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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Dassault Mirage IV was a French supersonic strategic bomber and deep-reconnaissance aircraft. Developed by Dassault Aviation, the aircraft entered service with the French Air Force in October 1964. For many years it was a vital part of the nuclear triad of the Force de Frappe, France's nuclear deterrent striking force. The Mirage IV was retired from the nuclear strike role in 1996, and the type was entirely retired from operational service in 2005.
During the 1960s, there were plans of export sales for the Mirage IV; in one proposal, Dassault would have entered a partnership with the British Aircraft Corporation to jointly produce a Mirage IV variant for the Royal Air Force and potentially for other export customers, but this project did not come to fruition. The Mirage IV was ultimately not adopted by any other operators.
Development
Origins
During the 1950s, France embarked on an extensive military program to produce nuclear weapons; however, it was acknowledged that existing French aircraft were unsuitable for the task of delivering the weapons. Thus, the development of a supersonic bomber designed to carry out the delivery mission started in 1956 as a part of the wider development of France's independent nuclear deterrent. In May 1956, the Guy Mollet government drew up a specification for an aerially-refuelable supersonic bomber capable of carrying a 3-metric-ton, 5.2-metre-long nuclear bomb 2,000 km (without aerial refuelling). According to aviation authors Bill Gunston and Peter Gilchrist, the specification's inclusion of supersonic speed was "surprising" to many at the time.
The final specifications, jointly defined by government authorities and Dassault staff, were approved on 20 March 1957. Sud Aviation and Nord Aviation both submitted competing proposals, both based on existing aircraft; Sud Aviation proposed the Super Vautour, a stretched Sud Aviation Vautour with 47 kilonewtons (10,500 lbf) thrust Atar engines and a combat radius of 2,700 kilometres (1,700 mi) at Mach 0.9. Dassault's proposal for what became the Mirage IV was chosen on the basis of lower cost and anticipated simpler development, being based upon a proposed early 1956 twin-engined night-fighter derived from the Dassault Mirage III fighter and the unbuilt Mirage II interceptor. In April 1957, Dassault were informed that they had won the design competition.
Dassault's resulting prototype, dubbed Mirage IV 01, looked a lot like the Mirage IIIA, even though it had double the wing surface, two engines instead of one, and twice the unladen weight. The Mirage IV also carried three times more internal fuel than the Mirage III. The aircraft's aerodynamic features were very similar to the III's but required an entirely new structure and layout. This prototype was 20 metres (67 ft) long, had a 11 metres (37 ft) wingspan, 62 square metres (670 sq ft) of wing area, and weighed approximately 25,000 kilograms (55,000 lb). It was considerably more advanced than the Mirage III, incorporating new features such as machined and chem-milled planks, tapered sheets, a small amount of titanium, and integral fuel tanks in many locations including the leading portion of the tailfin.
The 01 was an experimental prototype built to explore and solve the problems stemming from prolonged supersonic flight. The sizable technological and operational uncertainties (no plane had yet been found able to cruise at over Mach 1.8 for long periods of time) were only one part of the problem. The weapon-related issues were the other. It took 18 months to build the 01 in Dassault's Saint-Cloud plant near Paris. In late 1958, the aircraft was transferred to the Melun-Villaroche flight testing area for finishing touches and ground tests. On 17 June 1959, French General Roland Glavany, on a five-year leave from the French Air Force since 1954, took the 01 for its maiden flight.
For its third flight, on 20 June 1959, the 01 was authorised to fly over the Paris Air Show at Le Bourget airport in front of France's President Charles de Gaulle.[citation needed] On 19 September 1960, René Bigand (replacing Glavany as test pilot) increased the world record for speed on a 1000-kilometre closed circuit to 1,822 km/h (1,132 mph) around Paris and the Melun base. Flight 138, on 23 September, corroborated the initial performance and pushed the record on a 500 km closed circuit to an average of 1,972 km/h (1,225 mph), flying between Mach 2.08 and Mach 2.14. The Mirage IV 01 prototype underwent minor modifications during testing in the autumn of 1959, most noticeably, the tail was enlarged (slight reduction in height, large increase in chord).
Production
In order to increase range, studies were made of a significantly larger Mirage IVB design, powered by two Snecma license-built Pratt & Whitney J75 engines and having a wing area of 120 m² (1,290 sq ft) compared to 70 m² (750 sq ft) of the prototype IV, as well as a speed of Mach 2.4 and a gross weight of 64,000 kilograms (140,000 lb). The Mirage IVB proposal had been instigated as a response to interest by de Gaulle in ensuring that two-way (including the aircraft's return to France) strike missions could be flown. However, development of the aircraft was ultimately cancelled in July 1959 due to the greater cost involved, a decision having been taken to rely upon aerial refueling instead also being a factor.
With the Mirage IVB considered to be too expensive, the medium-sized Mirage IVA, slightly larger than the first prototype, was chosen for three more prototypes to be produced. This aircraft had a wing area of 77.9 square metres (839 sq ft) and weighed about 32,000 kilograms (70,000 lb)[12] On 4 April 1960, a formal order for 50 production Mirage IVA aircraft was issued. The three prototype aircraft were built between 1961 and 1963, with first flights on 12 October 1961, 1 June 1962, and 23 January 1963. By 1962, the second prototype had conducted simulated nuclear bombing runs in the trials range at Colomb-Bechar in southern Algeria. The third prototype was equipped with the navigation/bombing systems and flight refuelling probe. The fourth prototype Mirage IVA-04 was essentially representative of the production aircraft that would follow.
For production, various portions of the aircraft were subcontracted to Sud Aviation (wings and rear fuselage) and Breguet Aviation (tailfin), which was still a separate company from Dassault until 1967; Dassault manufactured the front fuselage and flight-control system internally. Manufacture of both the prototypes and subsequent production aircraft was often hindered by an explicit requirement that there would be no reliance upon foreign suppliers to maintain France's nuclear capabilities; due to this, the Mirage IV initially lacked an inertial navigation system as French industry could not yet produce this device.
On 7 December 1963, the first production Mirage IVA performed its maiden flight. A series of 62 aircraft was built, and they entered service between 1964 and 1968. Although Dassault had designed the Mirage IV for the low-level flight role right from the start, the final batch of 12 aircraft ordered in November 1964 differed from the earlier aircraft in several areas, including the flight controls, avionics, and structural details, for the purpose of providing improved low-level performance. It had been planned for this batch to be powered by the newer Pratt & Whitney/SNECMA TF106 turbofan engine. The improvements featured upon the last 12 Mirage IVs were later retroactively applied to the whole fleet.
In December 1963 Dassault proposed a Mirage IV-106 variant with 2 Snecma TF106 (license-built Pratt and Whitney) engines, an enlarged 105,000 gross-weight fuselage, terrain-avoidance radar, and armed with a proposed French version of the American Douglas GAM-87 Skybolt air-launched ballistic missile. This version would have been very costly, and ultimately was not ordered.
Proposed export variants
In 1963, the Australian government sought a replacement for the Royal Australian Air Force fleet of English Electric Canberra bombers, largely in response to the Indonesian Air Force's purchase of missile-armed Tupolev Tu-16 bombers. Dassault proposed a version of the Mirage IVA with Rolls-Royce Avon engines. Australian Air Marshall Frederick Scherger seriously considered purchase of the IVA in 1961 because it was considered to be proven hardware already in service (in contrast to the BAC TSR-2 which was still in development), before settling on the General Dynamics F-111C. The IVA was one of five aircraft types that were short listed for the role, but the F-111C was eventually selected.
In April 1965, the British Government cancelled the TSR-2 reconnaissance-strike aircraft. In response, Dassault and British Aircraft Corporation (BAC) proposed a modified Mirage IV variant as a replacement in July 1965. The aircraft, known as the Mirage IV* or Mirage IVS (S for Spey) would be re-engined with more powerful Rolls-Royce Spey turbofan engines with a total of 185 kilonewtons (41,700 lbf), larger (fuselage depth increased by 7.6 centimetres (3 in), had an approximately 0.61 metres (2 ft) forward fuselage extension, and was to weigh 36,000 kilograms (80,000 lb)), and use avionics planned for the TSR-2, although BAC preferred the French Antilope radar. Although designed by Dassault, the production was to be carried out jointly between Dassault and its subcontractors (wing, mid-fuselage, and tail) and BAC (front and rear fuselage). The final assembly location was not determined before this proposal was rejected. The Mirage IV* was to carry a bombload of up to 9,100 kilograms (20,000 lb). While the IV* was claimed to meet most of the Royal Air Force (RAF)'s requirements, and to be £1 million cheaper than the American-made F-111K was preferred (only to be cancelled in turn) and the Spey-engined Mirage abandoned.
The Mirage IV* met nearly every RAF requirement except for field length, and some claim it exceeded the F-111 slightly in speed and had at least equal range. The estimated cost was 2.321 million pounds per aircraft (for 50) or 2.067 million (for 110), less than the price of the F-111K. BAC claimed that the British government evaluation into the Mirage IV* was "relatively superficial". However, some British government officials, including Parliament members Julian Risdale and Roy Jenkins, questioned the Mirage IV*'s capacity to operate from unprepared airstrips or to operate at low level, or claimed that the F-111 was a superior aircraft "in a class of its own". However, Bill Gunston notes that low-level Mirage IV missions had been planned since 1963 and Mirage IVs operated regularly at low level since 1965, and argues that the ability of a strategic bomber to operate from unprepared airstrips is historically unimportant. RAF pilots who test-flew the Mirage IV were "favourably impressed" with its low altitude performance.
BAC and Dassault had also hoped to sell the Mirage IV* to France and to export the Mirage IV* to various nations, such as India, possibly Israel, and others; the lack of a British sale put an end to such possibilities. Some aviation journalists claim that the rejection of the Mirage IV* may have dampened French interest in joint Anglo-French cooperation.
Design
The Mirage IV shares design features and a visual resemblance to the Mirage III fighter, featuring a tailless delta wing and a single square-topped vertical fin. However, the wing is significantly thinner to allow better high-speed performance and has a thickness/chord ratio of only 3.8% at the root and 3.2% at the tip; this wing was the thinnest built in Europe at that time and one of the thinnest in the world. While being significantly smaller than an expensive medium bomber proposal for the role, the Mirage IV was roughly three times the weight of the preceding Mirage III.
The Mirage IV is powered by two Snecma Atar turbojets, fed by two air intakes on either side of the fuselage that had intake half-cone shock diffusers, known as souris ("mice"), which were moved forward as speed increased to trim the inlet for the shock wave angle. It can reach high supersonic speeds: the aircraft is redlined at Mach 2.2 at altitude because of airframe temperature restrictions, although it is capable of higher speeds. While broadly similar to the model used on the Mirage III, the Atar engine had a greater airflow and an elevated overspeed limit from 8,400 rpm to 8,700 rpm for greater thrust during high altitude supersonic flight. While the first Mirage IV prototype was fitted with double-eyelid engine nozzles, production aircraft featured a complicated variable geometry nozzle that automatically varied in response to the descent rate and airspeed.
The aircraft has 14,000 litres (3,700 gal (US)) of internal fuel, and its engines are quite thirsty, especially when the afterburner is active. Fuel was contained within integral tanks within the wings, as well as a double-skinned section of the fuselage between and outboard of the inlet ducts, underneath the ducts and engines, and forward of the main spar of the tail fin; this provided a total internal capacity of 6,400 kilograms (14,000 lb). A refueling probe is built into the nose; aerial refuelling was often necessary in operations as the Mirage IV only had the fuel capacity, even with external drop tanks, to reach the Soviet Union's borders, thus refuelling was required to allow for a 'round trip'. In the event of nuclear war between the major powers, it was thought that there would be little point in having the fuel to return as the host air bases would have been destroyed; instead, surviving Mirage IVs would have diverted to land at bases in nearby neutral countries following the delivery of their ordnance.
The two-man crew, pilot and navigator, were seated in tandem cockpits, each housed under separate clamshell canopies. A bombing/navigation radar is housed within an oblique-facing radome underneath the fuselage between the intakes and aft of the cockpit; much of the Mirage IV's onboard avionics systems, such as the radar communications, navigational instrumentation, and bombing equipment, were produced by Thomson-CSF. Other avionics elements were provided by Dassault itself and SFENA; one of the only major subsystems not of French origin onboard was the Marconi-built AD.2300 doppler radar. Free-falling munitions could also be aimed using a ventral blister-mounted periscope from the navigator's position.
The Mirage IV has two pylons under each wing, with the inboard pylons being normally used for large drop tanks of 2,500-litre (660 gal (US)) capacity. The outer pylons typically carried ECM and chaff/flare dispenser pods to supplement the internal jamming and countermeasures systems. On later aircraft, this equipment typically included a Barax NG jammer pod under the port wing and a Boz expendables dispenser under the starboard wing. No cannon armament was ever fitted aboard the type. The early Mirage IVA had a fuselage recess under the engines which could hold a single AN-11 or AN-22 nuclear weapon of 60 kt yield. The Mirage IV can carry 12 solid-fuel rockets diagonally down below the wing flaps, for rocket-assisted take off (RATO).
From 1972 onward, 12 aircraft were also equipped to carry the CT52 reconnaissance pod in the bomb recess. These aircraft were designated Mirage IVR for reconnaissance. The CT52 was available in either BA (Basse Altitude, low-level) or HA (Haute Altitude, high-altitude) versions with three or four long-range cameras; a third configuration used an infrared line scanner. The CT52 had no digital systems, relying on older wet-film cameras. The first operational use of the system took place during missions in Chad in September 1974.
During the 1980s, a total of 18 Mirage IVs were retrofitted with a centreline pylon and associated equipment to carry and launch the nuclear ASMP stand-off missile. The Mirage IVA could theoretically carry up to six large conventional bombs at the cost of drop tanks and ECM pods, such armament was rarely fitted in practice.
Operational history
Introduction and early operations
"We don't have fighter aircraft, we have fear-inducing aircraft"
French President Charles de Gaulle, speaking of the Mirage IV in 1963.
In February 1964 deliveries of the Mirage IV to the French Air Force started, with the first French Mirage IV squadron being declared operational on 1 October that year. The Mirage IV bomber force soon consisted of nine squadrons of four aircraft (2 pairs – one aircraft carrying the nuclear bomb, one a buddy-refuelling tanker) each. When fully built up, the force consisted of three wings. These wings were each divided into three bomber squadrons, each equipped with a total of four Mirage IVs, with each deployed at a different base to minimise the potential for an enemy strike to knock out the entire bomber force.
After establishment of its own deterrent force, the Force de Dissuassion, more commonly known as the Force de frappe, France withdrew from the military command structure of NATO in 1966. De Gaulle viewed the operational establishment of the Mirage IV fleet, a critical component of the independent Force de frappe, as highly influential to his decision to withdraw France from NATO, and that an independent French nuclear deterrent was necessary to ensure independence as a nation. From 1964 to 1971, the Mirage IV was France's sole means of delivering nuclear ordnance. At this point they were each armed with a single 60 kiloton nuclear bomb.
Alert status consisted of an active inventory of 36 Mirage IVs. At any one time 12 aircraft would be in the air, with a further 12 on the ground kept at four minutes' readiness and the final 12 at 45 minutes' readiness, each equipped with an onboard functional nuclear weapon. These 36 active aircraft would be rotated with 26 reserve aircraft; the latter were kept in an airworthy condition or were otherwise subject to maintenance activities. Within the first decade of the type entering service, in excess of 200,000 hours were flown and 40,000 aerial refuelling operations were performed by the Mirage IV fleet alone; at one point, Mirage IV operations were consuming up to 44 per cent of the French Air Force's total spare parts budget.
The primary objectives of the Mirage IVA force were major Soviet cities and bases. With aerial refueling], the plane was able to attack Moscow, Murmansk or various Ukrainian cities when sortieing from French bases. A justification of the Mirage IV given by Armée de l'air Brigadier General Pierre Marie Gallois, an architect of the French nuclear deterrent, was that: "France is not a prize worthy of ten Russian cities".
In order to refuel the Mirage IVA fleet, France purchased 14 (12 plus 2 spares) U.S. Boeing C-135F tankers. Mirage IVAs also often operated in pairs, with one aircraft carrying a weapon and the other carrying fuel tanks and a buddy refueling pack, allowing it to refuel its partner en route to the target. Even so, some sources state that some of the mission profiles envisioned were actually one-way, with the crew having no chance of returning after bombing a Soviet city. The inability for the Mirage IV to return after missions had been a point of controversy during the aircraft's early development.
Both flight and grounds crews received training principally by Strategic Air Forces Command 328, stationed at Bordeaux. Several Nord Noratlas were specially modified, having received the Mirage IV's radar, control consoles, and additional electrical generators, for the purpose of training navigators; these were later replaced by a pair of customised Dassault Falcon 20 outfitted with much of the Mirage IVP's avionics.
Transition and upgrades
Initially, the basic attack flight profile was "high-high-high" at a speed of Mach 1.85, engaging targets up to a maximum radius of 3,500 km (2,175 mi). In the late 1960s, when the threat of surface-to-air missile defences made high-altitude flight too hazardous, the Mirage IVA was modified for low-altitude penetration. Flying low, the maximum attack speed was reduced to 1,100 km/h (680 mph) and the combat radius was also decreased. By 1963, the majority of missions involving the Mirage IV were being planned as low-level flights. By 1964, Mirage IVAs were conducting training penetration runs at an altitude of 200 ft, without the assistance of terrain-following radar, which subjected pilots to considerable workload and those on board to high levels of turbulence.
To improve survivability, the French Air Force began dispersing Mirage IVs to pre-prepared rough strips during the 1960s; while the use of hardened bunkers had been assessed, it was found to be financially impractical. By the 1970s, it had become clear that vulnerability of the Mirage IV to air defences, even while flying at low altitudes, had made the delivery of gravity bombs such as the AN-11 or AN-22 impractical. Thus, it was decided to pass a greater share of the deterrent role onto land-based missiless and submarine-launched ballistic missiles alternatives; as a result, a single wing of Mirage IVs was stood down in 1976, partially due to fleet-wide attrition losses.
In 1973, it was reported that a force of 40 Mirage IVs would continue to perform as a part of France's nuclear deterrent until the 1980s, and that steady improvements were to be undertaken. In 1975, all Mirage IVs were progressively painted in a new green/grey camouflage scheme. In 1979, in response to the decreasing effectiveness of free-fall bombs used by both its strategic and tactical nuclear forces, development of the ASMP stand-off missile was initiated; the ASMP would possess a range of up to 400 km (250 mi) and was alternative armed with either a single 150 or 300 kiloton nuclear warhead. Various test launches of dummy and later live ASMPs were performed using the Mirage IV as the launch platform between 1981 and 1983.
In July 1984, a contract was formally issued for the upgrade of a total of 18 Mirage IVAs to carry the ASMP missile in the place of traditional bombs; these aircraft were redesignated Mirage IVP (Penetration). The conversion of Mirage IVAs to IVPs involved a large number of modifications and re-workings of the aircraft. A deep centerline pylon was added, which could accommodate either a single ASMP missile or a CT52 reconnaissance pod. The main radar and electronics suite were removed and replaced by newer counterparts; other modified systems included the navigation system, flight control system, and various elements of the cockpit. On 12 October 1982, the first modernised Mirage IVP performed its first flight; it re-entered active service on 1 May 1986.
In August 1985, a French proposal that would have seen Mirage IVPs stationed at air bases inside neighbouring West Germany was made public; this deployment would have marked a significant philosophical departure from traditional French nuclear defence policy. Aviation authors Bill Gunston and Peter Gilchrist allege that French officials had historically discounted the option of recovering Mirage IVs in friendly territory as unduly optimistic, as those nations might become unfriendly or hostile in the aftermath of a French nuclear attack.
Phase-Out
On 31 July 1996, the Mirage IVP was formally retired in its bomber capacity, the nuclear mission having been transferred from the Mirage IV to the newer Dassault Mirage 2000N. EB 2/91 was disbanded and EB 1/91 was redesignated Escadron de Reconnaissance Stratégique (Strategic Reconnaissance Squadron),[citation needed] using five remaining Mirage IVPs based at Mont-de-Marsan; the remaining aircraft were stored at Chateaudun. In the reconnaissance role, the Mirage IVP has seen service over Bosnia, Iraq, Kosovo and Afghanistan.
ES 1/91 Gascogne's surviving Mirage IVPs were retired in 2005 and are conserved and stored at the Centre d'Instruction Forces Aériennes Stratégiques (CIFAS) at Bordeaux Mérignac. The retirement of all reconnaissance-configured Mirage IVPs in 2005 meant that the French Air Force's Mirage F1CRs were for some time the only aircraft capable of carrying out aerial reconnaissance missions. The long term replacement for the Mirage IVP was Mirage 2000N aircraft outfitted with a modern PRNG Pod de Reconnaissance Nouvelle Génération (New Generation Reconnaissance Pod), equipped with digital camera equipment.
The Mirage IV had been popular with its crews, who found it enjoyable to fly. In addition, it required surprisingly little maintenance considering its age and complexity.
It worked...
I did over expose most of the last half of the roll (what you're seeing here) anywhere from 1/3 to a full stop, according to the F3's 80/20 center-weighted meter. This helps the density significantly, as the few underexposed shots at the beginning of the roll are very clear.
The next roll I shoot I'll under rate the film at 200 or maybe 125.
Have a look at the recipe:
www.matchneedle.com/essays/2015/05/stand-development-with...
Developed originally by British Leyland in order to claw back a hold on the American market, the Rover Sterling/800 range was to become the company's top of the range model, replacing the 10 year old Rover SD1.
The Sterling is similar in many ways to the Honda Legend, but was not the first BL car to use a Japanese model as a spiritual template, being preceded by the Triumph Acclaim and the Rover 200.
The original styling of the Sterling was based largely on that of the SD1 with the sweeping light clusters that were curved around the front of the body. This was later revised with the inclusion of a grille as seen on this example here.
In total, 371,000 Sterling/800's were built, an estimated 33,000 being sold in the United States as simply the 'Sterling'.
The cars sadly were not a major success in the United States, and were pulled out of the market in 1991, but the Sterling/800 in Europe remained highly popular and continued in production until the introduction of the Rover 75 in 1998.
Today there are still plenty of Sterlings and 800's to be found on the roads of Britain, and even in the United States the Sterling derivatives have garnered a cult following due to their obscure nature, and that they were the last truly British cars to be sold in the USA outside of companies under foreign ownership such as Jaguar, Rolls Royce and Bentley.
Shirakawa-go was declared a UNESCO world heritage site in 1995, it is famous for their traditional gassho-zukuri farmhouses, some of which are more than 250 years old.
Gassho-zukuri means "constructed like hands in prayer", as the farmhouses' steep thatched roofs resemble the hands of Buddhist monks pressed together in prayer. The architectural style developed over many generations and is designed to withstand the large amounts of heavy snow that falls in the region during winter. The roofs, made without nails, provided a large attic space used for cultivating silkworms.
Erigeron Charity flowers abundantly in our English garden.
It always looks untidy as it sprawls around but it flowers cheerfully throughout the summer.
Here we see three stages of the flower.
Click on image to enlarge.
Camera: Plaubel Makina 670
Lens: Nikkor 1:2.8/80
Film: Fujifilm Pro 160 NS
Develop&Scan: 彩韻沖印
2015-5
(Roll 002)
Nikon L35AF, Kodak Portra 400 VC
Developed and scanned by Dwayne's
This was processed (color,scale,unsharp mask) for use as a still in an iMovie 11 video. I include it here as an "L35AF built in flash saves the shot" example. This was taken on the hanger deck of the aircraft carrier USS Yorktown. It was pretty dark on the hanger deck, especially compared to the illumination on the Cooper River and Charleston, across the way there, at about 11:30 AM. Without the flash, the subjects would be black silhouettes. Forgot to do the Exif.
ODC, Apr 26, 2023; Finally FINISHED shooting enough rolls of color film to justify mixing C41 chemistry. I think this represents close to 10 months worth of film and I don't remember what camera I used for any of the rolls.
Intrepid 4x5 Camera
Schneider-Krueznach 135mm f/5.6
Arista EDU Ultra 100
Developed with Rodinal 1:25
This is an image of the early stage of sporocyte development in a moss sporophyte. This is indicated by the angular shape and the observation that they have pulled away from the cell walls. (K.S. Renzaglia, K.D. McFarland, D.K. Smith, American J. Botany, [84] (10) 1337-1350 (1997).) Longitudinal cross section of a developing sporophyte capsule. A photo of the moss from which the sporophytes were obtained is at www.flickr.com/photos/14643312@N02/17164418555/. A complete sporophyte is in www.flickr.com/photos/14643312@N02/17173980525/. Stained with Flemming's Safranin, Gentian Violet, Orange Stain, substituting Crystal Violet for Gentian Violet. This specimen was sectioned at 7 micron.
The following protocol is largely based on Chamberlain, "Methods in Plant Histology, 5th ed., 1905. Fixed 24 hours in aqueous chromic acid-acetic acid (3.7 g potassium dichromate/l + 10 ml glacial acetic acid/l). (The substation of potassium dichromate for chromic acid based on equivalent chromate conc. is reported to work as long as the pH is less than 3.4). Washed 24 hours in flowing water. Dehydrated in 10, 35, 50, 75, 85, 95, 99 % IPA in water, min 6 hours each. Cleared in IPA:Xylene at 3:1, 2:1, 1:3,1 hour each and pure xylene for 10 min. Infiltrated in xylene saturated with Paraplast for 5 days, followed by 3 changes of melted Paraplast for 2 hours each. Embedded in Paraplast. Sectioned on a Spencer 820 microtome at 7 micron. Cleared in Xylene 2X, 10 min each. Rehydrated 99, 95 % IPA,10 min. each. Stained 1% Safranin in 50% IPA 24 hr. Differentiated 50 % IPA, 10 min. Stained 1 % aq Crystal Violet 10 min. Dip 4X in water. Stain 1 % Orange B 1 min. Dip 4X 95 % IPA, agitate 5 sec 99 % IPA. Rinse off IPA with Eugenol, wick off. Pour Eugenol over slide. Cleared 2X xylene 2.5 min each. Mounted with DEPEX.
Bright field photomicrograph from a Nikon MS inverted microscope at 400X original magnification using a Leica MIKAS 1/3X adapter to a Sony NEX 5N.
Recent acquisition, still have to develop the first roll of film I put through it. I want to develop it myself so it's taking awhile to verify the camera is in working condition. Stay tuned!
Expert Group Meeting for Least Developed Countries: Way forward on the WTO Ministerial Decision on preferential rules of origin
The objective was to discuss and brainstorm on the following topics:
- How to provide an overview of the status of preferential rules of origin and the value of the Ministerial decision on the preferential rules of origin: can we move on?
- How to provide a detailed information on the challenges in drafting preferential rules of origin, a possible UNCTAD methodology and the certification requirements related to origin?
The various options and modalities to bring forward the focus on the other issues that may be relevant in dynamic LDC agenda like trade facilitation and what are the overall prospects of an LDC package in Bali and beyond.
The final outcome of the meeting will assist UNCTAD and LDCs to identify future areas of activities and studies to be undertaken.
1947 Kodak Medalist II 2.25x3.25-inch camera on Kodak Portra 400 film in 120 size. 100mm f/3.5 Kodak Ektar lens.
Processed in Unicolor C41 home developing kit. August 2013.
Across the developing world, some 70 million girls under the age of 18 are married. Most of these girls have been taken out of school, are pregnant or parenting, and face a greater risk of being a victim of gender-based violence and contracting sexually transmitted infections, including HIV. While we know of their risks, there is much that we do not know about the daily lives of these girls or how to better meet their health care needs.
Join USAID’s Office of HIV/AIDS, the International Center for Research on Women, CARE, and Pathfinder International as they present findings on their work with married adolescent girls living in Bangladesh, Ethiopia, West Africa, and other low-resource regions.
Read more: www.wilsoncenter.org/event/underage-addressing-reproducti...
Developing Film in Coffee
2013.07.13 photoed in Taipei City, Taiwan
咖啡顯影
2013年7月13日於臺北市拍的
Caffenol-C-M 14mins 21C
4 big thunderstorms developed this afternoon out on the Plains near Broome. This one combined with another later to produce a wild show heading into Broome.
Old photo on Isanai river, Shakotan, Hokkaido.
Fujica GS645 75mm F3.4, Verichrome pan developed with Microfine, scanned recently.
Kodak Kodachrome Film: Right before it was discontinued, I knew that it would become a piece of history, so I grabbed the webpage display of Kodachrome film for sale on Kodak's site. I plan to post this on flickr's various pools that are slide and/or Kodachrome related. It was possible to process Ektachrome at home. I processed many rolls of Anscochrome GAF [if you remember that one] at home. It took many more steps than B&W film. I believe all together it was about 12 counting the rinses. It also took a "reversal exposure" before the second developer. I am not going to get into it too deeply here. Kodachrome on the other hand took many hundreds of thousands of dollars of equipment if not a million in some high-volume labs. The three layers of filtered B&W had to be individually infused with RBG dyes. There are still a few labs around that will process Kodachrome film and movie film at a premium price. I have 16mm film for the late 1940s and the color has held up wonderfully because of the stability of the dies. The wizard of Oz was shot in "Technicolor" which is the Hollywood presentation name given to using this type of film. Other slide film have displayed tendencies to extreme color shifts as many people can attest to. Kodachrome required much greater amounts of silver which were needed during WW2 so cheaper films were developed such as Ektachrome.
Kodachrome vs Ektachrome:
www.stevehoffman.tv/forums/archive/index.php/t-22434.html
Addendum: That's strange for Kodak to continue to make Kodachrome Slide Film KR-64, where only one lab in the world is processing it!!!
Chassis n° SPA/48/8 (LMA/48/1)
Engineer Hill, who in 1939 developed the Atom, a prototype of a small sports saloon, had designed a 2-litre engine during the war that had a very short lifespan. The engine was hastily fitted onto a new chassis derived from that of the Atom, prepared for the 1948 season. At the 24 Hours of Spa, with Jock Horsfall and Leslie Johnson driving, this car - unofficially called the DB1 - achieved an unexpected victory, defeating a coalition of the most renowned manufacturers. This seemed a very promising start for the new series, but until the end of 1950 production remained limited to a small number of units.
1.970 cc
4 In-line
91 hp
Aston Martin - Elegance in Motion
24/04/2026 - 23/06/2026
Autoworld
Brussels - Belgium
June 2026
Dawlet Khan, Bermel District Sub Governor, hands out various items to the children in Faqiran Village after a Shura he held on the spot. Afghan National Army and Rakkasan Soldiers provided security for the Shura. (U.S. Army Courtesy Photo)
200iso C41 film expired 15 years ago. Developed in HC110 1+47 for 10 minutes. 10 minutes fix then 20 minutes in fix + lemon juice to clear some off the un-developed colour layer masking.
A render of still frame of a custom built 3D model of Hoover Dam. The model was developed by Ideum for a collaborative project with Hoover Dam and the Bureau of Reclamation.This model was used a series of interactive that were built for educational outreach.
We developed a series of graphic tests for a new food channel for FOX International Channels. We really enjoyed the project and made two options, very different from each other. Going from illustrative to surrealist.
More: bit.ly/Sfk7dL
Creative, art direction and design by Eloy Krioka. 3D Modeling help: Julio Cesar Velazquez. Work commisioned by our good mate Andres Rossi (Thanks!). VP Branding and Creative Fox International Channels: Florencia Picco. Branding Director Fox International Channels: Mariano Barreiro
#food #channel #design #fox
With many navies developing more and more powerful and capable armored cruisers around the world, the Vinnish navy sought to make sure their next cruiser would be able to compete. At first, the Sumpflands were to have a conventional layout, with just two main gun turrets. Then, that changed to three, then four. The problem with this then was the question, how much value do more guns have when they can't all train on the same target? An ingenious, albeit controversial and mechanically and practically questionable solution was engineered to solve this problem.
The turrets would be able to physically traverse across the deck to the opposite side to attain an optimal firing position. This was achieved via rails laid into grooves across the deck. The turret would unlatch from its barbette, slide across the deck, and anchor itself to a port on the opposite side. After firing, the recoil would assist in throwing the turret back along the track to its barbette, where it would lock back in place to reload and prepare to travel again. Although somewhat simple on paper, in practice this system proved to be complex, maintenance intensive, and vulnerable to catastrophic failure in battle. A well-placed hit could blow a turret right off of its barbette, or jam it into place and prevent it from traversing or traveling. However, despite these complications, the idea was actually implemented on the lead ship of the class. It remains to be seen whether this unique innovation will be of benefit or detriment to the Vinnish navy in combat.
This photograph shows what a full port broadside would look like, with the starboard side turret "slid" into position.
PERKS & QUIRKS:
Guns: 9" (+1)
Armor: 7in (+2)
Speed: 18kn (-1)
Range: 9000km (-1)
Torpedo Tubes: 2 (-1)
Cliffe's Sliding Gun Turret: +3
Mechanically Complex: -1
Very High Maintenance: -2
But I had already loaded the camera with a roll of Ilford FP4+ that had expired ten years ago.
This one using the viewing screen and magnifier.
Lubitel 166B loaded with Ilford FP4+125 film (120). Expired 2003. Developed in Microphen
Develop the habit of self awareness among your kids via yoga . Enroll them in our exciting yoga classes at : planetnamaste . com/.
A stiff paper is best, but there's a lot of stress where the curves meet the edge, so you'll want a tough paper, too. Something long fiber.
Mehrangarh fort@rajasthan.
One of my favorate images from the rajasthan trip...I have so many images from the trip that still wait to be uploaded.
I was amazed by the curves and the marvelous architecture here at the fort.
used a bit of picasa....
enjoy!!!
Check out my best on-flickriver
Konica Hexar RF and Voigtlander Ultron 28mm f/1.9
Legacy Pro 400 developed at 1600 in Xtol (1:1)
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Ryan LeCluyse's REBU!LD project on the 900 block of Madeira Street in east Baltimore in May of 2011. All of these rows have since been torn down.
to be alone , we found our soul more freedon and find our place on earth, a special place that never see in our camera, but in our hearts
as i walked along in the RIVERPARKS / RIVERBANKS located in MARIKINA PHILIPPINES, this is a newly develop PARKS AND NATURE RESEVED , MAN AND NATURE ADD LIFE TO THE PARKS,
just walked and COLLECT the earth on your feet and keep
MARIKINA RIVERPARKS PHILIPPINES IS A TRUE TESTAMENT OF HOW THE PEOPLE AND THE GOVERMENT WORK TOGETHER WITH THE HARMONY
IF YOU LOVE THE FIRST LOOK OF MY CRAFTS
YOU WILL LOVE MOST OFMY COLLECTIONS
FEEL FREE TO EXPLORE MORE ON MY PHOTOSTREAM IN THIS WAY
CRAFT REVOLUTION / MOSAIC APPLICATION IN A PATCHWORK APPROACH, A TRULLY NEW LINE IN A ROW
Doing things like no other before is like walking in another line, why we need to do being different from them, how do we see things in another side? Is this possible to have a new line in a row?
I attend seminars about Quality Control, this seminars tackles the main cause of the real problem is in the organization itself, yes, and is true no need to attend seminar for this, if we know ourselves is our best enemy, but how we need to know more ourselves, our environment dictates us to be being with them, and our mind action accordingly in this way of thinking.
Working in an Export Company for long years as a research and product development officer is not a good job, but paying you a lot sometimes per project, and your Boss saying you always; “our sale will get high after this project out of the market! You can go to vacation after this! Yes vacation after finish the particular project, hmm sound nice, as I said this is not a good job after all. Vacation is also not good in this kind of works. Why I say this. How you can say you are free after your kids out in school and you are watching American idol and praying for the artist you want to be declared as a real winner,
How can we say we are free and in vacation with family and thinking what you can do to be more careful for the kids if all with you, or even if you alone and feel bored and open your pc for something else just to get out of your mind, how?
Being free is acceptance just live with them walk with them and feel with them, my master in this seminar put this thing in our mind , the second things he share to us is everybody need a free space for our self, as a person and different from the other person.
He share to us a line in a bible , I forgot the pages and the verses, but something like this I am not particular in the bible things and thoughts but the messages is clear, you are so special from the other person in your words ,in your thought , in your actions too,
And he shouting to all of us saying hey get out of the box his face look like red and I feel he is angry for what ever reason,
Then he put here things in the bag and walking outside the hall never turn back and go to small coffee table and put some head set on his ear, we all get shock we feel confuse, me I am thinking he get mad to someone , that time the seminar is running up to more hours and this person sitting , look like relax and we are thinking what s wrong , the company paying much for him, and the 2 long hours to wait him , feel more confusing , I see also he snap a bit and his eyes is close for almost 15 minute , and we are so silent , and no body want to talk , hey what’s wrong , I go to the other side of the room and I fall asleep, somebody doing that things and fall asleep too, but the only thing I notice no one get out of the room , we are all waiting for something, boring and everybody no one to talk just the eyes talking that time and our lips add some smile,
Time running and one of the participant decide to talk to all of us and saying we don’t need him in this kind of seminar , he never say anything to us just sip his coffee for long hours and we left nothing to do. and one of my colleagues saying , how can we say it in a nice way, everybody saying something ,suggesting , and one off the participant crumble the papers and want to throw to the master , that moment we are all smile and saying yes do it if you can! But after that no one, want to do that kind of things to his master after all,
Or maybe being polite much better that throwing things as our action for that particular situation and the message is clear , everybody even they have a good actions they don’t want to go out of the box,
New line in a row is a fresh and clear action ,as an artist , as a creator of this particular crafts , I love to share what I have after my long journey , this world is so fast in many particular , technology ,development, high-rise building new phone , everything that we can consider as our home outside our home or a chips on our big pockets , weight less but full of everything what we put inside that chips for our own purposes,
This new craft was born in this particular world of arts but I found out, this craft is out of the line , the material is there , the colors is in there, the meaning is there , the message is there , everything is there , and still I cannot fine the right line for this particular crafts,
I start doing craft on my early age, I still remembering cutting pages of full colored magazine cut in a small piece and paste it, collect all the colored papers and cut and paste it just my start, I love to draw plant animals flowers birds everything about nature, and this track considering of my actions whom I am now, in my own world,
I never finish college, as my root, but I take a fine arts courses in one best school in Philippines (U.S.T. University Of Santo Tomas) Manila the oldest School in Asia the school for Architecture and Fine Arts, that time I feel bless, it because I never dream to get enter in that school, I walk barefooted in my young age, I never dream one day I was in one of the room in there. In my teenage days I was always in a church I am a member of a choir group, but my voice is not good at that time, but I feel important when I am part of this group , our master telling me you are part of this group and your voice is to important to us, I joint also a theater club my master told me , here in our company money is hard to find and the only things I can share to you is how they praise you after the production is done, this group is a community base just for a public information and services, and that’s true I feel different from other person when I joint in this group I have many friends , they all like me as a devil in my characters I always portray , this group give ME more opportunity to explore my space more on the way I never do and think before, or maybe I get out of that box I never notice in this way, or I walk in a new line in a row ,
This group also sent me to college, and I walk out in this group and stop my study up to 2nd years in colleges of course the main reason is money, yes this is my hard times at that moment I need to decide which way I need to walk, to finish or make another way like a new line in a row, I need to force my self to work hard for my daily bread.
New line in a row is a formation of things on how we see and need to act patiently specially in our materials that surround us. Or a CALL on how we make a line in a way we can move perfectly, and this is what I want to share to you,
New line in a row is my greatest achievement, after searching and looking for arts and crafts, i look more books, searching more artist, looking for the master, site in the internet, regarding arts and crafts, and still I never see anything that need to compare on my crafts, but this crafts more on mosaic, patchwork, color pixel in our computer and idea coming from cross stitching, and how it make it different from them,?
Mosaic is a form of arts more on glass and stone or anything that form pattern and pastes it,
Patchwork is a form of arts too start from our old clothes recycled it and form pattern too.
Cross stitching is also form of arts that need to count and have pattern too.
Color pixel normally found in our computer if we want to see or using magnifying glass to see thing clear.
I never research much on this particular meaning (mosaic, patchwork, cross stitching, pixels,) suggestion is always welcome or comment to this particular is will help much,
This kind of words build my composition and remind me, where I start thinking and looking in different way, how can I called my crafts , or where can I place it , I thinking is there a room for me, the answer is YES , I can place it in a galleries of mosaic,
In a patchwork, in pixel room, but not in a wall that hangs cross stitching arts,
But more on more that way, my experiment get more wild and run, colored pixel is always many colors in his single square form, I decide to get out in this category,
I try more research about patchwork , and I see more clear things in this room , the next things I open my mind to the mosaic room and get involved more on more , and I notice a clear picture and help me to categories my craft more in this way.
I draw another line, a new line in a row
After fifteen years searching for the soul of my arts, I try to make room for them, I want to be different from them, I want to be more careful and I want to have a free form from them,
Arts is copying nature I thought, and maybe I think in this way, but copying is like doing things you admire and seeing things that guide us, copying is the only easy way to make us more competitive or maybe more to be exact, new line in a row starting in this way collect the things that have a connection on me make a clear picture and transform in a way I do now,
New line in a row is a form of arts with the relationship to the crafts world,
Arts is different from the crafts, arts is unique form and creation of human no same things have in common with out copying using special tools we have..
Crafts are more on copying have pattern to create more precise and get to perfectly conclusion.
New line in a row is my first step to get out of the box, I never notice for long way before.
New line in a row is a form of CRAFTS after all!
I called this crafts MOSAIC CLOTH IN A PATCHWORK APPROACH
A truly NEW LINE IN A RAW
Only the dead man can make his canvass clear and white
I choice freedom that make my life to be complicated and open for more restriction after all
Oktavdsaint
The author
The 133rd Airlift Wing’s human resource advisor and Wing Culture Council, held a special brown bag lunch and guest speaker in St. Paul, Minn., Feb. 23, 2014. Airmen from the Wing gathered after to converse and laugh with the speaker, Andre Koen, about his informative and interactive discussion on developing cultural competencies. (U.S. Air National Guard photo by Senior Airman Kari Giles/Released)