrials #HauntedHappenings #SalemHauntedHappenings #HauntedHappeningsSalem #WitchTrial #WitchHunt #Halloween #HappyHalloween #Samhain #BlessedSamhain #HalloweenTown #HalloweenCity #1692 #Witchcraft #Wicca #Wiccan #Massachusetts #CommonwealthofMassachusetts #AmericanHistory #Puritan #Puritans #Tituba #SarahGood #SarahOsborne #RebeccaNurse #GeorgeBurroughs #GallowsHill #broom #cauldron #City #Town #Village #NewEngland #USA

 

Photo

Salem city, Essex county, Commonwealth of Massachusetts state, USA The United States of America country, North America continent

October 1st 2016

Bristol is a city, ceremonial county and unitary authority in England. Situated on the River Avon, it is bordered by the ceremonial counties of Gloucestershire, to the north; and Somerset, to the south. Bristol is the most populous city in South West England. The wider Bristol Built-up Area is the eleventh most populous urban area in the United Kingdom.

 

Iron Age hillforts and Roman villas were built near the confluence of the rivers Frome and Avon, and around the beginning of the 11th century, the settlement was known as Brycgstow (Old English: 'the place at the bridge'). Bristol received a royal charter in 1155 and was historically divided between Gloucestershire and Somerset until 1373 when it became a county corporate. From the 13th to the 18th century, Bristol was among the top three English cities, after London, in tax receipts.

 

Bristol was a starting place for early voyages of exploration to the New World. On a ship out of Bristol in 1497, John Cabot, a Venetian, became the first European to land on mainland North America. In 1499, William Weston, a Bristol merchant, was the first Englishman to lead an exploration to North America. At the height of the Bristol slave trade, from 1700 to 1807, more than 2,000 slave ships carried an estimated 500,000 people from Africa to slavery in the Americas. The Port of Bristol has since moved from Bristol Harbour in the city centre to the Severn Estuary at Avonmouth and Royal Portbury Dock.

 

Bristol's modern economy is built on the creative media, electronics and aerospace industries, and the city-centre docks have been redeveloped as centres of heritage and culture. The city has the largest circulating community currency in the UK, the Bristol Pound, which is pegged to the pound sterling. The city has two universities, the University of Bristol and the University of the West of England, and a variety of artistic and sporting organisations and venues including the Royal West of England Academy, the Arnolfini, Spike Island, Ashton Gate and the Memorial Stadium. It is connected to London and other major UK cities by road and rail, and to the world by sea and air: road, by the M5 and M4 (which connect to the city centre by the Portway and M32); rail, via Bristol Temple Meads and Bristol Parkway mainline rail stations; and Bristol Airport.

 

-Wikipedia

This is a photograph from finish of the fourth annual running of the AON Mullingar Half Marathon which was held on Saturday 17th March 2019 (St. Patrick's Day Lá Fhéile Pádraig 2018) in Mullingar, Co. Westmeath, Ireland at 10:30. This photograph was taken at at the 13 mile mark in the home straight within Mullingar Town Park. Following on from the incredible success of the first three years of the race this year the total numbers participating rose from just under 600 in 2015, 900 in 2016, over 1200 in 2017 and yet again over 1200 this year. Proceeds raised by the AON Mullingar Half Marathon will go directly to T.E.A.M (Temporary Emergency Accommodation Midlands) finding safe & secure accommodation for homeless women and children. The roots of the successs of the event last year was the excellent organisation and a very flat and fast route. All of these characteristics were repeated this year except for the weather. This was a bitterly cold day with air temperatures struggling to get above 4C and a severe wind chill from an easterly breeze making it for very difficult running conditions. Indeed the race could be described as a race of two halves in terms of weather. The first half participants had the strong, cold easterly wind at their faces. However, turning for home along the Royal Canal this became a very strong tailwind for 4 - 5 miles from around Flynn's Machinery/Junction 14 M4. Participants travelled from all over Ireland with a very large participation from runners around Mullingar and the midlands. The race has an AAI permit. The course reverted to its original route this year. Last year saw a small change to the course configuration when the race crossed the M4 Motorway at The Downs via a winding pedestrian footbridge. This was not included this year.

  

The race began on Pearse Street/Austin Friar's Street in the town and proceeds North East out of the town to the N52 Delvin/Dundalk road towards Lough Sheever. The course then follows beautiful rural country roads out to The Downs at the M4. The only significant hill or rise on the course occurs here at about 7 miles when runners cross a pedestrian footbridge over the M4 near Junction 14 Thomas Flynn and Sons The Downs. The race then joins the now local access route of the old N4 road and then joins the Royal Canal at Great Down. The remainder of the race follows the Royal Canal back westward to Mullingar town. The towpath on the Canal is perfectly flat and in excellent condition. Runners will notice how the level of the canal changes dramatically along the route - at points the canal is level with the towpath. In other places the canal is at least 3 meters lower than the canal path. However the path is perfectly flat and firm the whole way. The course then leaves the Royal Canal at the Ardmore Road/Millmount area of the town and finishes in the Mullingar Town Park on Austin Friar's Street beside the Annebrook Hotel. The park provides a very nice setting for the finish of the race and runners and their families can mix and congregate around the finish area and the hotel.

  

Timing and event management was provided by www.myrunresults.com/. Their website is here [www.myrunresults.com/] and will contain the results to today's race.

Our full set of photographs are available at: www.flickr.com/photos/peterm7/albums/72157664768562807

Breendonk is een Belgisch fort bij Willebroek, twintig kilometer ten zuiden van Antwerpen. Tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog gebruikten de nazi's het als werk- en doorgangskamp. Het is het enige kamp in West-Europa dat volledig intact bleef. Dit kamp is voor België een belangrijk gedenkteken, het is ingericht als "Nationaal Gedenkteken van het Fort van Breendonk". Het is ondergebracht in de Historische Pool van Defensie.

 

De Antwerpse Fortengordel :

 

De beslissing tot de bouw van het Fort Breendonk, genomen door de regering De Smet de Naeyer, dateert van 30 maart 1906. Het maakte deel uit van een buitenste verdedigingsgordel van elf forten rond Antwerpen, de Stelling van Antwerpen. Het werd op technische wijze aangeduid als 'een fort van tweede orde met samengevoegde caponnières". In 1909 begon de bouw. Het werd een betonnen vesting met in elk der vier hoeken een lange caponnière, omgeven door een brede gracht (zie luchtfoto). De opgegraven aarde uit de gracht werd gebruikt om het beton te camoufleren. De werken liepen tot in 1914.

 

1913-1941 :

 

Een eerste contingent soldaten werd ingekwartierd in 1913. Tijdens de Eerste Wereldoorlog werd de fortengordel vanaf 28 september 1914 aangevallen door het Duitse leger onder leiding van generaal Hans von Beseler. Koning Albert I verliet Antwerpen op 7 oktober, om zich met zijn leger, terug te trekken achter de IJzer. Op 8 oktober gaf het fort zich over, nadat commandant Weyns na een Duits bombardement dodelijk gewond raakte. Tussen de wereldoorlogen werden er af en toe troepen ingekwartierd. Het fort werd een bezienswaardigheid voor de buurtbewoners. Aan de vooravond van de Tweede Wereldoorlog zag men in dat de oude fortengordel niet aan de moderne oorlogsvoering beantwoordde. Breendonk werd het hoofdkwartier van het Belgische leger en de plek waar de Koning bij oorlogsdreiging zou verblijven. Toen op 10 mei 1940 het Duitse leger het neutrale België binnenviel, vertrok Koning Leopold III naar het fort met zijn militaire raadgever generaal Raoul Van Overstraeten. Vanuit Breendonk sprak hij de Belgische bevolking toe en ontving hij de Engelse en Franse bevelhebbers. Toen de trots van het leger, het Fort Eben-Emael op de eerste oorlogsdag viel en de Duitsers op 16 mei een doorbraak forceerden op de Fransen bij Sedan, besefte de koning dat een Belgische capitulatie zou volgen. Dit in tegenstelling tot zijn ministers. Die bleven hopen. Het fort werd ontruimd en de koning en het opperbevel verplaatsten zich naar het kasteel van Wijnendale.

 

Na de bezetting van België door nazi-Duitsland werd Breendonk een gevangenkamp en doorgangskamp. Gevangenen verbleven er in afwachting van transport naar concentratiekampen in Duitsland, Oostenrijk en Polen. Breendonk was geen concentratiekamp, hoewel de levensomstandigheden er nauwelijks verschilden. Het fort van Breendonk was in België de laatste halte voor het vertrek naar Auschwitz en andere kampen. Het eerste transport vond plaats op 22 september 1941 en ging naar Neuengamme bij Hamburg.

 

Volgens een verklaring na de oorlog van de eerste kampcommandant Schmitt werd het bevel tot oprichting van dit SS-kamp gegeven door Karl Hasselbacher, de leider van de Sipo-SD in België (de Duitse politieke politie en onderdeel van de SS.) en door Müller, de Oberfeldcommandant van Brussel.

 

Het fort werd vanaf eind augustus 1940 als gevangenis ingericht. De bewaking bestond uit een klein aantal Wehrmacht-soldaten van een Landesschützenbataillon; oudere soldaten, ongeschikt voor het front. Zij werden ook ingezet op de werf en voor het uitvoeren van executies.

 

De Wehrmacht werd aangevuld met een klein Duits SS-garnizoen, vanaf september 1941 enkele Belgische SS-mannen en vanaf 1944 Roemeense en Hongaarse SS'ers.

 

Op 20 september 1940 kwamen de eerste gevangenen binnen, een Belg en drie Joden uit Centraal-Europa. In de eerste weken verbleven er maximum twintig gevangenen in het fort. Het aantal gevangenen varieerde gedurende het verder verloop van de oorlog tussen twintig en zeshonderd. Sommigen verbleven er slechts één dag, anderen doorleefden deze hel gedurende drie jaar. De gemiddelde tijd was ongeveer drie maanden. In totaal hebben er circa 3600 personen gevangengezeten, waarvan 400 à 500 Joden.

 

Aanvankelijk werd Breendonk vooral gebruikt voor de opsluiting van overtreders van anti-joodse wetten, smokkelaars, zwarthandelaars of al wie door de Duitsers werd beschouwd als asociaal. Vanaf 1942, toen de joodse gevangenen werden overgebracht naar de Dossinkazerne in Mechelen, werd het kamp vooral aangewend voor de opsluiting van verzetslieden, politieke gevangenen en gijzelaars. Toen in 1941 de oorlog met Sovjet-Unie uitbrak werden er ook communisten en socialisten gevangengezet.

 

Het kamp werd een eerste maal volledig ontruimd op 6 mei 1944. Kort daarop werden er opnieuw een aantal verzetslieden gevangengezet. De definitieve ontruiming gebeurde op 31 augustus 1944. De gevangenen werden vervoerd naar het Nederlandse Kamp Vught. Van daaruit werden ze overgebracht naar diverse concentratiekampen.

 

Op 2 september 1944 kwam het fort in de handen van de bevrijders.

 

Fort Breendonk (Dutch: Fort van Breendonk, French: Fort de Breendonk) is a military fortification situated at Breendonk, near Mechelen, in Belgium which is best known for its role as a Nazi prison camp (Auffanglager) during the German occupation of Belgium during World War II.

 

Fort Breendonk was originally built for the Belgian army between 1906-13 as part of the second ring of defenses of the National Redoubt protecting the important port-city of Antwerp. It was covered by a five-metre thick layer of soil for defense against bombings, a water-filled moat and measured 656 by 984 feet (200 by 300 m).

 

During World War II, the fort was requisitioned by the Germans as a prison camp for detaining Belgian political dissidents, captured resistance members and Jews. Although technically a prison rather than a concentration camp, the Fort was infamous for its prisoners' poor living conditions and for the use of torture. Most prisoners who were detained at the camp were later transferred to larger concentration camps in Eastern Europe. Of the 3,590 prisoners known to have been imprisoned at Breendonk, 303 died or were executed within the fort itself but as many as 1,741 died subsequently in other camps before the end of the war.

 

Today, the site is a national memorial and museum which is open to the public.

 

Belgium was invaded in August 1914 by the German army after refusing its request of unhindered passage to northern France.

 

The invasion began on 4 August 1914. Eager to reach Paris as soon as possible, the German army concentrated all its efforts towards the south, ignoring Antwerp. Continued Belgian resistance from the north forced German command to attack the city. On 9 September, General Beseler was ordered to attack Antwerp. Heavy siege artillery was sent north, having already been used at the sieges of Namur and Maubeuge in France.

 

Fort Breendonk was first attacked on 1 October 1914 by howitzers located 5 to 6 km out of range of the fort's own guns. The Germans however soon breached the Belgian line in Lier, allowing them to attack Antwerp without needing to capture Breendonk. On 9 October, the garrison of Fort Breendonk surrendered after the fall of Antwerp.

 

The German army invaded and occupied Belgium in May 1940. The fort was the headquarters of the Belgian command during the first weeks following the invasion but was abandoned in the face of German advance.

 

By 1940, Breendonk was already militarily obsolete and was unnecessary for the German occupiers. Soon after the start of the German occupation, the Nazis transformed it into a prison camp which was controlled by SS and other security agencies of Nazi Germany (SIPO and SD in particular) although Belgium itself was under military (Wehrmacht) jurisdiction and controlled by general Alexander von Falkenhausen.

 

On 20 September 1940, the first prisoners arrived. Initially most of the prisoners were petty criminals, people deemed anti-social, or who did not conform to the German race laws. Later on, resistance fighters, political prisoners and ordinary people captured as hostages were detained as well. Another section was used as a transit camp for Jews being sent to death camps in Eastern Europe such as Auschwitz-Birkenau.

 

The camp was guarded by Flemish as well as German SS units. Of the 300 prisoners that died in the camp itself, 185 were executed; many of the rest died of torture, disease or exposure. Most of those that did survive were transported to concentration camps. The German execution poles and gallows, as well as the torture chamber, are preserved in the current museum on the site.

 

Between 3,500 and 3,600 prisoners were incarcerated in Breendonk during its existence, of whom 1,733 died before liberation. About 400-500 were Jews. Most of the non-Jewish prisoners were left-wing members of the Belgian resistance or were held as hostages by the Germans. In September 1941, the Belgian Communist prisoners held at Breendonk were deported to Neuengamme concentration camp.

 

Jewish prisoners in Breendonk were segregated from other prisoners until 1942. Thereafter, Jews were transferred to the nearby Mechelen transit camp and deported to the Auschwitz-Birkenau extermination camp in Nazi-occupied Poland.

 

The officer of the British Army designated to liberate the camp late in 1944 was Charles Arnold-Baker, a German and officer in MI6. Fort Breendonk was briefly repurposed as an internment camp for Belgian collaborators. This period of the Fort's existence is known as "Breendonk II". The internees were moved to Dossin Barracks, Mechelen, on 10 October 1944.

 

Trials of the Flemish SS guards, considered Nazi collaborators, were held during 1946 in Mechelen and including some guards and officials at Fort Breendonk.

 

Of those who were convicted, 18 were sentenced to be executed by firing squad in 1947, two of which appealed their case and had their sentences revised to life imprisonment. Four others were sentenced to life in prison, one to 20 years in prison, and one other was acquitted, and two guards who were sentenced to life were never found.

 

The Nazi camp commandant, Philipp Schmitt, was tried in Antwerp in 1949; he was sentenced to death and was shot by a firing squad on 9 August 1950. He never showed any remorse and denied all of the atrocities that occurred at Breendonk, claiming he was merely re-educating the inmates as he had been ordered.

 

In 1947 Fort Breendonk was declared to be a national memorial, recognizing the suffering and cruelty that had been inflicted on Belgian prisoners during World War II. The fort is now a well-preserved example of the prison camps operated by Nazi Germany and a national museum. The Fort is open to visitors all year round and is located close to the A12 Brussels-Antwerp motorway.

 

Pictures of working Nazi internment camps during the war are rare and, for a long time, it was believed that absolutely no pictures of Breendonk during the war existed. But in the early 1970s a batch of photos of the camp was discovered in the possessions of Dutch photographer Otto Spronk. He had collected thousands of pictures and films of the Third Reich as part of his work for the Centre for Historical Research and Documentation on War and Contemporary Society (Cegesoma). The collection consisted of 37 pictures depicting daily life in the camp. They were taken by German Nazi photographer Otto Kropf for propaganda purposes but were never used. All pictures are essentially cliche stills; none of the daily atrocities or horrors of the camp are shown. But they are the only reference material available. Several of the inmates on the pictures managed to survive the war and were able to identify the others on the pictures and the circumstances in which they were taken.

Digital

Pretty and lovely夏美麗 is a mixed of Germany and Indonisia girl , she got large beautiful eyes and slim figure , sweet and lovely , I invited her to the Bangquio Christmas garden to take night photos with those beautiful decroration and lamp , everything was amazing , thank夏美麗, she did her best model job , so charming and gorgeous by wear the elegant white princess dress

This is a brand new City of Brooksville, Florida, Department Public Works, Solid Waste Division, recycling truck. The cab/chassis is a Ford F-750 Superduty and it was converted by Monroe Modifications into a dual drive configuration (standing drive on the right hand side). The body is a Kann Up and Over (an improved version of the Dempster Recycle-One body). This truck also has a Kann Side Dump Plastics Compactor.

 

If you would like to know specifics about this vehicle you will need to contact Waste Equipment and Parts LLC at 866-288-2411 or visit their website: www.waste-equip.com

 

If you would like to see a "detailed tour" of this truck, please watch my video on YouTube:

www.youtube.com/watch?v=MPhRSyrU-E8

 

If you want to use this image, ask permission PRIOR to use. Don't be a thief - under most circumstances, I'm quite reasonable.

 

Copyright 2012 - Alan B.

 

Schweiz / Wallis - Matterhorn

 

seen on the way from Riffelsee to Riffelalp

 

gesehen auf dem Weg vom Riffelsee zur Riffelalp

 

The Matterhorn (/ˈmætərhɔːrn/, German: [ˈmatɐˌhɔʁn]; Italian: Cervino, [tʃerˈviːno]; French: Cervin, [sɛʁvɛ̃]; Romansh: Mont(e) Cervin(u)) is a mountain of the Alps, straddling the main watershed and border between Switzerland and Italy. It is a large, near-symmetric pyramidal peak in the extended Monte Rosa area of the Pennine Alps, whose summit is 4,478 metres (14,692 ft) high, making it one of the highest summits in the Alps and Europe. The four steep faces, rising above the surrounding glaciers, face the four compass points and are split by the Hörnli, Furggen, Leone/Lion, and Zmutt ridges. The mountain overlooks the Swiss town of Zermatt, in the canton of Valais, to the northeast; and the Italian town of Breuil-Cervinia in the Aosta Valley to the south. Just east of the Matterhorn is Theodul Pass, the main passage between the two valleys on its north and south sides, which has been a trade route since the Roman Era.

 

The Matterhorn was studied by Horace-Bénédict de Saussure in the late eighteenth century, and was followed by other renowned naturalists and artists, such as John Ruskin, in the 19th century. It remained unclimbed after most of the other great Alpine peaks had been attained and became the subject of an international competition for the summit. The first ascent of the Matterhorn was in 1865 from Zermatt by a party led by Edward Whymper, but during the descent, a sudden fall claimed the lives of four of the seven climbers. This disaster, later portrayed in several films, marked the end of the golden age of alpinism. The north face was not climbed until 1931 and is among the three biggest north faces of the Alps, known as "The Trilogy". The west face, the highest of the Matterhorn's four faces, was completely climbed only in 1962. It is estimated that over 500 alpinists have died on the Matterhorn, making it one of the deadliest peaks in the world.

 

The Matterhorn is mainly composed of gneisses (originally fragments of the African Plate before the Alpine orogeny) from the Dent Blanche nappe, lying over ophiolites and sedimentary rocks of the Penninic nappes. The mountain's current shape is the result of cirque erosion due to multiple glaciers diverging from the peak, such as the Matterhorn Glacier at the base of the north face. Sometimes referred to as the Mountain of Mountains (German: Berg der Berge), it has become an indelible emblem of the Alps in general. Since the end of the 19th century, when railways were built in the area, the mountain has attracted increasing numbers of visitors and climbers. Each year, numerous mountaineers try to climb the Matterhorn from the Hörnli Hut via the northeast Hörnli ridge, the most popular route to the summit. Many trekkers also undertake the 10-day-long circuit around the mountain. The Matterhorn has been part of the Swiss Federal Inventory of Natural Monuments since 1983.

 

Names

 

The name Matterhorn derives from the German words Matte ("meadow") and Horn ("horn"), and is often translated as "the peak of the meadows".

 

In the Schalbetter map, printed by Sebastian Münster in 1545, the valley is labelled Mattertal, but the mountain has the Latin name Mons Silvius as well as the German name Augstalberg, in concord with the Aosta Valley (German Augstal). The 1548 map by Johannes Stumpf gives only Mons Silvius.

 

The French name Cervin, from which the Italian term Cervino derives, stems from the Latin Mons Silvanus (or Mons Sylvanus), where silva means "forest"; this was corrupted to Selvin and then Servin. The change of the first letter "s" to "c" is attributed to Horace Bénédict de Saussure, who thought the word was related to "deer" (French: cerf and Italian: cervo).

 

Josias Simler hypothesized in De Alpibus Commentarius (1574) that the name Mons Silvius was readopted by T. G. Farinetti: "Silvius was probably a Roman leader who sojourned with his legions in the land of the Salassi and the Seduni, and perhaps crossed the Theodul Pass between these two places. This Silvius may have been that same Servius Galba whom Caesar charged with the opening up of the Alpine passes, which from that time onward traders have been wanting to cross with great danger and grave difficulty. Servius Galba, in order to carry out Caesar's orders, came with his legions from Allobroges (Savoy) to Octodurum (Martigny) in the Valais, and pitched his camp there. The passes which he had orders to open from there could be no other than the St. Bernard, the Simplon, the Theodul, and the Moro; it therefore seems likely that the name of Servius, whence Silvius and later Servin, or Cervin, was given in his honour to the famous pyramid." It is unknown when the new name of Servin, or Cervin, replaced the old, from which it seems to be derived.

 

The Matterhorn is also named Gran Bècca ("big mountain") by the Valdôtains and Horu by the local Walliser German speaking people.

 

Because of its recognizable shape, many other similar mountains around the world were named or nicknamed the 'Matterhorn' of their respective countries or mountain ranges.

 

Height

 

The Matterhorn has two distinct summits, situated at either end of a 100-metre-long (330 ft) exposed rocky crest which forms the Italian/Swiss border. In August 1792, the Genevan geologist and explorer Horace Bénédict de Saussure made the first measurement of the Matterhorn's height, using a sextant and a 50-foot-long (15 m) chain spread out on the Theodul glacier. He calculated its height as 4,501.7 m (14,769 ft). In 1868 the Italian engineer Felice Giordano measured a height of 4,505 m (14,780 ft) by means of a mercury barometer, which he had taken to the summit. The Dufour map, which was afterwards followed by the Italian surveyors, gave 4,482 m (14,705 ft) as the height of the Swiss summit. 

 

In 1999, the summit height was precisely determined to be at 4,477.54 m (14,690 ft) above sea level by using Global Positioning System technology as part of the TOWER Project (Top of the World Elevations Remeasurement) and to an accuracy of less than one centimetre, which allows future changes to be tracked.

 

The topographic prominence of the Matterhorn is 1,042 metres (3,419 ft) as the ridge connecting it with a higher summit (in this case the Weisshorn, which is the culminating point of the range west of the Mattertal valley) sinks to a height of 3,436 m (11,273 ft) at the Col Durand, a saddle between the Pointe de Zinal and the Mont Durand. The topographic isolation is 13.9 km (8.6 mi), as the nearest point of higher elevation is the one-metre (3 ft 3 in) higher Western Liskamm

 

Considering mountains with a topographic prominence of at least 300 m (980 ft), the Matterhorn is the sixth-highest summit in the Alps and Europe outside the Caucasus Mountains. It is the fifth-highest summit of Valais and Switzerland and the third highest summit of the Aosta Valley and Italy. Locally, it is the third-highest summit in the municipality of Zermatt and the highest summit in the municipality of Valtournenche. On the official International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation list of Alpine four-thousanders, which also includes subsidiary summits of higher mountains such as the nearby Monte Rosa, the Matterhorn is the 12th highest summit in the Alps.

 

Geography

 

The Matterhorn has a pyramidal shape with four faces nearly facing the four compass points. Three of them (north, east and west) are on the Swiss side of the border and watershed (Mattertal valley) and one of them (south) is on the Italian side of the border (Valtournenche valley). The north face overlooks the Ober Gabelhorn (7 km away) across the Zmutt Glacier and valley (above Zermatt), the east face overlooks the Gorner Glacier system between the Gornergrat and Monte Rosa (respectively 10 and 17 km away) across the Theodul Pass, the west face overlooks the upper basin of the Zmutt Glacier between the Dent Blanche and the Dent d'Hérens (respectively 7 and 4 km away) and the south face fronts the resort town of Breuil-Cervinia and overlooks a good portion of the Valtournenche. The Matterhorn does not form a perfect square pyramid, as the north and south faces are wider than the west and east faces. Moreover, the latter faces do not actually meet on the summit but are connected by a 100-metre-long horizontal west–east ridge between the north and south faces.

 

The Matterhorn's faces are steep, and only small patches of snow and ice cling to them; regular avalanches send the snow down to accumulate on the glaciers at the base of each face, the largest of which are the Tiefmattengletscher to the west, part of the Zmutt Glacier, and the Matterhorn Glacier to the north. Smaller glaciers lie at the base of the south face (the Lower Matterhorn Glacier) and the east face (unnamed). In this area, the border between Switzerland and Italy coincides with the main Alpine watershed, separating the drainage basin of the Rhone on the north (Mediterranean Sea) and that of the Po on the south (Adriatic Sea). The north side is drained by the Zmuttbach (west and north faces) and the Gornera through the Furggbach (east face), tributaries of the Rhone through the (Matter) Vispa. The south side and face is drained by the Marmore torrent, a tributary of the Po through the Dora Baltea (or Doire baltée). The Theodul Pass, located on the watershed between the Matterhorn and the Breithorn, at 3,295 metres, is the easiest passage between the two valleys and countries (the slightly lower Furggjoch not being used as a pass). The pass was used as a crossover and trade route for the Romans and the Romanised Celtic population Salassi between 100 BCE and 400 CE. The area is now heavily glaciated and covered on the north side by the Theodul Glacier.

 

Well-known faces are the east and north, visible from the area of Zermatt, although mostly hidden from the Mattertal by the chain of the Weisshorn. The east face is 1,000 metres high and, because it is "a long, monotonous slope of rotten rocks", presents a high risk of rockfall, making its ascent dangerous. The north face is 1,200 metres high and is one of the most dangerous north faces in the Alps, in particular for its risk of rockfall and storms. The south face, well visible from the Valtournenche, is 1,350 metres high and offers many different routes. The west face, the highest at 1,400 metres, has the fewest ascent routes and lies in a more remote area than the other faces.

 

The four main ridges separating the four faces are the main climbing routes. The least difficult technical climb and the usual climbing route, the Hörnli ridge (Hörnligrat), lies between the east and north faces and is aligned towards the Oberrothorn above Zermatt. To its west lies the Zmutt ridge (Zmuttgrat), between the north and west faces and aligned towards the Wandfluehorn; this is, according to Collomb, "the classic route up the mountain, its longest ridge, also the most disjointed." The Lion ridge (Cresta del Leone / Arête du lion), lying between the south and west faces and aligned towards the Dent d'Hérens is the Italian normal route and goes across Pic Tyndall; Collomb comments, "A superb rock ridge, the shortest on the mountain, now draped with many fixed ropes, but a far superior climb compared with the Hörnli." Finally the south side is separated from the east side by the Furggen ridge (Furggengrat), which is aligned towards the Klein Matterhorn. It is, according to Collomb, "the hardest of the ridges [...] the ridge still has an awesome reputation but is not too difficult in good conditions by the indirect finish".

 

While the Matterhorn is the culminating point of the Valtournenche on the south, it is only one of the many 4000 metres summits of the Mattertal valley on the north. Its height is exceeded by four major summits: the Weisshorn (4,505 m), the Dom (4,545 m), the Liskamm (4,527 m) and the second-highest in the Alps, Monte Rosa (4,634 m). This section of the Pennine Alps, including the Matterhorn, the Zinalrothorn, the Dent Blanche, the Dent d'Hérens, the Breithorn, the Strahlhorn, the Rimpfischhorn and the Alphubel, concentrates most of western Europe's highest mountains and forms a crown of peaks around Zermatt. The deeply glaciated region between the Matterhorn and Monte Rosa (named Dent Blanche-Matterhorn-Monte Rosa) is listed in the Federal Inventory of Landscapes and Natural Monuments since 1983.

 

Weather

 

The Matterhorn is an isolated mountain. Because of its position on the main Alpine watershed and its great height, the Matterhorn is exposed to rapid weather changes. In addition, the steep faces of the mountain and its isolated location make it prone to banner clouds formation, with the air flowing around the mountain producing condensation of the air on the lee side and also creating vortices.

 

Geology

 

The Matterhorn's pyramid is composed of Paleozoic rocks, which were thrusted over the Matterhorn's Mesozoic base during the Cenozoic. Quaternary glaciation and weathering give the mountain its current shape.

 

Apart from the base of the mountain, the Matterhorn is composed of gneiss belonging to the Dent Blanche klippe, an isolated part of the Austroalpine nappes, lying over the Penninic nappes. The Austroalpine nappes are part of the Apulian plate, a small continent that broke up from Africa before the Alpine orogeny. For this reason, the Matterhorn has been popularized as an African mountain. The Austroalpine nappes are mostly common in the Eastern Alps.

 

The Swiss explorer and geologist Horace-Bénédict de Saussure, inspired by the view of the Matterhorn, anticipated modern theories of geology:

 

What power must have been required to shatter and to sweep away the missing parts of this pyramid; for we do not see it surrounded by heaps of fragments; one only sees other peaks - themselves rooted to the ground - whose sides, equally rent, indicate an immense mass of débris, of which we do not see any trace in the neighbourhood. Doubtless, this is that débris which, in the form of pebbles, boulders, and sand, fills our valleys and our plains.

 

Formation

 

The formation of the Matterhorn (and the whole Alpine range) started with the break-up of the Pangaea continent 200 million years ago into Laurasia (containing Europe) and Gondwana (containing Africa). While the rocks constituting the nearby Monte Rosa remained in Laurasia, the rocks constituting the Matterhorn found themselves in Gondwana, separated by the newly formed Tethys Ocean.

 

100 million years ago the extension of the Tethys Ocean stopped and the Apulian plate broke from Gondwana and moved toward the European continent. This resulted in the closure of the western Tethys by subduction under the Apulian plate (with the Piemont-Liguria Ocean first and Valais Ocean later). The subduction of the oceanic crust left traces still visible today at the base of the Matterhorn (accretionary prism). The orogeny itself began after the end of the oceanic subduction when the European continental crust collided with the Apulian continent, resulting in the formation of nappes.

 

The Matterhorn acquired its characteristic pyramidal shape in much more recent times as it was caused by natural erosion over the past million years. At the beginning of alpine orogeny, the Matterhorn was only a rounded mountain like a hill. Because its height is above the snowline, its flanks are covered by ice, resulting from the accumulation and compaction of snow. During the warmer period of summer, part of the ice melts and seeps into the bedrock. When it freezes again, it fractures pieces of rock because of its dilatation (freeze-thaw), forming a cirque. Four cirques led to the shape of the mountain.

 

Rocks

 

Most of the base of the mountain lies in the Tsaté nappe, a remnant of the Piedmont-Liguria oceanic crust (ophiolites) and its sedimentary rocks. Up to 3,400 metres the mountain is composed of successive layers of ophiolites and sedimentary rocks. From 3,400 metres to the top, the rocks are gneisses from the Dent Blanche nappe (Austroalpine nappes). They are divided into the Arolla series (below 4,200 m) and the Valpelline zone (the summit). Other mountains in the region (Weisshorn, Zinalrothorn, Dent Blanche, Mont Collon) also belong to the Dent Blanche nappe.

 

Tourism and trekking

 

Since the eighteenth century, the Alps have attracted more and more people and fascinated generations of explorers and climbers. The Matterhorn remained relatively little known until 1865, but the successful ascent followed by the tragic accident of the expedition led by Edward Whymper caused a rush on the mountains surrounding Zermatt.

 

The construction of the railway linking the village of Zermatt from the town of Visp started in 1888. The first train reached Zermatt on 18 July 1891 and the entire line was electrified in 1930. Since 1930 the village is directly connected to St. Moritz by the Glacier Express panoramic train. However, there is no connection with the village of Breuil-Cervinia on the Italian side. Travellers have to hire mountain guides to cross the 3,300-metre-high glaciated Theodul Pass, separating the two resorts. The town of Zermatt remains almost completely free of internal combustion vehicles and can be reached by train only. (Apart from the local police service which uses a Volkswagen car, and the refuse collection lorry, only electric vehicles are used locally).

 

Rail and cable-car facilities have been built to make some of the summits in the area more accessible. The Gornergrat railway, reaching a record altitude of 3,100 metres, was inaugurated in 1898. Areas served by cable car are the Unterrothorn and the Klein Matterhorn (Little Matterhorn) (3,883 m, highest transportation system in Europe). The Hörnli Hut (3,260 m), which is the start of the normal route via the Hörnli ridge, is easily accessible from Schwarzsee (2,600 m) and is also frequented by hikers. The Zermatt and Breuil-Cervinia resorts function as separate ski resort all year round and are connected by skilifts over the Theodul Pass. In 2015 it was expected that there would be constructed a cable car link between Testa Grigia (or Tête grise) and Klein Matterhorn. It will finally provide a link between the Swiss and Italian side of the Matterhorn.

 

The Matterhorn Museum (Zermatt) relates the general history of the region from alpinism to tourism. In the museum, which is in the form of a reconstituted mountain village, the visitors can relive the first and tragic ascent of the Matterhorn and see the objects that belonged to the protagonists.

 

The Tour of the Matterhorn can be effected by trekkers in about 10 days. Considered by some as one of the most beautiful treks in the Alps, it follows many ancient trails that have linked the Swiss and Italian valleys for centuries. The circuit includes alpine meadows, balcony trails, larch forests and glacial crossings. It connects six valleys embracing three different cultures: the German-speaking high Valais, the French-speaking central Valais and the bilingual French/Italian-speaking Aosta Valley. Good conditions are necessary to circumnavigate the peak. After reaching Zinal from Zermatt by the Augstbord and Meiden passes, the trekker crosses the Col de Sorebois and the Col de Torrent before arriving at Arolla. Then the Arolla Glacier and the Col Collon must be crossed on the way to Prarayer, followed by the Col de Valcournera to Breuil-Cervinia. In the last and highest section, the Theodul Pass must be crossed before returning to Zermatt. In total, seven passes between 2,800 and 3,300 metres must be crossed on relatively difficult terrain.

 

As of 2015, almost two million visitors arrive at Zermatt annually. An average of around twelve people per year have died on Matterhorn in the ten years from 2005 to 2015.

 

Climbing history

 

The Matterhorn was one of the last of the main Alpine mountains to be ascended, not because of its technical difficulty, but because of the fear it inspired in early mountaineers. The first serious attempts were all from the Italian side, although, despite appearances, the southern routes are technically harder. The main figures were Jean-Antoine Carrel and his uncle Jean-Jacques Carrel, from the Valtournenche area, who made the first attempts in 1857 and 1858, reaching 3,800 m (12,500 ft) on the latter occasion. In July 1860, three brothers from Liverpool attempted the mountain, Alfred, Charles and Sandbach Parker, but they turned back at about 3,500 m (11,500 ft). In August of the same year, Jean-Jacques Carrel returned to guide, with Johann Joseph Bennen , Vaughan Hawkins and John Tyndall to about 3,960 m (12,990 ft) before turning back. In 1861 the Carrels managed to reach the Crête du Coq at 4,032 m (13,228 ft). In July 1862, Jean-Antoine, together with César Carrel, accompanied as porters (sic) John Tyndall, Anton Walters and J.J. Bennen to Matterhorn's Shoulder at 4,248 m (13,937 ft), which was subsequently named Pic Tyndall in honor of the client.

 

Edward Whymper joined the efforts in August 1861, but in his first 7 attempts with a variety of companions could only reach a maximum height of 4,100 m (13,500 ft). However, on 14 July 1865, in what is considered the last ascent of the golden age of alpinism, he was able to reach the summit by an ascent of the Hörnli ridge in Switzerland, guided by the famed French mountaineer Michel Croz and the Swiss father and son Peter Taugwalder Sr. and Jr., and accompanied by the British gentlemen Charles Hudson, Lord Francis Douglas, Douglas Robert Hadow. Upon descent, Hadow, Croz, Hudson and Douglas fell to their deaths on the Matterhorn Glacier, and all but Douglas (whose body was never found) are buried in the Zermatt churchyard.

 

Just three days later, on 17 July 1865, Jean-Antoine Carrel and Jean-Baptiste Bich reached the summit from the Italian side.

 

Before the first ascent

 

In the summer of 1860, Edward Whymper came across the Matterhorn for the first time. He was an English artist and engraver who had been hired by a London publisher to make sketches of the mountains in the region of Zermatt. Although the unclimbed Matterhorn had a mixed reputation among British mountaineers, it fascinated Whymper. Whymper's first attempt was in August 1861, from the village of Breuil on the south side. In Châtillon he hired a Swiss guide, who remained anonymous in his accounts, and in Valtournanche he almost hired Jean-Antoine Carrel as well, but, disliking the looks of Carrel's uncle, he changed his mind. The Carrels decided to give Matterhorn a try by themselves again, and caught up with Whymper at nightfall. Whymper now had "a strong inclination to engage the pair; but, finally, decided against it" and the Carrels went alone to reach a new high on Matterhorn of 4,032 m (13,228 ft) the next day. Whymper and his guide camped one more night on the Col du lion (= Col Tournanche) 3,479 m (11,414 ft) and were forced to turn around only an hour above this pass the day after.

 

In 1862 Whymper made further attempts, still from the south side, on the Lion ridge (or Italian ridge), where the route seemed easier than the Hörnli ridge (the normal route today). On his own, he reached above 4,000 metres, but was injured on his way down to Breuil. In July John Tyndall with Johann Joseph Bennen and another guide overcame most of the difficulties of the ridge that seemed so formidable from below and successfully reached the main shoulder; but at a point not very far below the summit they were stopped by a deep cleft that defied their utmost efforts. The Matterhorn remained unclimbed.

 

Whymper returned to Breuil in 1863, persuading Carrel to join forces with him and try the mountain once more via the Italian ridge. On this attempt, however, a storm soon developed and they were stuck halfway to the summit. They remained there for 26 hours in their tent before giving up. Whymper did not make another attempt for two years.

 

In the decisive year 1865, Whymper returned with new plans, deciding to attack the Matterhorn via its south face instead of the Italian ridge. On 21 June, Whymper began his ascent with Swiss guides, but halfway up they experienced severe rockfall; although nobody was injured, they decided to give up the ascent. This was Whymper's seventh attempt.

 

During the following weeks, Whymper spent his time climbing other mountains in the area with his guides, before going back to Breuil on 7 July. Meanwhile, the Italian Alpine Club was founded and its leaders, Felice Giordano and Quintino Sella, established plans to conquer the Matterhorn before any non-Italian could succeed. Felice Giordano hired Carrel as a guide. He feared the arrival of Whymper, now a rival, and wrote to Quintino Sella

 

I have tried to keep everything secret, but that fellow whose life seems to depend on the Matterhorn is here, suspiciously prying into everything. I have taken all the best men away from him; and yet he is so enamored of the mountain that he may go with others...He is here in the hotel and I try to avoid speaking to him.

 

Just as he did two years before, Whymper asked Carrel to be his guide, but Carrel declined; Whymper was also unsuccessful in hiring other local guides from Breuil. When Whymper discovered Giordano and Carrel's plan, he left Breuil and crossed the Theodul Pass to Zermatt to hire local guides. He encountered Lord Francis Douglas, a Scottish mountaineer, who also wanted to climb the Matterhorn. They arrived later in Zermatt in the Monte Rosa Hotel, where they met two other British climbers — the Reverend Charles Hudson and his young and inexperienced companion, Douglas Robert Hadow — who had hired the French guide Michel Croz to try to make the first ascent. These two groups decided to join forces and try the ascent of the Hörnli ridge. They hired another two local guides, a father and son, both named Peter Taugwalder.

 

First ascent

 

Whymper and party left Zermatt early in the morning of 13 July 1865, heading to the foot of the Hörnli ridge, which they reached 6 hours later (approximately where the Hörnli Hut is situated today). Meanwhile, Carrel and six other Italian guides also began their ascent of the Italian ridge.

 

Despite its appearance, Whymper wrote that the Hörnli ridge was much easier to climb than the Italian ridge:

 

We were now fairly upon the mountain, and were astonished to find that places which from the Riffel, or even from the Furggen Glacier, looked entirely impracticable, were so easy that we could run about.

 

After camping for the night, Whymper and party started on the ridge. According to Whymper:

 

The whole of this great slope was now revealed, rising for 3,000 feet like a huge natural staircase. Some parts were more, and others were less, easy; but we were not once brought to a halt by any serious impediment, for when an obstruction was met in front it could always be turned to the right or left. For the greater part of the way there was, indeed, no occasion for the rope, and sometimes Hudson led, sometimes myself. At 6.20 we had attained a height of 12,800 feet and halted for half an hour; we then continued the ascent without a break until 9.55, when we stopped for fifty minutes, at a height of 14,000 feet.

 

When the party came close to the summit, they had to leave the ridge for the north face because "[the ridge] was usually more rotten and steep, and always more difficult than the face". At this point of the ascent Whymper wrote that the less experienced Hadow "required continual assistance". Having overcome these difficulties the group finally arrived in the summit area, with Croz and Whymper reaching the top first.

 

The slope eased off, and Croz and I, dashing away, ran a neck-and-neck race, which ended in a dead heat. At 1.40 p.m. the world was at our feet, and the Matterhorn was conquered. Hurrah! Not a footstep could be seen.

 

Precisely at this moment, Carrel and party were approximatively 400 metres below, still dealing with the most difficult parts of the Italian ridge. When seeing his rival on the summit, Carrel and party gave up on their attempt and went back to Breuil.

 

After building a cairn, Whymper and party stayed an hour on the summit. Then they began their descent of the Hörnli ridge. Croz descended first, then Hadow, Hudson and Douglas, the elder Taugwalder, Whymper, with the younger Taugwalder coming last. They climbed down with great care, only one man moving at a time. Whymper wrote:

 

As far as I know, at the moment of the accident no one was actually moving. I cannot speak with certainty, neither can the Taugwalders, because the two leading men were partially hidden from our sight by an intervening mass of rock. Poor Croz had laid aside his axe, and in order to give Mr. Hadow greater security was absolutely taking hold of his legs and putting his feet, one by one, into their proper positions. From the movements of their shoulders it is my belief that Croz, having done as I have said, was in the act of turning round to go down a step or two himself; at this moment Mr. Hadow slipped, fell on him, and knocked him over.

 

The weight of the falling men pulled Hudson and Douglas from their holds and dragged them down the north face. The Taugwalders and Whymper were left alive when the rope linking Douglas to the elder Taugwalder broke. They were stunned by the accident and for a time could not move until the younger Taugwalder descended to enable them to advance. When they were together Whymper asked to see the broken rope and saw that it had been employed by mistake as it was the weakest and oldest of the three ropes they had brought. They frantically looked, but in vain, for traces of their fallen companions. They continued their descent, including an hour in the dark, until 9.30 p.m. when a resting place was found. The descent was resumed at daybreak and the group finally reached Zermatt, where a search of the victims was quickly organized. The bodies of Croz, Hadow and Hudson were found on the Matterhorn Glacier, but the body of Douglas was never found. Although the elder Taugwalder was accused of cutting the rope to save himself and his son, the official inquest found no proof of this.

 

Second ascent

 

On 16 July, two days after the first ascent and the catastrophe, Jean-Antoine Carrel set out to crown Whymper's victory by proving that the Italian side was not unconquerable. He was accompanied by Amé Gorret, a priest who had shared with him the first attempt on the mountain back in 1857. Jean-Baptiste Bich and Jean-Augustin Meynet completed the party. Giordano would have joined them, but Carrel refused absolutely to take him with them; he said he would not have the strength to guide a traveller, and could neither answer for the result nor for any one's life. After hearing Sunday mass at the chapel of Breuil, the party started. Amé Gorret has described this ascent with enthusiasm: "At last we crossed the Col du Lion and set foot upon the pyramid of the Matterhorn!" On the following day, the 17th, they continued the ascent and reached Tyndall's flagstaff. "We were about to enter unknown country," wrote Gorret, "for no man had gone beyond this point." Here opinions were divided; Gorret suggested ascending by the ridge and scaling the last tower straight up. Carrel was inclined to traverse to the west of the peak, and thence go up on the Zmutt side. Naturally the wish of Carrel prevailed, for he was the leader and had not lost the habit of command, notwithstanding his recent defeat.

 

They made the passage of the enjambée, and traversed the west face to reach the Zmutt ridge. A false step made by one of the party and a fall of icicles from above warned them to return to the direct line of ascent, and the traverse back to the Lion ridge was one of the greatest difficulty. A falling stone injured Gorret in the arm.

 

At last they reached the base of the final tower. "We stood," wrote Gorret, "in a place that was almost comfortable. Although it was not more than two yards wide, and the slope was one of 75 percent, we gave it all kinds of pleasant names : the corridor, the gallery, the railroad, &c., &c." They imagined all difficulties were at an end; but a rock couloir, which they had hitherto not observed, lay between them and the final bit of ridge, where progress would be perfectly easy. It would have been unwise for all four to descend into the couloir, because they did not know where to fix the rope that would be needed on their return. Time pressed: it was necessary to reduce the numbers of the party; Gorret sacrificed himself, and Meynet stopped with him. Very soon afterwards Carrel and Bich were finally on the top. Meanwhile, Giordano at Breuil was writing in his diary as follows: "Splendid weather; at 9.30 saw Carrel and his men on the Shoulder, after that saw nothing more of them. Then much mist about the summit. Lifted a bit about 3.30, and we saw our flag on the western summit of the Matterhorn."

 

Other ascents

 

Ridges

 

The first direct ascent of the Italian (south-west) ridge as it is climbed today was by J. J. and J. P. Maquignaz on 13 September 1867.Julius Elliott made the second ascent via the Hörnli (north-east) ridge in 1868, and later that year the party of John Tyndall, J. J. and J. P. Maquignaz was the first to traverse the summit by way of the Hörnli and Italian ridges. On 22 August 1871, while wearing a white print dress, Lucy Walker became the first woman to reach the summit of the Matterhorn, followed a few weeks later by her rival Meta Brevoort. The first winter ascent of the Hörnli ridge was by Vittorio Sella with guides J. A. Carrel, J. B. Carrel and L. Carrel on 17 March 1882, and its first solo ascent was made by W. Paulcke in 1898. The first winter solo ascent of the Hörnli ridge was by G. Gervasutti in 1936.

 

The Zmutt (north-west) ridge was first climbed by Albert F. Mummery, Alexander Burgener, J. Petrus and A. Gentinetta on 3 September 1879. Its first solo ascent was made by Hans Pfann in 1906, and the first winter ascent was made by H. Masson and E. Petrig on 25 March 1948.

 

The last of the Matterhorn's four ridges to be ascended was the Furggen (south-east) ridge. M. Piacenza with guides J. J. Carrel and J. Gaspard on 9 September 1911, climbed most of the ridge but bypassed the overhangs near the top to the south. Not until 23 September 1942, during the Second World War, did Alfredo Perino, along with guides Louis Carrel (nicknamed "The Little Carrel") and Giacomo Chiara, climb the complete ridge and the overhangs directly.

 

In 1966, René Arnold and Joseph Graven made the first solo enchainement of the four Matterhorn ridges in 19.5 hours. Beginning at the 3,300m Bossi Bivouac hut, the pair followed the normal route up the Furggen Ridge and then descended the Hornli Ridge. After crossing the Matterhorn Glacier at the base of the north face, they ascended the Zmutt Ridge and then descended the Italian (Lion) Ridge to the village of Breuil. In 1985, Marco Barmasse repeated their achievement, but this time his route included the first solo ascent of the Furggen overhangs. He completed the enchainement, reaching the Abruzzi Hut after 15 hours.

 

On 20 August 1992, Italian alpinist Hans Kammerlander and Swiss alpine guide Diego Wellig climbed the Matterhorn four times in just 23 hours and 26 minutes. The route they followed was: Zmutt ridge–summit–Hörnli ridge (descent)–Furggen ridge–summit–Lion ridge (descent)–Lion ridge–summit–Hörnli ridge (descent)–Hörnli ridge–summit–Hörnli Hut (descent). However the Italian route (Lion Ridge), was not climbed from Duca degli Abruzzi Refuge at 2802 m, but from Carrel Hut, at 3830 m, both uphill and downhill.

 

In 1995, Bruno Brunod climbed Matterhorn from the village Breuil-Cervinia in 2 h 10 min. and from Breuil-Cervinia to Matterhorn and back, in 3:14:44

 

On 21 August 2013, the Spanish mountain runner Kilian Jornet broke Brunod's record as it took him 1 hour, 56 min to the top from Breuil-Cervinia - a round-trip time of 2 hours 52 minutes to return to his starting point.

 

Faces

 

William Penhall and guides made the first (partial) ascent of the west face, the Matterhorn's most hidden and unknown, one hour after Mummery and party's first ascent of the Zmutt ridge on 3 September 1879. It was not until 1962 that the west face was completely climbed. The ascent was made on 13 August by Renato Daguin and Giovanni Ottin. In January 1978 seven Italian alpine guides made a successful winter climb of Daguin and Ottin's highly direct, and previously unrepeated, 1962 route. But a storm came during their ascent, bringing two metres of snow to Breuil-Cervinia and Zermatt, and their accomplishment turned bitter when one of the climbers died during the descent.

 

The north face, before it was climbed in 1931, was one of the last great big wall problems in the Alps. To succeed on the north face, good climbing and ice-climbing technique and route-finding ability were required. Unexpectedly it was first climbed by the brothers Franz and Toni Schmid on 31 July – 1 August 1931. They reached the summit at the end of the second day, after a night of bivouac. Because they had kept their plans secret, their ascent was a complete surprise. In addition, the two brothers had travelled by bicycle from Munich and after their successful ascent they cycled back home again. The first winter ascent of the north face was made by Hilti von Allmen and Paul Etter on 3-4 February 1962. Its first solo ascent was made in five hours by Dieter Marchart on 22 July 1959. Walter Bonatti climbed the "North Face Direct" solo on 18-22 February 1965. The same year, Yvette Vaucher became the first woman to climb the north face. Bonatti's direct route was not repeated solo until 29 years later, in winter 1994 by Catherine Destivelle.

 

Ueli Steck set the record time in climbing the north face (Schmid route) of Matterhorn in 2009 with a time of 1 hour 56 minutes.

 

After Bonatti's climb, the best alpinists were still preoccupied with one last great problem: the "Zmutt Nose", an overhang lying on the right-hand side of the north face. In July 1969 two Italians, Alessandro Gogna and Leo Cerruti, attempted to solve the problem. It took them four days to figure out the unusual overhangs, avoiding however its steepest part. In July 1981 the Swiss Michel Piola and Pierre-Alain Steiner surmounted the Zmutt Nose by following a direct route, the Piola-Steiner.

 

The first ascent of the south face was made by Enzo Benedetti with guides Louis Carrel and Maurice Bich on 15 October 1931, and the first complete ascent of the east face was made by Enzo Benedetti and G. Mazzotti with guides Louis and Lucien Carrel, Maurice Bich and Antoine Gaspard on 18-19 September 1932.

 

Casualties on the Matterhorn

 

The four men lost in 1865 have not been the only fatalities on the Matterhorn. In fact, several climbers die each year due to a number of factors including the scale of the climb and its inherent dangers, inexperience, falling rocks, and overcrowded routes. The Matterhorn is thus amongst the deadliest mountains in the world. By the late 1980s, it was estimated that over 500 people have died whilst attempting its summit since the 1865 ascent, with an average of about 12 deaths each year.

 

In the 2000s, there was a trend of fewer people dying each year on the mountain. This has been attributed partly to a greater awareness of the risks, and also due to the fact that a majority of climbers now use local guides. However, in the summer of 2018, at least ten people died on the mountain.

 

Here is a list of people who died on the mountain whose bodies were not recovered until later:

 

1954 French skier Henri le Masne went missing on the Matterhorn. In 2005 remains were found, identified as le Masne in 2018

1970 Two Japanese climbers missing; remains found after 45 years in 2015

1979 British climber missing; remains found after 34 years in 2014

2014 Japanese hiker missing; remains found 2018

2016 Two British climbers missing; remains found 2016

 

Legacy: beginning of mountain culture

 

The first ascent of the Matterhorn changed mountain culture. Whymper’s book about his first ascent, Scrambles Amongst the Alps, published in 1871, was a worldwide bestseller. Tourists began to visit Switzerland in the summer to see the Alps and often hired locals as guides. With the beginning of alpine skiing in the early 20th century, tourists began traveling to Switzerland in winter also. Mountaineering, in part, helped transform Switzerland’s mountain regions from poor rural areas to tourist destinations. This combination of mountain climbing, skiing and tourism, was used in the western United States, creating Sun Valley, Vail, Jackson Hole, and other mountain towns around the world.

 

Climbing routes

 

Today, all ridges and faces of the Matterhorn have been ascended in all seasons, and mountain guides take a large number of people up the northeast Hörnli route each summer. In total, up to 150 climbers attempt the Matterhorn each day during summer. By modern standards, the climb is fairly difficult (AD Difficulty rating), but not hard for skilled mountaineers according to French climbing grades. There are fixed ropes on parts of the route to help. Still, it should be remembered that several climbers may die on the mountain each year.

 

The usual pattern of ascent is to take the Schwarzsee cable car up from Zermatt, hike up to the Hörnli Hut elev. 3,260 m (10,700 ft), a large stone building at the base of the main ridge, and spend the night. The next day, climbers rise at 3:30 am so as to reach the summit and descend before the regular afternoon clouds and storms come in. The Solvay Hut located on the ridge at 4,003 m (13,133 ft) can be used only in a case of emergency.

 

Other popular routes on the mountain include the Italian (Lion) ridge (AD+ Difficulty rating) and the Zmutt ridge (D Difficulty rating). The four faces, as well as the Furggen ridge, constitute the most challenging routes to the summit. The north face is amongst the six most difficult faces of the Alps, as well as ‘The Trilogy’, the three hardest of the six, along with the north faces of the Eiger and the Grandes Jorasses (TD+ Difficulty rating).

 

Overcrowding on the several routes have become an issue and guides and local authorities have struggled with how to regulate the numbers. In 2015 the Hörnli hut became the first mountain shelter in Europe to limit beds.

 

History

 

Aegidius Tschudi, one of the earliest Alpine topographers and historians, was the first to mention the region around the Matterhorn in his work, De Prisca ac Vera Alpina Raethi, published in Basel in 1538. He approached the Matterhorn as a student when in his Alpine travels he reached the summit of the Theodul Pass but he does not seem to have paid any particular attention to the mountain itself.

 

The Matterhorn remained unstudied for more than two centuries, until a geologist from Geneva, Horace Benedict de Saussure, travelled to the mountain, which filled him with admiration. However, de Saussure was not moved to climb the mountain, and had no hope of measuring its altitude by taking a barometer to its summit. "Its precipitous sides," he wrote, "which give no hold to the very snows, are such as to afford no means of access." Yet his scientific interest was kindled by "the proud peak which rises to so vast an altitude, like a triangular obelisk, that seems to be carved by a chisel." His mind intuitively grasped the causes which gave the peak its present precipitous form: the Matterhorn was not like a perfected crystal; the centuries had laboured to destroy a great part of an ancient and much larger mountain. On his first journey de Saussure had come from Ayas to the Col des Cimes Blanches, from where the Matterhorn first comes into view; descending to Breuil, he ascended to the Theodul Pass. On his second journey, in 1792, he came to the Valtournanche, studying and describing it; he ascended to the Theodul Pass, where he spent three days, analysing the structure of the Matterhorn, whose height he was the first to measure, and collecting stones, plants and insects. He made careful observations, from the sparse lichen that clung to the rocks to the tiny but vigorous glacier fly that fluttered over the snows and whose existence at such heights was mysterious. At night he took refuge under the tent erected near the ruins of an old fort at the top of the pass. During these days he climbed the Klein Matterhorn (3,883 metres), which he named the Cime Brune du Breithorn.

 

The first inquirers began to come to the Matterhorn. There is a record of a party of Englishmen who in the summer of 1800 crossed the Great St. Bernard Pass, a few months after the passage of Bonaparte; they came to Aosta and thence to Valtournenche, slept at the chalets of Breuil, and traversed the Theodul Pass, which they called Monte Rosa. The Matterhorn was to them an object of the most intense and continuous admiration.

 

The Matterhorn is mentioned in a guide-book to Switzerland by Johann Gottfried Ebel, which was published in Zürich towards the end of the eighteenth century, and translated into English in 1818. The mountain appeared in it under the three names of Silvius, Matterhorn, and Mont Cervin, and was briefly described as one of the most splendid and wonderful obelisks in the Alps. On Zermatt there was a note: "A place which may, perhaps, interest the tourist is the valley of Praborgne (Zermatt); it is bounded by huge glaciers which come right down into the valley; the village of Praborgne is fairly high, and stands at a great height above the glaciers; its climate is almost as warm as that of Italy, and plants belonging to hot countries are to be found there at considerable altitudes, above the ice."

 

William Brockedon, who came to the region in 1825, considered the crossing of the Theodul Pass from Breuil to Zermatt a difficult undertaking. He gave, however, expression to his enthusiasm on the summit. When he arrived exhausted on the top of the pass, he gazed "on the beautiful pyramid of the Cervin, more wonderful than aught else in sight, rising from its bed of ice to a height of 5,000 feet, a spectacle of indescribable grandeur." In this "immense natural amphitheatre, enclosed from time immemorial by snow-clad mountains and glaciers ever white, in the presence of these grand walls the mind is overwhelmed, not indeed that it is unable to contemplate the scene, but it staggers under the immensity of those objects which it contemplates."

 

Those who made their way up through the Valtournanche to the foot of the mountain were few in number. W. A. B. Coolidge, a diligent collector of old and new stories of the Alps, mentions that during those years, besides Brockedon, only Hirzel-Escher of Zürich, who crossed the Theodul Pass in 1822, starting from Breuil, accompanied by a local guide. The greater number came from the Valais up the Visp valley to Zermatt. In 1813, a Frenchman, Henri Maynard, climbed to the Theodul Pass and made the first ascent of the Breithorn; he was accompanied by numerous guides, among them J. M. Couttet of Chamonix, the same man who had gone with de Saussure to the top of the Klein Matterhorn in 1792. The writings of these pioneers make much mention of the Matterhorn; the bare and inert rock is gradually quickened into life by men's enthusiasm. "Stronger minds," remarked Edward Whymper, "felt the influence of the wonderful form, and men who ordinarily spoke or wrote like rational beings, when they came under its power seemed to quit their senses, and ranted and rhapsodised, losing for a time all common forms of speech."

 

Among the poets of the Matterhorn during these years (1834 to 1840) were Elie de Beaumont, a famous French geologist; Pierre Jean Édouard Desor, a naturalist of Neuchâtel, who went up there with a party of friends, two of whom were Louis Agassiz and Bernhard Studer. Christian Moritz Engelhardt, who was so filled with admiration for Zermatt and its neighbourhood that he returned there at least ten times (from 1835 to 1855), described these places in two valuable volumes, drew panoramas and maps, and collected the most minute notes on the mineralogy and botany of the region. Zermatt was at that time a quiet little village, and travellers found hospitality at the parish priest's, or at the village doctor's.

 

In 1841 James David Forbes, professor of natural philosophy at the University of Edinburgh, came to see the Matterhorn. A philosopher and geologist, and an observant traveller, he continued the work of De Saussure in his journeys and his writings. He was full of admiration for the Matterhorn, calling it the most wonderful peak in the Alps, unsealed and unscalable. These words, pronounced by a man noted among all his contemporaries for his thorough knowledge of mountains, show what men's feelings then were towards the Matterhorn, and how at a time when the idea of Alpine exploration was gaining ground in their minds, the Matterhorn stood by itself as a mountain apart, of whose conquest it was vain even to dream. And such it remained till long after this; as such it was described by John Ball twenty years later in his celebrated guide-book. Forbes ascended the Theodul Pass in 1842, climbed the Breithorn, and came down to Breuil; as he descended from the savage scenery of the Matterhorn, the Italian landscapes of the Valtournanche seemed to him like paradise. Meanwhile, Gottlieb Samuel Studer, the geographer, together with Melchior Ulrich, was describing and mapping the topographical features of the Zermatt peaks.

 

Rodolphe Töpffer, who first accompanied and guided youth to the Alps for purposes of education and amusement, began his journeys in 1832, but it is only in 1840 that he mentions the Matterhorn. Two years later Töpffer and his pupils came to Zermatt. He has described this journey of his in a chapter entitled Voyage autour du Mont Blanc jusqu'à Zermatt, here he sings a hymn of praise to the Matterhorn, comparing its form with a "huge crystal of a hundred facets, flashing varied hues, that softly reflects the light, unshaded, from the uttermost depths of the heavens". Töpffer's book was illustrated by Alexandre Calame, his master and friend, with drawings of the Matterhorn, executed in the romantic style of the period. It is an artificial mountain, a picture corresponding rather with the exaggerated effect it produces on the astonished mind of the artist, than with the real form of the mountain.

 

About this time there came a man who studied the Matterhorn in its structure and form, and who sketched it and described it in all its parts with the curiosity of the artist and the insight of the scientist. This was John Ruskin, a new and original type of philosopher and geologist, painter and poet, whom England was enabled to create during that period of radical intellectual reforms, which led the way for the highest development of her civilisation. Ruskin was the Matterhorn's poet par excellence. He went to Zermatt in 1844, and it is to be noticed as a curious fact, that the first time he saw the Matterhorn it did not please him. The mountain on its lofty pedestal in the very heart of the Alps was, perhaps, too far removed from the ideal he had formed of the mountains; but he returned, studied and dreamt for long at its feet, and at length he pronounced it "the most noble cliff in Europe." Ruskin was no mountaineer, nor a great friend to mountaineering; he drew sketches of the mountains merely as an illustration of his teaching of the beauty of natural forms, which was the object of his whole life. In his work on Modern Painters he makes continual use of the mountains as an example of beauty and an incentive to morality. The publication of Ruskin's work certainly produced a great impression at the time on educated people in England, and a widespread desire to see the mountains.

 

It is a fragment of some size; a group of broken walls, one of them overhanging; crowned with a cornice, nodding some hundred and fifty feet over its massive flank, three thousand above its glacier base, and fourteen thousand above the sea, — a wall truly of some majesty, at once the most precipitous and the strongest mass in the whole chain of the Alps, the Mont Cervin.

 

Other men of high attainments followed, but in the years 1850 scientists and artists were about to be succeeded by real climbers and the passes and peaks around Zermatt were explored little by little. In the preface to the first volume of the Alpine Journal, which appeared in 1863, the editor Hereford Brooke George wrote that: "While even if all other objects of interest in Switzerland should be exhausted, the Matterhorn remains (who shall say for how long?) unconquered and apparently invincible." Whymper successfully reached the summit in 1865, but four men perished on the descent. The English papers discussed it with bitter words of blame; a German newspaper published an article in which Whymper was accused of cutting the rope between Douglas and Taugwalder, at the critical moment, to save his own life.

 

In 1890 the Federal Government was asked simultaneously by the same contractor for a concession for the Zermatt-Gornergrat railway, and for a Zermatt-Matterhorn one. The Gornergrat railway was constructed in 1896-1898 and has been working since August 1898, but there has been no more talk of the other. The project essentially consisted of a line which went up to the Hörnli, and continued thence in a rectilinear tunnel about two kilometres long, built under the ridge, and issuing near the summit on the Zmutt side. Sixty years later in 1950, Italian engineer Count Dino Lora Totino planned a cable car on the Italian side from Breuil-Cervinia to the summit. But the Alpine Museum of Zermatt sent a protest letter with 90,000 signatures to the Italian government. The latter declared the Matterhorn a natural wonder worthy of protection and refused the concession to the engineer.

 

2015 marked the 150th anniversary of the first ascent. Events and festivities were held throughout the year. A completely renewed Hörnli Hut opened the same year in the month of July.

 

In 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, light artist Gerry Hofstetter started projecting country flags and messages of endurance onto the mountain peak as part of a nightly series designed to show support and spread hope for everyone suffering and those fighting the pandemic.

 

Other mountains

 

Hundreds of other mountains have been compared with the Matterhorn, either for their resemblance to it or because of their apparent inaccessibility.

 

Mountains named after the Matterhorn

Little Matterhorn (1,480 m), Australia

Matterhorn (1,600 m), in Antarctica

Matterhorn (3,305 m), in Nevada

Matterhorn Peak (3,744 m), in California

Matterhorn Peak (4,144 m), in Colorado

Matterhorn Peak (2,636 m), in British Columbia

Neny Matterhorn (1,125 m), Antarctica

 

In culture

 

During the 20th century, the Matterhorn and the story of the first ascent in particular, inspired various artists and film producers such as Luis Trenker and Walt Disney. Large-scale replicas can be found at Disneyland and Window of the World. In 2021, a Matterhorn-related attraction opened in the Swiss Museum of Transport, enabling visitors to climb it virtually from the Solvay Hut to the summit.

 

Designed in 1908 by Emil Cardinaux, a leading poster artist of the time, the Matterhorn poster for the Zermatt tourist office is often considered the first modern poster. It has been described as a striking example of a marriage of tourism, patriotism and popular art. It served as decoration in many Swiss military hospices during the war in addition to be found in countless middle-class living rooms. Another affiche depicting the Matterhorn was created by Cardinaux for the chocolate brand Toblerone in the 1920s. The image of the Matterhorn first appeared on Toblerone chocolate bars in 1960. Since then, the Matterhorn has become a reference that still inspires graphic artists today and has been used extensively for all sort of publicity and advertising.

 

Paintings

 

The Matterhorn (1849), John Ruskin

The Matterhorn (1867), Albert Bierstadt

Matterhorn (1879), Edward Theodore Compton

Le Cervin (1892), Félix Vallotton

 

Filmography

 

Struggle for the Matterhorn (1928)

The Mountain Calls (1938)

The Challenge (1938)

Climbing the Matterhorn (1947)

Third Man on the Mountain (1959)

Im Banne des Berges (2015)[90]

Soarin' Around the World/Soaring Over the Horizon (2016)

The Horn (2016) - Documentary series following the mountain rescue teams in the Swiss Alps.

 

(Wikipedia)

 

Das Matterhorn (italienisch Monte Cervino oder Cervino, französisch Mont Cervin oder Le Cervin, walliserdeutsch Hore oder Horu) ist mit 4478 m ü. M. einer der höchsten Berge der Alpen. Wegen seiner markanten Gestalt und seiner Besteigungsgeschichte ist das Matterhorn einer der bekanntesten Berge der Welt. Für die Schweiz ist es ein Wahrzeichen und eine der meistfotografierten Touristenattraktionen.

 

Der Berg steht in den Walliser Alpen zwischen Zermatt und Breuil-Cervinia. Ost-, Nord- und Westwand liegen auf schweizerischem, die Südwand auf italienischem Staatsgebiet.

 

Wissenswertes über das Matterhorn vermittelt das Matterhorn Museum in Zermatt.

 

Geschichte des Namens

 

Im Allgemeinen kamen im Gebirge die Bergspitzen erst spät zu ihren Namen, die daruntergelegenen Passübergänge und Alpen jedoch meist früher. So nannte Johannes Schalbetter 1545 den heutigen Theodulpass als «Mons Siluius» (deutsch übersetzt Salasser-berg) oder deutsch Augsttalberg. Mit Augsttal ist dabei das Tal von Aosta (lateinisch Augusta Praetoria Salassorum) gemeint, das Aostatal.

 

«Siluius» wurde dann sehr wahrscheinlich volksetymologisch falsch interpretiert über vermeintlich lateinisch «silvius» und «silvanus» zu französisch und italienisch «Cervin/Cervin(i)». 1581 wurde das Matterhorn erstmals als Mont Cervin erwähnt, wie später Mons Silvanus und Mons Silvius. Im Jahr 1682 nannte Anton Lambien das heutige Matterhorn Matter Dioldin h[orn] (Matterhornspitze) zur Abgrenzung vom gleichnamigen Pass, der bis Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts (beispielsweise auf der Dufourkarte) noch «Matterjoch» genannt wurde.

 

In der Lokalbevölkerung wird der Berg auch einfach ds Hore («das Horn», Zermatter Dialekt) oder ds Horu («das Horn», Oberwalliser Dialekt) genannt.

 

Geologie

 

Das Matterhorn ist ein Karling, und seine charakteristische Form entstand durch Erosion und Gletscherschliff in den Eiszeiten. Das Matterhorn ist Teil der Dent-Blanche-Decke des Unter-Ostalpins, also eines weit nach Westen auf die penninischen Decken der Westalpen aufgeschobenen Trümmerstücks eines ostalpinen Deckgesteins. Die untere Gesteinsschicht des Matterhorns, die bis zur Höhe der Hörnlihütte reicht, ist penninisch, also westalpin. Das im Vergleich dazu kleine Horn selbst sitzt auf dieser Basis auf und gehört zur Dent-Blanche-Decke, und zwar der untere Teil bis zur «Schulter» zur Arolla-Serie aus Orthogneisen und Metagabbros und der oberste Teil zur Valpelline-Serie aus hochmetamorphen Paragneisen der Dent-Blanche-Decke. Einfach ausgedrückt, besteht das Matterhorn aus zwei verschiedenen, schräg aufeinanderliegenden Gesteinspaketen. Der heutige Matterhorngletscher entstand erst wieder im Pessimum der Völkerwanderungszeit nach dem Optimum der Römerzeit.

 

Eine Besonderheit ist die charakteristische «Matterhorn-Wolke». Sie ist ein herausragendes Beispiel für einen Wolkentyp, den Meteorologen als Bannerwolke bezeichnen: Wie eine mächtige Fahne bildet sich die Wolke auf der windabgewandten Seite (Lee-Seite) des Gipfels als fast ständiger Begleiter des Berges. Die plausibelste Erklärung für ihr Entstehen ist die folgende: Das Matterhorn überragt das umgebende Gebirge wie ein Turm, so dass sich an ihm Leewirbel bilden, die feuchte Luft aus dem Tal nach oben führen, wo es zur Kondensation und Wolkenbildung kommt. Ist das Gipfelniveau erreicht, so wird die Wolke von einem waagerechten Ast des Leewirbels erfasst, der zu der typischen Fahnen-Form führt (Leewirbel-Hypothese).

 

Erstbesteigungen

 

Seit 1857 wurden mehrere erfolglose Versuche unternommen, das Matterhorn zu besteigen, zumeist von der italienischen Seite her. 1862 erstieg John Tyndall mit den Führern Johann Josef Benet, Anton Walter, Jean-Jacques und Jean-Antoine Carrel erstmals die Südwestschulter, den heutigen Pic Tyndall. Die Fortsetzung des Aufstiegs entlang des Liongrates erschien ihnen unmöglich.

 

Dem Erstbesteiger des Matterhorns, Edward Whymper, erschien der Liongrat weiterhin als nicht machbar. Insgesamt war er bereits sieben Mal gescheitert und überlebte u. a. einen Sturz über 60 Meter. Whymper versuchte daher, seinen Freund Jean-Antoine Carrel zu einer Besteigung von der Zermatter Seite zu überreden. Carrel beharrte darauf, von Italien her aufzusteigen.

 

Im Juli 1865 erfuhr Whymper zufällig von einem Gastwirt in Breuil-Cervinia, dass Carrel sich – ohne Whymper zu benachrichtigen – wieder zum Liongrat aufgemacht hatte. Whymper fühlte sich getäuscht und eilte nach Zermatt, um dort eine Gruppe für einen sofortigen Versuch über den Hörnligrat zusammenzustellen. Am 14. Juli 1865 gelang der 7er-Seilschaft Whympers die Erstbesteigung. Die Gruppe stieg über den Hörnligrat auf die Schulter; weiter oben, im Bereich der heutigen Fixseile, wich sie in die Nordwand aus. Edward Whymper erreichte als erster den Gipfel, weil er sich vor dem Gipfel vom Seil losschnitt und vorauslief. Ihm folgten der Bergführer Michel Croz (aus Chamonix), Reverend Charles Hudson, Lord Francis Douglas, D. Robert Hadow (alle aus England) sowie die Zermatter Bergführer Peter Taugwalder Vater und Peter Taugwalder Sohn. Sie sahen Carrel und seine Gruppe weit unterhalb am Pic Tyndall.

Beim Abstieg der Erstbesteiger stürzten die vorderen vier der Seilschaft (Croz, Hadow, Hudson und Douglas) noch oberhalb der «Schulter» über die Nordwand tödlich ab. Josef Marie Lochmatter brach ab dem 15. Juli 1865 mehrmals mit Rettungsmannschaften auf, um den vier Abgestürzten Erste Hilfe zu leisten. Am 19. Juli barg ein Bergungstrupp die Leichen von Croz, Hadow und Hudson auf dem Matterhorngletscher. Douglas' Leiche wurde nie gefunden.

 

Am 17. Juli gelang auch Carrel zusammen mit Jean-Baptiste Bich und Amé Gorret der Aufstieg über den Liongrat bis zum Gipfel. Die drei traversierten vom Nordende der italienischen Schulter durch die oberste Westwand auf den Zmuttgrat (sog. Galleria Carrel) und schlossen die Besteigung über diesen ab.

 

Runde Jahrestage der Erstbesteigung des Matterhorns sind feierlich begangen worden. So zeigte das Schweizer Fernsehen zum 100. Jahrestag am 14. Juli 1965 eine internationale Live-Sendung einer Matterhornbesteigung mit Beteiligung von Berg-Reportern der BBC und der RAI. Am 30. Juni 1965 zeigte das Schweizer Fernsehen den eigens produzierten Dokumentarfilm Bitterer Sieg: Die Matterhorn Story (Regie: Gaudenz Meili). Anlässlich des 150. Jahrestages wurde am 14. Juli 2015 auf dem Bahnhofplatz in Zermatt eine Countdown-Uhr aufgebaut, im Dezember 2014 wurde im Zentrum der Stadt («Matterhorn Plaza») ein Treffpunkt für das Jubiläumsjahr ins Leben gerufen.

 

Am 22. Juli 1871, sechs Jahre nach Whymper, bestieg die britische Alpinistin Lucy Walker als erste Frau das Matterhorn. 1869 hatten Isabella Straton und Emmeline Lewis Lloyd als reine Frauenseilschaft die Besteigung versucht; sie scheiterten kurz vor dem Gipfel. 1871 bestieg auch Anna Voigt aus Frankfurt das Matterhorn; sie war damals eine der ersten Frauen in der Sektion Frankfurt am Main des Deutschen Alpenvereins. Yvette Vaucher (* 1929) ist die erste Frau, die die Nordwand des Matterhorns bestiegen hat.

 

Routen

 

Der am weitaus häufigsten begangene Aufstiegsweg ist der Hörnligrat von Zermatt aus über die Hörnlihütte (Nordostgrat, ZS+). Er stellt den sogenannten Normalweg, also den leichtesten Aufstieg, dar. Auf 4003 Metern Höhe, nordöstlich unterhalb des Gipfels, gibt es als Biwak für Notfälle, wie Wettersturz und Zeitverzug, die von der Hörnlihütte aus betreute Solvayhütte mit zehn Notlagern. Weitere Aufstiegsrouten gibt es am Südwestgrat über den kirchendachartigen Pic Tyndall (auch Liongrat oder Italienerweg genannt, ZS+), am Nordwestgrat (Zmuttgrat, S) und am Südostgrat (Furggengrat, SS, wenig begangen). Auch durch die abweisende Nordwand verläuft eine Aufstiegsroute, die hin und wieder von Spezialisten, z. B. Walter Bonatti, gewählt wird.

 

(Wikipedia)

This is my second time to attend the annual Web Summit in the RDS [Dublin] and I really enjoyed myself.

 

Other than myself the most high-profile attendee was Elon Musk, who founded PayPal, electric car maker Tesla and space exploration company SpaceX. The IDA announced the creation of 335 new jobs in Ireland by nine US and European technology companies. Enda Kenny [PM of Ireland] and the NASDAQ’s executive vice president Bruce Aust opened the NASDAQ stock market live on stage at the summit.

 

The Web Summit, formerly Dublin Web Summit, is a technology conference held in the RDS [Dublin] since 2010.

 

The event is currently Europe's biggest tech conference. The topic of the conference was centred on the Internet and related technologies. The audience is always a mix of CEOs and founders of tech start-ups together with developers, designers and CTOs from established companies.

 

Attendance at the two day conference has grown from 500 in 2010 to more than 10,000 this year.

"...the highest enjoyment of timelessness... is when I stand among rare butterflies and their food plants. This is ecstasy, and behind the ecstasy is something else, which is hard to explain. It's like a momentary vacuum into which rushes all that I love. A sense of oneness with the sun and stone. A thrill of gratitude to whom it may concern..."

 

~ Vladimir Nabokov

Novelist and Lepidopterist

 

Yesterday we celebrated our anniversary by spending the day in the mountain meadows of the Alberta Rockies. It's one of our favourite things to do in the summer. We whiled away the hours chasing butterflies, enjoying the wildflowers, lying on our backs watching big white fluffy clouds go by, breathing in the delicious scented mountain air and quietly listening to the hypnotic harmonic hum of bees and the sound of the wild grasses swishing gently in the breeze.

 

As always, at this time of year, tons of bees and butterflies were happily buzzing and fluttering everywhere in the meadows, alighting on all the wildflowers. Mountain meadows are the best place to see butterflies: it was chock full of skippers, coppers, and gorgeous little blues, all of which were simply too fast for me to track. The fritillaries, checkerspots and swallowtails stay on flowers a bit longer, so they are my best bets for photographing. It was sunny and hot and there was a nice breeze blowing, which cooled us wonderfully but made it a bit difficult to photograph flowers and butterflies. But, as always, if I just keep clicking the shutter, I somehow manage to capture something in focus.

 

We ended the day sitting beside a cool burbling mountain stream in the dappled shade of aspen, birch and pines, where we devoured a delicious picnic I'd packed for us. It was an utterly perfect day.

 

Happy Anniversary, my Love! :)

 

This is so addictive, it is now 1 in the morning and I really need to stop and go to bed!!!!!! Still lots to do, all those scales, what was I thinking, aaaargh

Thanks to Jez for letting me use his photo for the design

www.flickr.com/photos/jev/2925975568

The fortress cathedral, which is what Taormina's main cathedral is considered, was built around the year 1400 on the ruins of a small mediaeval church. The cathedral has a Latin-cross plan with three aisles; there are six minor altars in the two side aisles. The nave is held up by six monolithic columns, three on each side, in pink Taormina marble and their capitals have a foil and fish-scale decoration. The ceiling of the nave has wooden beams supported by carved corbels reproducing Arabian scenes with a Gothic air. The very interesting main portal was rebuilt in 1636 and has a large Renaissance-inspired rosette sculpted on it.

 

La Cattedrale fortezza, come venne definito il Duomo di Taormina, fu edificata intono al 1400 sui ruderi di una piccola chiesetta di epoca medievale e dedicata a San Nicola di Bari.Ha una struttura a croce latina con tre navate. Nelle due laterali trovano posto i sei altari minori. Sei colonne, tre per lato, di origine monolitica in marmo rosa di Taormina e sormontate da capitelli decorati a foglia e a squama di pesce, sostengono la navata centrale. Quest’ultima si apre sotto un soffitto a travi di legno con mensole intagliate, che riproducono motivi arabi resi in gusto gotico.Di notevole interesse il portale principale, ristrutturato nel 1636, con un grande rosone scolpito d’ispirazione rinascimentale.

 

Taormina is a comune and small town on the east coast of the island of Sicily, Italy, in the Province of Messina, about midway between Messina and Catania. Taormina has been a very popular tourist destination since the 19th century. It has popular beaches (accessible via an aerial tramway) on the Ionian sea, which is remarkably warm and has a high salt content. Taormina can be reached via highways from Messina from the north and Catania .Just south of Taormina is the Isola Bella, a nature reserve. Tours of the Capo Sant' Andrea grottos are also available. Taormina is built on an extremely hilly coast, and is approximately a forty-five minute drive away from Europe's largest active volcano, Mount Etna.A stay at Taormina is not just a seaside vacation. This area, rich in charm and history, must be experienced in a spirit that is outside the ordinary, and for one simple reason: here, everything is extraordinary. Every stone is a thousand-year-old piece of history, the glorious sea reflects Taormina's beauty, as it shapes and marks the passage of time, and the places that enchanted the Greeks create to this day a vibrant and exciting ambiance. But trying to describe in words what makes Taormina unique is truly difficult.

 

Taormina ist eine Stadt mit 11.076 Einwohnern (Stand 31. Dezember 2010) an der Ostküste Siziliens. Die Gründung der Stadt geht auf die Sikuler zurück, die schon vor der griechischen Kolonisation auf den Terrassen des Monte Tauro siedelten. Im 4. Jahrhundert vor Christus wurde die Stadt griechisch. Die heutige Stadt ist eine Neugründung aus dem Mittelalter, nachdem die Araber die antike Stadt zerstört hatten.Auf Grund der malerischen Landschaft, des milden Klimas und zahlreicher historischer Sehenswürdigkeiten entwickelte sich die Stadt im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert zu einem der wichtigsten Touristenzentren Siziliens. Besonders bekannt und sehenswert sind das antike Theater mit Blick auf den Ätna und den Golf von Giardini-Naxos und die kleine Insel Isola Bella vor der Küste Taorminas.

 

Taormina (griego antiguo Ταυρομένιον, Tauromenion, latín Tauromenium) es una ciudad situada en la costa este de la isla de Sicilia (Italia), en la provincia de Mesina, a medio camino entre Mesina y Catania. Cuenta con 10.991 habitantes.Está casi en el límite de la provincia de Catania, se extiende por el monte Tauro, a 200 m de altitud, y se halla en un balcón sobre el mar, enfrente del volcán Etna. Es un centro turístico muy importante desde el siglo XIX.Posee magníficas playas (accesibles mediante teleférico) y un patrimonio histórico muy rico, cuyo máximo exponente es el célebre teatro greco-romano. Además, se conserva un castillo árabe, que ocupa el lugar de la antigua ciudadela o Arx.Taormina y el volcán Etna al fondo, desde el teatro griego.La ciudad fue fundada por los griegos en el 736 a. C., con el nombre de Naxos.La leyenda cuenta que los marinos griegos que pasaban por la costa oriental de Sicilia olvidaron realizar sacrificios en honor a Poseidón, y él, encolerizado, les hizo naufragar. El único superviviente, Teocles, llegó al Capo Schico, próximo a Naxos, y volvió a Grecia para contar las maravillas de Sicilia, convenciendo a sus compatriotas para instalarse en la isla.

 

Taormine, en italien Taormina, est une commune de la province de Messine en Sicile (Italie).Taormine est située sur la côte est de la Sicile, à peu près à mi-chemin entre Messine et Catane (50 km), presque à la limite de la province de Catane.Elle s’étend sur le Mont Tauro à 200 m d’altitude. La ville est en balcon sur la mer face à l’Etna. La Calabre, distante d'environ 30 km, est visible par temps clair ainsi que la nuit.La légende dit que des marins grecs, passant sur la côte orientale de la Sicile, avaient oublié de sacrifier à Neptune. Celui-ci, en colère, fit chavirer leur embarcation. Le seul survivant, Théocle, parvint au Cap Schiso, non loin du site de Naxos (aujourd'hui Giardini-Naxos). Il retourna ensuite en Grèce pour narrer à ses compatriotes les merveilles de la Sicile. Certains, convaincus, décidèrent de venir s’y installer.

 

Taormina è un comune di 10.991 abitanti della provincia di Messina. E' uno dei centri balneari di maggiore rilievo di tutta la regione. Il suo aspetto, il suo paesaggio, i suoi luoghi, le sue bellezze riescono ad attirare turisti provenienti da tutto il mondo.Situata su una collina a 206 m di altezza sul livello del mare , sospesa tra rocce e mare su un terrazzo del monte Tauro, in uno scenario di bellezze naturali unico per varietà e contrasti di motivi , splendore di colori e lussureggiante vegetazione.Il clima è dolcemente mite.Molto belle le mezze stagioni , Primavera e Autunno infatti vantano un clima idealmente mite.La storia di Taormina è sicuramente costellata da molteplici dominazioni, e questo è possibile vederlo passeggiando per le strade del centro storico che mostrano i segni lasciati dai vari popoli passati per Taomina. Essendo situata al centro del mediterraneo la Sicilia fu sempre una preda ambita per la sua posizione strategica di passaggio,situata sulla parte est e in posizione fortificata su una collina permetteva già da allora di controllare buona parte della costa ionica e ha sempre rappresentato un ottimo punto di fortificazione e controllo nelle stradegie di guerra. Dopo aver attestato l'esistenza di una sede di siculi ( antichi abitanti dell'isola, detti anche sicani) presso Taormina, per certo vi passarono e vi lasciarono le loro tracce I Greci, i Romani, i Saraceni, dunque gli Arabi, i Bizantini ,I Normanni , Gli Aragonesi , e per ultimi i Borboni.Un soggiorno a Taormina non è semplicemente una vacanza al mare. Questi luoghi, pregni di storia e di fascino, chiedono infatti di essere vissuti con uno spirito diverso da quello comune e la ragione è semplice: qui tutto è fuori dall'ordinario.Ogni pietra reca in sé una storia millenaria, il mare meraviglioso su cui Taormina riflette tutta la sua bellezza, condiziona e scandisce lo scorrere del tempo ed i luoghi che furono l'incanto dei greci trasmettono tutt'oggi un'atmosfera vibrante di emozioni. Ma tentare di descrivere con le parole ciò che rende unica Taormina è davvero difficile.

 

Font : Wikipedia

 

www.youtube.com/watch?v=qgokPbsuXrw

 

www.youtube.com/watch?v=2na3n59torA

 

www.youtube.com/watch?v=SMiplnTr6FU

 

www.youtube.com/watch?v=XDDZzYD2vxY

This is a “Bears Paw” quilt block. It is made using diamonds and triangles from different kinds of wood, all in their natural colors. There are 74 pieces on this block, 20 diamonds and 54 triangles, all full size. It measures 6 5/8” square. To finish them, I use one coat of varnish brushed on and 2 or 3 coats of a clear wiping varnish, rubbed in by hand.

The type of wood is listed on the bottom from the center out. On this quilt block the wood is “Cedar” “Hackberry” and “Walnut” from Missouri.

 

This is one of the three "Monte - Tarmac Specials" built by Ford's Motorsport Division based in Boreham London in 1979 and is the only right hand drive version ever made.

 

The car was used by Russell Brookes on the British Championship in '79 before Billy Coleman brought the car to Ireland, when it was later driven by the late Bertie Fisher as well as Vincent Bonner.

 

The car has been meticulously restored to its former factory glory in full Fisher Engineering livery by Ronald and Malcolm Montgomery of Montgomery Motorsport in Fermanagh, Northern Ireland.

      

This is a flexi hair product for Second Life (move along with your motion and look best when dancing).

 

As with all our hair products, the package bundled in a All Colors pack with 11-12 colors x 19-20 filter variants. This gives you over 200 possible options.

 

DrLifeGen3 In-world Store:

maps.secondlife.com/secondlife/Fashion%20Boulevard/84/131/1949

 

SL marketplace:

marketplace.secondlife.com/stores/204933

 

========================

Photo Style Card & Info:

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Hair : DrLifeGen3Hair Rosena

Eyes : DrLifeGen3 Eyeball

Skin : DrLifeGen3 skin series

Shape : DreamShape for DrLifeGen3 series

Situated east of the Imperial Valley agricultural region, the Imperial Sand Dunes Recreation Area is bordered to the west by the Coachella Canal, a waterway diverting Colorado River water to fertile agricultural lands further north. A major east-west route of the Union Pacific railroad skirts its eastern edge, a time-worn testament to the impediment the dunes once played to travel between San Diego and Phoenix.

 

The dune system consists of three areas. The northernmost area is known as Mammoth Wash. This open area allows OHV use and offers a more isolated experience.

 

South of Mammoth Wash is the North Algodones Dunes Wilderness. Established in 1994, this area is closed to all mechanized traffic, so access is by foot or on horseback only. Here you will find endless miles of quiet solitude.

 

The southernmost boundary of the Wilderness is State Highway 78; just south of this highway the largest and most heavily used dunes are found. With some restrictions, these primary dunes may be traveled south toward the Mexican border.

 

Photo by Jim Pickering, BLM.

"‘Martian’ Trailer in Virtual Reality Is Released" by MICHAEL CIEPLY via NYT t.co/feaHQKc2du (via Twitter twitter.com/felipemassone/status/667704768039673856)

This is the same lattice tower in this photo:

www.flickr.com/photos/htakashi/6670048213/

A book says that Peregrine Falcons are seen around the tower, but I couldn't that day. So I decided to take pics of the tower instead of falcons.

 

この鉄塔と同じ鉄塔です。

www.flickr.com/photos/htakashi/6670048213/

毎冬ハヤブサが住みつくそうですが、残念ながらこの日は見られませんでした。せっかくなのでかっこよく撮ってきました。

 

[ Canon EOS 7D, Canon EF 70-200mm f/4L IS USM, 70mm, f/4.0, 1/640sec, ISO100, Lightroom 3.6 ]

Padmanabhapuram Palace (Tamil: பத்மநாபபுரம் அரண்மனை, Malayalam: പത്മനാഭപുരം കൊട്ടാരം) is located in at Padmanabhapuram Fort, in Padmanabhapuram, Kanyakumari District, Tamil Nadu, India. Padmanabhapuram is the former capital city of the erstwhile Hindu kingdom of Travancore. It is about 20km from Nagercoil, and about 50km from Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala. The palace complex is inside an old granite fortress around four kilometers long. The palace is located at the foot of the Veli Hills, which form a part of the Western Ghats. The river Valli flows nearby.

 

The palace was constructed around 1601 AD by Iravi Varma Kulasekhara Perumal who ruled Venad between 1592 and 1609. It is believed that the Thai Kottaram was built in 1550. The founder of modern Travancore, King Anizham Thirunal Marthanda Varma (1706–1758) who ruled Travancore from 1729 to 1758, rebuilt the palace in around 1750. King Marthaanda Varma dedicated the kingdom to his family deity Sree Padmanabha, a form of Lord Vishnu and ruled the kingdom as Padmanabha dasa or servant of Lord Padmanabha. Hence the name Padmanabhapuram or City of Lord Padmanabha. In the late 18th century, precisely in 1795 the capital of Travancore was shifted from here to Thiruvananthapuram, and the place lost its former glory. However, the palace complex continues to be one of the best examples of traditional Kerala architecture, and some portions of the sprawling complex are also the hallmark of traditional Kerala style architecture. The Palace though surrounded entirely by the State of Tamil Nadu is still part of Kerala and the land and Palace belongs to the Government of Kerala. This Palace is maintained by the Govt.of Kerala Archaeology Department. This palace may be the best to visit in anybody's pleasure trip to Thiruvananthapuram, if you are interested in history.

 

STRUCTURES

The Padmanabhapuram Palace complex consists of several structures:

 

- Mantrasala; the King's Council Chamber

- Thai Kottaram; the Queen Mother's Palace, constructed before 1550

- Nataksala; the Performance Hall

- A four-storeyed mansion at the centre of the complex

- Thekee Kottaram; the Southern Palace

 

COUNCEL CHAMBER

King’s Council chamber is the most beautiful part of the entire palace complex. It has windows, with coloured mica, which keep the heat and the dust away, and the interior of the council chamber remains cool and dark. Delicate and beautiful lattice work can be seen all over the council chamber.

 

The floor is also beautifully done, with a fine and perfect finish. The floor is dark and is made of a mixture of varied substances, including burnt coconut shells, egg white and so on. The remarkable aspect is that this particular floor finish and texture could not be duplicated in any other construction.

 

QEEN MOTHER´S PALACE

Mother’s palace, designed in traditional Kerala style, is the oldest construction in the entire palace complex and is believed to be constructed around mid-16th century. True to the traditional Kerala style, there is an inner courtyard, called 'nalukettu'. In the inner courtyard, sloping roofs from all four sided taper down. Four pillars on four corners support the roof.

 

On the south-west corner of the mother’s palace, there is a relatively small room, called the chamber of solitude or 'ekantha mandapam'. The chamber of solitude has very beautiful and intricate wood carvings of every description all around. Of particular interest is a pillar of single jackfruit wood, with very detailed and beautiful floral designs.

 

PERFORMANCE HALL

This is a relatively new building, constructed at the behest of Maharaja Swathi Thirunal, who reigned in Travancore from 1829 to 1846. He was a great connoisseur of arts, especially music and dance. He himself composed music and has left a rich legacy to classical carnatic music.

 

The Nataksala or the hall of performance has solid granite pillars and gleaming black floor. There is a wooden enclosure, with peepholes, where the women of the royal household used to sit and watch the performance.

 

CENTRAL MANSION

The four-storied building is located at the centre of the palace complex. The ground floor houses the royal treasury. The first floor houses the King's bedrooms. The ornamental bedstead is made of 64 types of herbal and medicinal woods, and was a gift from the Dutch merchants. Most of the rooms here and in other parts of the palace complex have built-in recesses in walls for storing weapons like swords and daggers. The second floor houses the King's resting and study rooms. Here the King used to spend time during fasting days. The top floor (called upparikka malika) served as the worship chamber of the royal household. Its walls are covered with exquisite 18th century murals, depicting scenes from the puranas, and also few scenes from the social life of the Travancore of that time. Ths top floor was supposed to be Sree Padmanabha Swamy's room. This building was constructed during the reign of King Marthandavarma. He was also designated as Padmanabha Dasa and used to rule the Travancore kingdom as a servant of Sree Padmanabha Swamy.

 

SOUTHERN PALACE

The southern palace is as old as the ‘Thai kottaram’ (Mother's palace), which would make it about 400 year old. Now, it serves as a heritage museum, exhibiting antique household articles and curios. Collections of items give an insight into the social and cultural ethos of that period.

 

OTHER FEATURES

The Padamnabhapuram Palace complex has several other interesting features:

 

- The palace is located in Kanyakumari district of Tamil Nadu state but administered by the Government of Kerala state.

- The clock tower in the palace complex has a 300 year old clock, which still keeps time.

- A big hall now bare, which can accommodate around 1000 guests, and where ceremonial feasts were held, on auspicious occasions.

- A secret passage, now blocked, through which the king, his immediate family members, and their entourage could escape to another palace, located several kilometers away in the event of any emergency. Name of this palace is Charottu kottaram.

- A flight of steps leads to a bathing pond, which has lost its freshness due to neglect and years of disuse.

- The palace complex also has a section of curios and several interesting objects:

 

- An entire room filled with old Chinese jars, all gifts by Chinese merchants.

- A variety of weapons (which were actually used in warfare), including swords and daggers.

- Brass lamps, wood and stone sculpture, a variety of furniture and large mirrors made of polished metal.

- A gallery of paintings depicting incidents from the history of Travancore.

- A wooden cot made of up to 64 wooden pieces of a variety of medicinal tree trunks

- Polished stone cot, meant for cool effect

- Toilet and well

 

WIKIPEDIA

This is a photograph from the Le Chéíle 'Leixlip 5KM' Road Race, Jog, and Fun Run was held in Leixlip, Co. Kildare, Ireland on Saturday May 4th 2013 at 11:00. This race has steadily grown in stature over the past number of years and now is a well known fixture in the racing calendar in May annually. This was a big aattendance at the race which finished with the last 700 meters on the beautiful new tartan track belonging to Le Cheile AC at the Leixlip Amenities center. As always This was a great race with a great atmosphere. The weather was reasonably good (except for a head wind at a few places on the course). Good race times were reported by many participants. Congratulations to Kevin Roche and all of Le Chéíle AC for their huge volunteer work that goes into making this race the growing success that it is. As always the post race refreshments were awesome with some fabulous treats available for everyone. This year Lidl and Applegreen were title sponsors with support for prizes from Runworx. There was great support from local Kildare clubs and club of the day must go to Sliabh Buidhe Rovers AC of Ferns in Wexford who brought over 30 athletes up on a club day out for the race. The race was supported by FIT Magazine. Junior races for children aged between 7 - 16 years old took place on the track at 10:30 before the main race at 11:00. The race was AAI Permit Approved with a certified course measurement.

 

Reading on a Smartphone or tablet? Don't forget to scroll down further to read more about this race and see important Internet links to other information about the race! You can also find out how to access and download these photographs.

 

Overall Race Summary

RESULTS: The chip timing was provided by Red Tag Timing and the results are available here [www.redtagtiming.com/results/LeCheile5km_2014.pdf]

 

Participants: Approximately 320 people took part in both events with runners, joggers, walkers, and families involved.

 

Weather: This was a nice bright mild morning with a headwind at the 1st and final KM of the race.

 

Course: The race starts on the road outside the amenities center. There is a signifcant climb up the motorway overpass at 1KM. The stretch from here to 4KM is reasonably flat. There is a final

long drag up to Louisia Bridge and the race finishes with almost 700M on the new athletics track built by the club.

 

Refreshments: The refreshments after the Le Cheile 5KM have now gained legendary status. Outstanding.

 

Location Map: Start/finish area on Google StreetView [goo.gl/maps/ykhbT]

 

Some Useful Links

The Internet Homepage of Le Cheile Athletic Club [www.lecheileac.com/]

The Le Cheile Leixlip 5KM Event Page on Facebook [www.facebook.com/groups/198725250155741/]

Google StreetView of the Race HeadQuarters: goo.gl/maps/ykhbT

A Youtube Video of the 5KM Route for 2013: www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=fFFem...

A GARMIN GPS Trace of the 5KM Route for 2013: connect.garmin.com/activity/305379628

Our Flickr set from the 2013 Le Cheile 5KM: www.flickr.com/photos/peterm7/sets/72157633416311738/ (2013)

Our Flickr Set from the 2012 Le Cheile 5KM: www.flickr.com/photos/peterm7/sets/72157629605644270/ (2012)

Our Flickr Set from the 2012 Le Cheile 5KM: www.flickr.com/photos/peterm7/sets/72157626541539991/ (2011)

Our Flickr Set from the 2012 Le Cheile 5KM: www.flickr.com/photos/peterm7/sets/72157624016827268/ (2010)

  

Can I use these photographs directly from Flickr on my social media account(s)?

 

Yes - of course you can! Flickr provides several ways to share this and other photographs in this Flickr set. You can share to: email, Facebook, Pinterest, Twitter, Tumblr, LiveJournal, and Wordpress and Blogger blog sites. Your mobile, tablet, or desktop device will also offer you several different options for sharing this photo page on your social media outlets.

 

We take these photographs as a hobby and as a contribution to the running community in Ireland. Our only "cost" is our request that if you are using these images: (1) on social media sites such as Facebook, Tumblr, Pinterest, Twitter,LinkedIn, Google+, etc or (2) other websites, blogs, web multimedia, commercial/promotional material that you must provide a link back to our Flickr page to attribute us.

 

This also extends the use of these images for Facebook profile pictures. In these cases please make a separate wall or blog post with a link to our Flickr page. If you do not know how this should be done for Facebook or other social media please email us and we will be happy to help suggest how to link to us.

 

I want to download these pictures to my computer or device?

 

You can download the photographic image here direct to your computer or device. This version is the low resolution web-quality image. How to download will vary slight from device to device and from browser to browser. However - look for a symbol with three dots 'ooo' or the link to 'View/Download' all sizes. When you click on either of these you will be presented with the option to download the image. Remember just doing a right-click and "save target as" will not work on Flickr.

 

I want get full resolution, print-quality, copies of these photographs?

 

If you just need these photographs for online usage then they can be used directly once you respect their Creative Commons license and provide a link back to our Flickr set if you use them. For offline usage and printing all of the photographs posted here on this Flickr set are available free, at no cost, at full image resolution.

 

Please email petermooney78 AT gmail DOT com with the links to the photographs you would like to obtain a full resolution copy of. We also ask race organisers, media, etc to ask for permission before use of our images for flyers, posters, etc. We reserve the right to refuse a request.

 

In summary please remember when requesting photographs from us - If you are using the photographs online all we ask is for you to provide a link back to our Flickr set or Flickr pages. You will find the link above clearly outlined in the description text which accompanies this photograph. Taking these photographs and preparing them for online posting does take a significant effort and time. We are not posting photographs to Flickr for commercial reasons. If you really like what we do please spread the link around your social media, send us an email, leave a comment beside the photographs, send us a Flickr email, etc. If you are using the photographs in newspapers or magazines we ask that you mention where the original photograph came from.

 

I would like to contribute something for your photograph(s)?

Many people offer payment for our photographs. As stated above we do not charge for these photographs. We take these photographs as our contribution to the running community in Ireland. If you feel that the photograph(s) you request are good enough that you would consider paying for their purchase from other photographic providers or in other circumstances we would suggest that you can provide a donation to any of the great charities in Ireland who do work for Cancer Care or Cancer Research in Ireland.

 

We use Creative Commons Licensing for these photographs

We use the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License for all our photographs here in this photograph set. What does this mean in reality?

The explaination is very simple.

Attribution- anyone using our photographs gives us an appropriate credit for it. This ensures that people aren't taking our photographs and passing them off as their own. This usually just mean putting a link to our photographs somewhere on your website, blog, or Facebook where other people can see it.

ShareAlike – anyone can use these photographs, and make changes if they like, or incorporate them into a bigger project, but they must make those changes available back to the community under the same terms.

 

Creative Commons aims to encourage creative sharing. See some examples of Creative Commons photographs on Flickr: www.flickr.com/creativecommons/

  

I ran in the race - but my photograph doesn't appear here in your Flickr set! What gives?

 

As mentioned above we take these photographs as a hobby and as a voluntary contribution to the running community in Ireland. Very often we have actually ran in the same race and then switched to photographer mode after we finished the race. Consequently, we feel that we have no obligations to capture a photograph of every participant in the race. However, we do try our very best to capture as many participants as possible. But this is sometimes not possible for a variety of reasons:

 

     ►You were hidden behind another participant as you passed our camera

     ►Weather or lighting conditions meant that we had some photographs with blurry content which we did not upload to our Flickr set

     ►There were too many people - some races attract thousands of participants and as amateur photographs we cannot hope to capture photographs of everyone

     ►We simply missed you - sorry about that - we did our best!

  

You can email us petermooney78 AT gmail DOT com to enquire if we have a photograph of you which didn't make the final Flickr selection for the race. But we cannot promise that there will be photograph there. As alternatives we advise you to contact the race organisers to enquire if there were (1) other photographs taking photographs at the race event or if (2) there were professional commercial sports photographers taking photographs which might have some photographs of you available for purchase. You might find some links for further information above.

 

Don't like your photograph here?

That's OK! We understand!

 

If, for any reason, you are not happy or comfortable with your picture appearing here in this photoset on Flickr then please email us at petermooney78 AT gmail DOT com and we will remove it as soon as possible. We give careful consideration to each photograph before uploading.

 

I want to tell people about these great photographs!

Great! Thank you! The best link to spread the word around is probably http://www.flickr.com/peterm7/sets

   

**I posted this in ABCs and 123s**

 

This is the "Punch" end of the buffet table . . . the floating apples are frozen. These are used instead of ice or a frozen punch ring (hard to make as far as *I* am concerned - I quit doing it years ago and use apples of "seasonal" colors - - - green and yellow in the spring, and red or green (depending on what color the punch is) for Christmas, yellow or red for fall, etc. I used green in the white-cranberry-grape-juice punch for my daughter's wedding. (Picture of THAT punch bowl is in the first comment below . . . it wouldn't "stick" here!

 

My mom taught me this trick and people love it. The apples can be "trash apples" - things you don't particularly enjoy eating . . . small ones, etc., as long as they are good and clean without bruises or "bad" places since they get quite mushy when they thaw out over several hours time.

 

They're festive and they make WONDERFUL "ice cubes" - - - keep it very cold without diluting the punch at *all*!!!!

 

In the immortal words of Mikey, the Life Cereal kid, "Try it! You'll LIKE it!" :)

This is a large sculpture. the height is 44"

side to side is 32" and the sculpt is 22" deep. This lion head can be easily mounted to the wall. There are 5 discreet anchor points around the outside of the mane.

 

Check out www.liondrinkingfountain.com for more info on how to order your very own lion head.

You can also call me at 218-851-7965

Is it just me or does this bunny taste fuzzy?

Donation Information:

 

If you would like to help those affected by Wednesday's storms, the American Red Cross is accepting donations in a couple of ways.

 

Make out your check to "American Red Cross - Neighbors in Need", and mail it to:

 

American Red Cross - Neighbors in Need

300 Chase Park South

Hoover Alabama 35244

 

If you prefer to make a donation on-line, please click here to visit alredcross.org

 

-To apply for federal disaster assistance online, go to www.disasterassistance.gov

 

-To apply over the phone, call 1-800-621-3362 between the hours of 7am and 10 pm.

 

-The United Way has set up a hotline to help victims find low cost temporary housing. Call 211 for more details.

   

Volunteer Information:

 

-United Way's Hands on Birmingham - www.handsonbirmingham.org

 

-Volunteers in Tuscaloosa are asked to register at St. Matthias Episcopal Church on Skyland Boulevard

 

-Volunteers in Calhoun County must register at the Ohatchee Police Department

 

-Volunteers in Concord must register at the YMCA on 4th Avenue South

 

-Webster's Chapel leaders are looking for volunteers with vehicles who can distribute supplies to tornado victims. Volunteers should go to the Webster's Chapel Fire Station

  

Drop off Locations:

-Harvest Church in Northport is accepting donations for tornado survivors

 

-Christian Service Mission at 3600 3rd Ave South is accepting personal care items, baby supplies, and other items of basic need

 

-First Baptist Church Trussville is a drop off point for donations Monday through Friday 8am to 6pm

 

-Church of the Highlands on Grants Mill Road is accepting items of basic need

 

-Mt. Zion Baptist Church in Alexandria is collecting donations of bathing supplies

 

-Clear Branch United Methodist Church in Argo is a drop off location from 8am to 4pm Monday through Friday

 

-Mark Ferrier Ministries has a drop off point at 97.7 Fox FM radio in Jasper

 

-Alabaster First United Methodist Church accepting donations for storm survivors at Restore Building behind the church

 

-Holy Faith Temple is accepting donations for tornado survivors in Childersburg

 

-Central Baptist Church of Jasper is collecting supplies for victims in Cordova.

 

-McAlpine Recreation Center at 1115 Avenue F in Ensley is now a drop off point

 

-108 Haynes Street in Talladega is collecting donations for survivors in East Alabama

 

-East Birmingham Church of God on First Avenue North is collecting supplies

 

-All Books-A-Million stores are collecing monetary donations for the Salvation Army

 

-East Birmingham Church of God in Christ on 1st Avenue is collecting supplies

 

-Aldrich Assembly of God is collecting relief supplies at Lucky's Market in Montevallo and Sammy's Fresh Market in Wilsonville.

 

-Vance town community center is collecting donations for survivors in Vance

 

-Helena Cumberland Presbyterian Church is accepting donations all week from 9am until 6pm.

 

-Donations in Calhoun County may be dropped off at Eagle Point Baptist Church in Jacksonville and Word Alive Church in Coldwater.

 

-Jasper Jaycees are accepting donated items at the fairgrounds on Airport Road. Cash donations can be made at Bank of Walker County. Call 205-221-3928 for more info.

 

-Hardin's Chapel Church in Ragland is an official EMA site

 

-Cullman county donation locations: Eagle Point Church, Isaiah 58-Word Alive Church, Piedmont Benevolence and Salvation Army

 

-UAB is holding blood drives at the North Pavillion from 10am to 5pm Monday, Wednesday, Thursday, Saturday. 7am to 2pm Tuesday and Friday

  

Places to pick up items or get help:

-People with disabilities who have lost medication or equipment can call 205-251-2223 ext 102

 

-United Way has set up a hotline to help victims find low cost temporary housing - call 211

 

-There will be a physician on site and medicine available at Scott School through Saturday from 7am to 7pm

 

-Tornado survivors in Hale and Greene counties can get help at Springfield United Methodist Church in Eutaw and at Johnson Hill United Methodist Church in Union

 

-Toiletries and clothing are available for pick up at Plum Grove Baptist Church in Tuscaloosa. If you need transportation, call 205-292-5836

 

-Food and water stations for victims are set up at the Leland Shopping Center, Forest Lake Baptist relief center and Skyland Elementary.

 

-Aldridge Community Missionary Baptist Church in Parrish has food, formula, clothes and water for any storm survivors who need help.

 

-Victims in St. Clair County can get food, water and other supplies at the Shoal Creek Community Center.

 

-Tarps available in St. Clair County at Odenville Fire Department, Pell City Fire Station One, Reiverside Fire Department

 

-The Salvation Army has set up mobile canteen operations in Forest Lake, Holt High School and on 15th Street in Alberta City.

 

-Tornado victims in Hale and Greene Counties can get help at Springfield United Methodist Church in Eutaw and at Johnson Hill United Methodist Church in Union.

 

-The Masonic Lodge in Pleasant Grove is serving meals and distributing supplies to tornado victims.

 

-Bethel Baptist Church in Pratt City is providing food and shelter to tornado survivors in that community

 

-Food, water and other supplies are available at Pleasant Ridge Baptist Church in Hueytown.

 

-The Red Cross has opened feeding stations at Oak Grove Baptist Church, Knighten's Volunteer Fire Department, Webster's Chapel Volunteer Fire Department, First Baptist Church of Williams, Mt. Olive Volunteer Fire Department in Ohatchee and the Ellis Community Fire Department.

 

-Hardin's Chapel Church in Ragland is an official EMA site

 

-Free first aid station is open in Pleasant Grove from 9am to 6pm at 615 Pleasant Grove Road Monday through Friday

 

-Free medical clinic at Scott School in Pratt City 7am to 7pm

  

Shelters:

-Bethel Baptist Church in Pratt City is providing food and shelter to tornado victims in that community.

 

-The American Red Cross has set up shelters at the Belk Center in Tuscaloosa, First Baptist Church in Hanceville, the Boutwell Auditorium in Birmingham, the Civic Center in Cullman and First United Methodist Church in Springville.

 

-American Red Cross shelter in St. Clair County is at Greensport Baptist Church in Ashville

  

Insurance office locations:

-Allstate Insurance has mobile claims centers set up at the Lowe's in Bessemer, the Winn-Dixie at River Square Plaza in Hueytown and the K-Mart on Skyland Boulevard in Tuscaloosa.

 

-State Farm has centers set up at Lowe's in Cullman, Tuscaloosa, Bessemer and Fultondale.

 

-ALFA has centers at the Save-a-Lot in Cullman and the ALFA Service Center in Gadsden.

 

-Farmers Insurance has centers at Home Depot in Tuscaloosa, the Forest Square Shopping Center in Forestdale, and the Farmers district offices in Vestavia Hills and Pell City.

  

Misc:

-A battery charging station is set up at the Walmart in Tuscaloosa. Flash lights are also being given away while supplies last.

 

-If you have loved ones who are still missing in the Birmingham area, call 205-787-1487 or 205-787-1488.

 

-Greater Birmingham Humane Society lost and found pet hotline open 8am to 5pm daily: 205-397-8534. Hotline is for Jefferson and Tuscaloosa counties

 

-Official FEMA mobile disaster recovery center in Sumter county: Geiger Town Hall 201 Broadway

 

-Victims in Pratt City are in need of trash bags and baskets to help collect their personal belongings

 

-Calhoun County needs rope, tools, gloves, masks, tarps, first aid supplies and baby supplies

 

-Some local contractors in Tuscaloosa are offering free debris removal. Call 205-248-5800.

 

-Samaritan's Purse in Tuscaloosa is providing free debris removal and free tarps. Call 205-345-7554.

 

-The McWane Center in Birmingham is offering free admission to anyone who brings supplies for tornado victims.

 

-A dusk to dawn curfew is in effect for all of Cullman County.

 

-An 8pm to 6am curfew is in effect in the city of Tuscaloosa.

De Bovenste Plasmolen is een midden- en bovenslag watermolen te Plasmolen, in de Nederlandse gemeente Mook en Middelaar. Deze korenmolen is in 1725 gebouwd als papiermolen. De molen maakt gebruik van water uit plaatselijke bronnen.

 

In 1944 is de Bovenste Plasmolen door oorlogshandelingen beschadigd. Hierbij is de toenmalige molenaar Fons Verouden door een granaatscherf geraakt en om het leven gekomen. Na zijn dood heeft het ruim 50 jaar geduurd voordat de molen hersteld werd. In 1995 werd hiertoe de Stichting Bovenste Plasmolen 1725 opgericht, die ervoor heeft gezorgd dat de molen in 1999 is hersteld.

 

De Bovenste Plasmolen is bijzonder omdat hij water uit twee molenvijvers op verschillende hoogte kan betrekken, waarbij het water uit de bovenste vijver (gevoed door de Beek van het Groene Water) bovenlangs wordt gevoerd, terwijl het water uit de onderste vijver (gevoed door de bron De Helskuil) vanaf het midden van het waterrad wordt aangevoerd.

 

De Bovenste Plasmolen is maalvaardig en is tijdens de zomermaanden op gezette tijden voor het publiek geopend.

Saviour, He can move the mountains,

My God is Mighty to save,

He is Mighty to save.

 

Forever, Author of salvation,

He rose and conquered the grave,

Jesus conquered the grave.

 

So take me as You find me,

All my fears and failures,

Fill my life again.

 

I give my life to follow

Everything I believe in,

Now I surrender.

 

I have had a very good day. I went to Church today and we sang this song above, and something just took over me. I closed my eyes and listened to the words and repeated them in my head, and i can feel something breaking apart, some sort of metaphoric wall between me and God that i've put up. There are things i need to change about myself. For the better. I am starting this week, i am minimizing flickr. I'll be on Wednesday night and i'll upload monday, tuesday and wednesday. Then Thursday and Friday on Friday adn then the weekend will be normal. I am NOT stopping my 365. I say that a lot, but i'm not. I've signed the contract, i'm running the race. I'm ready to learn. I'm ready to live for God.

This is a set of 2 Danish Modern Chairs I just restored with new Danish Cord.

This is the second pair of chairs I have now done for this customer.

I have probably done 50 Danish Chairs in the last 6 months.

 

Of all the seats I re-weave, Danish Re-Cording creates one of the most beautiful Seats. A new Danish Cord Seat makes the chairs look almost like they did when they were new!

 

Hans Wegner, Moller, and others ~ Little care is needed for these seats. Initially I tell customers to spray several coats of Scotch Guard Spray on them to help keep the cord from absorbing satins. A simple vacuuming once in a while is about all that is ever necessary. Some people want to stain or color these seats, but I always caution against this practice, as it always seems to wear and crack away over time leaving a splotchy look to the seat. I prefer to leave them to age & color on their own.

 

If you would like to see more of my work, please check out my Website at:

www.acaneandwickerfixer.com/

 

To see my Page about Danish Modern Repairs:

www.acaneandwickerfixer.com/danish_cord_weaves.htm

 

Danish, Cord, String, Rope, cane, caning, Splint, Rattan, Hickory,"Hickory Splint", Rustic, Furniture, "Antique Wicker", Woven, Rush, "Fiber Rush", Oregon, Portland, "Portland Oregon",