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Implemented by UNDP, the RFS Nigeria project aims to foster sustainability and resilience for food security in Northern Nigeria through addressing key environmental and socioeconomic drivers of food insecurity.
HISTORY AND TRADE
Iron implements, particularly weaponry, reveal more about Africa's history over the past millennium than any other type of artefact. Iron is durable, easily portable and was a commodity of considerable intrinsic value, certainly before the large scale importation of metal goods into Africa during the colonial period.
Iron artefacts speak of long-established contacts - whether through warfare, trade or religious pilgrimage - with other cultures both within the continent and throughout Europe, Asia and the Orient. In North and West Africa the designs of weapons from Morocco, Guinea-Bissau and the ancient kingdom of Kongo all reflect a sustained period of cultural exchange with late medieval Europe. The straight-bladed, cross-hilted swords still worn by men on the southern fringes of the Sahara probably derive their form from medieval Arabian swords brought back by the first pilgrims to Mecca. Yet many of these blades carry the hallmarks of great smithies such as Solingen in Germany, and also bear witness to many centuries of trans-Saharan trade with Europe.
In southern Africa, the appearance of iron arrow-heads in place of bone and quartz tells of the coming of Bantu peoples among the indigenous San population, bringing with them a knowledge of iron technology and all its implications.
TRADE WITH EUROPE
Sword blades forged in European smithies such as Solingen in Germany were traded across the Sahara via North Africa from the 13th century, and by the 15th century, Portuguese ports in Mauritania were trading blades to the western Sudan. Various Qur'anic and talismanic inscriptions were then added so that, together with their European hall marks, these heirloom blades represent fascinating, if confusing, historical documents,
1 Sword, sheath and belt
Steel, hide, leather, and glass
Kisongo Maasai people, Tanzania
Late 20th century
The blades of more recently made swords are created by filing down European-made bush knives (pangas) many of which bear the mark of steelsmiths such as Martindale of Birmingham, who manufactured this particular example.
2 Sword (ol alem) and sheath
Iron, hide, glass beadwork
Maasai people, Kenya
Early 20th century
Weapons such as these were forged by Maasai smiths (kunono) and can be distinguished from more recent examples by the raised median ridge which runs the length of the blade.
3 Shield
Hide, silver, and leather
Beja people, Red Sea Province, Sudan
19th century
This shield was probably taken from a Beja warrior by an Ethiopian during Ras Mikael's mid-19th century campaigns on the borders of the Empire. It has been suitably ‘Ethiopianised' by the addition of silver trimming and a circle of amuletic charms sewn around the boss, though the later are more familiar in an Islamic rather than a Christian context.
4 Sword (shotel) and sheath
Steel, horn, leather, iron, brass
Ethiopia, 19th century
The sickle-shaped blade of the shotel signified the high status of its owner. It was designed particularly for use against cavalry and as a means of circumventing the circular shields widely used in the Horn of Africa. Swordsmen known as Shotelai were elite troops in the Ethiopian army.
INSIDE AFRICA
Although African peoples were engaged with other peoples outside the continent in numerous ways, these external Influences were not of paramount Importance in shaping African culture.
Rather, it was an internal dynamism in moulding the great variety of traditions- social, political, military, religious - which formed the history and culture of the continent. Some of this process is reflected in the material culture of different regions.
1 Hunting equipment
San people, southern Africa
19th and 20th century
This San hunting equipment consists of a full size and a miniature quiver, a bow, a stone arrow straightener, detachable bone and iron poisoned arrow heads, and quartz samples used for arrow tips. San quivers were traditionally made by hollowing out branches of the quiver tree (Aloe dichotoma); a hide cap was fitted to each end and a leather carrying strap was attached. The poison used to tip the arrows was usually a combination of plant juices (Euphorbia and Swartsia) and an extract from the Diamphidia beetle. The grooved stone (/kul) was warmed and used for straightening reed arrow shafts.
2 Digging stick
Wood, stone and horn
San people, southern Africa
19th century
Digging sticks were often made of the extremely tough and durable wood of the hop bush (Dodonea viscosa). The San people still use them for many purposes, including digging for water in the dry season. The stick's efficiency may have been increased by additions such as a stone weight halfway down the shaft and a point made of antelope (springbok) horn, as shown in this example.
3 Helmet and jacket
Leather, cloth, and chain mail
Hausa people, northern Nigeria
Early 20th century
The leather panels attached to the helmet would have afforded the wearer some physical protection, but their main function was to act as containers for a range of amuletic objects, including quotations from the Qur'an, and charms to protect the wearer from harm.
4 Breastplate
Brass
South Sotho people, Lesotho
19th century
The Sotho, under their leader Moshweshwe, resisted the Nguni, Boer and British colonial forces during the 19th century, laying the basis for the modern, independent state of Lesotho
ARMS AND ARMOUR
Many fine examples of iron-bladed African weaponry were inevitably acquired by European colonial powers during the late 19th century. These artefacts and the complex traditions which inspired their production were thereafter often ruthlessly suppressed by the colonial authorities in Africa. Shields, helmets and body armour, which were once widely used not only as protection from iron but also as means of declaring ethnic affiliation or of demonstrating status, began to lose their significance.
When initially displayed in the West, African arms and armour were viewed by many as material symbols of the primitive savagery from which the continent was being delivered. To add insult to injury, they were then largely omitted from the serious study and display of African material culture during the post-colonial period, partly through fear of their negative connotations, partly through ignorance of their true social significance and the artistry of their production.
The reverence with which these artefacts continue to be regarded in many African societies today demands a re-evaluation of their past and present use - not just in warfare and hunting, but in ritual, political, magical and religious, economic and even sporting contexts.
FORGED METAL
The miraculous transformation, through fire, of rock into molten metal created the material from which cultural artefacts were forged. Smelting became a metaphor for creation and procreation; in the mythology of some African societies the Creator God is a blacksmith. This mythology invested metal objects including agricultural tools, currency and particularly weaponry, with a special potency. In different ways the smith himself was - and still is - perceived as having magical powers and indulging in secretive practices which set him apart from the rest of the community.
The smelting of metal, often in large and complex furnaces, followed by the forging of the resulting ingots into bladed artefacts may be seen as the high technology of pre-industrial African material culture. In this respect it had much in common with the arms and technology industries of contemporary industrialised societies throughout the world. However, the extraordinary variety of form and embellishment on these artefacts elevates them from the realm of the utilitarian to that of virtuoso artistry and suggests a deeper significance in their function. Contemporary African artists, both female and male, continue to explore and expand these traditions of working in metal.
Hurricane Shoals Park in Maysville Georgia. Buildings of historical significance are relocated here to protect them.
This is my Capital Implementation Team, Sam in a yellow helmet, and in white helmets, Matt, Helen and Jenny. Dave Candlin, in the yellow helmet is the sites and Premises Manager for WNSC, where this was taken. I don't know what why they've got those expressions - Iwas some distance away when I took the shot.
Implemented by UNDP, the RFS Nigeria project aims to foster sustainability and resilience for food security in Northern Nigeria through addressing key environmental and socioeconomic drivers of food insecurity.
Subway Tile Kitchen for Modern Kitchen Look – The use of subway tile kitchen can be implemented into your modern kitchen construction for making a little sense of traditional kitchen. Yes, this one is the part of traditional way for constructing kitchen. However, since it becomes the...
amepac.org/kitchen/implemented-subway-tile-kitchen-for-mo...
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Addressing climate change requires advanced low-carbon energy technologies. At the Paris Climate Change Conference, twenty countries including China and the United States, agreed to double funding for research and development of clean energy technologies by 2020. Dubbed “Mission Innovation,” their pledge was supported by the “The Breakthrough Energy Coalition” of 27 billionaires committing to invest patient, flexible risk capital for projects which will provide the economic proof points necessary for the mainstream market-driven clean energy economy required for our planetary future.
A crucial aspect of Mission Innovation will be international coordination, as countries navigate incentives to cooperate and fight climate change as well as those to compete for national returns on public investments.
In this seminar, Dr. Varun Sivaram will articulate the major objectives of international partnerships to invest in clean energy technology, review recent progress—especially between the United States and China—and make recommendations for how the world can best leverage the political will displayed in Paris.
Find out more on the event iems.ust.hk/events/event/investing-in-innovation-to-imple...
Evento: Visita às áreas de RNA implementadas no Assentamento Abril Vermelho e Workshop para levantamento de oportunidades de restauração em assentamentos rurais no bioma Amazônico. Cidade: Santa Bárbara do Pará. Data: março de 2024
Foto: Igor Lopes/WRI Brasil
Quevedo, Jueves 15 de diciembre de 2016
BOLETÍN Nº 346
Municipio implementa un nuevo sistema para
que los contribuyentes paguen sus impuestos
El GAD Municipal de Quevedo ha adoptado un nuevo sistema para el pago de impuestos por parte de los contribuyentes. Se denomina la “Red de Pago Facilito”, a través del cual les da mayor facilidad a los usuarios.
Carlos Solano, director financiero, manifestó que en el nuevo sistema forman parte varias cooperativas de ahorros de la localidad, entre ellas, 9 de Octubre, Cacpeco, Quevedo Limitada, Juan Pio Mora y otros lugares, para que los contribuyentes cancelen sus impuestos en la institución más cerca a su domicilio.
El funcionario les recordó a quienes mantienen deudas que no necesariamente tendrán que ir a cumplir con su obligación tributaria en el Municipio, sino hacerlo a través de las entidades mencionadas
En caso de no pagar las deudas atrasadas antes que finalice el 2016, a partir de enero se empezará un proceso de coactiva para el cobro con un recargo adicional que estipula ley, por este motivo Carlos Solano pidió a los usuarios evitar molestias futuras.
Además por medio de la Red de Pago Facilito, también los contribuyentes podrán pagar el impuesto predial desde el primer día laborable de enero del 2017, con el descuento quincenal como lo indica la Ley. “
Con este sistema vamos a evitar la aglomeración de usuarios en las ventanillas de recaudaciones del Municipio. El convenio firmado con la referida red va a tener varios puntos de recaudación en la ciudad, indicó Solano.
Lcdo. Wellington Pazmiño
RELACIONISTA PÚBLICO (E)
Lcdo. José Ortega Garay
Redacción
MoS Ingabire A. discussed the Implementation of the National Graduation Strategy with leaders of Eastern Province|20.03.2023
Here's something I scratched together before our Curriculum Implications for a Technology Enhanced Education System. Just a brief framework
Coach Barn (1884), Sherbrooke Village, Nova Scotia, Canada. (digitized from a slide taken with a Nikon FM in 1985)