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Governo do Estado entrega o Pelotão da Polícia Militar e a Delegacia Territorial, pavimentação asfáltica, o Estádio de Futebol Elcydes Piaggio, um trator com implementos agrícolas, um kit para sala de estabilização e um kit odontológico, no município de Ipecaetá.
Fotos: Thuane Maria/GOVBA
Maybe there was more to this than a simple meeting? A modern day implementation of an ancient word of mouth communication system? Not sure.
HISTORY AND TRADE
Iron implements, particularly weaponry, reveal more about Africa's history over the past millennium than any other type of artefact. Iron is durable, easily portable and was a commodity of considerable intrinsic value, certainly before the large scale importation of metal goods into Africa during the colonial period.
Iron artefacts speak of long-established contacts - whether through warfare, trade or religious pilgrimage - with other cultures both within the continent and throughout Europe, Asia and the Orient. In North and West Africa the designs of weapons from Morocco, Guinea-Bissau and the ancient kingdom of Kongo all reflect a sustained period of cultural exchange with late medieval Europe. The straight-bladed, cross-hilted swords still worn by men on the southern fringes of the Sahara probably derive their form from medieval Arabian swords brought back by the first pilgrims to Mecca. Yet many of these blades carry the hallmarks of great smithies such as Solingen in Germany, and also bear witness to many centuries of trans-Saharan trade with Europe.
In southern Africa, the appearance of iron arrow-heads in place of bone and quartz tells of the coming of Bantu peoples among the indigenous San population, bringing with them a knowledge of iron technology and all its implications.
TRADE WITH EUROPE
Sword blades forged in European smithies such as Solingen in Germany were traded across the Sahara via North Africa from the 13th century, and by the 15th century, Portuguese ports in Mauritania were trading blades to the western Sudan. Various Qur'anic and talismanic inscriptions were then added so that, together with their European hall marks, these heirloom blades represent fascinating, if confusing, historical documents,
1 Sword, sheath and belt
Steel, hide, leather, and glass
Kisongo Maasai people, Tanzania
Late 20th century
The blades of more recently made swords are created by filing down European-made bush knives (pangas) many of which bear the mark of steelsmiths such as Martindale of Birmingham, who manufactured this particular example.
2 Sword (ol alem) and sheath
Iron, hide, glass beadwork
Maasai people, Kenya
Early 20th century
Weapons such as these were forged by Maasai smiths (kunono) and can be distinguished from more recent examples by the raised median ridge which runs the length of the blade.
3 Shield
Hide, silver, and leather
Beja people, Red Sea Province, Sudan
19th century
This shield was probably taken from a Beja warrior by an Ethiopian during Ras Mikael's mid-19th century campaigns on the borders of the Empire. It has been suitably ‘Ethiopianised' by the addition of silver trimming and a circle of amuletic charms sewn around the boss, though the later are more familiar in an Islamic rather than a Christian context.
4 Sword (shotel) and sheath
Steel, horn, leather, iron, brass
Ethiopia, 19th century
The sickle-shaped blade of the shotel signified the high status of its owner. It was designed particularly for use against cavalry and as a means of circumventing the circular shields widely used in the Horn of Africa. Swordsmen known as Shotelai were elite troops in the Ethiopian army.
INSIDE AFRICA
Although African peoples were engaged with other peoples outside the continent in numerous ways, these external Influences were not of paramount Importance in shaping African culture.
Rather, it was an internal dynamism in moulding the great variety of traditions- social, political, military, religious - which formed the history and culture of the continent. Some of this process is reflected in the material culture of different regions.
1 Hunting equipment
San people, southern Africa
19th and 20th century
This San hunting equipment consists of a full size and a miniature quiver, a bow, a stone arrow straightener, detachable bone and iron poisoned arrow heads, and quartz samples used for arrow tips. San quivers were traditionally made by hollowing out branches of the quiver tree (Aloe dichotoma); a hide cap was fitted to each end and a leather carrying strap was attached. The poison used to tip the arrows was usually a combination of plant juices (Euphorbia and Swartsia) and an extract from the Diamphidia beetle. The grooved stone (/kul) was warmed and used for straightening reed arrow shafts.
2 Digging stick
Wood, stone and horn
San people, southern Africa
19th century
Digging sticks were often made of the extremely tough and durable wood of the hop bush (Dodonea viscosa). The San people still use them for many purposes, including digging for water in the dry season. The stick's efficiency may have been increased by additions such as a stone weight halfway down the shaft and a point made of antelope (springbok) horn, as shown in this example.
3 Helmet and jacket
Leather, cloth, and chain mail
Hausa people, northern Nigeria
Early 20th century
The leather panels attached to the helmet would have afforded the wearer some physical protection, but their main function was to act as containers for a range of amuletic objects, including quotations from the Qur'an, and charms to protect the wearer from harm.
4 Breastplate
Brass
South Sotho people, Lesotho
19th century
The Sotho, under their leader Moshweshwe, resisted the Nguni, Boer and British colonial forces during the 19th century, laying the basis for the modern, independent state of Lesotho
ARMS AND ARMOUR
Many fine examples of iron-bladed African weaponry were inevitably acquired by European colonial powers during the late 19th century. These artefacts and the complex traditions which inspired their production were thereafter often ruthlessly suppressed by the colonial authorities in Africa. Shields, helmets and body armour, which were once widely used not only as protection from iron but also as means of declaring ethnic affiliation or of demonstrating status, began to lose their significance.
When initially displayed in the West, African arms and armour were viewed by many as material symbols of the primitive savagery from which the continent was being delivered. To add insult to injury, they were then largely omitted from the serious study and display of African material culture during the post-colonial period, partly through fear of their negative connotations, partly through ignorance of their true social significance and the artistry of their production.
The reverence with which these artefacts continue to be regarded in many African societies today demands a re-evaluation of their past and present use - not just in warfare and hunting, but in ritual, political, magical and religious, economic and even sporting contexts.
FORGED METAL
The miraculous transformation, through fire, of rock into molten metal created the material from which cultural artefacts were forged. Smelting became a metaphor for creation and procreation; in the mythology of some African societies the Creator God is a blacksmith. This mythology invested metal objects including agricultural tools, currency and particularly weaponry, with a special potency. In different ways the smith himself was - and still is - perceived as having magical powers and indulging in secretive practices which set him apart from the rest of the community.
The smelting of metal, often in large and complex furnaces, followed by the forging of the resulting ingots into bladed artefacts may be seen as the high technology of pre-industrial African material culture. In this respect it had much in common with the arms and technology industries of contemporary industrialised societies throughout the world. However, the extraordinary variety of form and embellishment on these artefacts elevates them from the realm of the utilitarian to that of virtuoso artistry and suggests a deeper significance in their function. Contemporary African artists, both female and male, continue to explore and expand these traditions of working in metal.
Con el fin de promover e implementar el desarrollo de actividades conjuntas para la interacción y cooperación en investigación básica y aplicada, entre CONICYT y el CONCYTEC, durante 2017 se firmó acuerdo de cooperación entre ambas instituciones, estableciendo un plan de acción, el cual contempla la organización de talleres bilaterales y convocatorias conjuntas.
Objetivo:
Para dar cumplimiento al Plan de Acción acordado por ambas instituciones, en junio de 2018 se realizó el primer taller científico bilateral en Lima, Perú, en las áreas temáticas de Agricultura y Biotecnología.
El segundo ciclo de talleres se realizará en CONICYT, los días lunes 10 y martes 11 de diciembre, de 09:00 a 17:00 horas, en las áreas de Oceanografía y Desastres Naturales, en las dependencias de CONICYT.
El propósito específico de esta actividad es promover las redes de investigadores chilenos con sus contrapartes científicas del Perú. Este taller abordará dos áreas prioritarias para ambos países con gran potencial para la cooperación mutua. Los resultados de esta actividad tienen como objetivo definir líneas de investigación para una próxima convocatoria conjunta entre ambas instituciones.
The mattresses where stuffed with Spanish Moss which needed to be rolled out every morning and took about 2 hours. On many beds, the rolling pin was actually attached to the head board. The cage looking thing was a bed warmer. it would be filled with hot coals and put under the mattress.
Peaking out from under the bed is the chamber pot
Tras la juramentación del alcalde Juan Vargas Valle como presidente del Comité Distrital de Seguridad Ciudadana, se instalaron los miembros CODISEC y los integrantes de la secretaria Técnica de Seguridad Ciudadana. Esto con la finalidad de garantizar la armonía y tranquilidad en el distrito de La Tinguiña.
“…vamos a lograr que La Tinguiña sea un distrito seguro, que los jóvenes dediquen su tiempo en cosas productivas, que la vigilancia de la policía y Serenazgo sea constante mañana, tarde y noche; eso lo garantizo.”
Estamos implementando nuestro carrito de compras, entre tanto, si está interesado en adquirir alguna imagen en alta resolución o impresa, por favor escribanos a pedidos@tool-k.com y recibirá información completa al respecto.
Ex-servicemen on dharna and relay hunger strike at Jantar Mantar for past two months demanding implementation of One Rank One Pension scheme, protest the authorities' move to clear the area of protestors citing security reasons, in New Delhi on Friday.
HITA Team went on 17th of May 2018 to Ghana to implement the new campus WLAN at the University of Ho. Our container arrived, so we can as well support 5 healthcare center in the region with medical equipment.
For more Information check our website: www.hita-ev.org
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