Develop photos on Flickr

Bioversity International’s Marketing Diversity team is developing ways to increase the livelihoods and equitable participation for rural poor communities by marketing underused crop diversity, for which there is currently no market or value chain - such as some traditional varieties of quinoa.

Bioversity International works with PROINPA and other local partners, to conserve a wide range of quinoa varieties in the Andean region, as part of an IFAD-NUS Project.

Learn more about how agricultural and tree biodiversity nourishes people and feeds the planet

www.bioversityinternational.org

Find out more about Bioversity International's work in central and South America www.bioversityinternational.org/about-us/where-we-work/ce...

Credit: Bioversity International/Alfredo Camacho

2016 - 0124 iMG_051 Mount Rundle by PIPIQ Lai

Banff Upper Hot Springs are commercially developed hot springs located in Banff National Park in Canada, near the Banff townsite. The hot pool is outdoors and while in the pool, visitors can look across the valley to Mount Rundle.

The Upper Hot Springs are one of nine different naturally occurring hot springs in the Banff area. The hot spring water flows naturally through the Sulphur Mountain Thrust Fault, with the source area located at higher elevations on either Sulphur Mountain or Mount Rundle. The flow rates fluctuate seasonally with snow melt, with highest flows in the spring and lowest during winter. Since the early 2000s, flow to the Upper Hot Springs has stopped for several months of the winter. During these times, municipal water is substituted for the recreational pools.[1] Water temperature is kept at approximately 38°C (100°F).

【★ Reference By Wikipedia】

Futures by Bob Cotter

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What does the future hold. For these, hopefully some juicy grapes that will be picked and eaten. The growth of plants is not unlike the growth of our students and children and grandchildren. Incremental. For those us who are now principals at the elementary level (as I was, though not now) these days see the start of school and the arrival of the kindergarten students, many of whom will will watch move through the classes for many years until they head to middle or high school. For the classroom teacher, in a small district like ours, some of the students they enroll as school starts this year will be children they have watched grow for as many as three years. For those of us who are parents and still provide help, assistance, guidelines to our adult children, the time has flown as we have watched them grow and develop. It is not only about simply watching the growth though, there is a lot about nurturing and caring. As I look forward to my work with teachers and students and my own staff over the next number of months, I hope to see wonderful changes occur.

by N-J9man

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Graflex Speed Graphic 4x5

Kodak Ektar 127mm f4.7

Foma Retropan 320 Self_developed FX-15_Dev

EPSON GT-X980

Vaso di Milano by Philip Chapman-Bell

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The walls of this really are straight up and down. Kind of like a tin can with propeller vanes.

Develop the spirit for the bitter struggle of doing pioneering work by chineseposters.net

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Designer: Huang Zongrui (黄宗瑞)

1980, September

Develop the spirit for the bitter struggle of doing pioneering work

Fayang jianku fendoude chuangye jingshen (发扬艰苦奋斗的创业精神)

Call nr.: E13/303 (Landsberger collection)

More? See: chineseposters.net

Dillon state park, Ohio by mike king

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Developed using darktable 3.0.0

Developing Storm (4) by Stephen Kerr

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This last of 4 images shows the original view (more or less). I love the light in this one. Ben Stack is now obliterated by the clouds and Handa Island on the far right is looking amazing.

Escape Shuttle by BrickMonkey MOCs

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Developed for BlueBrixx.

YouTube Video

Developing Citizen Designers by Juhan Sonin

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Smoothie by rouleurfoto

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Ilford FP4

Developed in HC-110 dilution B

Shot with a Voigtlander Bessa 1 (no rangefinder, no light meter)

Taken while riding from Sacramento, CA to Auburn, then to various National Forest Service campgrounds, then back to Auburn

1997 Rover 800 by Ruairidh MacVeigh

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Developed originally by British Leyland in order to claw back a hold on the American market, the Rover Sterling/800 range was to become the company's top of the range model, replacing the 10 year old Rover SD1.

The Sterling is similar in many ways to the Honda Legend, but was not the first BL car to use a Japanese model as a spiritual template, being preceded by the Triumph Acclaim and the Rover 200.

The original styling of the Sterling was based largely on that of the SD1 with the sweeping light clusters that were curved around the front of the body. This was later revised with the inclusion of a grille as seen on this example here.

In total, 371,000 Sterling/800's were built, an estimated 33,000 being sold in the United States as simply the 'Sterling'.

The cars sadly were not a major success in the United States, and were pulled out of the market in 1991, but the Sterling/800 in Europe remained highly popular and continued in production until the introduction of the Rover 75 in 1998.

Today there are still plenty of Sterlings and 800's to be found on the roads of Britain, and even in the United States the Sterling derivatives have garnered a cult following due to their obscure nature, and that they were the last truly British cars to be sold in the USA outside of companies under foreign ownership such as Jaguar, Rolls Royce and Bentley.

Developing by Elizabeth Brown

digital photograph

April 2011

funnel by Tom Gill

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Developing funnel cloud over the Gulf of Mexico 6:30 am. It never materialized into anything more than this (that I saw).

old by kb_kozanow

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Nikon f75 | Nikkor 50mm 1.8 | fijifilm C200 | developed and scanned in a lab | postprocessed in DarkTable

Maker Art at Tam High by Fabrice Florin

We are developing a public makerspace in Tam High School’s state-of-the-art woodshop, to create cool objects -- and grow a community of makers, students and teachers in South Marin.

Here are some of the artworks we are creating in Geo Monley’s woodworking workshop, called ‘You Can Build It’. With his help, I am building a ‘maker art cart’ to showcase the work of our students -- and Howard Rheingold is making a triangular table for our Pataphysical Studios.

This week, I used the laser cutter to make characters for our City of the Future course. In this ‘maker art’ class, lower and middle school students will build a futuristic home with a cardboard ‘wonderbox’ and animated characters such as these. They will bring these wood and acrylic figures to life with lights, sounds and motion, using simple electronics.

Geo showed off ‘Maker Field’, the animatronic city his high school students are building with his help. Here’s their work in progress, which now features a variety of buildings (including ‘Trump Towers’ and a 5V power plant), as well as a robot car powered with Arduino.

These projects are good examples of what we could support with more maker programs for adults and teens in this new Tam High makerspace. More on this later.

View more photos of our Tam High makerspace: www.flickr.com/photos/fabola/albums/72157660433218276

Learn more about our City of the Future course: fabriceflorin.com/2016/02/23/city-of-the-future/

Learn more about our Maker Art courses:

fabriceflorin.com/2016/02/14/teaching-maker-art/

Learn more about Geo's technical courses at Tam High: www.marinlearn.com/index.cfm?method=ClassListing.ClassLis...

something new developing by marchi wierson

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Wool, felted

Egg Shell with Tracery by Philip Chapman-Bell

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From a circle of unryu/freezer paper laminate.

Crease pattern available.

Olympus EC Pan 400 - 034 by Rob Trek

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Developed in Df96, scan on Epson V550, added some contrast and fixe some dust spots.

Pentax MX, Super-Takumar 50mm f1.4 and Trix400 by Rik71Nik

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Developed in D76 and scanned in Epson V600

Lake Tachibana by threepinner

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Near Karurusu-onsen, 2km walk needed from the major road, few people visit this privately owned lake in Noboribetsu, Hokkaido.

Fuji-Holga 120S ( www.flickr.com/photos/threepinner/22015924430/ ), EBC Fujinon S 75mm F3.4, negative ISO 100 expired, developing time shortened.

Bigger sizes: www.flickr.com/photos/threepinner/22399216613/sizes/l up to 6849 x 6803.

American Independence Park by Shalva Mamistvalov

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To develop the park began in 1976, the 200th anniversary year of American independence, to celebrate the relationship between the two freedom-loving countries, Israel and the US. The forest developed and extended an existing woodland planted in the region in the 1950s by new immigrants from the surrounding area and nearby Beit Shemesh, who had arrived soon after the founding of the State of Israel.

IMG_7971 by Tomi Liukkonen

Developed using darktable 3.8.1

Developed-IMG_2013-12-29-17-19-57 by Still-memories.net

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IMF MD Asia Trip by International Monetary Fund

Session 4: Developing Asia: Challenges of Climate Change and Economic Resilience

The economic consequences of climate change are increasingly coming to bear on the economies of the Asia-Pacific region—both by raising their proclivity to experience natural disasters and in the deterioration of living standards and environmental conditions. Water resources and flooding, coastal zones, heat waves, and increasingly volatile conditions for agriculture are just some of the problems to which Asia Pacific countries must adapt in coming years. Key issues in this session include preparations and investment for, and responses to, the economic effects of climate change and ways to build macroeconomic resilience.

Moderator:

Lin Xueling, Channel NewsAsia

Panelists:

Takehiko Nakao, President, Asian Development Bank

Atiur Rahman, Governor, Central Bank of Bangladesh

Aiyaz Sayed-Khaiyum, Attorney General and Minister of Finance, Fiji

Helen Clark, Administrator of the United Nations Development Programme

Dassault "Mirage" IV-01 prototype by Robert Sullivan

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unedited-Not part of my personal collection

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Dassault Mirage IV was a French supersonic strategic bomber and deep-reconnaissance aircraft. Developed by Dassault Aviation, the aircraft entered service with the French Air Force in October 1964. For many years it was a vital part of the nuclear triad of the Force de Frappe, France's nuclear deterrent striking force. The Mirage IV was retired from the nuclear strike role in 1996, and the type was entirely retired from operational service in 2005.

During the 1960s, there were plans of export sales for the Mirage IV; in one proposal, Dassault would have entered a partnership with the British Aircraft Corporation to jointly produce a Mirage IV variant for the Royal Air Force and potentially for other export customers, but this project did not come to fruition. The Mirage IV was ultimately not adopted by any other operators.

Development

Origins

During the 1950s, France embarked on an extensive military program to produce nuclear weapons; however, it was acknowledged that existing French aircraft were unsuitable for the task of delivering the weapons. Thus, the development of a supersonic bomber designed to carry out the delivery mission started in 1956 as a part of the wider development of France's independent nuclear deterrent. In May 1956, the Guy Mollet government drew up a specification for an aerially-refuelable supersonic bomber capable of carrying a 3-metric-ton, 5.2-metre-long nuclear bomb 2,000 km (without aerial refuelling). According to aviation authors Bill Gunston and Peter Gilchrist, the specification's inclusion of supersonic speed was "surprising" to many at the time.

The final specifications, jointly defined by government authorities and Dassault staff, were approved on 20 March 1957. Sud Aviation and Nord Aviation both submitted competing proposals, both based on existing aircraft; Sud Aviation proposed the Super Vautour, a stretched Sud Aviation Vautour with 47 kilonewtons (10,500 lbf) thrust Atar engines and a combat radius of 2,700 kilometres (1,700 mi) at Mach 0.9. Dassault's proposal for what became the Mirage IV was chosen on the basis of lower cost and anticipated simpler development, being based upon a proposed early 1956 twin-engined night-fighter derived from the Dassault Mirage III fighter and the unbuilt Mirage II interceptor. In April 1957, Dassault were informed that they had won the design competition.

Dassault's resulting prototype, dubbed Mirage IV 01, looked a lot like the Mirage IIIA, even though it had double the wing surface, two engines instead of one, and twice the unladen weight. The Mirage IV also carried three times more internal fuel than the Mirage III. The aircraft's aerodynamic features were very similar to the III's but required an entirely new structure and layout. This prototype was 20 metres (67 ft) long, had a 11 metres (37 ft) wingspan, 62 square metres (670 sq ft) of wing area, and weighed approximately 25,000 kilograms (55,000 lb). It was considerably more advanced than the Mirage III, incorporating new features such as machined and chem-milled planks, tapered sheets, a small amount of titanium, and integral fuel tanks in many locations including the leading portion of the tailfin.

The 01 was an experimental prototype built to explore and solve the problems stemming from prolonged supersonic flight. The sizable technological and operational uncertainties (no plane had yet been found able to cruise at over Mach 1.8 for long periods of time) were only one part of the problem. The weapon-related issues were the other. It took 18 months to build the 01 in Dassault's Saint-Cloud plant near Paris. In late 1958, the aircraft was transferred to the Melun-Villaroche flight testing area for finishing touches and ground tests. On 17 June 1959, French General Roland Glavany, on a five-year leave from the French Air Force since 1954, took the 01 for its maiden flight.

For its third flight, on 20 June 1959, the 01 was authorised to fly over the Paris Air Show at Le Bourget airport in front of France's President Charles de Gaulle.[citation needed] On 19 September 1960, René Bigand (replacing Glavany as test pilot) increased the world record for speed on a 1000-kilometre closed circuit to 1,822 km/h (1,132 mph) around Paris and the Melun base. Flight 138, on 23 September, corroborated the initial performance and pushed the record on a 500 km closed circuit to an average of 1,972 km/h (1,225 mph), flying between Mach 2.08 and Mach 2.14. The Mirage IV 01 prototype underwent minor modifications during testing in the autumn of 1959, most noticeably, the tail was enlarged (slight reduction in height, large increase in chord).

Production

In order to increase range, studies were made of a significantly larger Mirage IVB design, powered by two Snecma license-built Pratt & Whitney J75 engines and having a wing area of 120 m² (1,290 sq ft) compared to 70 m² (750 sq ft) of the prototype IV, as well as a speed of Mach 2.4 and a gross weight of 64,000 kilograms (140,000 lb). The Mirage IVB proposal had been instigated as a response to interest by de Gaulle in ensuring that two-way (including the aircraft's return to France) strike missions could be flown. However, development of the aircraft was ultimately cancelled in July 1959 due to the greater cost involved, a decision having been taken to rely upon aerial refueling instead also being a factor.

With the Mirage IVB considered to be too expensive, the medium-sized Mirage IVA, slightly larger than the first prototype, was chosen for three more prototypes to be produced. This aircraft had a wing area of 77.9 square metres (839 sq ft) and weighed about 32,000 kilograms (70,000 lb)[12] On 4 April 1960, a formal order for 50 production Mirage IVA aircraft was issued. The three prototype aircraft were built between 1961 and 1963, with first flights on 12 October 1961, 1 June 1962, and 23 January 1963. By 1962, the second prototype had conducted simulated nuclear bombing runs in the trials range at Colomb-Bechar in southern Algeria. The third prototype was equipped with the navigation/bombing systems and flight refuelling probe. The fourth prototype Mirage IVA-04 was essentially representative of the production aircraft that would follow.

For production, various portions of the aircraft were subcontracted to Sud Aviation (wings and rear fuselage) and Breguet Aviation (tailfin), which was still a separate company from Dassault until 1967; Dassault manufactured the front fuselage and flight-control system internally. Manufacture of both the prototypes and subsequent production aircraft was often hindered by an explicit requirement that there would be no reliance upon foreign suppliers to maintain France's nuclear capabilities; due to this, the Mirage IV initially lacked an inertial navigation system as French industry could not yet produce this device.

On 7 December 1963, the first production Mirage IVA performed its maiden flight. A series of 62 aircraft was built, and they entered service between 1964 and 1968. Although Dassault had designed the Mirage IV for the low-level flight role right from the start, the final batch of 12 aircraft ordered in November 1964 differed from the earlier aircraft in several areas, including the flight controls, avionics, and structural details, for the purpose of providing improved low-level performance. It had been planned for this batch to be powered by the newer Pratt & Whitney/SNECMA TF106 turbofan engine. The improvements featured upon the last 12 Mirage IVs were later retroactively applied to the whole fleet.

In December 1963 Dassault proposed a Mirage IV-106 variant with 2 Snecma TF106 (license-built Pratt and Whitney) engines, an enlarged 105,000 gross-weight fuselage, terrain-avoidance radar, and armed with a proposed French version of the American Douglas GAM-87 Skybolt air-launched ballistic missile. This version would have been very costly, and ultimately was not ordered.

Proposed export variants

In 1963, the Australian government sought a replacement for the Royal Australian Air Force fleet of English Electric Canberra bombers, largely in response to the Indonesian Air Force's purchase of missile-armed Tupolev Tu-16 bombers. Dassault proposed a version of the Mirage IVA with Rolls-Royce Avon engines. Australian Air Marshall Frederick Scherger seriously considered purchase of the IVA in 1961 because it was considered to be proven hardware already in service (in contrast to the BAC TSR-2 which was still in development), before settling on the General Dynamics F-111C. The IVA was one of five aircraft types that were short listed for the role, but the F-111C was eventually selected.

In April 1965, the British Government cancelled the TSR-2 reconnaissance-strike aircraft. In response, Dassault and British Aircraft Corporation (BAC) proposed a modified Mirage IV variant as a replacement in July 1965. The aircraft, known as the Mirage IV* or Mirage IVS (S for Spey) would be re-engined with more powerful Rolls-Royce Spey turbofan engines with a total of 185 kilonewtons (41,700 lbf), larger (fuselage depth increased by 7.6 centimetres (3 in), had an approximately 0.61 metres (2 ft) forward fuselage extension, and was to weigh 36,000 kilograms (80,000 lb)), and use avionics planned for the TSR-2, although BAC preferred the French Antilope radar. Although designed by Dassault, the production was to be carried out jointly between Dassault and its subcontractors (wing, mid-fuselage, and tail) and BAC (front and rear fuselage). The final assembly location was not determined before this proposal was rejected. The Mirage IV* was to carry a bombload of up to 9,100 kilograms (20,000 lb). While the IV* was claimed to meet most of the Royal Air Force (RAF)'s requirements, and to be £1 million cheaper than the American-made F-111K was preferred (only to be cancelled in turn) and the Spey-engined Mirage abandoned.

The Mirage IV* met nearly every RAF requirement except for field length, and some claim it exceeded the F-111 slightly in speed and had at least equal range. The estimated cost was 2.321 million pounds per aircraft (for 50) or 2.067 million (for 110), less than the price of the F-111K. BAC claimed that the British government evaluation into the Mirage IV* was "relatively superficial". However, some British government officials, including Parliament members Julian Risdale and Roy Jenkins, questioned the Mirage IV*'s capacity to operate from unprepared airstrips or to operate at low level, or claimed that the F-111 was a superior aircraft "in a class of its own". However, Bill Gunston notes that low-level Mirage IV missions had been planned since 1963 and Mirage IVs operated regularly at low level since 1965, and argues that the ability of a strategic bomber to operate from unprepared airstrips is historically unimportant. RAF pilots who test-flew the Mirage IV were "favourably impressed" with its low altitude performance.

BAC and Dassault had also hoped to sell the Mirage IV* to France and to export the Mirage IV* to various nations, such as India, possibly Israel, and others; the lack of a British sale put an end to such possibilities. Some aviation journalists claim that the rejection of the Mirage IV* may have dampened French interest in joint Anglo-French cooperation.

Design

The Mirage IV shares design features and a visual resemblance to the Mirage III fighter, featuring a tailless delta wing and a single square-topped vertical fin. However, the wing is significantly thinner to allow better high-speed performance and has a thickness/chord ratio of only 3.8% at the root and 3.2% at the tip; this wing was the thinnest built in Europe at that time and one of the thinnest in the world. While being significantly smaller than an expensive medium bomber proposal for the role, the Mirage IV was roughly three times the weight of the preceding Mirage III.

The Mirage IV is powered by two Snecma Atar turbojets, fed by two air intakes on either side of the fuselage that had intake half-cone shock diffusers, known as souris ("mice"), which were moved forward as speed increased to trim the inlet for the shock wave angle. It can reach high supersonic speeds: the aircraft is redlined at Mach 2.2 at altitude because of airframe temperature restrictions, although it is capable of higher speeds. While broadly similar to the model used on the Mirage III, the Atar engine had a greater airflow and an elevated overspeed limit from 8,400 rpm to 8,700 rpm for greater thrust during high altitude supersonic flight. While the first Mirage IV prototype was fitted with double-eyelid engine nozzles, production aircraft featured a complicated variable geometry nozzle that automatically varied in response to the descent rate and airspeed.

The aircraft has 14,000 litres (3,700 gal (US)) of internal fuel, and its engines are quite thirsty, especially when the afterburner is active. Fuel was contained within integral tanks within the wings, as well as a double-skinned section of the fuselage between and outboard of the inlet ducts, underneath the ducts and engines, and forward of the main spar of the tail fin; this provided a total internal capacity of 6,400 kilograms (14,000 lb). A refueling probe is built into the nose; aerial refuelling was often necessary in operations as the Mirage IV only had the fuel capacity, even with external drop tanks, to reach the Soviet Union's borders, thus refuelling was required to allow for a 'round trip'. In the event of nuclear war between the major powers, it was thought that there would be little point in having the fuel to return as the host air bases would have been destroyed; instead, surviving Mirage IVs would have diverted to land at bases in nearby neutral countries following the delivery of their ordnance.

The two-man crew, pilot and navigator, were seated in tandem cockpits, each housed under separate clamshell canopies. A bombing/navigation radar is housed within an oblique-facing radome underneath the fuselage between the intakes and aft of the cockpit; much of the Mirage IV's onboard avionics systems, such as the radar communications, navigational instrumentation, and bombing equipment, were produced by Thomson-CSF. Other avionics elements were provided by Dassault itself and SFENA; one of the only major subsystems not of French origin onboard was the Marconi-built AD.2300 doppler radar. Free-falling munitions could also be aimed using a ventral blister-mounted periscope from the navigator's position.

The Mirage IV has two pylons under each wing, with the inboard pylons being normally used for large drop tanks of 2,500-litre (660 gal (US)) capacity. The outer pylons typically carried ECM and chaff/flare dispenser pods to supplement the internal jamming and countermeasures systems. On later aircraft, this equipment typically included a Barax NG jammer pod under the port wing and a Boz expendables dispenser under the starboard wing. No cannon armament was ever fitted aboard the type. The early Mirage IVA had a fuselage recess under the engines which could hold a single AN-11 or AN-22 nuclear weapon of 60 kt yield. The Mirage IV can carry 12 solid-fuel rockets diagonally down below the wing flaps, for rocket-assisted take off (RATO).

From 1972 onward, 12 aircraft were also equipped to carry the CT52 reconnaissance pod in the bomb recess. These aircraft were designated Mirage IVR for reconnaissance. The CT52 was available in either BA (Basse Altitude, low-level) or HA (Haute Altitude, high-altitude) versions with three or four long-range cameras; a third configuration used an infrared line scanner. The CT52 had no digital systems, relying on older wet-film cameras. The first operational use of the system took place during missions in Chad in September 1974.

During the 1980s, a total of 18 Mirage IVs were retrofitted with a centreline pylon and associated equipment to carry and launch the nuclear ASMP stand-off missile. The Mirage IVA could theoretically carry up to six large conventional bombs at the cost of drop tanks and ECM pods, such armament was rarely fitted in practice.

Operational history

Introduction and early operations

"We don't have fighter aircraft, we have fear-inducing aircraft"

French President Charles de Gaulle, speaking of the Mirage IV in 1963.

In February 1964 deliveries of the Mirage IV to the French Air Force started, with the first French Mirage IV squadron being declared operational on 1 October that year. The Mirage IV bomber force soon consisted of nine squadrons of four aircraft (2 pairs – one aircraft carrying the nuclear bomb, one a buddy-refuelling tanker) each. When fully built up, the force consisted of three wings. These wings were each divided into three bomber squadrons, each equipped with a total of four Mirage IVs, with each deployed at a different base to minimise the potential for an enemy strike to knock out the entire bomber force.

After establishment of its own deterrent force, the Force de Dissuassion, more commonly known as the Force de frappe, France withdrew from the military command structure of NATO in 1966. De Gaulle viewed the operational establishment of the Mirage IV fleet, a critical component of the independent Force de frappe, as highly influential to his decision to withdraw France from NATO, and that an independent French nuclear deterrent was necessary to ensure independence as a nation. From 1964 to 1971, the Mirage IV was France's sole means of delivering nuclear ordnance. At this point they were each armed with a single 60 kiloton nuclear bomb.

Alert status consisted of an active inventory of 36 Mirage IVs. At any one time 12 aircraft would be in the air, with a further 12 on the ground kept at four minutes' readiness and the final 12 at 45 minutes' readiness, each equipped with an onboard functional nuclear weapon. These 36 active aircraft would be rotated with 26 reserve aircraft; the latter were kept in an airworthy condition or were otherwise subject to maintenance activities. Within the first decade of the type entering service, in excess of 200,000 hours were flown and 40,000 aerial refuelling operations were performed by the Mirage IV fleet alone; at one point, Mirage IV operations were consuming up to 44 per cent of the French Air Force's total spare parts budget.

The primary objectives of the Mirage IVA force were major Soviet cities and bases. With aerial refueling], the plane was able to attack Moscow, Murmansk or various Ukrainian cities when sortieing from French bases. A justification of the Mirage IV given by Armée de l'air Brigadier General Pierre Marie Gallois, an architect of the French nuclear deterrent, was that: "France is not a prize worthy of ten Russian cities".

In order to refuel the Mirage IVA fleet, France purchased 14 (12 plus 2 spares) U.S. Boeing C-135F tankers. Mirage IVAs also often operated in pairs, with one aircraft carrying a weapon and the other carrying fuel tanks and a buddy refueling pack, allowing it to refuel its partner en route to the target. Even so, some sources state that some of the mission profiles envisioned were actually one-way, with the crew having no chance of returning after bombing a Soviet city. The inability for the Mirage IV to return after missions had been a point of controversy during the aircraft's early development.

Both flight and grounds crews received training principally by Strategic Air Forces Command 328, stationed at Bordeaux. Several Nord Noratlas were specially modified, having received the Mirage IV's radar, control consoles, and additional electrical generators, for the purpose of training navigators; these were later replaced by a pair of customised Dassault Falcon 20 outfitted with much of the Mirage IVP's avionics.

Transition and upgrades

Initially, the basic attack flight profile was "high-high-high" at a speed of Mach 1.85, engaging targets up to a maximum radius of 3,500 km (2,175 mi). In the late 1960s, when the threat of surface-to-air missile defences made high-altitude flight too hazardous, the Mirage IVA was modified for low-altitude penetration. Flying low, the maximum attack speed was reduced to 1,100 km/h (680 mph) and the combat radius was also decreased. By 1963, the majority of missions involving the Mirage IV were being planned as low-level flights. By 1964, Mirage IVAs were conducting training penetration runs at an altitude of 200 ft, without the assistance of terrain-following radar, which subjected pilots to considerable workload and those on board to high levels of turbulence.

To improve survivability, the French Air Force began dispersing Mirage IVs to pre-prepared rough strips during the 1960s; while the use of hardened bunkers had been assessed, it was found to be financially impractical. By the 1970s, it had become clear that vulnerability of the Mirage IV to air defences, even while flying at low altitudes, had made the delivery of gravity bombs such as the AN-11 or AN-22 impractical. Thus, it was decided to pass a greater share of the deterrent role onto land-based missiless and submarine-launched ballistic missiles alternatives; as a result, a single wing of Mirage IVs was stood down in 1976, partially due to fleet-wide attrition losses.

In 1973, it was reported that a force of 40 Mirage IVs would continue to perform as a part of France's nuclear deterrent until the 1980s, and that steady improvements were to be undertaken. In 1975, all Mirage IVs were progressively painted in a new green/grey camouflage scheme. In 1979, in response to the decreasing effectiveness of free-fall bombs used by both its strategic and tactical nuclear forces, development of the ASMP stand-off missile was initiated; the ASMP would possess a range of up to 400 km (250 mi) and was alternative armed with either a single 150 or 300 kiloton nuclear warhead. Various test launches of dummy and later live ASMPs were performed using the Mirage IV as the launch platform between 1981 and 1983.

In July 1984, a contract was formally issued for the upgrade of a total of 18 Mirage IVAs to carry the ASMP missile in the place of traditional bombs; these aircraft were redesignated Mirage IVP (Penetration). The conversion of Mirage IVAs to IVPs involved a large number of modifications and re-workings of the aircraft. A deep centerline pylon was added, which could accommodate either a single ASMP missile or a CT52 reconnaissance pod. The main radar and electronics suite were removed and replaced by newer counterparts; other modified systems included the navigation system, flight control system, and various elements of the cockpit. On 12 October 1982, the first modernised Mirage IVP performed its first flight; it re-entered active service on 1 May 1986.

In August 1985, a French proposal that would have seen Mirage IVPs stationed at air bases inside neighbouring West Germany was made public; this deployment would have marked a significant philosophical departure from traditional French nuclear defence policy. Aviation authors Bill Gunston and Peter Gilchrist allege that French officials had historically discounted the option of recovering Mirage IVs in friendly territory as unduly optimistic, as those nations might become unfriendly or hostile in the aftermath of a French nuclear attack.

Phase-Out

On 31 July 1996, the Mirage IVP was formally retired in its bomber capacity, the nuclear mission having been transferred from the Mirage IV to the newer Dassault Mirage 2000N. EB 2/91 was disbanded and EB 1/91 was redesignated Escadron de Reconnaissance Stratégique (Strategic Reconnaissance Squadron),[citation needed] using five remaining Mirage IVPs based at Mont-de-Marsan; the remaining aircraft were stored at Chateaudun. In the reconnaissance role, the Mirage IVP has seen service over Bosnia, Iraq, Kosovo and Afghanistan.

ES 1/91 Gascogne's surviving Mirage IVPs were retired in 2005 and are conserved and stored at the Centre d'Instruction Forces Aériennes Stratégiques (CIFAS) at Bordeaux Mérignac. The retirement of all reconnaissance-configured Mirage IVPs in 2005 meant that the French Air Force's Mirage F1CRs were for some time the only aircraft capable of carrying out aerial reconnaissance missions. The long term replacement for the Mirage IVP was Mirage 2000N aircraft outfitted with a modern PRNG Pod de Reconnaissance Nouvelle Génération (New Generation Reconnaissance Pod), equipped with digital camera equipment.

The Mirage IV had been popular with its crews, who found it enjoyable to fly. In addition, it required surprisingly little maintenance considering its age and complexity.

Spanish Folk Dance | Flamenco (Mision Flamenca) [White Dress] [WWW.ETOILE.APP] by eXploration Etoile

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Flamenco, in its strictest sense, is an art form based on the various folkloric music traditions of southern Spain, developed within the gitano subculture of the region of Andalusia, but also having a historical presence in Extremadura and Murcia. In a wider sense, it is a portmanteau term used to refer to a variety of both contemporary and traditional musical styles typical of southern Spain. Flamenco is closely associated to the gitanos of the Romani ethnicity who have contributed significantly to its origination and professionalization. However, its style is uniquely Andalusian and flamenco artists have historically included Spaniards of both gitano and non-gitano heritage.

The oldest record of flamenco music dates to 1774 in the book Las Cartas Marruecas by José Cadalso. The development of flamenco over the past two centuries is well documented: "the theatre movement of sainetes (one-act plays) and tonadillas, popular song books and song sheets, customs, studies of dances, and toques, perfection, newspapers, graphic documents in paintings and engravings. ... in continuous evolution together with rhythm, the poetic stanzas, and the ambiance.”

On 16 November 2010, UNESCO declared flamenco one of the Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity.

Discover all the eMotion dance videos: www.youtube.com/watch?v=h3GjzzIFQHc&list=PLpNOq2dpOWy...

💡HOW ? 🔽

📋 (VIDEO ORIGINAL: youtu.be/PQgedLm66gk)

ℹ️ This Video is Creative Common (Dance) [creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/legalcode]

♾️ The links :

- For Music (🎵) = COPY & PASTE [---]

- For Video (🎥) = COPY & PASTE [~~~]

- For Music & Video (🎵) & (🎥) = COPY & PASTE [---] & [~~~]

ℹ️ Colorimetric and contrast changes, as well as logo additions were made on the original video.

✔️ DOWNLOAD: www.dropbox.com/sh/t7tojasjfmmz93g/AABdEYz3F5A9NOi0n_mjNb...

--- 🎵 MUSIC & DANCE

👸 Mision Flamenca

📌 Website: www.misionflamenca.com

---

~~~ 🎥 VIDEO

San Francisco Public Library

📌 Youtube: www.youtube.com/user/SanFranciscoLibrary

📌 Flickr: www.flickr.com/photos/sfplsanfranciscohistoricalphotograp...

📌 Facebook: www.facebook.com/sfpl.org

📌 Pinterest: www.pinterest.com/sfpubliclibrary

📌 Twitter: twitter.com/SFPublicLibrary

📌 Website: sfpl.org/about-us/blogs

~~~

💃 Dance promoted by eMotion :

📼Video Link: youtu.be/nsQe6wy3Vx4

📋WHAT ? 🔽

🌟 Spanish Folk Dance - Flamenco (Mision Flamenca) [White Dress]

💫 Dance/Spanish Music/Spanish Dance/European Music/European Folk/Flamenco Dance World

🌌Creative Common Dance

✨Dance & Music Universe (💃)(🎵) 💃 Dance (Creative Common) 🎵 Music 🎤 Sing

📝Type : 🇪🇸 Spanish Dance ⭐ European Dance 🍅 Mediterranean Dance 😃 eMotion Happy 💃 Flamenco 🇪🇸 Spanish Music 🌐 World Music ⭐ European Music 🍅 Mediterranean Music Dance 🎸 Acoustic 🎎 Folk

🎺 Musical Instruments : 🎸 Acoustic Guitar Percussion

🔊Language : 🇪🇸 Español (🇬🇧 Description in English)

WHO ? 🔽

🎵 Music by Mision Flamenca

📡 Posted by San Francisco Public Library

📡 Reposted by Laurent Guidali

🌅 Thumbnail by Laurent Guidali

️ Video by San Francisco Public Library

💃 Dance by Mision Flamenca

📍WHERE ? 🔽

🇪🇸 Spain [Music]

🇺🇸 USA (San Francisco) [Video]

🇫🇷 France [eMotion Video]

🇺🇸 USA (San Francisco) [Location]

🇪🇸 Spain [Dance]

🕓WHEN ? 🔽

🎆 ? [Music]

🎆 2020 [Video]

💌 Contact : emotionetoilecontact@gmail.com

🔖 React with official Hashtags :

#Etoile

#ETL

#eMotion

⭐ Www.Etoile.App

Bottom bracket detail (world's lightest bicycle @ Het Fairwheel Podium, Portland, OR) by scurvy_knaves

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A few years ago a certain Günter Mai developed a sub 3kg bicycle otherwise known as Spin. At the time it was the world’s lightest bike weighting incredible 2967.7g (6.54lb).

Then Herr Mai developed some health problems, stopped riding, and the bike was sold in pieces to various cycling aficionados around the world. The current owned of the bike and Fairwheel Bike have (re)built the bike in a slightly different configuration and they succeeded in reducing the weight of the bike to just under 2.7kg.

So how does it feel? Well, it’s soooo light, it’s disgusting. I certainly can’t ride it since it is much too small for me (my road bike is 64cm and this one is about 51cm). The low weight makes it feel like a toy, but it is meant to be ridden and it has already covered about 12,000 miles. Just about any part on it is custom made or is some sort of prototype so it’s very hard to put a price on it but according to some estimates it's in $45,000 neighborhood.

The specs of the current bike please are available here, a cool write-up is here, and finally the bike in its original configuration is here

Covered Wagon by magnetic_red

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Pipe Springs National Monument, Utah

Zenza Bronica S2A, 50mm Nikkor Lens, Fomapan 200 Stand Developed in Rodinal for 1 hour

Buggy by Chad Ivan M.

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Rollei 35 SE | Zeiss Sonnar 2,8/40

Fujifilm Neopan Acros 100

This was my first attempt in developing black and white film! A great learning experience!

Visual Fusion Data Analysis and Collaboration Application by IDV Solutions

Develop new insights as you view your data in the context of location and time; then share your discoveries across your enterprise or around the world. Visual Fusion mashups let you visualize multiple data sources, use thematic styling to communicate meaning, and track changes over time with the combination of map and timeline views, all within a Web portal.

Check out our homepage to learn more about Visual Fusion.

07302014_MHI_UnderageRH by Environmental Change and Security Program

Across the developing world, some 70 million girls under the age of 18 are married. Most of these girls have been taken out of school, are pregnant or parenting, and face a greater risk of being a victim of gender-based violence and contracting sexually transmitted infections, including HIV. While we know of their risks, there is much that we do not know about the daily lives of these girls or how to better meet their health care needs.

Join USAID’s Office of HIV/AIDS, the International Center for Research on Women, CARE, and Pathfinder International as they present findings on their work with married adolescent girls living in Bangladesh, Ethiopia, West Africa, and other low-resource regions.

2nd Regiment, Advanced Camp Cadets develop critical skills during the Platoon Situational Training Exercise. by U.S. Army Cadet Command (Army ROTC)

2nd Regiment, Advanced Camp Cadets develop critical skills during the Platoon Situational Training Exercise at Cadet Summer Training 2018. (Fort Knox, Kentucky, 24 June) Photos By: Jakob Coombes

sweet potato by Yutaka Seki

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Miranda Sensorex II w/ Miranda Auto 50mm f/1.8

Fujicolor Superia 200, expired 2015

Home developed in Unicolor/Argentix

Pakon F135 scan

Kawkaban, Yemen by Davide Comelli

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(AGFA BOX 1932) Sommer auf dem Land, Sachsen Anhalt - Summer in the Land of Saxony Anhalt by nemodoteles

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Deutschland, Wulfen, Osternienburger Land, Sachsen Anhalt;

Germany, Wulfen, Saxony-Anhalt;

Ein Foto mit historischer Kamera gemacht.

A photo taken with historical photographs.

Aufnahme, picture: 2013;

Fotoapparat, camera: AGFA Box "Schulprämie" ,Baujahr, year of manufacture: 1932;

Objektiv, lens: f:11/105, Meniskus Linse;

Film, film: AGFA APX 100, Rollfilm, rolls ch120 6x9 cm;

Entwickelt, developed: Kodak XTOL;

Scann: Negativ, negative;

Bearbeitet, edit: Tonwertkorrektur, levels;

Hier ist mein Album mit Fotos aus dieser Kamera:

Here is my album with photos from this camera:

www.flickr.com/photos/74455234@N04/sets/72157634602873555/

Das Foto wurde mit dieser Kamera gemacht:

The picture was taken with this camera:

www.flickr.com/photos/74455234@N04/8671253651/

Im Jahr 1932 verschenkt AGFA an etwa 50000 ausgezeichneten Schülern diese Box. Sie ist eine der einfachsten und billigsten Kameras damaliger Zeit. Danach wurde sie etwas abgeändert als Box "Typ 44" weitergebaut und für 4 RM (Reichsmark) verkauft und damit weniger als ein Arbeiter am Tag verdiente.

In 1932, AGFA away to about 50,000 students this excellent box. She is one of the easiest and cheapest cameras that time. Then it was somewhat modified as a box "type 44" continue to be built and for 4 RM (Reichsmark) sold and earned less than one worker per day.

IMG_1930.jpg by Charlotte Wilson Photos

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妹スマイル野中詩季 06 PDCU4 reversal film by Ryo FUKAsawa

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developed with PENTAX Digital Camera Utility 4.21, custom image: reversal film

俺の彼女はヒトでなし英盟依 02 B5 by Ryo FUKAsawa

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developed with Bibble 5.1.1

Mr. Snitch Bird & His Tiny True Story by Pixel Packing Mama ~ 50 Million Views

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Certain belongings develop a personality. The lucky ones even get a name. I first met this little guy in a glass curio cabinet at a Goodwill store on Seneca in Eugene, Oregon USA. They usually kept things they thought were little treasures in this cabinet right by the cash registers. Generally, when I saw something in there, I thought it was out of my budget; so I passed this little guy by. I did think he was pretty cute, and I surely could have used a pin cushion. That evening I thought about him several times. I decided I would go back to Goodwill the next day and ask his price. I told myself if he were under $10, I would buy him, and if not, then I wouldn't. If he were gone, that would be my little Karma thing telling me he wasn't meant to be mine. Well, there he was in the glass cases, but a bit of glass was broken in the case next to his, and there was caution tape in some parts. I asked the clerk what had happened. She said they had been robbed during the night before (when I was thinking about the little bird). Basically the thief just went for certain items in the glass cases. An antique pin cushion wasn't on his list, I guess. I was essentially looking at a small crime scene. The clerk said the police had come and gone. I asked the price. She said $9.95; and I said I would take him. I took home my little purchase, and was thinking if only he could talk. He saw the whole thing. He could be a little snitch and identify the thief. So I named him Snitch Bird, and I have had him about a quarter of a century. I marvel to think of stories he could tell.

(2072snitchbirdredquiltoil2tuBIGinit) In the regular size on this opening page he is shown about 2 1/2 times normal size for detail.

"S" is for Snitch Bird

Loki by Trojan_Llama

Our young whippet, Loki, at his first dog show.

The 50P Camera Project.

Olympus XA2 35mm film compact camera

Kodak T-Max 400 film

Developed in LC29. Scanned film on Epson V500.

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