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Lighted Farm Implement Parade, Sunnyside, Washington. I am pleasantly surprised how sharp these night photos are considering these shots are hand held and mostly shot at 1/30 and slower shutter speed. IMG_1053
Shot with my D600 and 14-24 Nikor Wide Angle Lens at my friends farm. Post processed in Lightroom and HDR'd in Photomatix Pro. I have a few more that I will upload later, but this is by far my favorite shot.
Persistent URL: digital.lib.muohio.edu/u?/tradecards,4697
Subject (TGM): Women; Caricatures; Puns (Visual works); Wheat; Agricultural machinery & implements; Floor coverings; Dry goods stores;
A farm on the Missouri River bottoms near Huntsdale in Boone County Missouri Notley Hawkins Photography.
©Notley Hawkins
Anne Ackerley, Head, Retirement Group, BlackRock, USA speaking during the Session "Implementing Stakeholder Capitalism 2" at the World Economic Forum, Annual Meeting of the Global Future Councils 2019. Copyright by World Economic Forum / Benedikt von Loebell
Is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe, bordered by Russia to the north and east, Ukraine to the south, Poland to the west, and Lithuania and Latvia to the north. Its capital is Minsk; other major cities include Brest, Grodno (Hrodna), Gomel (Homiel), Mogilev (Mahilyow) and Vitebsk (Viciebsk). Forty percent of the country is forested,[4] and its strongest economic sectors are agriculture and manufacturing.
Until the 20th century, the Belarusians lacked the opportunity to create a distinctive national identity because for centuries the lands of modern-day Belarus belonged to several ethnically different countries, including the Principality of Polotsk, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. After the short-lived Belarusian People’s Republic (1918–19), Belarus became a constituent republic of the Soviet Union, the Byelorussian SSR.
The final unification of Belarusian lands within its modern borders took place in 1939, when the ethnically Belarusian-Russian lands held by the Second Polish Republic (interwar Poland) were annexed into the Soviet Union under the terms of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact,[5] and attached to Soviet Belarus. The territory and its nation were devastated in World War II, during which Belarus lost about a third of its population and more than half of its economic resources;[6] the republic was redeveloped in the post-war years.
The parliament of the republic declared the sovereignty of Belarus on 27 July 1990, and following the collapse of the Soviet Union, Belarus declared independence on 25 August 1991. Alexander Lukashenko has been the country's president since 1994. During his presidency, Lukashenko has implemented Soviet-era policies, such as state ownership of the economy, despite objections from Western governments. Since 2000, Belarus and Russia signed a treaty for greater cooperation, with some hints of forming a Union State.
Most of Belarus's population of 9.85 million reside in the urban areas surrounding Minsk and other oblast (regional) capitals.[7] More than 80% of the population are native Belarusians, with sizable minorities of Russians, Poles and Ukrainians. Since a referendum in 1995, the country has had two official languages: Belarusian and Russian. The Constitution of Belarus does not declare an official religion, although the primary religion in the country is Russian Orthodox Christianity. The second most popular, Roman Catholicism, has a much smaller following by comparison, but both Orthodox and Catholic Christmas and Easter are officially respected as national holidays.
Etymology
The name Belarus derives from the term White Rus, which first appeared in German and Latin medieval literature. The Latin term for the area was Alba Ruthenia. Historically, the country was referred to in English as White Ruthenia. It is also claimed that White Ruthenia describes the area of Eastern Europe populated by Slavic people or the states that occupied the area.[8] The first known use of White Russia to refer to Belarus was in the late-16th century by Englishman Sir Jerome Horsey.[9] During the 17th century, Russian tsars used White Rus', asserting that they were trying to recapture their heritage from the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.[9]
Belarus was named Byelorussia (Russian: Белоруссия) in the days of Russian Empire, and the Russian tsar was usually styled Tsar of All the Russias—Great, Little, and White. Byelorussia was the only Russian language name of the country (its names in other languages such as English being based on the Russian form) until 1991, when the Supreme Soviet of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic decreed by law that the new independent republic should be called Belarus (Беларусь) in Russian and in all other language transcriptions of its name. The change was made to reflect adequately the Belarusian language form of the name.[10]
Accordingly, the name Byelorussia was replaced by Belarus in English,[11] and, to some extent, in Russian (although the traditional name still persists in that language as well); likewise, the adjective Belorussian or Byelorussian was replaced by Belarusian in English (though Russian has not developed a new adjective). Belarusian intelligentsia in the Stalin era attempted to change the name from Byelorussia to a form of Krivia because of the supposed connection with Russia.[12] Some nationalists also object to the name for the same reason.[13][14] However, several popular newspapers published locally still retain the old name of the country in Russian in their names, for example Komsomolskaya Pravda v Byelorussii, which is the localized publication of a popular Russian tabloid. Also, those who wish for Belarus to be reunited with Russia continue to use Byelorussia.[14] Officially, the full name of the country is Republic of Belarus (Рэспубліка Беларусь, Республика Беларусь, Respublika Byelarus')
History
The region that is now modern-day Belarus was first settled by Slavic tribes in the 6th century. They gradually came into contact with the Varangians, a band of warriors consisting of Scandinavians and Slavs from the Baltics.[16] Though defeated and briefly exiled by the local population, the Varangians were later asked to return[16] and helped to form a polity—commonly referred to as the Kievan Rus'—in exchange for tribute. The Kievan Rus' state began in about 862 around the city of Kiev or alternatively around the present-day city of Novgorod,
Upon the death of Kievan Rus' ruler, Prince Yaroslav the Wise, the state split into independent principalities. These Ruthenian principalities were badly affected by a Mongol invasion in the 13th century, and many were later incorporated into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Of the principalities held by the Duchy, nine were settled by ancestors of the Belarusian people. During this time, the Duchy was involved in several military campaigns, including fighting on the side of Poland against the Teutonic Knights at the Battle of Grunwald in 1410; the joint victory allowed the Duchy to control the northwestern border lands of Eastern Europe.
On 2 February 1386, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland were joined in a personal union through a marriage of their rulers. This union set in motion the developments that eventually resulted in the formation of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, created in 1569. The Russians, led by Tsar Ivan the III, began military conquests in 1486 in an attempt to acquire the Kievan Rus' lands, specifically the territories of modern day Belarus and Ukraine. Despite Russian attempts at conquest, the territories of modern day Belarus remained an integral part of the Polish-Lithuanina Commonwealth for over 400 years, with the local traditions and languages being supported by the Polish Crown. The union between Poland and Lithuania ended in 1795 with the partitioning of Poland by Imperial Russia, Prussia, and Austria.During this time the territories of modern day Belarus were acquired by the Russian Empire, under the reign of Catherine II and held until their occupation by German Empire during World War I.
During the negotiations of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, Belarus first declared independence on 25 March 1918, forming the Belarusian People’s Republic. The Germans supported the BPR, which lasted for about ten months. Soon after the Germans were defeated, the BPR fell under the influence of the Bolsheviks and the Red Army and became the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic in 1919. After Russian occupation of eastern and northern Lithuania, it was merged into the Lithuanian–Belorussian Soviet Socialist Republic. Following the Polish–Soviet War the lands of modern day Belarus were split between Poland and the Soviet Union, and the recreated Byelorussian SSR became a founding member of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in 1922.
A set of agricultural reforms, culminating in the Belarusian phase of Soviet collectivization, began in the 1920s. A process of rapid industrialization was undertaken during the 1930s, following the model of Soviet five-year plans.
In 1939, West Belarus, the territory of modern day Belarus that Poland had acquired from the Soviets pursuant to Treaty of Riga two decades earlier, was annexed by the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic. The area was a part of the territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union as a result of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact and Soviet invasion of Poland in 1939. The decision was made by the Soviet controlled Belarusian People Council on October 28, 1939 in Białystok
Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union in 1941 – the Brest Fortress in western Belarus receiving one of the fiercest of the war's opening blows, with its notable defense in 1941 coming to be remembered as an act of heroism in countering the German aggression. Statistically, Byelorussia was the hardest hit Soviet Republic in the war and remained in Nazi hands until 1944. During that time, Germany destroyed 209 out of 290 cities in the republic, 85% of the republic's industry, and more than one million buildings. Casualties were estimated to between two and three million (about a quarter to one-third of the total population), while the Jewish population of Byelorussia was devastated during the Holocaust and never recovered. The population of Belarus did not regain its pre-war level until 1971. After the war ended, Byelorussia was officially among the 51 founding countries of the United Nations Charter in 1945. Intense post-war reconstruction was initiated promptly. During this time, the Byelorussian SSR became a major center of manufacturing in the western region of the USSR, increasing jobs and bringing an influx of ethnic Russians into the republic. The borders of Byelorussian SSR and Poland were redrawn to a point known as the Curzon Line.
Joseph Stalin implemented a policy of Sovietization to isolate the Byelorussian SSR from Western influences. This policy involved sending Russians from various parts of the Soviet Union and placing them in key positions in the Byelorussian SSR government. The official use of the Belarusian language and other cultural aspects were limited by Moscow. After Stalin died in 1953, successor Nikita Khrushchev continued this program, stating, "The sooner we all start speaking Russian, the faster we shall build communism." The Byelorussian SSR was significantly exposed to nuclear fallout from the explosion at the Chernobyl power plant in neighboring Ukrainian SSR in 1986. In June 1988 at the rural site of Kurapaty near Minsk, archaeologist Zianon Pazniak, the leader of Christian Conservative Party of the BPF, discovered mass graves which contained about 250,000 bodies of victims executed in 1937–1941. Some nationalists contend that this discovery is proof that the Soviet government was trying to erase the Belarusian people, causing Belarusian nationalists to seek independence.
Two years later, in March 1990, elections for seats in the Supreme Soviet of the Byelorussian SSR took place. Though the pro-independence Belarusian Popular Front took only 10% of the seats, the populace was content with the selection of the delegates. Belarus declared itself sovereign on 27 July 1990, by issuing the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic. With the support of the Communist Party, the country's name was changed to the Republic of Belarus on 25 August 1991. Stanislav Shushkevich, the Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of Belarus, met with Boris Yeltsin of Russia and Leonid Kravchuk of Ukraine on 8 December 1991, in Belavezhskaya Pushcha to formally declare the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the formation of the Commonwealth of Independent States. A national constitution was adopted in March 1994, in which the functions of prime minister were given to the president.
Two-round elections for the presidency (24 June 1994 and 10 July 1994) resulted in the politically unknown Alexander Lukashenko winning more than 45% of the vote in the first round and 80% in the second round, beating Vyacheslav Kebich who got 14%. Lukashenko was reelected in 2001 and in 2006.
Geography
Belarus is landlocked, relatively flat, and contains large tracts of marshy land. According to a 2005 estimate by the United Nations, 40% of Belarus is covered by forests. Many streams and 11,000 lakes are found in Belarus. Three major rivers run through the country: the Neman, the Pripyat, and the Dnepr. The Neman flows westward towards the Baltic sea and the Pripyat flows eastward to the Dnepr; the Dnepr flows southward towards the Black Sea. Belarus's highest point is Dzyarzhynskaya Hara (Dzyarzhynsk Hill) at 345 metres (1,132 ft), and its lowest point is on the Neman River at 90 metres (295 ft). The average elevation of Belarus is 525 feet (160 m) above sea level. The climate ranges from harsh winters, with average January temperatures at −6 °C (21.2 °F), to cool and moist summers with an average temperature of 18 °C (64.4 °F). Belarus has an average annual rainfall of 550 to 700 mm (21.7 to 27.6 in). The country experiences a yearly transition from a continental climate to a maritime climate.
Belarus's natural resources include peat deposits, small quantities of oil and natural gas, granite, dolomite (limestone), marl, chalk, sand, gravel, and clay. About 70% of the radiation from neighboring Ukraine's 1986 Chernobyl nuclear disaster entered Belarusian territory, and as of 2005 about a fifth of Belarusian land (principally farmland and forests in the southeastern provinces) continues to be affected by radiation fallout. The United Nations and other agencies have aimed to reduce the level of radiation in affected areas, especially through the use of caesium binders and rapeseed cultivation, which are meant to decrease soil levels of caesium-137.
Belarus is bordered by Latvia on the north, Lithuania to the northwest, Poland to the west, Russia to the north and east and Ukraine to the south. Treaties in 1995 and 1996 demarcated Belarus's borders with Latvia and Lithuania, but Belarus failed to ratify a 1997 treaty establishing the Belarus-Ukraine border. Belarus and Lithuania ratified final border demarcation documents in February 2007.
Other Info
Oficial name:
Рэспубліка Беларусь/ Respublika Biełaruś
Республика Беларусь/Respublika Belarus
Independence:
Declared July 27, 1990
- Established August 25, 1991
- Completed December 25, 1991
Area:
207.600 km2
Inhabitants:
10.500.000
Languages:
беларуская мова, "Biełaruskaja mova" and русский (Russien)
Belarusan [bel] 6,715,000 in Belarus (2001 Johnstone and Mandryk). Population total all countries: 9,081,102. Also spoken in Azerbaijan, Canada, Estonia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Poland, Russia (Europe), Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, USA, Uzbekistan. Alternate names: Belarusian, Belorussian, Bielorussian, White Russian, White Ruthenian, Byelorussian. Dialects: Northeast Belarusan (Polots, Viteb-Mogilev), Southwest Belarusan (Grodnen-Baranovich, Slutsko-Mozyr, Slutska-Mazyrski), Central Belarusan. Linguistically between Russian and Ukrainian, with transitional dialects to both. Classification: Indo-European, Slavic, East
Capital city:
Minsk
Meaning of the country name:
From Belarusian, meaning "White Rus'", "White Ruthenia". Formerly known as Byelorussia, a transliteration from the Russian name meaning "White Russia". (See Russia below.) The name changed after the collapse of the Soviet Union to emphasize the historic and ongoing separate distinctness of the nations of Belarus and Russia. (See Belarus: Name for more.) The exact original meaning conveyed by the term "Bela" or 'White' remains uncertain. Early cultures commonly employed the concept of "whiteness" as representing the qualities of freedom, purity, or nobility. On the other hand, it may simply have originated as a totem color of convenience. Note that part of the western territory of modern Belarus historically bore the name of "Chernarossija" or 'Black Rus'. The term "Black" most commonly applied to landscapes featuring especially rich and productive soils. How this may reflect on the origin of the term 'White Rus' remains as yet unexplored. Yet another region in present-day western Ukraine historically had the name "Red Russia" or "Red Ruthenia". Note also that colors represented cardinal directions in Mongol and Tatar culture.
Description Flag:
The flag does not differ significantly from the flag of the Byelorussian SSR, other than the removal of the hammer and sickle and the red star, and the reversal of red and white in the hoist pattern. The standards of how to make the national flag are laid out in a document, numbered РСТ Беларуси 911-91.
The red color of the flag signifies the past history of Belarus, as the color used by the Belarusian forces at the Battle of Grunwald, and of the Red Army when they were fighting Nazi Germany during World War II. Green stands for the bright future ahead of Belarus, and also represents the many forests located in the country. While the colors of the flag are red, green, and white, the exact shades have not been determined by either law or decree. The publication Album des pavillons nationaux et des marques distinctives gave an estimate of what the colors are in the Pantone color process
Coat of arms:
Design
In the center of the emblem sits a green outline of Belarus, superimposed over the rays of a golden sun. The sun is partially covered by a globe, with the landmass (part of Eurasia) in purple and waters in blue. Lining the left and right sides of the emblem are stalks of wheat, superimposed with flowers. Clovers adorn the left wheat stalks; flax flowers adorn the right. Wrapped around the wheat stalks is a red and green ribbon bearing the colors of the flag of Belarus; the ribbon meets at the base of the emblem, where the name Republic of Belarus (Рэспублiка Беларусь) is inscribed in gold in the Belarusian language. At the top of the emblem rests a five-pointed red star. The designer of the emblem is not known.
Symbolism
The elements that comprise the state emblem are not tied to any "official" symbolism. It has been suggested that the emblem signifies the "historical adherence of the Belarusian people to constructive labor, their faith in the triumph of justice, and attainment of a worthy place in the world community." The design of the emblem of the Byelorussian SSR was used as the basis for the current Belarusian emblem; the primary difference between the two is that the Byelorussian SSR emblem contains certain references to Communism, such as the Communist symbol of hammer and sickle, which the modern emblem does not.
National Anthem: Мы, беларусы , My Belarusy
Мы, беларусы - мірныя людзі,
Сэрцам адданыя роднай зямлі,
Шчыра сябруем, сілы гартуем
Мы ў працавітай, вольнай сям'і.
Прыпеў:
Слаўся, зямлі нашай светлае імя,
Слаўся, народаў братэрскі саюз!
Наша любімая маці-Радзіма,
Вечна жыві і квітней, Беларусь!
Разам з братамі мужна вякамі
Мы баранілі родны парог,
У бітвах за волю, бітвах за долю
Свой здабывалі сцяг перамог!
Прыпеў
Дружба народаў - сіла народаў -
Наш запаветны, сонечны шлях.
Горда ж узвіся ў ясныя высі,
Сцяг пераможны - радасці сцяг!
Прыпеў
Transliteration
My, Biełarusy – mirnyja ludzi,
Sercam addanyja rodnaj ziamli.
Ščyra siabrujem, siły hartujem
My ŭ pracavitaj, volnay siamji!
Chorus:
Słaŭsia ziamli našaj śvietłaje imia,
Słaŭsia, narodaŭ braterski sajuz!
Naša lubimaja maci-Radzima,
Večna žyvi i kvitniey, Biełaruś!
Razam z bratami mužna viakami
My baranili rodny paroh,
Ŭ bitvach za volu, bitvach za dolu
Svoj zdabyvali ściah pieramoh!
Chorus
Družba narodaŭ – siła narodaŭ –
Naš zapavietny, soniečny šlach.
Horda ž uzvijsia ŭ jasnyja vysi,
Ściah pieramožny – radaści ściah!
Chorus
English
We, Belarusians, are peaceful people,
Whole-heartedly devoted to our Motherland.
We are faithful friends, growing up and
Living in a hardworking and independent family.
Refrain
Glory to the blessed name of our land!
Glory to the brotherly union of peoples!
Long live and prosper,
Our beloved Motherland – Belarus!
Together with our brothers, for centuries we
Courageously defended our home’s threshold.
We won our banners of victory
In battles for freedom and our lot!
Refrain
Peoples’ friendship is peoples’ strength and
Our sacred sunlit way.
Fly proudly in the clear skies,
The banner of victory, the banner of sunshine!
Refrain
Internet Page:
Belarus in diferent languages
eng | cym | jav | swa: Belarus
ast | eus | glg: Bielorrusia
crh | gag: Belarus / Беларусь
dsb | hsb: Běłoruska
kaa | uzb: Belarus / Беларусь; Belorussiya / Белоруссия
kin | run: Belaruse
roh-enb | roh-gri: Bielorussia; Russia alba
roh-eno | roh-srs: Bielorussia; Russia alva
afr: Wit-Rusland; Belo-Rusland
arg: Belarrusia; Belorrusia; Bielorrusia
aze: Belarusiya / Беларусија; Belarus / Беларус
bam: Biyelɔrisi
bos: Bjelorusija / Бјелорусија
bre: Byelarus
cat: Bielorússia
ces: Bělorusko; Bílá Rus
cor: Belarussi
csb: Biôłorëskô
dan: Belarus; Hviderusland
deu: Weißrussland / Weißruſsland; Belarus / Belarus
epo: Belorusujo; Belorusio; Belarusio
est: Valgevene
fao: Hvítarussland
fin: Valko-Venäjä
fra: Belarus; Bélarus; Biélorussie
frp: Bièlorussie
fry: Wyt-Ruslân
fur: Bielorussie; Russie Blancje
gla: A’ Bhealaruis; Bealaruis; Bealoruisia
gle: An Bhealarúis / An Ḃealarúis
glv: Yn Velaroosh
hat: Byelorisi
hrv: Bjelorusija; Bjelarus
hun: Belarusz; Fehéroroszország
ina: Bielorussia; Belarus
ind: Belarus / بيلاروس; Belarusia / بيلاروسيا
isl: Hvíta-Rússland
ita: Bielorussia; Russia Bianca
jnf: Bêlarus
kal: Hvideruslandi
kmr: Bêlorûsî / Белор’уси / بێلۆڕووسی
kur: Rûsyaya Spî / رووسیایا سپی
lat: Russia Alba; Ruthenia Alba; Bielorussia
lav: Baltkrievija
lim: Wit-Rösland
lin: Bielorusia
lit: Gudija; Baltarusija
lld-bad: Bieloruscia; Ruscia Blanćia
lld-grd: Bieloruscia; Ruscia Blancia
ltz: Wäissrussland / Wäiſsruſsland; Belarus / Belarus
mlg: Belarosia
mlt: Bjelorussja; Belarus
mol: Belorusia / Белорусия; Belarus / Беларус
mri: Pērara
msa: Belarus / بيلاروس
nds: Wittrussland / Wittruſsland
nld: Wit-Rusland
nno: Kviterussland
nob: Hviterussland
nrm: Blaunche-Russie
oci: Bielorussia; Belarus
pol: Białoruś
por: Bielorrússia; Bielo-Rússia; Belarus
que: Bilarus
rmy: Belarus / बेलारुस
ron: Bielorusia; Belarus
rup: Arusia albã
scn: Bielorussia
slk: Bielorusko
slo: Belarusia / Беларусиа; Belaruszem / Беларусзем
slv: Belorusija
sme: Vilges-Ruošša
smg: Baltarosėjė
smo: Pelarusi
spa: Belarús; Bielorrusia; Rusia Blanca
sqi: Bjellorusia
srd: Bielorrùssia; Belarùs
swe: Vitryssland
szl: Bjouoruś
tet: Bielorúsia
tgl: Belorusya; Bielorusya
ton: Pelālusi
tuk: Belarus / Беларусь; Belorusiýa / Белорусия
tur: Beyaz Rusya; Belarus
vie: Bê-la-rút
vol: Vieta-Rusän
vor: Valgõvinne
wln: Belaruss
wol: Belaarus
zza: Rusya Sıpiye; Belarus
chu: Бѣла Рѹсь (Běla Rusĭ)
alt | kir | kjh | kom | krc | kum | rus | tyv | udm: Беларусь (Belarus'); Белоруссия (Belorussija)
che | chv: Беларусь (Belarus'); Белорусси (Belorussi)
abq: Беларусь (Bełarus'); Белоруссия (Bełorussija)
bak: Беларусь / Belarus; Белоруссия / Belorussiya
bel: Беларусь / Biełaruś
bul: Беларус (Belarus)
chm: Беларусь (Belarus'); Белоруссий (Belorussij)
kaz: Беларусь / Belarws / بەلارۋس; Белоруссия / Belorwssïya / بەلورۋسسيا
kbd: Беларусь (Belarus'); Белоруссие (Belorussie)
mkd: Белорусија (Belorusija)
mon: Беларусь (Belarus'); Белорус (Belorus)
oss: Белорусси (Belorussi)
srp: Белорусија / Belorusija
tat: Беларусь / Belarus; Белоруссия / Belorussiä
tgk: Беларус / بلروس / Belarus; Белоруссия / بلاروسیه / Belorussija
ukr: Білорусь (Bilorus')
xal: Белорус (Belorus)
ara: بيلاروسيا (Bīlārūsiyā); روسيا البيضاء (Rūsiyā l-Bayḍāʾ); بيلوروسيا (Bīlūrūsiyā); بيلاروس (Bīlārūs); بييلوروسيا (Biyīlūrūsiyā); بلاروس (Bilārūs)
fas: روسیۀ سفید (Rūsīye-ye Sefīd); بیلاروس (Biyelārūs); بیلوروس (Biyelorūs); بلوروسی (Belorūsī); بلاروسی (Belārūsī); بلاروس (Belārūs)
prs: بیلاروس (Bēlārūs); بیلوروسیه (Bēlōrūsiyâ)
pus: بېلاروس (Belārūs); سپين روس (Spīn Rūs); بېلوروسيه (Belorūsiyâ)
uig: بېلورۇسسىيە / Bélorussiye / Белоруссия
urd: بیلاروس (Belārūs); بیلارس (Belārus)
div: ބެލަރުސް (Belarus); ބެލާރުސް (Belārus)
syr: ܪܘܣܝܐ ܚܘܪܐ (Rūsiyā Ḥwarā); ܒܠܪܘܣ (Belarūs)
heb: רוסיה הלבנה (Rûsyah ha-Ləṿanah); בלרוס (Belarûs); בלארוס (Belârûs); בילרוס / ביילרוס (Byelarûs); ביילארוס (Byelârûs); בילורוסיה / ביילורוסיה (Byelôrûsyah)
lad: בילארוס / Belarus
yid: װײַסרוסלאַנד (Vaysrusland); בעלאָרוסיע (Belorusye)
amh: ቤላሩስ (Belarus); ቤሎሩሲያ (Belorusiya); ቤሎራሻ (Beloraša)
ell-dhi: Λευκορωσία (Leykorōsía)
ell-kat: Λευκορωσσία (Leykorōssía); Λευκορωσία (Leykorōsía)
hye: Բելառուս (Belaṙous)
kat: ბელარუსი (Belarusi); ბელორუსია (Belorusia)
mar | san: बेलारूस (Belārūs)
hin: बेलारूस (Belārūs); बायलोरूस (Bāylorūs)
nep: बेलारुस (Belārus)
ben: বেলারুস (Belārus); বেলারুশ (Belāruš); বেলোরুশিয়া (Belorušiyā)
pan: ਬੇਲਾਰੂਸ (Belārūs)
kan: ಬೆಲಾರೂಸ್ (Belārūs)
mal: ബെലറൂസ് (Belaṟūs)
tam: பெலாரஸ் (Pelāras); பெலாருஸ் (Pelārus); பெலாரூஸ் (Pelārūs)
tel: బెలారస్ (Belāras)
zho: 白俄羅斯/白俄罗斯 (Bái'éluōsī)
jpn: ベラルーシ (Berarūshi)
kor: 벨라루스 (Bellaruseu)
mya: ဘီလာရုဇ္ (Bʰilaẏúz)
tha: เบลารุส (Bēlārut)
lao: ເບລາລຸດ (Bēlālut)
khm: បេឡារុស្ស (Beḷāruss); បែឡារូស (Bæḷārūs)
chr: ᏇᎳᎷᏒ / Quelalusv
www.eaue.de/winuwd/47.htm Abstract:
Vienna waste management policy has taken important steps towards the installation of separated collection systems since the beginning of the 1990s. Although the effects of separate collection had been underestimated for a long time, new strategies in the field of waste minimization and recycling have been implemented with considerable success. For example in 1994 (and for the first time) the quantity of household mixed waste did not increase in the City of Vienna. The following years, however, again showed an increase in municipal solid waste. In 1998 the increase in mixed household waste was once again nearly stopped but the quantity of recyclable waste continued to rise. The combination of recycling, incineration, and dumping practices is still aiming at the best possible ecological standards. The new policy is a remarkable achievement for the following reasons:
waste minimization principles have become an essential part of waste management;
waste management is focusing on the best ecological standards;
special attention is given to the limitation of waste dumping;
rapid progress has been made with organic waste and waste-to-energy systems;
the exploitation of material flow is regarded as an activity of increasing importance.
Concept and aims
For far too long the management of the economy has been marked by a narrow focus on the production of goods, their supply and consumption, while waste management has been dealt with secondarily and in isolation. Waste management has previously not been regarded as an operational tool that is able to influence the flow of materials and substances. Now, in order to achieve a sustainable waste policy, the principles of waste management have to be re-examined and upgraded. The aim should be to establish ecological products and services for each waste fraction. In 1998 Vienna’s waste volume in terms of mixed household waste did not keep growing as it had during previous years. This was the result of a waste management policy that started to tackle the different types of waste with new approaches. A basic principle of ecological waste management is the requirement that any waste that can neither be avoided nor recycled must be pre-treated in such a way that it is not a future environmental burden nor does it cause major costs in terms of monitoring and supervision of permanent disposal sites.
In 1999 the Vienna waste concept included the following strategies for waste minimization:
analysis of further potentials for waste-avoidance;
further exploitation of re-use of waste, including the splitting of mixed waste
and the improvement of separated collection practices,
setting up of new information and consultancy activities;
new purchasing policy for waste-reduction;
intensification of cooperation with industries in order to promote a sustainable economy.
The minimization strategies work with the following principles:
continuous analysis of the potential for a closed-cycle policy for each waste fraction;
further extension of the separated collection systems;
measures for increasing the acceptance of recycled products;
new pricing policy for landfill sites;
incineration should be less costly than dumping;
incinerated waste should be less costly than ordinary waste;
extension of the district heating distribution network;
the reutilization of construction and demolition waste should be optimized by new control instruments like an excavation database, a balancing policy of excavation and refilling, and inclusion of environmental standards in the public building sector.
Implementation
Vienna waste management initiatives have generally concentrated on waste-prevention (KLIP-Program) and on other special fields such as maintenance, reuse and education, as well as on recovering organic and building waste. Vienna has been able to show substantial improvements in these areas.
Waste Prevention
Waste prevention programs emphasize PR campaigns supported by various publications that for example explain how and where appliances can be repaired or where products and services can be rented. Further information illustrates how things can be reused and how wastes can better be handled. A next step is to develop information concerning specific waste prevention techniques for application in private households.
In 1995 the City launched the Viennese Climate Protection Program (KLIP) to develop guidelines for a climate protection action plan. This process involved more than 300 people from over 150 departments in Vienna’s administration as well as municipal services and external organizations.
Prioritizing feasibility, KLIP has developed 35 different measures regarding energy, traffic, and procurement and waste management efforts. Altogether these are expected to result in a reduction of 25% in carbon dioxide emissions per capita per year. While the ambitious Climate Alliance goal of a 50% reduction is desirable, it can not practically be achieved by the year 2010: Vienna has already reduced its annual emissions to about 5.4 tons of carbon dioxide per capita (compared to Frankfurt with its 13.8 !), and therefor does not have the same large opportunities for further reductions as other large European cities.
To move away from “end of the pipe” technologies and toward precautionary and preventive strategies, Vienna launched the project for environmentally sound public procurement (ÖKOKAUF WIEN). Introduced in 1998 with the help of about 200 experts, this project has developed criteria for procurement in areas such as construction, house-keeping and cleaning, electrical appliances, paper and printing services, food services, and water and lighting systems.
Also important is the Vienna EcoBusiness Plan that deals with the implementation of environmental initiatives through working with professional consultants to assist environmental initiatives in private companies and institutions. This Plan involves four special prevention and waste management programs: EMAS, Ecoprofit, Companies in the Climate Alliance, and Eco-Label Tourism.
Organic waste management
Organic waste management had already been established in Vienna by 1956, when the first organic waste composting plant went into operation. However, in 1981 this policy had to be abandoned as the compost -- which was produced from residual waste -- had become too polluted. Nevertheless, the idea was again pursued when separate collection systems were introduced.
After organic waste bin prototypes proved to be promising, the City of Vienna started research into a suitable method of composting. Between 1988 and 1990 developments concentrated on de-composting processes, and on the quality of finished products. In addition, possibilities for using artificially aerated de-composting systems were tested.
The new Lobau composting plant is located in an open area of 5.2 hectares. The process of de-composting takes between six and ten months, through which the waste is converted into humus. This resulting compost is mainly used at municipally-owned agricultural sites or distributed to Vienna residents for use in their gardens. In 1998 nearly 26,000 tons of first class compost were produced and sent on to farms and gardens. A second plant was developed at Schafflerhof in 1993 to manage the increasing volume of separately collected organic waste.
The basic policy of Viennese organic waste management is to produce first class compost with the lowest possible content of heavy metals and other impurities. It must be guaranteed that the compost is suitable for applications in organic farming.
Waste-to-energy policy and the Vienna incineration systems
At present there are three plants in Austria licensed to burn household wastes. There are two plants in Vienna, which in 1998 incinerated a total volume of 430,400 tons compared to a total waste quantity of 872,000 tons.
Waste-to-energy production covered 21.9% of Vienna’s district heating requirements (Spittelau, Flötzersteig, and EbS). The district heating network is 800 km in total length and it provides heating for more than 180,000 households and an additional 4,000 industrial customers.
The waste-treatment company Entsorgungsbetriebe Simmering (EbS) was founded in the 1970s in the 11th District of Vienna. Simmering processes 75,000 tons of hazardous waste per year and operates two rotary kilns for incinerating such wastes, with a combined capacity of 70,000 tons per year. Daily between 3,000 and 4,000 cubic meters of sewage sludge from Vienna’s main treatment plant are thickened to a dry matter with a water content of 35% and then incinerated at a temperature of 850° C in three fluidized bed kilns. Instead of using fuel oil to burn the sewage sludge, a special waste (organic liquids that are processed from non-recyclable packaging wastes) is burned as this has a higher thermal value. As the plants are equipped with flue gas purification and other automatically controlled systems, the level of dioxin does not exceed the values permissible under law. Activated carbon filters have also been installed and have been in operation since 1992 for the further removal of dioxins.
This treatment process is currently regarded as an exemplary model.
Results and Impacts
The Vienna waste collection system has installed approximately 200, 000 containers for household waste. For special collections there are 153,600 containers in use of which 77,900 are for paper, 43,400 are for organics, 17,600 are for glass, 8,500 are for plastics, and 6,200 are for metals.
With regard to organic waste, the City of Vienna has made rapid progress in implementing its ordinances. The 43,400 containers for organic waste have been installed at more than 16,000 locations across the city. In 1988 the organic waste project started with only 726 containers. On average there are 162 containers per square kilometer of developed urban area.
In Vienna the average distance to the nearest container is less than 60 meters and in highly built up districts the system is even better with an average distance of less than 20 meters to the nearest organic bin. There is no extra levy on organic wastes. In 1998 the volume of collected organic waste amounted to 90,000 tons.
In the waste-to-energy sector the City of Vienna can also rely on a progressive infrastructure for district heating. In 1998 70.2% of district heating was produced by combined power and heat systems, 21.9% came from waste incineration and only 7.9% from the regional power grid (Verbundnetz). This policy led to a savings of 70% of primary energy sources -- which is equivalent to about 271 million kilograms of heating oil. The savings in CO2 emissions is 873,000 tons per annum.
In 1998 49% of the waste was incinerated, 40% of the waste recycled, and 11% of the waste land-filled.
Actors and Structures
Department No. 48 of the Vienna municipal authority is responsible for waste management policy as well as urban clean-ups and the waste collection fleet. In 1998 the authority had a staff of 3,377.
The incineration plants at Spittelau and Flötzersteig are operated by Fernwärme Wien GmbH, a private company which originated from the municipal utilities and whose core business is district-heating. The plants are owned by the City of Vienna. The incineration plant for special waste is operated by the private company Simmering GmbH.
Source of Information
Personal communication with Dipl.-Ing. Helmut Löffler, Senatsrat Wien, 1999.
Spet, Gerhardt 1995: Das Wiener Abfallwirtschaftskonzept.
Spet, Gerhardt 1998: Das Wiener Abfallwirtschaftskonzept: Abfallentwicklung - Überblick - Ausblick, in: Perspektiven, Nr.1, S. 5-8.
Lukesch, Heinz 1995: Die Wiener Abfallverbrennungssysteme, in: Perspektiven, Nr.1, S. 14-19.
Stanke, Herbert 1995: Der Wiener Weg der Rauchgasreinigung nach Abfallverbrennungsanlagen, in: Perspektiven, Nr.1, S. 20-23.
Gilnreiner, Gerhard 1995: Deponien der Zukunft - Modelle und Visionen, in: Perspektiven, Nr.1, S. 26-28.
Rogalski, Wojciech 1995: Theorie und Praxis einer modernen Bioabfallwirtschaft oder die Möglichkeit, Kreisläufe zu schliessen, in: Perspektiven, Nr.1, S. 33-37.
Zika, Adalbert 1995: Strom aus Deponiegas, in: Perspektiven, Nr.1, S. 38-42.
Redl, Walter 1995: im Bereich der Wiederverwertung Ein Beispiel aus Wien, in: Perspektiven, Nr.1, S. 43-47.
Löffler, Helmut 1995: Improvement of Air Quality by Waste Incineration in Vienna, in: EA.UE, (ed.), Urban Environmental Improvements in Vienna’s 7th District. Conference of Central European Metropoles, Berlin, pp. 32-38.
Krobath, Phillip 1999: Fernwärme Wien GmbH - Chemistry & Environment,: private communications.
Engler, Carola 1999: Entsorgungsbetriebe Simmering - Public Relations.: private communications.
Municipal Department 22, 1999: News on Vienna’s environmental and urban technologies - Environmental protection: The City of Vienna’s climate protection program, pp. 13-16.
Contact:
Name:Löffler
Firstname:Helmut
Telefon:++43 / 1 / 4000 88 211
Telefax:++43 / 1 / 4000 88 215
Address:Helmut Löffler
Head of the Department for
Environmental Protection
Leiter der Magistratsabteilung
MA 22 Umweltschutz
A - 1082 Wien
20 May 2019 - TALK TOGETHER
Session : The Male Disadvantage in Education
Speakers : Camilla Stoltenberg, Director-General, Norwegian Institute of Public Health; Head, Norwegian National Commission on Gender Equality in Education
With ** Francesca Borgonovi, Senior Analyst, Policy Advice and Implementation, Directorate for Education and Skills, OECD
OECD Headquarters, Paris.
Photo : © Hervé Cortinat / OECD
A rural farm under a cloudy moonlit sky near McBaine in Boone County Missouri by Notley Hawkins Photography. Taken on a cool August summer's evening with a Canon EOS 5D Mark III camera with a EF16-35mm f/2.8L USM lens. Colored gels were used with an exposure of 128 seconds.
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©Notley Hawkins
Lighted Farm Implement Parade, Sunnyside, Washington. I am pleasantly surprised how sharp these night photos are considering these shots are hand held and mostly shot at 1/30 and slower shutter speed. IMG_1050
Yellowstone National Park (Arapaho: Henihco'oo or Héetíhco'oo) is a national park located primarily in the U.S. state of Wyoming, although it also extends into Montana and Idaho. It was established by the U.S. Congress and signed into law by President Ulysses S. Grant on March 1, 1872. Yellowstone, widely held to be the first national park in the world, is known for its wildlife and its many geothermal features, especially Old Faithful Geyser, one of the most popular features in the park. It has many types of ecosystems, but the subalpine forest is most abundant. It is part of the South Central Rockies forests ecoregion.
Yellowstone National Park spans an area of 3,468.4 square miles (8,983 km2), comprising lakes, canyons, rivers and mountain ranges. Yellowstone Lake is one of the largest high-altitude lakes in North America and is centered over the Yellowstone Caldera, the largest supervolcano on the continent. The caldera is considered an active volcano. It has erupted with tremendous force several times in the last two million years. Half of the world's geothermal features are in Yellowstone, fueled by this ongoing volcanism. Lava flows and rocks from volcanic eruptions cover most of the land area of Yellowstone. The park is the centerpiece of the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, the largest remaining nearly-intact ecosystem in the Earth's northern temperate zone.
Hundreds of species of mammals, birds, fish and reptiles have been documented, including several that are either endangered or threatened. The vast forests and grasslands also include unique species of plants. Yellowstone Park is the largest and most famous megafauna location in the Continental United States. Grizzly bears, wolves, and free-ranging herds of bison and elk live in the park. The Yellowstone Park bison herd is the oldest and largest public bison herd in the United States. Forest fires occur in the park each year; in the large forest fires of 1988, nearly one third of the park was burnt. Yellowstone has numerous recreational opportunities, including hiking, camping, boating, fishing and sightseeing. Paved roads provide close access to the major geothermal areas as well as some of the lakes and waterfalls. During the winter, visitors often access the park by way of guided tours that use either snow coaches or snowmobiles.
The park is located at the headwaters of the Yellowstone River, from which it takes its historical name. Near the end of the 18th century, French trappers named the river "Roche Jaune", which is probably a translation of the Hidatsa name "Mi tsi a-da-zi" (Rock Yellow River). Later, American trappers rendered the French name in English as "Yellow Stone". Although it is commonly believed that the river was named for the yellow rocks seen in the Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone, the Native American name source is not clear.
The first detailed expedition to the Yellowstone area was the Cook–Folsom–Peterson Expedition of 1869, which consisted of three privately funded explorers. The Folsom party followed the Yellowstone River to Yellowstone Lake. The members of the Folsom party kept a journal and based on the information it reported, a party of Montana residents organized the Washburn-Langford-Doane Expedition in 1870. It was headed by the surveyor-general of Montana Henry Washburn, and included Nathaniel P. Langford (who later became known as "National Park" Langford) and a U.S. Army detachment commanded by Lt. Gustavus Doane.
The expedition spent about a month exploring the region, collecting specimens and naming sites of interest. A Montana writer and lawyer named Cornelius Hedges, who had been a member of the Washburn expedition, proposed that the region should be set aside and protected as a national park; he wrote a number of detailed articles about his observations for the Helena Herald newspaper between 1870 and 1871. Hedges essentially restated comments made in October 1865 by acting Montana Territorial Governor Thomas Francis Meagher, who had previously commented that the region should be protected. Others made similar suggestions. In an 1871 letter from Jay Cooke to Ferdinand V. Hayden, Cooke wrote that his friend, Congressman William D. Kelley had also suggested "Congress pass a bill reserving the Great Geyser Basin as a public park forever".
By 1915, 1,000 automobiles per year were entering the park, resulting in conflicts with horses and horse-drawn transportation. Horse travel on roads was eventually prohibited.
The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), a New Deal relief agency for young men, played a major role between 1933 and 1942 in developing Yellowstone facilities. CCC projects included reforestation, campground development of many of the park's trails and campgrounds, trail construction, fire hazard reduction, and fire-fighting work. The CCC built the majority of the early visitor centers, campgrounds and the current system of park roads.
During World War II, tourist travel fell sharply, staffing was cut, and many facilities fell into disrepair. By the 1950s, visitation increased tremendously in Yellowstone and other national parks. To accommodate the increased visitation, park officials implemented Mission 66, an effort to modernize and expand park service facilities. Planned to be completed by 1966, in honor of the 50th anniversary of the founding of the National Park Service, Mission 66 construction diverged from the traditional log cabin style with design features of a modern style. During the late 1980s, most construction styles in Yellowstone reverted to the more traditional designs. After the enormous forest fires of 1988 damaged much of Grant Village, structures there were rebuilt in the traditional style. The visitor center at Canyon Village, which opened in 2006, incorporates a more traditional design as well.
A large arch made of irregular-shaped natural stone over a road
The 1959 Hebgen Lake earthquake just west of Yellowstone at Hebgen Lake damaged roads and some structures in the park. In the northwest section of the park, new geysers were found, and many existing hot springs became turbid. It was the most powerful earthquake to hit the region in recorded history.
In 1963, after several years of public controversy regarding the forced reduction of the elk population in Yellowstone, United States Secretary of the Interior Stewart Udall appointed an advisory board to collect scientific data to inform future wildlife management of the national parks. In a paper known as the Leopold Report, the committee observed that culling programs at other national parks had been ineffective, and recommended management of Yellowstone's elk population.
The wildfires during the summer of 1988 were the largest in the history of the park. Approximately 793,880 acres (321,272 ha; 1,240 sq mi) or 36% of the parkland was impacted by the fires, leading to a systematic re-evaluation of fire management policies. The fire season of 1988 was considered normal until a combination of drought and heat by mid-July contributed to an extreme fire danger. On "Black Saturday", August 20, 1988, strong winds expanded the fires rapidly, and more than 150,000 acres (61,000 ha; 230 sq mi) burned.
The expansive cultural history of the park has been documented by the 1,000 archeological sites that have been discovered. The park has 1,106 historic structures and features, and of these Obsidian Cliff and five buildings have been designated National Historic Landmarks. Yellowstone was designated an International Biosphere Reserve on October 26, 1976, and a UN World Heritage Site on September 8, 1978. The park was placed on the List of World Heritage in Danger from 1995 to 2003 due to the effects of tourism, infection of wildlife, and issues with invasive species. In 2010, Yellowstone National Park was honored with its own quarter under the America the Beautiful Quarters Program.
Heritage and Research Center
The Heritage and Research Center is located at Gardiner, Montana, near the north entrance to the park. The center is home to the Yellowstone National Park's museum collection, archives, research library, historian, archeology lab, and herbarium. The Yellowstone National Park Archives maintain collections of historical records of Yellowstone and the National Park Service. The collection includes the administrative records of Yellowstone, as well as resource management records, records from major projects, and donated manuscripts and personal papers. The archives are affiliated with the National Archives and Records Administration.
Approximately 96 percent of the land area of Yellowstone National Park is located within the state of Wyoming. Another three percent is within Montana, with the remaining one percent in Idaho. The park is 63 miles (101 km) north to south, and 54 miles (87 km) west to east by air. Yellowstone is 2,219,789 acres (898,317 ha; 3,468.420 sq mi) in area, larger than the states of Rhode Island or Delaware. Rivers and lakes cover five percent of the land area, with the largest water body being Yellowstone Lake at 87,040 acres (35,220 ha; 136.00 sq mi). Yellowstone Lake is up to 400 feet (120 m) deep and has 110 miles (180 km) of shoreline. At an elevation of 7,733 feet (2,357 m) above sea level, Yellowstone Lake is the largest high altitude lake in North America. Forests comprise 80 percent of the land area of the park; most of the rest is grassland.
The Continental Divide of North America runs diagonally through the southwestern part of the park. The divide is a topographic feature that separates Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Ocean water drainages. About one third of the park lies on the west side of the divide. The origins of the Yellowstone and Snake Rivers are near each other but on opposite sides of the divide. As a result, the waters of the Snake River flow to the Pacific Ocean, while those of the Yellowstone find their way to the Atlantic Ocean via the Gulf of Mexico.
The park sits on the Yellowstone Plateau, at an average elevation of 8,000 feet (2,400 m) above sea level. The plateau is bounded on nearly all sides by mountain ranges of the Middle Rocky Mountains, which range from 9,000 to 11,000 feet (2,700 to 3,400 m) in elevation. The highest point in the park is atop Eagle Peak (11,358 feet or 3,462 metres) and the lowest is along Reese Creek (5,282 feet or 1,610 metres). Nearby mountain ranges include the Gallatin Range to the northwest, the Beartooth Mountains in the north, the Absaroka Range to the east, and the Teton Range and the Madison Range to the southwest and west. The most prominent summit on the Yellowstone Plateau is Mount Washburn at 10,243 feet (3,122 m).
Yellowstone National Park has one of the world's largest petrified forests, trees which were long ago buried by ash and soil and transformed from wood to mineral materials. This ash and other volcanic debris, are believed to have come from the park area itself. This is largely due to the fact that Yellowstone is actually a massive caldera of a supervolcano. There are 290 waterfalls of at least 15 feet (4.6 m) in the park, the highest being the Lower Falls of the Yellowstone River at 308 feet (94 m).
Three deep canyons are located in the park, cut through the volcanic tuff of the Yellowstone Plateau by rivers over the last 640,000 years. The Lewis River flows through Lewis Canyon in the south, and the Yellowstone River has carved two colorful canyons, the Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone and the Black Canyon of the Yellowstone in its journey north.
Yellowstone is at the northeastern end of the Snake River Plain, a great U-shaped arc through the mountains that extends from Boise, Idaho some 400 miles (640 km) to the west. This feature traces the route of the North American Plate over the last 17 million years as it was transported by plate tectonics across a stationary mantle hotspot. The landscape of present-day Yellowstone National Park is the most recent manifestation of this hotspot below the crust of the Earth.
The Yellowstone Caldera is the largest volcanic system in North America. It has been termed a "supervolcano" because the caldera was formed by exceptionally large explosive eruptions. The magma chamber that lies under Yellowstone is estimated to be a single connected chamber, about 37 miles (60 km) long, 18 miles (29 km) wide, and 3 to 7 miles (5 to 12 km) deep. The current caldera was created by a cataclysmic eruption that occurred 640,000 years ago, which released more than 240 cubic miles (1,000 km³) of ash, rock and pyroclastic materials. This eruption was more than 1,000 times larger than the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens. It produced a caldera nearly five eighths of a mile (1 km) deep and 45 by 28 miles (72 by 45 km) in area and deposited the Lava Creek Tuff, a welded tuff geologic formation. The most violent known eruption, which occurred 2.1 million years ago, ejected 588 cubic miles (2,450 km³) of volcanic material and created the rock formation known as the Huckleberry Ridge Tuff and created the Island Park Caldera. A smaller eruption ejected 67 cubic miles (280 km³) of material 1.3 million years ago, forming the Henry's Fork Caldera and depositing the Mesa Falls Tuff.
Each of the three climactic eruptions released vast amounts of ash that blanketed much of central North America, falling many hundreds of miles away. The amount of ash and gases released into the atmosphere probably caused significant impacts to world weather patterns and led to the extinction of some species, primarily in North America.
Wooden walkways allow visitors to closely approach the Grand Prismatic Spring.
A subsequent caldera-forming eruption occurred about 160,000 years ago. It formed the relatively small caldera that contains the West Thumb of Yellowstone Lake. Since the last supereruption, a series of smaller eruptive cycles between 640,000 and 70,000 years ago, has nearly filled in the Yellowstone Caldera with >80 different eruptions of rhyolitic lavas such as those that can be seen at Obsidian Cliffs and basaltic lavas which can be viewed at Sheepeater Cliff. Lava strata are most easily seen at the Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone, where the Yellowstone River continues to carve into the ancient lava flows. The canyon is a classic V-shaped valley, indicative of river-type erosion rather than erosion caused by glaciation.
Each eruption is part of an eruptive cycle that climaxes with the partial collapse of the roof of the volcano's partially emptied magma chamber. This creates a collapsed depression, called a caldera, and releases vast amounts of volcanic material, usually through fissures that ring the caldera. The time between the last three cataclysmic eruptions in the Yellowstone area has ranged from 600,000 to 800,000 years, but the small number of such climactic eruptions cannot be used to make an accurate prediction for future volcanic events.
The most famous geyser in the park, and perhaps the world, is Old Faithful Geyser, located in Upper Geyser Basin. Castle Geyser, Lion Geyser and Beehive Geyser are in the same basin. The park contains the largest active geyser in the world—Steamboat Geyser in the Norris Geyser Basin. A study that was completed in 2011 found that at least 1283 geysers have erupted in Yellowstone. Of these, an average of 465 are active in a given year. Yellowstone contains at least 10,000 geothermal features altogether. Half the geothermal features and two-thirds of the world's geysers are concentrated in Yellowstone.
In May 2001, the U.S. Geological Survey, Yellowstone National Park, and the University of Utah created the Yellowstone Volcano Observatory (YVO), a partnership for long-term monitoring of the geological processes of the Yellowstone Plateau volcanic field, for disseminating information concerning the potential hazards of this geologically active region.
In 2003, changes at the Norris Geyser Basin resulted in the temporary closure of some trails in the basin. New fumaroles were observed, and several geysers showed enhanced activity and increasing water temperatures. Several geysers became so hot that they were transformed into purely steaming features; the water had become superheated and they could no longer erupt normally. This coincided with the release of reports of a multiple year United States Geological Survey research project which mapped the bottom of Yellowstone Lake and identified a structural dome that had uplifted at some time in the past. Research indicated that these uplifts posed no immediate threat of a volcanic eruption, since they may have developed long ago, and there had been no temperature increase found near the uplifts. On March 10, 2004, a biologist discovered 5 dead bison which apparently had inhaled toxic geothermal gases trapped in the Norris Geyser Basin by a seasonal atmospheric inversion. This was closely followed by an upsurge of earthquake activity in April 2004. In 2006, it was reported that the Mallard Lake Dome and the Sour Creek Dome— areas that have long been known to show significant changes in their ground movement— had risen at a rate of 1.5 to 2.4 inches (3.8 to 6.1 cm) per year from mid–2004 through 2006. As of late 2007, the uplift has continued at a reduced rate. These events inspired a great deal of media attention and speculation about the geologic future of the region. Experts responded to the conjecture by informing the public that there was no increased risk of a volcanic eruption in the near future. However, these changes demonstrate the dynamic nature of the Yellowstone hydrothermal system.
Yellowstone experiences thousands of small earthquakes every year, virtually all of which are undetectable to people. There have been six earthquakes with at least magnitude 6 or greater in historical times, including a 7.5‑magnitude quake that struck just outside the northwest boundary of the park in 1959. This quake triggered a huge landslide, which caused a partial dam collapse on Hebgen Lake; immediately downstream, the sediment from the landslide dammed the river and created a new lake, known as Earthquake Lake. Twenty-eight people were killed, and property damage was extensive in the immediate region. The earthquake caused some geysers in the northwestern section of the park to erupt, large cracks in the ground formed and emitted steam, and some hot springs that normally have clear water turned muddy. A 6.1‑magnitude earthquake struck inside the park on June 30, 1975, but damage was minimal.
For three months in 1985, 3,000 minor earthquakes were detected in the northwestern section of the park, during what has been referred to as an earthquake swarm, and has been attributed to minor subsidence of the Yellowstone caldera. Beginning on April 30, 2007, 16 small earthquakes with magnitudes up to 2.7 occurred in the Yellowstone Caldera for several days. These swarms of earthquakes are common, and there have been 70 such swarms between 1983 and 2008. In December 2008, over 250 earthquakes were measured over a four-day span under Yellowstone Lake, the largest measuring a magnitude of 3.9. In January 2010, more than 250 earthquakes were detected over a two-day period. Seismic activity in Yellowstone National Park continues and is reported hourly by the Earthquake Hazards Program of the U.S. Geological Survey.
On March 30, 2014, a magnitude 4.8 earthquake struck almost the very middle of Yellowstone near the Norris Basin at 6.34am; reports indicated no damage. This was the biggest earthquake to hit the park since February 22, 1980.
Over 1,700 species of trees and other vascular plants are native to the park. Another 170 species are considered to be exotic species and are non-native. Of the eight conifer tree species documented, Lodgepole Pine forests cover 80% of the total forested areas. Other conifers, such as Subalpine Fir, Engelmann Spruce, Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir and Whitebark Pine, are found in scattered groves throughout the park. As of 2007, the whitebark pine is threatened by a fungus known as white pine blister rust; however, this is mostly confined to forests well to the north and west. In Yellowstone, about seven percent of the whitebark pine species have been impacted with the fungus, compared to nearly complete infestations in northwestern Montana. Quaking Aspen and willows are the most common species of deciduous trees. The aspen forests have declined significantly since the early 20th century, but scientists at Oregon State University attribute recent recovery of the aspen to the reintroduction of wolves which has changed the grazing habits of local elk.
There are dozens of species of flowering plants that have been identified, most of which bloom between the months of May and September. The Yellowstone Sand Verbena is a rare flowering plant found only in Yellowstone. It is closely related to species usually found in much warmer climates, making the sand verbena an enigma. The estimated 8,000 examples of this rare flowering plant all make their home in the sandy soils on the shores of Yellowstone Lake, well above the waterline.
In Yellowstone's hot waters, bacteria form mats of bizarre shapes consisting of trillions of individuals. These bacteria are some of the most primitive life forms on earth. Flies and other arthropods live on the mats, even in the middle of the bitterly cold winters. Initially, scientists thought that microbes there gained sustenance only from sulfur. In 2005 researchers from the University of Colorado at Boulder discovered that the sustenance for at least some of the diverse hyperthermophilic species is molecular hydrogen.
Thermus aquaticus is a bacterium found in the Yellowstone hot springs that produces an important enzyme (Taq polymerase) that is easily replicated in the lab and is useful in replicating DNA as part of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) process. The retrieval of these bacteria can be achieved with no impact to the ecosystem. Other bacteria in the Yellowstone hot springs may also prove useful to scientists who are searching for cures for various diseases.
Non-native plants sometimes threaten native species by using up nutrient resources. Though exotic species are most commonly found in areas with the greatest human visitation, such as near roads and at major tourist areas, they have also spread into the backcountry. Generally, most exotic species are controlled by pulling the plants out of the soil or by spraying, both of which are time consuming and expensive.
Yellowstone is widely considered to be the finest megafauna wildlife habitat in the lower 48 states. There are almost 60 species of mammals in the park, including the gray wolf, the threatened lynx, and grizzly bears. Other large mammals include the bison (often referred to as buffalo), black bear, elk, moose, mule deer, white-tailed deer, mountain goat, pronghorn, bighorn sheep, and mountain lion.
Bison graze near a hot spring
The Yellowstone Park bison herd is the largest public herd of American bison in the United States. The relatively large bison populations are a concern for ranchers, who fear that the species can transmit bovine diseases to their domesticated cousins. In fact, about half of Yellowstone's bison have been exposed to brucellosis, a bacterial disease that came to North America with European cattle that may cause cattle to miscarry. The disease has little effect on park bison, and no reported case of transmission from wild bison to domestic livestock has been filed. However, the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) has stated that bison are the "likely source" of the spread of the disease in cattle in Wyoming and North Dakota. Elk also carry the disease and are believed to have transmitted the infection to horses and cattle. Bison once numbered between 30 and 60 million individuals throughout North America, and Yellowstone remains one of their last strongholds. Their populations had increased from less than 50 in the park in 1902 to 4,000 by 2003. The Yellowstone Park bison herd reached a peak in 2005 with 4,900 animals. Despite a summer estimated population of 4,700 in 2007, the number dropped to 3,000 in 2008 after a harsh winter and controversial brucellosis management sending hundreds to slaughter. The Yellowstone Park bison herd is believed to be one of only four free roaming and genetically pure herds on public lands in North America. The other three herds are the Henry Mountains bison herd of Utah, at Wind Cave National Park in South Dakota and on Elk Island in Alberta.
Elk Mother Nursing Her Calf
To combat the perceived threat of brucellosis transmission to cattle, national park personnel regularly harass bison herds back into the park when they venture outside of the area's borders. During the winter of 1996–97, the bison herd was so large that 1,079 bison that had exited the park were shot or sent to slaughter. Animal rights activists argue that this is a cruel practice and that the possibility for disease transmission is not as great as some ranchers maintain. Ecologists point out that the bison are merely traveling to seasonal grazing areas that lie within the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem that have been converted to cattle grazing, some of which are within National Forests and are leased to private ranchers. APHIS has stated that with vaccinations and other means, brucellosis can be eliminated from the bison and elk herds throughout Yellowstone.
A reintroduced northwestern wolf in Yellowstone National Park
Starting in 1914, in an effort to protect elk populations, the U.S. Congress appropriated funds to be used for the purposes of "destroying wolves, prairie dogs, and other animals injurious to agriculture and animal husbandry" on public lands. Park Service hunters carried out these orders, and by 1926 they had killed 136 wolves, and wolves were virtually eliminated from Yellowstone. Further exterminations continued until the National Park Service ended the practice in 1935. With the passing of the Endangered Species Act in 1973, the wolf was one of the first mammal species listed. After the wolves were extirpated from Yellowstone, the coyote then became the park's top canine predator. However, the coyote is not able to bring down large animals, and the result of this lack of a top predator on these populations was a marked increase in lame and sick megafauna.
Bison in Yellowstone National Park
By the 1990s, the Federal government had reversed its views on wolves. In a controversial decision by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (which oversees threatened and endangered species), northwestern wolves, imported from Canada, were reintroduced into the park. Reintroduction efforts have been successful with populations remaining relatively stable. A survey conducted in 2005 reported that there were 13 wolf packs, totaling 118 individuals in Yellowstone and 326 in the entire ecosystem. These park figures were lower than those reported in 2004 but may be attributable to wolf migration to other nearby areas as suggested by the substantial increase in the Montana population during that interval. Almost all the wolves documented were descended from the 66 wolves reintroduced in 1995–96. The recovery of populations throughout the states of Wyoming, Montana and Idaho has been so successful that on February 27, 2008, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service removed the Northern Rocky Mountain wolf population from the endangered species list.
An estimated 600 grizzly bears live in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, with more than half of the population living within Yellowstone. The grizzly is currently listed as a threatened species, however the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has announced that they intend to take it off the endangered species list for the Yellowstone region but will likely keep it listed in areas where it has not yet recovered fully. Opponents of delisting the grizzly are concerned that states might once again allow hunting and that better conservation measures need to be implemented to ensure a sustainable population. Black bears are common in the park and were a park symbol due to visitor interaction with the bears starting in 1910. Feeding and close contact with bears has not been permitted since the 1960s to reduce their desire for human foods. Yellowstone is one of the few places in the United States where black bears can be seen coexisting with grizzly bears. Black bear observations occur most often in the park's northern ranges and in the Bechler area which is in the park's southwestern corner.
Population figures for elk are in excess of 30,000—the largest population of any large mammal species in Yellowstone. The northern herd has decreased enormously since the mid‑1990s; this has been attributed to wolf predation and causal effects such as elk using more forested regions to evade predation, consequently making it harder for researchers to accurately count them. The northern herd migrates west into southwestern Montana in the winter. The southern herd migrates southward, and the majority of these elk winter on the National Elk Refuge, immediately southeast of Grand Teton National Park. The southern herd migration is the largest mammalian migration remaining in the U.S. outside of Alaska.
In 2003 the tracks of one female lynx and her cub were spotted and followed for over 2 miles (3.2 km). Fecal material and other evidence obtained were tested and confirmed to be those of a lynx. No visual confirmation was made, however. Lynx have not been seen in Yellowstone since 1998, though DNA taken from hair samples obtained in 2001 confirmed that lynx were at least transient to the park. Other less commonly seen mammals include the mountain lion and wolverine. The mountain lion has an estimated population of only 25 individuals parkwide. The wolverine is another rare park mammal, and accurate population figures for this species are not known. These uncommon and rare mammals provide insight into the health of protected lands such as Yellowstone and help managers make determinations as to how best to preserve habitats.
Eighteen species of fish live in Yellowstone, including the core range of the Yellowstone cutthroat trout—a fish highly sought by anglers. The Yellowstone cutthroat trout has faced several threats since the 1980s, including the suspected illegal introduction into Yellowstone Lake of lake trout, an invasive species which consume the smaller cutthroat trout. Although lake trout were established in Shoshone and Lewis lakes in the Snake River drainage from U.S. Government stocking operations in 1890, it was never officially introduced into the Yellowstone River drainage. The cutthroat trout has also faced an ongoing drought, as well as the accidental introduction of a parasite—whirling disease—which causes a terminal nervous system disease in younger fish. Since 2001, all native sport fish species caught in Yellowstone waterways are subject to a catch and release law. Yellowstone is also home to six species of reptiles, such as the painted turtle and Prairie rattlesnake, and four species of amphibians, including the Boreal Chorus Frog.
311 species of birds have been reported, almost half of which nest in Yellowstone. As of 1999, twenty-six pairs of nesting bald eagles have been documented. Extremely rare sightings of whooping cranes have been recorded, however only three examples of this species are known to live in the Rocky Mountains, out of 385 known worldwide. Other birds, considered to be species of special concern because of their rarity in Yellowstone, include the common loon, harlequin duck, osprey, peregrine falcon and the trumpeter swan.
As wildfire is a natural part of most ecosystems, plants that are indigenous to Yellowstone have adapted in a variety of ways. Douglas-fir have a thick bark which protects the inner section of the tree from most fires. Lodgepole Pines —the most common tree species in the park— generally have cones that are only opened by the heat of fire. Their seeds are held in place by a tough resin, and fire assists in melting the resin, allowing the seeds to disperse. Fire clears out dead and downed wood, providing fewer obstacles for lodgepole pines to flourish. Subalpine Fir, Engelmann Spruce, Whitebark Pine, and other species tend to grow in colder and moister areas, where fire is less likely to occur. Aspen trees sprout new growth from their roots, and even if a severe fire kills the tree above ground, the roots often survive unharmed because they are insulated from the heat by soil. The National Park Service estimates that in natural conditions, grasslands in Yellowstone burned an average of every 20 to 25 years, while forests in the park would experience fire about every 300 years.
About thirty-five natural forest fires are ignited each year by lightning, while another six to ten are started by people— in most cases by accident. Yellowstone National Park has three fire lookout towers, each staffed by trained fire fighters. The easiest one to reach is atop Mount Washburn, though it is closed to the public. The park also monitors fire from the air and relies on visitor reports of smoke and/or flames. Fire towers are staffed almost continuously from late June to mid-September— the primary fire season. Fires burn with the greatest intensity in the late afternoon and evening. Few fires burn more than 100 acres (40 ha), and the vast majority of fires reach only a little over an acre (0.5 ha) before they burn themselves out. Fire management focuses on monitoring dead and down wood quantities, soil and tree moisture, and the weather, to determine those areas most vulnerable to fire should one ignite. Current policy is to suppress all human caused fires and to evaluate natural fires, examining the benefit or detriment they may pose on the ecosystem. If a fire is considered to be an immediate threat to people and structures, or will burn out of control, then fire suppression is performed.
In an effort to minimize the chances of out of control fires and threats to people and structures, park employees do more than just monitor the potential for fire. Controlled burns are prescribed fires which are deliberately started to remove dead timber under conditions which allow fire fighters an opportunity to carefully control where and how much wood is consumed. Natural fires are sometimes considered prescribed fires if they are left to burn. In Yellowstone, unlike some other parks, there have been very few fires deliberately started by employees as prescribed burns. However, over the last 30 years, over 300 natural fires have been allowed to burn naturally. In addition, fire fighters remove dead and down wood and other hazards from areas where they will be a potential fire threat to lives and property, reducing the chances of fire danger in these areas. Fire monitors also regulate fire through educational services to the public and have been known to temporarily ban campfires from campgrounds during periods of high fire danger. The common notion in early United States land management policies was that all forest fires were bad. Fire was seen as a purely destructive force and there was little understanding that it was an integral part of the ecosystem. Consequently, until the 1970s, when a better understanding of wildfire was developed, all fires were suppressed. This led to an increase in dead and dying forests, which would later provide the fuel load for fires that would be much harder, and in some cases, impossible to control. Fire Management Plans were implemented, detailing that natural fires should be allowed to burn if they posed no immediate threat to lives and property.
1988 started with a wet spring season although by summer, drought began moving in throughout the northern Rockies, creating the driest year on record to that point. Grasses and plants which grew well in the early summer from the abundant spring moisture produced plenty of grass, which soon turned to dry tinder. The National Park Service began firefighting efforts to keep the fires under control, but the extreme drought made suppression difficult. Between July 15 and 21, 1988, fires quickly spread from 8,500 acres (3,400 ha; 13.3 sq mi) throughout the entire Yellowstone region, which included areas outside the park, to 99,000 acres (40,000 ha; 155 sq mi) on the park land alone. By the end of the month, the fires were out of control. Large fires burned together, and on August 20, 1988, the single worst day of the fires, more than 150,000 acres (61,000 ha; 230 sq mi) were consumed. Seven large fires were responsible for 95% of the 793,000 acres (321,000 ha; 1,239 sq mi) that were burned over the next couple of months. A total of 25,000 firefighters and U.S. military forces participated in the suppression efforts, at a cost of 120 million dollars. By the time winter brought snow that helped extinguish the last flames, the fires had destroyed 67 structures and caused several million dollars in damage. Though no civilian lives were lost, two personnel associated with the firefighting efforts were killed.
Contrary to media reports and speculation at the time, the fires killed very few park animals— surveys indicated that only about 345 elk (of an estimated 40,000–50,000), 36 deer, 12 moose, 6 black bears, and 9 bison had perished. Changes in fire management policies were implemented by land management agencies throughout the United States, based on knowledge gained from the 1988 fires and the evaluation of scientists and experts from various fields. By 1992, Yellowstone had adopted a new fire management plan which observed stricter guidelines for the management of natural fires.
from Wikipedia
Our youth mentors and entrepreneurs are themselves responsible for the development and implementation of the Hummingbird Programme. They find their drive and willpower from knowing that they can help change the tragic social reality in Brazil through their own concrete actions. Their fuel is the smiles on the faces of the children receiving their attention, like the young girl above.
How could they possibly resist such a charming invitation?
Today was the beginning of a new development in the Hummingbird Project called Beija-Flor na Comunidade (Hummingbird in the Community), which literally means we are taking Hummingbird to the community instead of the community coming to us. In other words, Hummingbird is spreading its wings!
These images are from today's activities, which finished only a few hours ago. Tomorrow we will be in a different locality, in a different community.
The programme is part of a new strategy being developed by our youth mentors to get a preliminary feel in connection with their objectives to implant small Hummingbird nuclei in the more distant parts of our community, thus bringing our activities to the poorest kids who have no means of reaching our main centre.
The first community to receive some of Hummingbird’s vibrant activities was the Sitio Joaninha, which is a rough hilly area about 6 kilometres away from us, where many of the families who used to work on the rubbish tip live. The tip was closed down a few years ago and the area covered with topsoil so as to recuperate some of the natural vegetation.
Most of the shanty homes were constructed during the active years of the tip, when entire families found their livelihoods under the most unhealthy and hazardous working conditions. Since its closure there has been very few alternatives in the way of work and habitation, so very few have been able to move to better conditions. To the contrary; the area has rapidly grown to accommodate even more poverty-stricken families who have no other alternative than to grab a small plot of land and try to survive on what little is available in terms of public amenities in such places.
The majority of homes have no running water and depend on the council delivering drinking water by truck each day. Electricity is acquired through a series of illegal connections, which people have hooked-up to the main electricity network through a maze of literally thousands of metres of wiring crossing the landscape in all directions in order to bring power to one’s home.
This is quite common during the rapid growth of favela (shanty) areas and pressures from the inhabitants will eventually cause most councils to come up with a more satisfactory and less risky solution.
Many of the children who live here have a long way to walk to reach school, as there is no public transport. The tendency is therefore not to go, especially during the rainy or colder seasons. Very few have the willpower or even the means of getting to Hummingbird to participate in all the good things we have to offer in our Street Migration Prevention Programme, although there are some who do.
This is the main reason for us to bring Hummingbird to the kids. If we can manage to finance a more permanent solution we will be able to continue with a variety of activities throughout the entire year and not just during the school holiday season as is this week's proposal.
Essay:
Earth's Transformation and the Random Implementation of Alien Technology
The Earth, once a vibrant planet teeming with diverse ecosystems, has undergone a drastic transformation. A severe environmental catastrophe has devastated the planet, leading to the evaporation of life-giving water into the vast expanse of space. The once-blue planet is now dominated by barren deserts, stretching across continents where oceans and forests once thrived. Humanity, on the brink of extinction, has been thrust into a desperate struggle for survival.
The catalyst for this environmental apocalypse was a combination of factors: uncontrolled industrial activity, rampant deforestation, and unchecked pollution. These human activities pushed Earth's climate system past a critical threshold, triggering a cascade of irreversible changes. The polar ice caps melted at unprecedented rates, causing sea levels to rise and then rapidly fall as water vapor escaped the atmosphere. Rainforests, which acted as the planet's lungs, were decimated, and the delicate balance of ecosystems collapsed. The result was a planet unrecognizable from its former self—a desolate wasteland where life struggled to find a foothold.
In this dire scenario, hope arrived in the form of alien technology—an unexpected boon that became humanity's lifeline. The origins of this technology remain shrouded in mystery. Some speculate it was discovered accidentally during deep-space explorations, while others believe it was gifted by a benevolent extraterrestrial civilization. Regardless of its origins, this advanced technology became the cornerstone of Earth's new survival strategy.
The alien technology enabled the creation of isolated oases in the vast desert expanses. These oases, shielded by energy fields and sustained by advanced atmospheric processors, mimic the lost ecosystems of old Earth. They generate and recycle water, maintain breathable air, and support agriculture, allowing small human communities to thrive. The technology also includes sophisticated climate control mechanisms that protect these fertile areas from the harsh desert environment.
The implementation of alien technology was a stroke of luck, a fortuitous discovery in humanity's darkest hour. Scientists and engineers, initially skeptical, soon realized the potential of these alien devices. Through trial and error, they managed to integrate this technology into the remnants of human civilization. This integration was not without its challenges—there were numerous failures and setbacks, but the resilience of the human spirit prevailed.
Life in these technologically sustained oases is a stark contrast to the desolation that surrounds them. Within the protective domes, greenery flourishes, and small bodies of water reflect the sky. Communities have adapted to this new way of living, embracing a lifestyle that is a blend of ancient survival techniques and futuristic technology. Education systems focus on maintaining and understanding the alien technology, ensuring that future generations can continue to benefit from it.
The concept of 'Planet B' has taken on a new meaning. Instead of seeking a new home among the stars, humanity has been forced to redefine its existence on Earth—'Planet B' is Earth reborn, a new chapter after 'Planet A' vanished beneath the waves of environmental disaster. The Earth of today is a testament to human ingenuity and the unforeseen assistance of alien technology. It is a world where the line between science fiction and reality has blurred, and where survival hinges on the harmonious integration of alien and human advancements.
In conclusion, the transformation of Earth and the serendipitous implementation of alien technology have given rise to a new way of life. This new existence is fragile and fraught with challenges, but it is also a beacon of hope. The 'Cradle of the Desert' represents the resilience of life and the enduring quest for survival in the face of insurmountable odds.
Poem:
In deserts wide where oceans slept,
Beneath a sky where sorrow wept,
Alien whispers, silent, deep,
Brought life anew from restless sleep.
Once blue and green, now dust and bone,
Our planet’s heart, a hollow tone,
Yet through the sands, technology,
Revived the hope for you and me.
In domes of light, we plant our dreams,
Where water flows in gentle streams,
Alien hands unseen, yet kind,
Breathe life back to a world confined.
From barren waste to fertile land,
A future forged by chance and hand,
Cradle of the Desert, bright,
Guides us through this endless night.
Haikus:
Alien whispers,
Oases bloom in deserts,
Hope in arid lands.
Earth’s rebirth at hand,
Technology’s gentle touch,
Life in barren sands.
In southern England in the nineteenth century flocks of sheep would be regularly moved from pasture to pasture so that their manure fertilised the soil. The shepherd moved with them, living in a hut like this one, which retains the wood burning pot-bellied stove, bed, and a selection of shepherd’s implements but with a modern cooker and refrigerator.
There is a beautiful description of a shepherd’s life in such a hut in chapter 2 of Thomas Hardy's novel 'Far from the madding crowd':
“The ring of the sheep-bell, which had been silent during his absence, recommenced, in tones that had more mellowness than clearness, owing to an increasing growth of surrounding wool. This continued till Oak withdrew again from the flock. He returned to the hut, bringing in his arms a new- born lamb, consisting of four legs large enough for a full- grown sheep, united by a seemingly inconsiderable membrane about half the substance of the legs collectively, which constituted the animal's entire body just at present.
The little speck of life he placed on a wisp of hay before the small stove, where a can of milk was simmering. Oak extinguished the lantern by blowing into it and then pinching the snuff, the cot being lighted by a candle suspended by a twisted wire. A rather hard couch, formed of a few corn sacks thrown carelessly down, covered half the floor of this little habitation, and here the young man stretched himself along, loosened his woollen cravat, and closed his eyes. In about the time a person unaccustomed to bodily labour would have decided upon which side to lie, Farmer Oak was asleep.
The inside of the hut, as it now presented itself, was cosy and alluring, and the scarlet handful of fire in addition to the candle, reflecting its own genial colour upon whatever it could reach, flung associations of enjoyment even over utensils and tools. In the corner stood the sheep-crook, and along a shelf at one side were ranged bottles and canisters of the simple preparations pertaining to ovine surgery and physic; spirits of wine, turpentine, tar, magnesia, ginger, and castor-oil being the chief. On a triangular shelf across the corner stood bread, bacon, cheese, and a cup for ale or cider, which was supplied from a flagon beneath. Beside the provisions lay the flute, whose notes had lately been called forth by the lonely watcher to beguile a tedious hour. The house was ventilated by two round holes, like the lights of a ship's cabin, with wood slides.
The lamb, revived by the warmth began to bleat, and the sound entered Gabriel's ears and brain with an instant meaning, as expected sounds will. Passing from the profoundest sleep to the most alert wakefulness with the same ease that had accompanied the reverse operation, he looked at his watch, found that the hour-hand had shifted again, put on his hat, took the lamb in his arms, and carried it into the darkness. After placing the little creature with its mother, he stood and carefully examined the sky, to ascertain the time of night from the altitudes of the stars.”
Colombia, 2022.
The Peace Agreement in Colombia, signed in 2016 between the Government and the guerrilla group FARC-EP, put an end to the longest war in Latin America.
Six years later, more than 13,000 ex-combatants, a third of which are women, continue to face daily challenges resulting from their reintegration into civil life. The country's new government has generated momentum both domestically and internationally towards the reactivation of the women, peace and security agenda, emphasizing the importance of the reintegration process to achieve a stable peace.
Since its inception, the Peace Agreement has included a gender approach as an indispensable condition for its implementation. Women ex-combatants have enthusiastically embraced new roles as mothers, entrepreneurs, students, citizens and political leaders. However, their lives are still full of challenges related to their physical, legal and political security; educational and economic opportunities; and access to specialized health services, among others. These conditions are key for a successful reintegration.
UN Women, together with governmental and civil society actors, supports this process with actions that strengthen women's citizenship, political leadership and economic empowerment, as well as prevent gender violence and build new masculinities among male ex-combatants. Nearly 3,000 women in 11 regions of the country benefit from these programs, allowing them to strengthen their role as peacebuilders.
Pictured: Dama Verde is an economic project in Pondores (Colombia) led by women former guerrilla fighters in process of reintegration. They grow aromatic plants among other crops to sustain their families and contribute to the entire community, as they reintegrate into civilian life after the Peace Agreement with the Colombian Government was signed in 2016. An economic project supported by UN Women.
Photo: UN Women/Pedro Pio
Read More: www.unwomen.org/en/news-stories/video/2022/10/the-reinteg...
And as I promised, the last plate I created on that day was appropriately one of my hands at the end of the process. When you coat the plates you hold them like a waiter holds a drink tray and you pour the collodion onto the plate and tilt the plate toward all four corners to spread the mixture. Invariably (regularly if you are a beginner) some of it dribbles off and onto your hand. Then when you pull the plate from the silver nitrate bath, some of that silver nitrate gets onto your hands and mixes with the collodion that is on there, creating a light sensitive emulsion on your skin which immediately gets exposed to light. Finally when you take your exposed plate into the darkroom and pour developer over it, that developer spills off onto your hands and develops the emulsion on them, which at this point are incredibly over-exposed and turn black. It wears off in a day or two, but til then you have some nicely stained hands.
I couldn't pass up the opportunity to make a wet plate image of my wet plate stained hands. The results of the process documented by the process. There is a nice logic to that.
Farm implement near Glasgow in rural Saline County Missouri by Notley Hawkins Photography. Taken with a Canon EOS 5D Mark IV camera with a Canon EF24-105mm f/4L IS USM lens at ƒ/4.0 with a 147 second exposure at ISO 100. Processed with Adobe Lightroom CC.
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©Notley Hawkins
Warchief, everything is set as you ordered! The enemy ships just docked and they are unloading the troops. They will be here in an hour.- reported commander of the scouts.
Burlogh O'Rohal let out a sigh. For some reason I hoped they change their mind. - So it is decreeded. Stay calm and follow my orders.
Scouts of Lenfald army road into the valley. Suddenly a band of cheering beastman jumped out from the woods and ran towards them. Commander of the cavalry ordered a charge. The beastman group seemed confused and started to flee. Everything went as the warchief planned. The knights followed the Ironclad Company but after the turn of the road they faced a troll phalanx. Their charge broke in a minute. The beastmen turned back and flanked the cavalry.
Meanwhile main force of the invaders faced some problem too. Magical song rang over the valley as combined power of shamans created huge flamesnakes. As the fire stroke down to the knights, a sniper rose up from his hiding spot. His first shot hit the Lenfald commander who fall down to the ground. His army became disorganised in a moment. The ground shaked as Dragon Maiden lead their charge. The Lenfald army was surrounded in a few minutes. Their only chance was the road, but it was blocked by the warchief himself.
Let the massacre begin! For freedom, for the Bleeding Claws! - roared Burlogh and started to run and the horde followed him...
My entry to Lands of Classic Castle Global Challenge 3 - Purging the Magic Islands
Pablo Picasso. 1881-1973. Femme au bouquet. Woman with Vase of Flowers. 1909. Hannover. Sprengel Museum.
Pablo Picasso est emblématique de l'Art Moderne et annonce remarquablement, quoique encore discrètement, l'Art Contemporain.
Il est un génial découvreur, et même un accumulateur de Formes Nouvelles d'expression artistique.
On peut penser que l'histoire de l'art le classera à la place des plus grands maîtres européens.
Picasso est actif à la fin d'une des époques les plus fastes de la peinture européenne (1815-1940), une période de diversité idéologique qui est aussi une époque de création intense et de recherches formelles, esthétiques les plus diverses. Parmi ces recherches l'Art Abstrait auquel Picasso introduit.
Mais Picasso annonce clairement certaines impasses, qui apparaissent nécessairement quand s'installe un Système, un Art officiel, Académique et même un Art Sacré. A partir de la fin de la seconde guerre mondiale si on adopte une optique de périodisation globale de l'histoire de l'art européen et occidental.
Un regard synthétique certes, mais pas simplificateur.
Un système d'Art Officiel qui est le reflet des valeurs de notre société occidentale contemporaine.
De tous temps, de nos jours comme dans le Passé, l'Art se décide dans les niveaux supérieurs des sociétés. Le système démocratique n' a absolument rien changé.
L'Art contemporain est un drapeau et un vecteur idéologique. Cela n'est pas nouveau. Seule à changé l'idéologie.
Le monde contenporain ne repose pas du tout sur les mêmes valeurs que l'Europe chrétienne (catholique et orthodoxe) qui a fait l'art européen de 500 à 1600.
Ces valeurs ont mis du temps à mourir en Europe.
Donc l'art ne peut pas être le même, mais le changement s'est fait lentement et même subrepticement.
En 1900 ce n'était pas encore un autre monde...
mais en 2000...
Un siècle pendant lequel la démocratie libérale occidentale a mis en place son Art Sacré, qui est devenu omniprésent à partir de la seconde moitié du 20è siècle.
Un Art Officiel qui véhicule certains des commandements principaux de son cathéchisme (Liberté, Droits, Progrès, Changement, Nouveauté....) mais aussi tout un ensemble complexe de messages, ésotérique, implicite, discret, qui n'est pas destiné au grand public.
"Ancien Régime" ou Démocratie, les Elites sont bien décidées à cultiver leur différence, et l'Art Contemporain est un des lieux privilégiés où les élites "démocratiques" se retrouvent avec délice.
Picasso et l'Art Contemporain sont aussi exemplaires de ce qui paraît être une nouveauté, du moins à cette échelle: l'Art Marchandise.
Tout le système de création de l'Art a été modifié par la révolution industrielle, l'idéologie matérialiste et la priorité à l'Economie qui s'est installée en Occident au cours du 19è siècle.
L'art ne peut pas être le même quand les niveaux supérieurs d'une civilisation sont occupés par des banquiers et des grands marchands, assistés par des idéologues, à la place des anciennes élites, beaucoup plus diversifiées.
Les élites anciennes étaient à la fois rivales et associées, dialectiquement complémentaires :
Aristocratie foncière et guerrière, commerçante aussi, dans certains pays européens.
Eglises (catholique et orthodoxe).
Bourgeoisie commerçante, plus ou moins frottée d'aristocratie selon les pays.
Haut Artisanat citadin, organisé en corporations et métiers, qu'il ne faut pas négliger car il était un des acteurs principaux du faire artistique.
Ce qui est tout à fait nouveau c'est que l'Art ( peinture et sculpture) est devenu de manière avouée, officielle, pratiquement en priorité, une marchandise.
L'Art contemporain est totalement conditionné par un marché très organisé, finalement très monolithique dans ses valeurs, pour lequel les buts profitables sont tout à fait essentiels.
Ce n'était absolument pas le cas des mécènes des siècles précédents : aristocrates fonciers et guerriers, ploutocrates marchands, et églises, pour lesquels l'art n'était que secondairement un placement.
Il a toujours existé des marchands d'Art, dès l'Antiquité, mais ils ne décidaient pas des grandes orientations de l'Art de leur époque. Et certainement pas entre 500 et 1800.
Les marchands d'art étaient seulement des intermédiaires, et de temps en temps, ils faisaient des copies et des faux !
Le marchand d'art qui participe activement à la définition des orientations de l'art de son époque c'est à ma connaissance, et sauf erreur, une nouveauté apparue au cours du 19è siècle, qui s'est répandue au début du 20è.
Picasso, qui n'avait pas que les qualités d'un artiste, avait très bien compris et exploité ces deux réalités, la première ancienne, l'Art est idéologique, la seconde plus nouvelle l'Art est marchandise.
Pablo Picasso is emblematic of Modern Art, and remarkably announcement, though still discreetly, of the contemporary art. It is a fantastic discoverer, and even an accumulator of the New Forms of artistic expression.
One may think that the history of art, rank Picasso instead of the greatest European masters.
Picasso's assets at the end of one of the most prosperous eras of European painting (1815-1940). A period of ideological diversity, which is also an intense period of creation and formal research, aesthetic, the most diverse. Among these researches Abstract Art, at which introduced Picasso
But Picasso clearly announces some dead ends, which necessarily appear when a system is installed, an official Art, Academic and even a Sacred Art.
From the end of World War II, if we adopt a perspective of overall periodization of art history, European and Western.
A synthetic look certainly, but not simplistic.
An Art Official system, which reflects the values of our contemporary Western society. At all times, today as in the Past, the Art is decided in the higher levels of society. The democratic system does absolutely nothing changed.
Contemporary art is a flag and an ideological vector.
This is not new.
Alone changed the ideology.
The world contenporain not based at all on the same values as Christian Europe (Catholic and Orthodox) who did the European art 500-1600.
These values have been slow to die in Europe.
So art can not be the same, but change has been slow and even surreptitiously.
In 1900 it was not yet another world ...
but in 2000 ...
A century in which Western liberal democracy has implemented his Sacred Art, which has become ubiquitous from the second half of the 20th century.
An Official Art, which carries some of the main commandments of his catechism (Freedom, Rights, Progress, Change, New ....), but also a complex set of messages, esoteric, implicit, discreet, which is not intended for the general public.
"Old Regime" or Democracy, Elites are determined to grow their difference and Contemporary Art is one of the privileged places where the "democratic" elites find themselves with delight.
Picasso and Contemporary Art are also exemplary of what seems to be a novelty, at least on this scale: Art Merchandise.
The whole system of creation of Art has been amended by the Industrial Revolution, the materialistic ideology and priority to the economy that settled in the West during the 19th century.
Art can not be the same when the upper levels of a civilization are occupied by bankers and big merchants, assisted by ideologues, instead of the old elites, much more diversified.
The old elites were both rivals and Associated dialectically complementary:
-Aristocratie Land and warlike, also trading in some European countries.
-Eglises (Catholic and Orthodox).
-Bourgeoisie trading more or less rubbed of aristocracy, by country.
-High City Crafts, organized in corporations or trades it should not be overlooked because it was one of the main actors of the artistic doing.
What is completely new is that art (painting and sculpture) has become so overt, official, almost as a priority, a commodity.
Contemporary art is totally conditioned by a highly organized market, ultimately very monolithic in its values, for which the benefit purposes are quite essential.
This was absolutely not the case of the previous centuries sponsors: land aristocrats and warriors, merchants plutocrats and churches, for whom art was only secondarily an investment.
There have always been merchants of Art, since antiquity, but they did not decide the broad guidelines of the Art of their time. And certainly not between 500 and 1800.
Art dealers were only intermediaries, and from time to time, they made copies and fakes!
The art dealer who is actively involved in defining the guidelines of the art of his time is to my knowledge, and I believe, a new feature appeared in the 19th century, which has spread in the early 20th.
Picasso, who had not only the qualities of an artist, was very well understood and exploited these two realities, the first old, Art is ideological, the second newest, Art is merchandise.
In the current article, we will review how to implement the second phase of our project in which we detect an event of “SPF = Fail” and forward such E-mail message to approval by an authorizes a person.
The SPF Fail policy article series, including the following three...
o365info.com/implementing-spf-fail-policy-using-exchange-...
La primera etapa de la llamada “Guerra contra el Narcotráfico”, fue el “Operativo Conjunto Michoacán”, implementado por el Ex Presidente Felipe Calderón Hinojosa, este operativo fue y sigue siendo duramente cuestionado por las faltas graves a la Constitución mexicana y por las violaciones a los derechos humanos que podría haber incurrido la presencia militar en el Estado de Michoacán y paulatinamente en México. (a mediados de Mayo de 2013, E. Peña Nieto ha iniciado un operativo similar).
Para diferentes analistas políticos y jurídicos resaltan que la intervención de las Fuerzas militares va en contra de lo dispuesto en el artículo 129 Constitucional, que establece lo siguiente:
Artículo 129. En tiempo de paz, ninguna autoridad militar puede ejercer más funciones que las que tengan exacta conexión con la disciplina militar. Solamente habrá Comandancias Militares fijas y permanentes en los castillos, fortalezas y almacenes que dependan inmediatamente del Gobierno de la Unión; o en los campamentos, cuarteles o depósitos que, fuera de las poblaciones, estableciere para la estación de las tropas.
Bajo este fundamento Constitucional se realiza la pregunta: ¿La disposición que realizó Felipe Calderón Hinojosa y que fue acatada por los Secretarios de Defensa y Marina, viola la Constitución?
En términos del artículo 129 Constitucional, no puede realizar las funciones que de manera diaria viene realizando desde aproximadamente siete años el Ejército, Armada y Marina, se podría decir bajo este fundamento que es anticonstitucional la intervención del ejército en las calles.
Sin embargo cuando se hable de “amenazas a la seguridad anterior” podría cambiar la opinión al respecto, según la resolución que presenta la Suprema Corte de Justicia de la Nación (SCJN) de una acción de inconstitucionalidad en el año de 1996, presentada por el diputado federal en ese entonces Leonel Godoy Rangel que planteaba que el acto de autoridad era anticonstitucional, la causa de esta acción de inconstitucionalidad era la presencia del Ejército en Michoacán enviados por el Presidente en ese entonces Ernesto Zedillo.
Registro No. 192080
Localización:
Novena Época
Instancia: Pleno
Fuente: Semanario Judicial de la Federación y su Gaceta
XI, Abril de 2000
Página: 549
Tesis: P./J. 38/2000
Jurisprudencia
Materia(s:( Constitucional
“ EJÉRCITO, ARMADA Y FUERZA AÉREA. SU PARTICIPACIÓN EN AUXILIO DE LAS AUTORIDADES CIVILES ES CONSTITUCIONAL (INTERPRETACIÓN DEL ARTÍCULO 129 DE LA CONSTITUCIÓN).
La interpretación histórica, armónica y lógica del artículo 129 constitucional, autoriza considerar que las fuerzas armadas pueden actuar en auxilio de las autoridades civiles, cuando éstas soliciten el apoyo de la fuerza con la que disponen. Por esta razón, el instituto armado está constitucionalmente facultado para actuar en materias de seguridad pública en auxilio de las autoridades competentes y la participación en el Consejo Nacional de Seguridad Pública de los titulares de las Secretarías de la Defensa Nacional y de Marina, quienes por disposición de los artículos 29, fracción I, y 30, fracción I, de la Ley Orgánica de la Administración Pública Federal, tienen a su mando al Ejército, Armada y Fuerza Aérea, no atenta contra el numeral señalado del Código Supremo. Además, la fracción VI del artículo 89 constitucional faculta al presidente de la República a disponer de dichas fuerzas para la seguridad interior. Por estas razones, no es indispensable la declaratoria de suspensión de garantías individuales, prevista para situaciones extremas en el artículo 29 constitucional, para que el Ejército, Armada y Fuerza Aérea intervengan, ya que la realidad puede generar un sinnúmero de situaciones que no justifiquen el estado de emergencia, pero que ante el peligro de que se agudicen, sea necesario disponer de la fuerza con que cuenta el Estado mexicano sujetándose a las disposiciones constitucionales y legales aplicables.
Acción de inconstitucionalidad 1/96. Leonel Godoy Rangel y otros. 5 de marzo de 1996. Once votos. Ponente: Mariano Azuela Güitrón. Secretaria: Mercedes Rodarte Magdaleno.
El Tribunal Pleno, en su sesión privada celebrada hoy veintisiete de marzo en curso, acordó, con apoyo en su Acuerdo Número 4/1996 de veinticuatro de agosto de mil novecientos noventa y seis, relativo a los efectos de las resoluciones aprobadas por cuando menos ocho votos en las controversias constitucionales y en las acciones de inconstitucionalidad, que la tesis que antecede (publicada en marzo de ese año, como aislada, con el número XXIX/96), se publique como jurisprudencial, con el número 38/2000. México, Distrito Federal, a veintisiete de marzo de dos mil.”
Esta resolución fue un precedente para que el Ex Presidente Felipe Calderón dispusiera del ejército en las calles, y de esta manera realizar su guerra absurda contra el crimen organizado, haciendo valer su facultad como Presidente que viene establecida en la la fracción VI del artículo 89, siendo este su fundamento para su acción “bélica”:
“Preservar la seguridad nacional, en los términos de la ley respectiva, y disponer de la totalidad de la Fuerza Armada permanente o sea del Ejército, de la Armada y de la Fuerza Aérea para la seguridad interior y defensa exterior de la Federación. “
Bajo estos argumentos se podría decir que la presencia del Ejército en las calles no trasgrede lo dispuesto en la Constitución en el artículo 129 y de igual manera lo planteado por el artículo 21, que dispone que las fuerzas de seguridad pública sean de carácter civil.
Tomar una decisión de trascendencia como la realizada por Calderón, fundamentándose en una tesis de jurisprudencial, teniendo en cuanta que la resolución de la Corte puede cambiar en cualquier momento, y sabiendo que de los ministros que tomaron aquella resolución solamente se encuentra en la corte en este momento, Juan Silva Meza y Olga Sánchez Cordero.
¿Los actuales ministros resolverían de manera diferente la controversia sobre la presencia del ejército en las calles sin la declaratoria de Estado de emergencia?, la tendencia que ha tomado la SCJN en acotar el fuero militar, al momento que se presente algún conflicto con civiles, podría ser precedente para que la SCJN fallara en contra de la presencia del ejército en las calles.
Como ejemplo encontramos la declaración que realizó el ministro José Ramón Cossío, en el debate realizado por la SCJN en relación del fuero militar señaló:
“Creo que el Ejército no está para cumplir funciones de seguridad pública en términos de la propia Constitución; entiendo que todo el sistema de seguridad pública está construido a partir de servicios de policía, no a partir de servicios de los miembros de las Fuerzas Armadas”
Si se discutiera en este momento la presencia del Ejército en las calles, la SCJN dictaminaría la inconstitucionalidad de este acto de autoridad realizado por Felipe Calderón y sus secretarios de Defensa y Marina, de igual manera él y sus secretarios tendrían que responder por su responsabilidad penal, primero sus secretarios por refrendar un acto completamente en contra de la ley fundamental, y en segundo el Ex Presidente por realizar un decreto completamente contrario a la Constitución que juro guardar y hacer guardar.
El artículo 129 constitucional prohíbe la presencia del Ejército en labores con alguna conexión con la disciplina militar y que se han realizadas en tiempos de paz, en relación el artículo 21 establece que las instituciones de seguridad del país solo pueden ser de carácter civil.
¿Cómo pudo justificar Felipe Calderón, la presencia del Ejército en las calles, en la lucha contra el crimen organizado?, en la fracción VI del artículo 89 de la Constitución otorga la facultad al Presidente de disponer de las fuerzas armadas para garantizar la seguridad interior y la defensa exterior, sin embargo, ¿Qué es la “seguridad interior” que menciona la Carta Magna?
La ley vigente de Seguridad Nacional, no contempla el concepto de “seguridad interior”, que es manejado por la Constitución, en la iniciativa que realizó Felipe Calderón presenta una definición: “Es la condición en la que la estabilidad interna y permanencia del Estado mexicano se encuentran garantizadas a través de la aplicación coordinada de sus recursos y medios”
Sin embargo el Senado de la república al momento que le fue turnada para revisar la iniciativa de reforma, creó su propia definición de “seguridad interior”:
“La condición de estabilidad interna, paz y orden público, que permite a la población su constante mejoramiento y desarrollo económico, social y cultural; y cuya garantía es una función que está a cargo de los tres poderes de gobierno”.
Por último la Cámara de Diputados realizó algunos cambios a la definición planteada en la minuta del Senado, dejándola de la siguiente manera:
“La condición de estabilidad interna y permanencia del Estado mexicano, que permite a la población su constante mejoramiento y desarrollo económico, social y cultural; y cuya garantía es una función que está a cargo de los tres órdenes de gobierno, con la concurrencia de los sectores social y privado”.
Se realizaron dos decretos uno el 9 de mayo de 2007 y otro el 17 de septiembre de 2007, ambos planteaban la creación de un Cuerpo Especial de Fuerzas de Apoyo Federal del Ejercito y la Fuerza Área.
Sin embargo el único fundamento legal que presentan esos decretos es una jurisprudencia mencionada anteriormente, no existía un marco jurídico fuerte que apoyara las acciones de “guerra” del presidente, su proyecto no tuvo mayor trascendencia que solo quedarse en iniciativa, ya que no hubo el impulso suficiente por parte del Ejecutivo, puede ser que Calderón se dio cuenta de ilegalidad que estaba por cometer.
El 23 de abril de 2009 el Ejecutivo realizó una iniciativa de reforma a la Ley de Seguridad Nacional.
Esta Reforma estuvo de paseo en la Cámara de diputados y la Cámara de Senadores durante más de tres años, sin embargo durante ese lapso de tiempo el Ejército se encontraba en “guerra” contra el crimen organizado, sin mandato conforme a la ley.
Esto demuestra la incompetencia de un Congreso en donde solo se manejan intereses de los miembros que conforman las cámaras, el Congreso tuvo la oportunidad de parar de manera legal, una guerra ilegal que termino al final del 2012 con más de 100 mil muertos, y un centenar de desaparecidos, el Congreso es cómplice de la muerte al mostrar su burocracia y no ver por los intereses de los mexicanos.
Felipe Calderón Hinojosa, actuó fuera de la ley, realizando sus funciones como un dictador, y disponiendo de las Fuerzas Armadas sin tener en cuenta ningún procedimiento, realizando un decreto con fundamento en una jurisprudencia que interpreta el artículo 129 Constitucional y ampliando facultades a un servidor público, cuando claramente solamente la ley puede otorgar estas facultades.
Felipe Calderón utilizo las Fuerzas Armadas, sin una declaración previa de guerra, un decreto de disposición del Ejército, Armada y Marina que se base legalmente en un precepto jurídico con más jerarquía que una jurisprudencia realizada en un tiempo social e histórico, que nada tiene que ver con el México bélico que se vive en estos momentos, de igual manera no hubo un decreto ley de suspensión de garantías, las Fuerzas Armadas están actuando fuera de los limites legales, realizando disposiciones y funciones que no le corresponden.
Felipe Calderón Hinojosa traicionó a la patria, al no respetar las disposiciones que plantea la Constitución, es un criminal de guerra, que dejó al país en una de sus mayores crisis de seguridad en su historia, la psicosis que se vive en la mayoría de las entidades de la federación, es más evidente en los Estados norteños pero eso deja fuera al sur del país, que día con día se viven secuestros y extorsiones, la gente ha perdido la confianza de las autoridades y de cualquier persona que se encuentre ahí.
Un Congreso inepto es lo que te tocó a Felipe Calderón que fungió como un cómplice de sus crímenes de lesa humanidad.
Sin fundamento legal, o con un fundamento sin fortaleza jurídica, la “guerra contra el crimen organizado” sigue azotando a México, mientras que el “criminal de guerra” (Felipe Calderón), así acusado ante La Corte Penal Internacional de La Haya, disfruta de unas vacaciones todo pagadas por el Estado mexicano, en virtud de la pensión vitalicia presidencial (250 mil pesos mensuales)
Publicado por Proyecto ambulante @ www.proyectoambulante.org/index.php/noticias/oaxaca/item/...
(180-degree aerial view) Rangeland near Sauerbier Ranches LLC, where producer Dan Doornbos (vest) and son-in-law ranch operator Ryan Ellis, were able to implement brush management practices and install a solar-powered (photovoltaic) electric well pump and distribution system with the help of U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Natural Resources and Conservation Service (NRCS) John Wagoner (cowboy hat), at Sweetwater Basin, in southwest Montana, on August 27, 2019. Brush management practice has opened the rangeland for cattle to better graze and improve the land. On other parts of the ranches, well pumps draw water from the aquifer below a creek. The pump pushes water through pipelines, up to rangelands more than two miles away to draw cattle to a variety of grazing areas. This improves the water quality by drawing the cattle from the nearby flowing creek; provides more water from a more stable underground water resource; allows the land to rest from the presence of the cattle; allows the manure to return to the soil so that the plants can better grow back, and provides drinking water for the cattle in remote rangelands.
Brush Management is the management or removal of woody (non-herbaceous or succulent) plants including those that are invasive and noxious. This creates the desired plant community consistent with the ecological site or a desired state within the site description; restores or release desired vegetative cover to protect soils, control erosion, reduce sediment, improve water quality, or enhance hydrology.• Maintain, modify, or enhance fish and wildlife habitat; improves forage accessibility, quality, and quantity for livestock and wildlife; Manages fuel loads to achieve desired conditions; controls pervasive plant species to a desired level of treatment that will ultimately contribute to creation or maintenance of an ecological site description “steady-state” addressing the need for forage, wildlife habitat, and/or water quality.
Pumping Plant is a facility that delivers water at a designed pressure and flow rate. Includes the required pump(s), associated power unit(s), plumbing, appurtenances, and may include on-site fuel or energy source(s), and protective structures.
USDA Photo by Lance Cheung.
For more information, please see:
Brush Management - nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/stelprdb1254946.pdf
Water Well - nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs143_026211.pdf
Pumping Plant Pumping Plan - nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/stelprdb1046901.pdf
NRCS - nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/site/national/home/
Farm Production and Conservation - usda.gov/our-agency/about-usda/mission-areas
USDA - USDA.gov
Brush Management is the management or removal of woody (non-herbaceous or succulent) plants including those that are invasive and noxious. This creates the desired plant community consistent with the ecological site or a desired state within the site description; restores or release desired vegetative cover to protect soils, control erosion, reduce sediment, improve water quality, or enhance hydrology.• Maintain, modify, or enhance fish and wildlife habitat; improves forage accessibility, quality, and quantity for livestock and wildlife; Manages fuel loads to achieve desired conditions; controls pervasive plant species to a desired level of treatment that will ultimately contribute to creation or maintenance of an ecological site description “steady state” addressing the need for forage, wildlife habitat, and/or water quality.
Pumping Plant is a facility that delivers water at a designed pressure and flow rate. Includes the required pump(s), associated power unit(s), plumbing, appurtenances, and may include on-site fuel or energy source(s), and protective structures.
USDA Photo by Lance Cheung.
For more information, please see:
Brush Management - nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/stelprdb1254946.pdf
Water Well - nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs143_026211.pdf
Pumping Plant Pumping Plan - nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/stelprdb1046901.pdf
NRCS - nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/site/national/home/
Farm Production and Conservation - usda.gov/our-agency/about-usda/mission-areas
USDA - USDA.gov
The companion video can be seen at youtu.be/jUIWOaa7vw4
Antique Farm Implement.
Penn Farm Agricultural Heritage Center.
Cedar Hill State Park. Cedar Hill, Texas.
Dallas County. September 10, 2020.
Nikon D800. AF-S Nikkor 14-24mm f/2.8g.
(24mm) f/16 @ 1/40 sec. ISO 250.
2 shots from the Bygdoy museums in Oslo Norway.
Sharp implements, similar to the ones I saw being used in Antarctica 1956/7.
Antique Farm Implement,
Penn Farm Agricultural Heritage Center.
Cedar Hill State Park. Cedar Hill, Texas.
Dallas County. 24 December 2018.
Olympus E-P5. Panasonic Lumix G Vario 45-200mm f/4-5.6 II.
(45mm) f/8 @ 1/100 sec. ISO 640.
Well, this title proves I must be unhinged but I didn't even forget it since last night when I thought it up so it stuck. Unfortunately two of the clunky signs showed in this shot and I will probably clone them out when I collapse the layers back together. Way too much work otherwise. The crowd was a bit much for a Friday weekday and even highway #66 seemed overloaded with travelers and RVs probably on their way up to Estes Park and Rocky Mountain National Park (area right of the wind mill). Highway #66 does not appear in this shot and thank goodness I had little cloning on the cars! I appreciated the way the sky was beginning to display in a spray on the widest angle shots. I moved in for consecutively tighter shots on the red barn after I captured "The old spread" and tried to crop out problems as was possible. I fiddled with the horizon but it has to be on a slant. The terrain slopes down and left to McIntosh Lake that is over in northwest Longmont. On the right hand side of the frame is the new stock shed where they are housing the ponies and pigs while the slow elk, left, have to feed themselves. There are several exhibits inside the red barn for the mommas to explain to the kiddies. All the kiddies want is a cool soda pop as long as they have to walk. Careful, the chickens and bunnies are under foot; a delight to the kiddies no doubt. I went out again on Sunday and shot more photos including some of the signs so I'd have a record. We can't agree which was the McIntosh barn and which was moved in from the FAA property. A strange day it is because the place was empty but Highway #66 was a real pain with folks apparently heading for Rocky Mountain National Park. We just got out of there last Tuesday and I figure it will be a wild one for the summer. You couldn't pay me to go now, except for a cooler day.
This is the McIntosh-Lohr Farm Agricultural Museum on Highway #66, (not the same as Route #66). I had by now dropped everything else. Though the clouding has been absent recently, they really popped the structures today but I still had to wait for the chickens to cross the road before they allowed me passage. Today, though, served up a sprinkle and they promise 92 tomorrow. Keep editing in the cool, I guess. I am spending extra time on the best of the captures considering these abundant skies. I was just in time for the sky. I looked out of my window and jumped up, gathered my camera and split. I scored shots out here some years ago but the sky was a dud and I was using my old D70. The farm/museum is part way between Largemont and Hygiene, Colorado. Today, I can afford the time to stop and look (it was my "race on debt" for being there) over the old shots I ought to have spotted before. I bet though I'd better manage it in an hour or two. They have added new venues and I am in a wandering mood. Here is one of my results. The day would later collapse to overcast, allowing time to start editing. There COULD be some time involved in editing. After I boiled the layers down to a TIFF, I edited objects I could then.
Advertisement postcard for the Pender Manufacturing and Supply Company, showing different
types of sowers. The card also reads, "Fertilizer and Lime Sowers," "So-Rite Fertilizer
Sower," "Hand Operated Horse Drawn Tractor Drawn Sizes up to 13 ft. wide BUY TODAY."
Digital Collection:
North Carolina Postcards
Location:
Raleigh (N.C.); Wake County (N.C.);
Collection in Repository
Durwood Barbour Collection of North Carolina Postcards (P077); collection guide available
online at www.lib.unc.edu/ncc/pcoll/77barbour/77barbour.html
Este santuário está
implementado numa vasta
área consagrada ao culto
Mariano e constitui um pólo
de dinamização de
numerosas actividades de
espiritualidade, recolhimento
e apoio social. Na sua
génese, está a resposta das
populações do nordeste
transmontano à mensagem
de Fátima, através de uma
acção liderada por um
sacerdote natural da região: o
P. Manuel Joaquim Ochôa.
Começou a ser edificado em
1961. Para a sua construção
foi necessária a colaboração
de todo o povo de Cerejais,
homens e mulheres; eles com
quatrocentos carros de bois
de pedra e elas com o transporte de toda a água necessária à construção,
muita da qual foi transportada em cântaros, à cabeça.
Além da capela principal, fazem parte do conjunto do santuário:
l O Calvário (fig.1.1) com uma capelinha onde se encontra um conjunto
escultórico, em tamanho natural, que representa o encontro da Mãe
Dolorosa com o seu Divino Filho.
l Uma Via-sacra que percorre o caminho entre a Capela e o Calvário e
cujas cruzes foram esculpidas em granito da aldeia de Romeu.
Dois anos mais tarde, em 28 de Maio de 1967, celebrou-se a “festa dos
Bispos” como ficou conhecida a inauguração dos quinze Mistérios do
Rosário, que estão representados por outras tantas figuras esculpidas que
se distribuem à beira do caminho entre a capela e a Loca do Cabeço. Com
efeito, nas cerimónias desta inauguração, estiveram presentes os bispos
de Bragança-Miranda, Leiria, Lamego e Dili.
Em 1976 foi edificado o primeiro pavilhão da Casa dos Pastorinhos e foi
ampliada a torre sineira.
1977 foi o ano da comemoração do 60º aniversário das aparições em
Fátima e o Santuário dos Cerejais foi o ponto central das comemorações
na diocese de Bragança-Miranda.
seu desejo ao rei que logo pensou juntar o útil ao agradável: fez a vontade
à esposa e aproveitou o pretexto para construir uma fortificação militar nas
proximidades, dado que se tratava de um local estratégico para a
segurança do reino.
A administração da capela e dos seus folgados proventos determinados
por D. Dinis foi entregue aos frades beneditinos do mosteiro do Castro da
Avelãs, que se localiza a cerca de 30 km de distância, próximo a Bragança.
No reinado de D. João III, foi construída a catedral de Miranda, que passou
a ser a sede da diocese para quem passou a administração do santuário.
Durante todos estes anos, as actividades de culto foram promovidas pela
confraria que contava sempre com um mordomo castelhano, o que
confirma a grande influência que o santuário exerce do outro lado da
fronteira. Do lado espanhol o Santuário é designado por “La Ribeiriña”.
Apesar da grande quantidade de romeiros e da celebração anual das
grandes romarias, o templo chegou ao final do século XIX num estado de
apreciável degradação. Providencialmente surgiu um benemérito, próspero
emigrante no Brasil, natural de Castrelos, de seu nome António do Carmo
Pires.
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