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Se implementó un programa de intervención primaria para promover el bienestar integral de usuarios y cuidadores, proporcionando estrategias y recursos para abordar necesidades emocionales y desafíos laborales.
HISTORY AND TRADE
Iron implements, particularly weaponry, reveal more about Africa's history over the past millennium than any other type of artefact. Iron is durable, easily portable and was a commodity of considerable intrinsic value, certainly before the large scale importation of metal goods into Africa during the colonial period.
Iron artefacts speak of long-established contacts - whether through warfare, trade or religious pilgrimage - with other cultures both within the continent and throughout Europe, Asia and the Orient. In North and West Africa the designs of weapons from Morocco, Guinea-Bissau and the ancient kingdom of Kongo all reflect a sustained period of cultural exchange with late medieval Europe. The straight-bladed, cross-hilted swords still worn by men on the southern fringes of the Sahara probably derive their form from medieval Arabian swords brought back by the first pilgrims to Mecca. Yet many of these blades carry the hallmarks of great smithies such as Solingen in Germany, and also bear witness to many centuries of trans-Saharan trade with Europe.
In southern Africa, the appearance of iron arrow-heads in place of bone and quartz tells of the coming of Bantu peoples among the indigenous San population, bringing with them a knowledge of iron technology and all its implications.
TRADE WITH EUROPE
Sword blades forged in European smithies such as Solingen in Germany were traded across the Sahara via North Africa from the 13th century, and by the 15th century, Portuguese ports in Mauritania were trading blades to the western Sudan. Various Qur'anic and talismanic inscriptions were then added so that, together with their European hall marks, these heirloom blades represent fascinating, if confusing, historical documents,
1 Sword, sheath and belt
Steel, hide, leather, and glass
Kisongo Maasai people, Tanzania
Late 20th century
The blades of more recently made swords are created by filing down European-made bush knives (pangas) many of which bear the mark of steelsmiths such as Martindale of Birmingham, who manufactured this particular example.
2 Sword (ol alem) and sheath
Iron, hide, glass beadwork
Maasai people, Kenya
Early 20th century
Weapons such as these were forged by Maasai smiths (kunono) and can be distinguished from more recent examples by the raised median ridge which runs the length of the blade.
3 Shield
Hide, silver, and leather
Beja people, Red Sea Province, Sudan
19th century
This shield was probably taken from a Beja warrior by an Ethiopian during Ras Mikael's mid-19th century campaigns on the borders of the Empire. It has been suitably ‘Ethiopianised' by the addition of silver trimming and a circle of amuletic charms sewn around the boss, though the later are more familiar in an Islamic rather than a Christian context.
4 Sword (shotel) and sheath
Steel, horn, leather, iron, brass
Ethiopia, 19th century
The sickle-shaped blade of the shotel signified the high status of its owner. It was designed particularly for use against cavalry and as a means of circumventing the circular shields widely used in the Horn of Africa. Swordsmen known as Shotelai were elite troops in the Ethiopian army.
INSIDE AFRICA
Although African peoples were engaged with other peoples outside the continent in numerous ways, these external Influences were not of paramount Importance in shaping African culture.
Rather, it was an internal dynamism in moulding the great variety of traditions- social, political, military, religious - which formed the history and culture of the continent. Some of this process is reflected in the material culture of different regions.
1 Hunting equipment
San people, southern Africa
19th and 20th century
This San hunting equipment consists of a full size and a miniature quiver, a bow, a stone arrow straightener, detachable bone and iron poisoned arrow heads, and quartz samples used for arrow tips. San quivers were traditionally made by hollowing out branches of the quiver tree (Aloe dichotoma); a hide cap was fitted to each end and a leather carrying strap was attached. The poison used to tip the arrows was usually a combination of plant juices (Euphorbia and Swartsia) and an extract from the Diamphidia beetle. The grooved stone (/kul) was warmed and used for straightening reed arrow shafts.
2 Digging stick
Wood, stone and horn
San people, southern Africa
19th century
Digging sticks were often made of the extremely tough and durable wood of the hop bush (Dodonea viscosa). The San people still use them for many purposes, including digging for water in the dry season. The stick's efficiency may have been increased by additions such as a stone weight halfway down the shaft and a point made of antelope (springbok) horn, as shown in this example.
3 Helmet and jacket
Leather, cloth, and chain mail
Hausa people, northern Nigeria
Early 20th century
The leather panels attached to the helmet would have afforded the wearer some physical protection, but their main function was to act as containers for a range of amuletic objects, including quotations from the Qur'an, and charms to protect the wearer from harm.
4 Breastplate
Brass
South Sotho people, Lesotho
19th century
The Sotho, under their leader Moshweshwe, resisted the Nguni, Boer and British colonial forces during the 19th century, laying the basis for the modern, independent state of Lesotho
ARMS AND ARMOUR
Many fine examples of iron-bladed African weaponry were inevitably acquired by European colonial powers during the late 19th century. These artefacts and the complex traditions which inspired their production were thereafter often ruthlessly suppressed by the colonial authorities in Africa. Shields, helmets and body armour, which were once widely used not only as protection from iron but also as means of declaring ethnic affiliation or of demonstrating status, began to lose their significance.
When initially displayed in the West, African arms and armour were viewed by many as material symbols of the primitive savagery from which the continent was being delivered. To add insult to injury, they were then largely omitted from the serious study and display of African material culture during the post-colonial period, partly through fear of their negative connotations, partly through ignorance of their true social significance and the artistry of their production.
The reverence with which these artefacts continue to be regarded in many African societies today demands a re-evaluation of their past and present use - not just in warfare and hunting, but in ritual, political, magical and religious, economic and even sporting contexts.
FORGED METAL
The miraculous transformation, through fire, of rock into molten metal created the material from which cultural artefacts were forged. Smelting became a metaphor for creation and procreation; in the mythology of some African societies the Creator God is a blacksmith. This mythology invested metal objects including agricultural tools, currency and particularly weaponry, with a special potency. In different ways the smith himself was - and still is - perceived as having magical powers and indulging in secretive practices which set him apart from the rest of the community.
The smelting of metal, often in large and complex furnaces, followed by the forging of the resulting ingots into bladed artefacts may be seen as the high technology of pre-industrial African material culture. In this respect it had much in common with the arms and technology industries of contemporary industrialised societies throughout the world. However, the extraordinary variety of form and embellishment on these artefacts elevates them from the realm of the utilitarian to that of virtuoso artistry and suggests a deeper significance in their function. Contemporary African artists, both female and male, continue to explore and expand these traditions of working in metal.
The mattresses where stuffed with Spanish Moss which needed to be rolled out every morning and took about 2 hours. On many beds, the rolling pin was actually attached to the head board. The cage looking thing was a bed warmer. it would be filled with hot coals and put under the mattress.
Peaking out from under the bed is the chamber pot
Tras la juramentación del alcalde Juan Vargas Valle como presidente del Comité Distrital de Seguridad Ciudadana, se instalaron los miembros CODISEC y los integrantes de la secretaria Técnica de Seguridad Ciudadana. Esto con la finalidad de garantizar la armonía y tranquilidad en el distrito de La Tinguiña.
“…vamos a lograr que La Tinguiña sea un distrito seguro, que los jóvenes dediquen su tiempo en cosas productivas, que la vigilancia de la policía y Serenazgo sea constante mañana, tarde y noche; eso lo garantizo.”
SACRAMENTO, Calif., February 13, 2018
SEIU2015 members and UDH members rally and visit law makers at the state Capitol in opposition to Electronic Visit Verification (EVV) which may be implemented in California in the the future in Sacramento, Calif., February 13, 2018.
Photo by Robert Durell
2021-03-24: On screen (1st row, L-R) H.E. Ambassador Usha Dwarka-Canabady, Permanent Representative of Mauritius/ Coordinator of the African Group at the World Trade Organization; Ms. Tania Rödiger-Vorwerk, Director, Private Sector, Trade, Employment and Digital Technologies, Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development, Germany; Mr. Li Yong, Director-General, United Nation Industrial Development Organization; (2nd row, L-R) H.E. Mr. Alan Kyerematen, Minister of Trade and Industry of Ghana (TBC); Mr. Paul Walters, Director for Trade & Development, UK Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office; Mr. Emmanouil Davradakis, Senior Economist, European Investment Bank; ( 3rd row, L-R) Mr. Solomon Quaynor, Vice President, Industry, Infrastructure, Private Sector and Trade, African Development Bank; Ms. Pamela Coke Hamilton, Executive Director, International Trade Center; Ms. Glwadys Tawema, CEO, Karethic, Benin during the virtual webinar on Implementing the AfCFTA : The Need for Deepening Private Sector Engagement and Commitment.
UN Assistant Secretary-General Thomas Gass provided a critical appraisal of the Summit’s outcome and outlined what needs to be done to implement the new agenda effectively. He also discussed which role the UN system can play in the promotion, implementation and monitoring of the new agenda.
Veranstaltungsinformationen: www.die-gdi.de/veranstaltungen/un-at-70-after-the-summit/
More frequently used items -- and the supply of command strips and bookcase pegs -- go in the top tray. Happiness is achieved.
Baghdad, 05 March 2018 – The Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Sexual Violence in Conflict, Ms. Pramila Patten, with the Secretary-General of the Iraqi Council of Ministers, Dr. Mahdi Al-Alaq, presented today in Baghdad the Draft Implementation plan of the Joint Communique with two High Level focal points and newly established inter-ministerial committee. The ‘Joint Communique’ between the United Nations and the Government of Iraq was signed on 23 September 2016 as a framework of cooperation to prevent and address conflict-related sexual violence committed in the country.
Photos by UNAMI PIO.
Alkhidmat Foundation Pakistan Khyber Pakhtunkhwa chapter has implemented another Clean Drinking Water Project at Village Pishora, district Battagram. Around 50 households will benefit from this project daily.
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times be~rayed the student's moven1ent of this campus in front of the administration. This campus has .
been burted ~eneath the avalanche of their inadequacies for the past three years. .
Most unportantly AISA led JNUSU has been a complete failure in the proper implementation of .
27o/o OBC reservation in admissions and also was unable to check the intake of SC/ST/PH students in .
vario·~s ~cnte1~. Their annual drama of hunger strike for these demands usually ends in compromises and .
negotlattons With the administration. Recently when the so called progressive intellectuals of this country .
expressed their resentment towards SC/ST/OBC/PH reservations for the faculty posts in the Academic .
Council meeting in a highly casteist and JNUSU was the last entity to register a protest. They became .
meek and silent before their ideologues when such important constitutional provisions were openly defied .
by the regressive anti reservation forces. Their so called commitment towards social justice was openly .
ex posed during this issue. .
Moreover. AlSA led JNUSU was a complete failure in resolving issues like removing electric meters .
from Koyna hostel: implementation of 24*7 health facility, hike in prospectus fee, commercialization of .
IHA. etc. In spite of their claims of revolutionary tactics they resorted to negotiations and compromises .
and betrayed studenrs interests in these issues. When the administration rusticated many activists of the .
left during the agitation against hike in prospectus fee they openly diverted the course of the struggle to .
withdraw their rustication and finally submitted their apoiogies. Such naked display of slavery and .
impuissance will not be tolerated in a politically vibrant campus like JNU. We appeal to the student .
community of JNU to overthrow such a burden on our campus. We have to restore the sanctity of JNUSU .
by rejecting the extension of this i1nmoral and anti student AISA led JNUSU. .
THE ROAD AHEAD: STARTING ELECTION PROCESS JS THE ONLY SOLUTION .
NSUI appeals to the students to ensure a democratic culture we need elections not .
extensions. Extension of tenure by illegal means is the characteristic feature of Communist totalitarian .
forces. The} have no value for democracy and during these three years have left no stone unturned to .
hang on to power. Now that AISA has understood that students will not support extensions they have .
come out of their shells saying that they don t want extension [which they had been practicing since the .
last two years]. Better late than never!!!! .
Today the communists of JNU are shouting that they want to approach the Hon'bl Supreme Court for interim relief to lift the ban on JNUSU Elections according to our constitution. But wi!J they tell us why they were spreading panic and misinformation in the campus. On one hand AISA was not coming clear and on the other hand SFI and other communists were saying that they don~t bother about the Supreme Court stay and were ready to suffer any crackdown after the contemp. We wou]d like to ask them what happened to their idea of going against the court. We strongly condemn SFI's false campaign to misguide students in the name of election and their revolutionary clain1s of challenging the Indian constitution. If the devotees of mass murderers like Mao. Stalin, PolPot etc had the guts to challenge the Supreme Court then what slopped them from doing so two years ago? An elected JNUSU is the demand of our times and it is the imperative to fight the anti student administration. We are facing a grave predicament which is restricting us from our basic necessities for higher education; social justice and accessibility of infrastructure. Only a legitimate JNUSU can stand against the administration in this struggle. .
We appeal to the student community to deliberate on this predicament. We suggest that elections should be held in campus as soon as possible. We have to continue our fight against the Lyngdoh committee recommendations and to uphold our JNUSU constitution. Right now the case is referred to a constitution bench and it wjll take at least three four years to get the verdict. So we assert that the most feasible ''ay is to start taking steps towards holding elections by dissolving JNUSU (illegally extended) and con~tituting ECs. Not holding elections will depoliticize the can1pus and wilJ alienate the student community from larger issues of this campus. We appeal the student community to participate in today's UGBI'vf in large numbers and express their views on this issue. .
Jaspratap.
J>remji h tate Council Representative, NSUI-JNU Jai Hind!! State Council Represcntati \'e, NSUI-JNU .
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Interior Sindh is still facing the issue of water scarcity and Alkhidmat Foundation Pakistan is seeking to improve the situation by implementation of different water projects like small hand pumps, submersible water pump in this effected area. In such a similar effort, we have implemented a new small hand pump at Village Donjh Jibran Haider, District Sanghar. This water project is expected to provide clean and pure water for drinking and domestic usage to almost 22 families living in this area.