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This machine is not on display, but is still sitting on what was once the old Fresno Ranch. I can't figure out what it did.
Lighted Farm Implement Parade, Sunnyside, Washington. I am pleasantly surprised how sharp these night photos are considering these shots are hand held and mostly shot at 1/30 and slower shutter speed. IMG_1060
Farm implement in infrared in New Franklin Missouri by Notley Hawkins. Taken with a LifePixel infrared converted (720nm) Canon EOS 5D Mark II camera with a Canon EF17-40mm f/4L USM lens at ƒ8.0 with a 1/250 second exposure at ISO 100. Processed with Canon Digital Photo Professional and Adobe Lightroom CC.
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Farm implement near McBaine in rural Boone County Missouri by Notley Hawkins Photography. Taken with a Canon EOS 5D Mark IV camera with a Canon EF24-105mm f/4L IS USM lens at ƒ/4.0 with a 129 second exposure at ISO 100. Processed with Adobe Lightroom 6.4.
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Ukrainians!
And all our friends and allies!
De facto allies. Today, here in Kyiv, in the heart of our country, we are taking a decisive step for the security of the entire community of free nations.
We see who threatens us. Who is ready to kill and maim. Who in order to expand his zone of control does not stop at any savagery.
On February 24, the first full-scale attack on Ukraine was carried out. The first!
Russia would not have stopped at our borders if we had not stopped it. Other states would have been under attack. The Baltic countries, Poland, Moldova and Georgia, Kazakhstan...
Russia claimed to subjugate various nations of Europe and Asia. Claimed six months ago. This criminal ambition is breaking down in Ukraine. It was broken down in the suburbs of Kyiv and Chernihiv. In "Azovstal". In the Sumy region and Kharkiv region. On Zmiinyi Island. It will be broken down in Donbas and in the south of Ukraine when we liberate them. Definitely - in Crimea, in the free Ukrainian Crimea.
The entire territory of our country will be liberated from this enemy - the enemy not only of Ukraine, but also of life itself, humanity, law and truth.
Russia already knows this. It feels our power. It sees that it is here, in Ukraine, that we prove the strength of our values. And that is why it is in a hurry. Organizes this farce with the attempted annexation. Tries to steal something that does not belong to it. Wants to rewrite history and redraw borders with murders, torture, blackmail and lies.
Ukraine will not allow that.
Today I held a meeting of the Staff of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief. The meeting of the National Security and Defense Council has just ended. We have a decision.
First – it is only the path of strengthening Ukraine and ousting the occupiers from our entire territory that restores peace. We will complete this path.
Second – Ukraine was and remains a leader in negotiation efforts. It was our state that always offered Russia to reach an agreement on coexistence on equal, honest, decent and fair terms. It is obvious that this is impossible with this Russian president. He does not know what dignity and honesty are. Therefore, we are ready for a dialogue with Russia, but already with another president of Russia.
And third – we must de jure record everything we have already achieved de facto. It is in Ukraine that the fate of democracy in the confrontation with tyranny is being decided. It is here, with the firmness of our state borders, that we can secure the firmness of the borders of all European states. We can guarantee that no one else will dare to bring war back to our continent.
It is here, in Ukraine, that the values of our Euro-Atlantic community have obtained real vital energy. The strength of the nation that fights for freedom, and the strength of the nations that help in this fight.
We are de facto allies. This has already been achieved. De facto, we have already completed our path to NATO. De facto, we have already proven interoperability with the Alliance’s standards, they are real for Ukraine - real on the battlefield and in all aspects of our interaction.
We trust each other, we help each other and we protect each other. This is what the Alliance is. De facto.
Today, Ukraine is applying to make it de jure. Under a procedure consistent with our significance for the protection of our entire community. Under an accelerated procedure.
We know it's possible. We have seen Finland and Sweden start accession to the Alliance this year without a Membership Action Plan.
This is fair. This is also fair for Ukraine. This is the consolidation at the level of the treaty of what has already been achieved in life and what are our values.
We understand that this requires the consensus of all members of the Alliance. We understand that it is necessary to reach such a consensus. And therefore, while this is happening, we offer to implement our proposals regarding security guarantees for Ukraine and all of Europe in accordance with the Kyiv Security Compact, which was developed and presented to our partners.
Security has no alternatives. But determination is needed to guarantee it.
We are taking our decisive step by signing Ukraine's application for accelerated accession to NATO.
Today, the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine adopted a decision to impose sanctions on significant individuals and legal entities of Russia who did not have the courage to speak out in defense of humanity and international law, or who in one way or another are involved in aggressive steps against Ukraine and the community of democratic nations.
And at the same time, I am addressing the people's deputies of Ukraine: at the next session of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, a draft law on the nationalization of all Russian assets will be considered, which should significantly simplify this procedure. Please endorse this bill without delay.
We are completing the dismantling of Russian influence on Ukraine, Europe and the world.
Glory to Ukraine!
Farm implement near McBaine in rural Boone County Missouri by Notley Hawkins Photography. Taken with a Canon EOS 5D Mark IV camera with a Canon EF8-15mm f/4L FISHEYE USM lens at ƒ/4.0 with a 152 second exposure at ISO 100. Processed with Adobe Lightroom 6.4.
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January2025. Farming implement used to block access to a field along US-70 around Galloway, Arkansas.Delta400.NikonFA.60Mac.YellowFilter.Caffenol-CH@20minutes.Scan:FujifilmXH1
As countries undemocratically move towards implementing their New World Order goals of a net zero future, urban areas will evolve into smart ghettos. We’ll transform this world into one big community of Agenda 21 smart cities. We’ll use community-led initiatives to make Personal Carbon Allowance Programs palatable and socially acceptable to the sheep. We’ll promote an authoritarian system for tracking your carbon emissions. The levers of mass formation psychosis will be much more impactful through global citizen re-education programs. There has been much advancement in Fourth Industrial Revolution technologies such as AI and machine-learning. These technologies will play a key role in tracking your lifestyle emissions, so that you can make ethical decisions. AI will monitor your consumer habits by using your historical and real time data, providing recommendations for your needs. AI will provide an in-depth analyzes on the choices you make for food, transport, and utilities. Energy efficiency apps will provide statistics about your lifestyle emissions, helping you to reduce your consumer-related footprint. Awareness of your home energy consumption will help you change your lifestyle, thus you can do your part in saving the planet. Eventually AI will control every aspect of your life. It will plan out your days. It will control how long you sleep and what you eat. It will control your home utilities. We must be willing to change how we live and work, so that we can combat the effects of geoengeneered climate change. For a greener tomorrow we must lower our lifestyle emissions. We must lower our expectations and become a lifestyle emissions slave. Climate crisis rationing, do your part to save the earth! You are nothing but bottom feeders, carbon polluters! Our plan is not only to depopulate the earth but to replace humanity with human-machine hybrids. It’s for the greater good of the planet! You will be deemed obsolete, because you aren’t part of a sustainable future—net zero human-machine hybrids are the future. Survival of the fittest—Outwit, Outplay, Outlast!
You’ll be a digital slave in a digital gulag, socially engineered and controlled by a Social Credit Score System. Smart ID’s-smart currency. Hello world! Hello facial recognition and biometrics! Hello surveillance society! The future definitely doesn’t look dystopian, now does it!?! Smart cities-to smart homes-to smart people (transhumans). Smart chip-smart people-controlled sheep. “Disaster will be inescapable, as if a man ran from a lion only to meet a bear, then escaped into a house, leaned his hand against the wall, and was bitten by a poisonous snake.”
Since the globalists are possessed by the spirit of antichrist, they are paving the way for the eventually reign of the Antichrist.
David Spangler: “We do not want another committee, we have too many already. What we want is a man of sufficient stature to hold the allegiance of all the people and to lift us up out of the economic morass into which we are sinking. Send us such a man, and whether he be God or devil, we will receive him.”
If you take the Mark (666) your mind will be changed from that of a man, to that of the Beast, till seven times pass by for him. Seven will be the Dragons years. The Beast will say, “Is this not Babylon the Great, which I myself have built by the might of my power as a royal residence and for the glory of my majesty?” However, a proclamation will be made: “Fallen, fallen is Babylon the Great! She has become a dwelling place for demons, a haunt for every unclean spirit, a haunt for every unclean bird, a haunt for every unclean and detestable beast.” Then the handwriting will be on the wall:
“God has numbered the days of your reign and has brought it to an end.”
“You have been weighed on the balances and have not measured up.”
Your kingdom has been given to another.
“And I saw heaven opened, and behold, a white horse, and the One seated on it was called ‘Faithful’ and ‘True,’ and with justice He judges and makes war.” “And the Beast was seized, and with him the False Prophet who performed the signs before him, by which he deceived those who received the Mark of the Beast and those who had worshiped his Image. The two were thrown alive into the lake of fire that burns with sulphur.” “In the time of those kings, the God of heaven will set up a kingdom that will never be destroyed, nor will it be left to another people. It will crush all those kingdoms and bring them to an end, but it will itself endure forever.” “Whoever has ears, let them hear.”
Farm implement near Glasgow in rural Saline County Missouri by Notley Hawkins Photography. Taken with a Canon EOS 5D Mark IV camera with a Canon EF24-105mm f/4L IS USM lens at ƒ/4.0 with a 183 second exposure at ISO 200. Processed with Adobe Lightroom CC.
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A Springfield Model 1903 and it’s replacement, the M1 Garand rifle. The receiver of this Springfield rifle was forged in 1933 and that of the Garand in 1940. The M1911A1 pistol is a modern production.
Farm implement near Glasgow in rural Saline County Missouri by Notley Hawkins Photography. Taken with a Canon EOS 5D Mark IV camera with a Canon EF24-105mm f/4L IS USM lens at ƒ/4.0 with a 150 second exposure at ISO 100. Processed with Adobe Lightroom CC.
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My son at Hippotherapy session learning to clean out the horse's foot
#64 Cleaning Implement for 116 pictures in 2016
Farm implement near McBaine in rural Boone County Missouri by Notley Hawkins Photography. Taken with a Canon EOS 5D Mark IV camera with a Canon EF24-105mm f/4L IS USM lens at ƒ/4.0 with a 161 second exposure at ISO 100. Processed with Adobe Lightroom 6.4.
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This is what a modern kitchen had in the 1860's. King's Landing recreates rural life in New Brunswick at about that time.
The palace was the home of the Moorish King Abomelic I al-Malik,, who reigned all too briefly yet who initiated a golden age in the city and implemented some large construction projects.
Ronda, Andalusia.
We've have some happy little changes implemented in recent weeks - some small improvements that have made a big difference. We are now at the end of our commissions (You're in for some Spam this weekend!) and we want to move forward in a positive direction.
Although some of these are gradual improvements over the course of a couple of months, here is a list of little improvements we have made.
✮ Improved Packaging - The wigs are now arriving much better than previously. They will still need brushing once removed from their boxes, but the fibres are remaining as they should do during transit. We've had enough testing to confirm that the new packaging is working out wonderfully.~
✮ Sturdier Cap - The caps are made with a different material and in a different method with an additional "sideburn" area on some styles to add extra length around the face~
✮ Thicker, Fuller wigs.
✮ A set shipping schedule. We ship every Saturday or worst case scenario, the following Monday.
C H A N G E S T O C O M E
✮ Rebranding - We will be changing our name before the launch of the winter sale. With so many positive improvements we'd like to go into the new year with an equally positive mindset. We aren't the wig shop we were when we started this a year ago and we have grown and learned so many things. We want to come back anew with a name that really reflects us rather than continue on as Frappzilla, which was first and foremost a personal username that was never really meant for the both of us. We'll have a fresh new image and even some new models so we can show you guys our designs to their full potential.
✮ New Store - One of the most exciting things to come in the next week or two is the new and improved webshop which I have mentioned in recent posts. The new store will feature your own personal login area, automated (at last) shipping notifications and a lot of other exciting features.
✮ Monthly Newsletter - Something that we wanted to bring to you in 2015 will finally be coming at the start of the new year, thanks to the new store.
✮ New Styles - With the new models comes a new approach with our premium line, featuring more realistic designs, hairlines and parts. We anticipate a heavy focus on shorter cuts alongside the current kinds of wigs we offer. We'll also have some fun and quirky additions that you won't have seen anywhere before and we'lll finally launch our line of dreadlocks wigs too.
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The last commission photos will be sent out over the weekend and everything that has been confirmed by the customer will be shipped on Monday.
A friendly reminder that our winter sale starts on November 25th with daily pre-made wigs at a discount, available in the new webshop. Don't forget our bonus Advent Calendar starting on the 1st December with a huge daily discount on one wig per day up until Christmas Eve.
We want to thank all of you for your continued support. Thank you so so much for everything, always!
An abandoned farm implement near Overton in Cooper County Missouri by Notley Hawkins Photography. Taken with a Canon EOS 5D Mark III camera with a EF16-35mm f/4L IS USM lens at f.4.0 with a .5 second exposure at ISO 800 along with three Quantum Qflash Trios with red, green and blue gels. Processed with Adobe Lightroom 6.4.
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please press L for lightbox
The sun sets behind Mt. Diablo as this antique Buck Rake languishes in a field, perhaps recalling an earlier day when it served a more noble purpose sweeping hay on a busy ranch.
This old piece of farm machinery is one of my favorite subjects for testing new gear and I happened to meet the rancher who said this Buck Rake was used in his family in the 1960's before they ultimately sold it to the the present owner to be used as a decoration lining the entrance road to the golf course.
This is a single underexposed shot, double processed and fed into Photomatix for tone mapping.
Lens is the FA31 Limited.
With ongoing PSR implementations emptying both the NS and UP Springfield, IL mainlines of daytime freight traffic, I have had to resort to shooting Amtrak trains in order to shoot anything at all. Even then, there are only four daylight trains to chose from and two of them run the wrong direction for good lighting. I have never seen it so bad in the 28 years that I have lived in Springfield.
#ItSucksToBeARailfanIn2019
IDTX 4620 - SC-44 Charger
Peoria Road - Springfield, IL
November 15, 2019
The Setep implement was used during the ceremony of the Opening of the Mouth, giving back to the deceased energy and vitality, before placing the mummy in the tomb.
Wood, Deir el Bahari.
It was recently announced that as from 2nd January 2023, Sanders will be implementing a revised and much improved timetable on their service X55 between North Walsham and Norwich. A major part of the revamp includes the use of four brand new MCV Evora bodied Volvo B8RLE types numbers, 526 - BV72 KKA “Roger Parker; 527 - BV72 KKB “Brian Billman”; 528 - BV72 KKC “Joe Cook” and 529 - BV72 KKD “Martin Wise” which will be based at their North Walsham depot.
Having been delivered to Holt back on 22nd August 2022, in the above shot we see number 529 - BV72 KKD “Martin Wise” receiving route branding and fleetname vinyls at the Hempstead Road Depot in Holt. Although similar to the six Coasthopper branded vehicles - 518-21/4 & 5 - these latest additions to the fleet feature different moquette and are of the longer type with a maximum seating capacity of 46. All are individually named after long serving and well respected members of the Sanders team, two of whom, Martin Wise and Roger Parker, sadly passed away this year.
Not my best ever bus picture, but interesting that all four new vehicles are in the same shot.
As usual, a big thank you to all at Sanders for granting me access to their premises.
Following the implementation of the new timetable (effective from September 15, 2025), the number of intercity trains connecting Athens and Thessaloniki has been reduced to two pairs per day...
So, every day, trains 50 & 51 run in the morning and trains 56 & 57 run in the afternoon...
Dwarfed by Mount Parnassos,Intercity Train 51 from Thessaloniki to Athens, passes the small village of Agia Paraskevi...
Video Link---> youtu.be/Owx3llXxoHg
Operator:Hellenic Train
Train:51 Thessaloniki-Athens
Locomotive:OSE Class 220
Adtranz / Bombardier (DE2000)
Dice are implements used for generating random numbers in a variety of social and gambling games. Known since antiquity, dice have been called the oldest gaming instruments. They are typically cube-shaped and marked with one to six dots on each face. The most common method of dice manufacture involves injection molding of plastic followed by painting.
Dice have been used for gaming and divination purposes for thousands of years. Evidence found in Egyptian tombs has suggested that this civilization used them as early as 2000 b.c. Other data shows that primitive civilizations throughout the Americas also used dice. These dice were composed of ankle bones from various animals. Marked on four faces, they were likely used as magical devices that could predict the future. The ancient Greeks and Romans used dice made of bone and ivory. The dice of most of these early cultures were made in numerous shapes and sizes.
The modern day cubical dice originated in China and have been dated back as early as 600 b.c. They were most likely introduced to Europe by Marco Polo during the fourteenth century.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hengistbury_Head
Hengistbury Head /ˈhɛŋɡəstbri/ is a headland jutting into the English Channel between Bournemouth and Mudeford in the English county of Dorset. It is a site of international importance in terms of its archaeology and is scheduled as an Ancient Monument.[1] Declared a Local Nature Reserve in 1990, the head and its surroundings form part of the Christchurch Harbour Site of Special Scientific Interest.[2] It is also a Special Area of Conservation, Special Protection Area, an Environmentally Sensitive Area and a Site of Nature Conservation Interest.[3] The name "Hengistbury Head" refers to the immediate area; the elevated portion is called Warren Hill.
There has been human activity on the site since the Upper Palaeolithic; during the Victorian era, it was heavily quarried, and in recent years tourism has become significant – it receives over a million visitors annually. The various habitats on the Head provide a home for many plants, birds and insects, some of them rare and critically endangered. Erosion remains a threat to the site, although long-term projects are intended to secure it for the future.
Location
After the counties were redesignated in 1974, the site has been considered part of Dorset. The isolated building near the centre of the image (labelled "Summer House") is the thatched barn still at the Head. The barn forms part of the new visitor centre.
Hengistbury Head is a sandstone headland forming part of Southbourne, which is a suburb of the town of Bournemouth to the west; the nearest major settlement is Christchurch to the north. It is the most easterly part of the Borough of Bournemouth, and marks the most easterly point of Poole Bay. Historically part of Hampshire, the Local Government Act 1972 designated the area a part of Dorset. The northern slope of the hill tailing off towards the sea forms Mudeford spit, the sand bar closing Christchurch Harbour from the south.
Buildings
The spit is home to more 300 privately owned beach-huts, one of which in 2012 became one of the UK's most expensive, selling for £170,000 just two days after being put on the market.[4] The hut measures a little over five by three metres, has no running water, and the occupants may only stay overnight from March to October. Despite the relative lack of amenities, the area has become one of the UK's most desirable; huts are rented out for up to £600 a week.[5]
The Black House, a local landmark, stands at the end of the spit, opposite Mudeford Quay, site of the Battle of Mudeford in 1784. Built in 1848, it was once a boat-builders' house, but is now rented out to holidaymakers.[6] It has served a variety of functions over the years, and is commonly associated with the area's smuggling past.[7]
Toponymy
Mentioned as Hednesburia in a church deed of the early 12th century, and referred to as Hynesbury Head in the 17th, Hengistbury only took on its current spelling in the 19th century, during a period of what archaeologist Barry Cunliffe calls "antiquarian romanticism".[8] Many prehistoric sites around this time were renamed to link them with historical figures.[8] It was thought at the time that the legendary Anglo-Saxon leader Hengist could be buried here, as he was said to have been laid to rest in an unlocated mound. Twentieth-century excavations have established that the tumuli at Hengistbury Head date to the Bronze Age however.[9]
History
Hengistbury Head is home to a plethora of nationally and internationally significant archaeological sites, with features dating from the Late Upper Palaeolithic to the Roman settlement of Britain, earning the site Scheduled Ancient Monument status.[10] Interest in the site declined throughout the Dark Ages, until extensive development took place in Christchurch around 890 AD, when the Head may have been used as a lookout post. The area was heavily quarried during the Victorian period and nowadays receives over a million visitors annually.[11]
Stone Age
Several archaeological digs have revealed that the site was occupied during the Upper Palaeolithic.[12] There is evidence of an open settlement of the Creswellian culture on the hill in the middle of the headland dating to around 14,100 years ago. With over 13,000 lithic artefacts it is probably the largest site of the period.[13][14] Most interesting were several blades typically found at Upper Paleolithic sites across Europe, but rarely seen outside of caves in the UK, where open air sites of this age are extremely rare.[15] People at the Head were heavily involved with the production of blades, further excavations identified 649 tools, dominated by backed blades, endscrapers and burins.[16]
At the time the Warren Hill would have overlooked a large river valley that was to become the English Channel. Once the sea had inundated the surrounding valley, Mesolithic hunter gatherers exploited the site. Pollen analysis of peat from the Solent bed suggest a lightly wooded headland free of close-knit undergrowth during this period, an ideal habitat for game.[17]
Bronze Age
In Bronze Age Britain this was an important seaport.[18] Eleven Bronze Age Britain round barrows sit on the promontory with two more a little further inland. Eleven of the round barrows were excavated; three by Bushe Fox in 1911–12 and eight by Harold St George Gray in 1919 and 1922.[9][19] Two appear to be undisturbed. Numerous finds including Early Bronze Age axes and cremation urns were recovered from these tumuli, which have been consistently found to be between 3500 and 4000 years old.[9]
One of the barrows (south of where the thatched barn now stands)[20] contained a high status cremation of a woman of about twenty years in age, accompanied by an incense cup, a halberd-style pendant made from amber and copper alloy, and two gold cones that would have covered buttons of an organic material.[21] The burial-goods recovered are similar to those of the Wessex culture, the Wilsford and Dorset Ridgeway series in particular.[20] An urn from one of the barrows likely to have been made between 1700 and 1500 B.C., has been identified as Trevisker ware, a type widely found throughout Devon and Cornwall which was transported east in lesser amounts, this find being one of the easternmost discovered.[22]
Iron Age
In Iron Age Britain around 700 BC, a settlement on the Head was established;[23] also around this time, the headland was cut off from the mainland by the construction of two banks and ditches called the Double Dykes, similar to those found at Maiden Castle.[24] The earthworks consisted of an inner bank three metres high, with a ditch three and a half metres deep. An outer ditch six metres wide and two metres in depth is now obscured due to wind-blown deposits of sand and a gradual silting process.[25] These defences turned Hengistbury Head into a fortified settlement area which seems to have grown over succeeding centuries until it became an important port.[26] The Iron Age port at Hengistbury Head forms a final site in a small chain of fortified earthworks, starting from Hambledon Hill, and also including Hod Hill, Spetisbury Rings, Buzbury Rings, Badbury Rings and Dudsbury Camp.[27]
John Lavender of the local Red House Museum noted evidence of small iron-ore smelting hearths on Warren Hill, while green vitreous slag has been also found on the Head.[28] In his 1911 to 1912 excavations, Bushe-Fox found evidence for working of lead, copper and silver; two ingots discovered at this time revealed that raw materials would have been imported to the area.[28] One ingot was of nearly pure copper, while the other, which weighed 8.6 kg, was roughly 50/50 copper-silver alloy with around one percent gold.[29] Argentiferous (i.e. silver-bearing) copper was refined to produce silver at the Head.[29] There are also indications that gold was worked at Hengistbury.[30] One excavation produced part of a torc, twisted together with a small gold bracelet and another fragment in a manner suggesting it was scrap; a different site produced a streaked touchstone indicating use in gold testing.[30]
Thousands of bronze coins have been found from the pre-Roman period, the vast majority having been struck by the Durotriges.[31] The abundance of coins, together with various hearths and smelting artefacts found within a close proximity suggest that the Durotrigan finds were minted here.[32]
International trade centre
The advanced level of metallurgy in the area, coupled with its ease of access from the Continent, meant that Hengistbury Head became a significant Late-Iron Age port; trading worked metal of iron, silver, and bronze in return for figs, glass, tools and other goods. Armorican coins and pottery uncovered here show links to the Brittany peninsula.[33] Amphorae used for the transportation of North Italian wine have been found in such quantities (more than all other sites in the south of England put together), that it is clear that the Head was a main port of entry into the country.[34] However, no similar amphorae have been unearthed in Armorica, hinting at a more direct trade route between Hengistbury Head and Italy.[34] Most of these vessels date from before 50 B.C., while later styles are absent despite being common in other parts of Britain, indicating the wine trade seems to have declined at about the time Caesar began his Gaulish campaigns.[35]
Roman occupation to Medieval period
After the Roman conquest, the south-east of England started to develop into a more urban economy, while the socio-economic system of the south-west remained little changed.[36] Hengistbury would still have served as an important hub for the Dumnonii of Cornwall and Devon, and the Durotriges of Wiltshire and Dorset; since transport by water was more efficient at the time, and the Head offered both a coastal route, and freshwater options via the Stour and Avon rivers.[36]
No evidence of Saxon use has been found at the Head.[37] The area was not substantially reoccupied until Alfred the Great decided to rebuild the harbour as a defence against raiders. He built the town that later became Christchurch, on the north side of the harbour. Access to Salisbury up the River Avon made this a more strategic place. The Head may have been used for harbour defence at this time. In the 11th century, some of the iron-ore rich stones found at the Head were used in the construction of Christchurch Castle. These reddish-coloured stones can still be seen in the base of the now ruined castle.[38]
17th, 18th and 19th centuries
In the late 1600s, Andrew Yarranton (with backing from the Earl of Clarendon) commenced a scheme to improve the harbour. In 1693 a channel was cut out to sea, whilst ironstone boulders from the head were used to create a pier.[39] The plans proved ineffective; the pier was poorly positioned and subsequent storms (including the Great Storm of 1703) soon undid most of the work although parts of the pier known as "Clarendon's Jetty" or the "Long Rocks" are still visible today.[40] Many tons may have been removed from the beach and the head itself to make the jetty.[41]
In 1733 a new Excise and Customs Bill was introduced, restricting imports and raising taxes on many luxury items. Christchurch rapidly became a hot-bed for smugglers, where they were known as "freetraders", and much of the town was involved in the trade. The "Double Dykes" are said to have been used to hide contraband,[42] while Mudeford spit is rumoured to have been used in the construction of "Guinea boats" (cheaply built galleys sometimes capable of outrunning the day's steamships).[43][44] One apocryphal story is that the black house acquired its distinctive black colour when customs officers tried to smoke out some holed-up smugglers by lighting fires around the base.[43] The house was constructed in 1848 and used by shipwrights as a dwelling and workshop, smuggling was in decline with the introduction of a free trade policy and more effective measures being implemented by the Coast Guard by this time, so the house may not in fact have had much involvement in smuggling. The spit has a long association with shipbuilding with two large ships being built in the mid 19th century, the "Viscountess Canning" of 193 tons and the "Enterprise" 253 tons.[6]
From 1848 to 1872, the Hengistbury Mining Company – formed by a Christchurch-based merchant, John E. Holloway – extracted many more ironstone boulders through quarrying. Holloway brought coal from Southampton, and took the ironstone as ballast for the return journey.[45] These boulders, known as Iron Doggers, were prized for their high quantity of iron ore (up to 30%).[46] They form the base of Hengistbury Head, and the removal of a substantial amount of doggers over the years has weakened the headland. These and earlier excavations resulted in a loss of up to a third of the Head, caused mainly by erosion after the quarry's closure. The silt being washed down also threatened the ecology of the saltmarsh below. This has been reduced by the building of a dam, in 1976, to create a pool. Many "doggers" can still be seen lining the route of the land-train and at the quarry.[46]
UK's first airshow
In 1910 the first international aviation meeting ever held in Britain took place on a specially laid out aerodrome consisting of a mile of grassland between the "Double Dykes" and the nearby village of Tuckton. About twenty pioneer aviators from around the world participated in various competitions including spot landing, altitude tests and speed trials (both for the fastest and slowest circuit).[47]
On the second day of the meeting, co-founder of Rolls-Royce and pioneer aviator Charles Rolls was thrown from his plane, which disintegrated beneath him. Despite the fact that the first-ever powered flight had occurred only seven years previously, Rolls had been attempting a precision landing. He died from his injuries shortly after his fall.[48] The event was Britain's earliest fatal flying accident involving a powered aircraft.[47]
20th century
There were a number of development schemes for the head including a major railway and docks scheme proposed in 1885, proposals for housing and a golf course were also put forward before World War I, though none of these schemes came to fruition.[49] In 1919 the head was sold by Sir George Meyrick to Harry Gordon Selfridge with plans to construct a grand house. These plans also came to nothing, apart from the establishment of a nursery garden.[50] Bournemouth Borough Council purchased the head in 1930 for £25,200;[51] although plans for housing existed west of double dykes, the head itself was to be kept as public open space. During World War II the head was closed to the public and was occupied by the army, becoming home to a number of installations including a radar station. The area was also extensively mined. The Head was finally cleared of the military defences by the 1950s.[52]
Present day
Hengistbury Head Local Nature Reserve is currently owned and managed by Bournemouth Borough Council. In 1990, the land was declared a Local Nature Reserve, as a commitment by the town of Bournemouth to conserve and enhance the environment.[53] The heathland forms part of the Dorset Heaths and is internationally protected as a Special Area of Conservation and Special Protection Area. Nearby, the upper reaches of Christchurch Harbour (including the meadows at Wick) are recognised as an Environmentally Sensitive Area.[53]
The head today is used for a variety of reasons. Firstly it is a tourist spot where country walks can be taken all over the head due to the well defined gravel paths, some of which form part of the Bournemouth Coast Path.[54] In 2008, many paths were resurfaced, making more (though not all) parts of the Head wheelchair accessible. For example, it is now possible to gain wheelchair access to Quarry Pool. Regular field trips to the site are made by students of all ages and there are occasional guided tours or meetings around the Head covering a wide variety of subjects.[3]
There is a cafe at the bottom of the Head on the Bournemouth side. Hengistbury Head Outdoor Education centre is located near here on the south shore of the harbour. Run by Brockenhurst College, the centre offers a variety of water and outdoor activities.[55] A scenic land train (known as "the Noddy train") makes regular journeys from the cafe to the end of the spit, a journey of ten or so minutes.[56] On the head itself is a H. M. Coastguard radio relay station, a nature reserve and a triangulation pillar, shown on Ordnance Survey maps as 36 metres above sea level. Ample parking (subject to charges) can be found near the cafe, but the Head is also within walking distance of Southbourne and parts of Christchurch.
The Quarry Pool is now a significant part of the nature reserve features of the Head. While it was very acidic in the early years, since 1990 it has allowed the growth of a significant number of plant and insect species, as well as mallard and little grebe. The insects provide valuable food for migrating sand martins and swallows.[57]
Visitor centre
A new visitor centre for Hengistbury Head is scheduled to open by the end of 2013. Developments are currently underway on the thatched barn, which is being made in an eco-friendly way.[58] the new addition will cost over a million pounds with funding provided by developer contributions, the Heritage Lottery Fund and £300,000 from landfill tax.[58]
The centre will house a new display area concerning the site's archaeology, ecology and geology,[59] while work space will be created for volunteers and other community groups such as the Hengistbury Head Supporters Group, Residents' Association and Christchurch Harbour Ornithological Group.[3] The public will have the chance to scrutinise a selection of the finds discovered at Hengistbury Head in the last century, and to interact with experienced staff, as well as providing them with the opportunity to become actively involved in the administration of the nature reserve.[59]
The surrounding area will be extensively landscaped to create outdoor learning areas and a wildlife garden.[60] Energy-saving features will include photovoltaic panels for electricity and ground source heat pump for heating. A green roof (a living roof that is partially or completely covered with vegetation and a growing medium), will be used to absorb rainfall and provide insulation.[58] The centre will be constructed using timber-frame walls insulated with straw bales.[58]
Geography
According to Ian West of Southampton University, "Hengistbury Head is the best part of the Bournemouth coast for geology and geomorphology .... [and] is geologically important for the unusual nodules of sideritic ironstone [found] in Middle Eocene strata."[61] The exposed and relatively untouched cliff face at the Head perfectly lends itself to students of stratigraphy. Warren Hill itself is composed of Tertiary Bracklesham Beds,[62] a mixture of clays and marls with overlying sandy and lignitic beds.
Erosion
One serious threat to the future of the Head is erosion of the exposed southern cliff face from wind and rain, as well as erosion caused by the sea primarily through the process of Longshore drift. A comparison of Ordnance Survey maps reveals that 25 metres of cliff was washed away from 1915 to 1962,[62] a process accelerated by the Bournemouth cliff's concreted promenade and groynes, construction of which started in the early 20th century. It is thought that in the last 200 years around 150 metres of land has been lost from the Head.[62] The first attempt to counteract erosion came in the 1930s when Bournemouth Council constructed a breakwater now known as "the Long Groyne".[63] Since then, a gabion revetment has been constructed to secure the weakest point at the eastern end of the Head.[38] In a long-term project to secure the Head's future, from 2005 to 2008 Poole Bay was replenished with 1.8 million cubic metres of beach material,[64] drawing ire from some surfers and beach lovers owing to the increase in sharp stones on Southbourne beach in particular.[65] The project's organizers, the Poole Bay Partnership, state that: "The resulting wide beaches have been a success in terms of their function as a coast protection structure and for the enjoyment they provide to the area's residents and visitors."[64]
Flora and fauna
Hengistbury Head forms part of the Christchurch Harbour Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI), and in May 1990 was declared a Local Nature Reserve.[66] The Head supports 500 plant species (a quarter of the national flora), including eight red data book species, 14 nationally scarce, and 39 locally rare species. The main nature reserve area faces Christchurch Harbour, and is contiguous with the reed beds of Wick Fields. The Head contains a large variety of habitats from the heathland on Warren Hill to freshwater ponds, sand dunes, and salt marshes. The woodland (known as Withybed Wood) is home to English oak and silver birch amongst many other trees, and is of particular interest, as it is the only such area to be shown on an 1811 O.S. map of the Bournemouth/Christchurch area.[66] In 2002, cattle-grazing commenced in a field near the new visitor centre known as "Barn Field". This, combined with gorse eradication, has assisted in the restoration of this habitat to its ancient character.[67]
Present on the site is Sea knotgrass (Polygonum maritimum), the rarest of the knotgrasses in Britain,[68] and currently listed as a "schedule 8 species" under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981. Such plants are afforded greater than usual protection against damaging activities – such as "cutting, picking, destroying or selling."[69] The heathland is both a Special Area of Conservation and a Special Protection Area, part of a network of the best wildlife sites in Europe.[66]
The various habitats provide homes to numerous species of insects. There are 700 moth species recorded in the nature reserve, again a quarter of the national total. At different spots across the site butterflies (including the green hairstreak),[70] damselflies (like the large red), and dragonflies (such as the hairy dragonfly) can be observed.[3][66][71] The exceedingly rare thirteen-spotted ladybird (Hippodamia 13-punctata), was recently observed at the Head, the first recorded UK sighting since 1952.[66]
Over 300 bird species have been recorded in the area,[72] making Hengistbury Head an important migratory point. The Balearic shearwater, considered critically endangered with extinction by the IUCN and seldom sighted in the UK, has been seen in the area.[72] Other rare birds spotted here include the purple heron, the pink-footed goose, the European honey buzzard and the melodious warbler.[73] The fields and reserved areas near the car park provide an ideal spot to watch and listen to a significant population of skylarks during the summer months.
In 1989 a project commenced to re-introduce the country's rarest amphibian, the natterjack toad, to Hengistbury Head. The natterjack was last recorded on the headland in the 1950s before its extinction, probably as the result of a lack of suitable ponds.[74] The project has been a great success and today there are thriving populations at various locations.[74] The ideal time to witness their mating rituals is in May as dusk approaches, when the distinctive call of the natterjack can be heard for miles around.
Photo captured via Minolta MD Tele Rokkor-X 200mm F/4 Lens. Okanogan Highlands Region. Inland Northwest. Okanogan County, Washington. Early February 2018.
Exposure Time: 1/640 sec. * ISO Speed: ISO-200 * Aperture: F/8 * Bracketing: None * Color Temperature: 5500 K * Film Plug-In: Kodak Portra 160 NC
Farm implement near McBaine in rural Boone County Missouri by Notley Hawkins Photography. Taken with a Canon EOS 5D Mark IV camera with a Canon EF24-105mm f/4L IS USM lens at ƒ/4.0 with a 132 second exposure at ISO 100. Processed with Adobe Lightroom 6.4.
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An abandoned farm implement near Overton in Cooper County Missouri by Notley Hawkins Photography. Taken with a Canon EOS 5D Mark III camera with a EF16-35mm f/4L IS USM lens at f.4.0 with a .5 second exposure at ISO 800 along with three Quantum Qflash Trios with red, green and blue gels. Processed with Adobe Lightroom 6.4.
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Allendale North. Population 150.
This tiny settlement is famous for producing the grey marble used for the SA Parliament House. The hotel here dates from 1855. It was a busy hotel when dozens of bullock teams passed through every week. The town was laid out as a private town with 35 building blocks in 1859 by one of the business and civic leaders of Kapunda William Oldham. A flourmill was built by 1859 opposite the hotel. Opposite the hotel there is now a private agricultural museum with strippers; seed graders; balers; rakes; mowers; drills; seeders; ploughs etc all lined up. The town had a state school and several stores in its heyday. Near the settlement were several churches but the only one surviving is Allen’s Creek Lutheran Church which was built in 1907. It replaced an earlier Primitive Methodist Church built on that same spot on which it was erected in 1864. Within the town was a small Bible Christian Methodist church built in 1861. It was demolished long ago (around 1917) but a small cemetery remains. The first town school began operating in 1860 in Allendale. Around 1890 the state government built a fine brick and stone Gothic style school. It closed in the 1940s and is now a fine residence. Just beyond this little town is a lone grave in a large paddock. The grave is surrounded by a cast iron fence and one large Pepper Tree, Schinus mollis which keeps guard. The inscriptions reads Scotty’s Grave 1846, erected by subscription.
Farm implement near Glasgow in rural Saline County Missouri by Notley Hawkins Photography. Taken with a Canon EOS 5D Mark IV camera with a Canon EF24-105mm f/4L IS USM lens at ƒ/4.0 with a 120 second exposure at ISO 100. Processed with Adobe Lightroom CC.
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