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The first thing Karthik did after returning was to calculate the cost of the trip and how much everyone owed.
9283 “Voices from the Battle”- Fort Tyler, 1065 6th Ave., West Point, Troup, GA. April 17, 2014. Decimal degrees: 32.881597, -85.185692
“Voices from the Battle”
“Colorful written accounts from the defenders of West Point describe the Battle at Fort Tyler.
In the months and years following the Battle of West Point, many personal accounts recorded the events of that day. Luckily, many of these stories have been preserved and, although not always historically accurate they added unique perspective.
‘Humors came of the advance of the Federals from the direction of Montgomery, Alabama’
West Point, Georgia, a town of something, or once to our armies, on the banks of the Chattahoochee River, have the key to the situation at this juncture, was splendidly fortified against attacks by stockades redoubts, and long-range rifle pits, and a large fort on the west side of the river. The fort commanded a great portion of the place, and under more favorable conditions would have proved a veritable Gibraltar. This fort was manned by a pardon of Waiter Battery from Columbia, South Carolina. The post was under command of the intrepid General R. C. Tyler of Tennessee. Rumors came of the advance of the Federals from the direction of Montgomery, Alabama. Saturday afternoon, April 16, 1865, everything was quickly in motion for the defense of the place. Sunday morning the pickets were posted along the roads leading into town and in the rifle pits and in the redoubts. The military contingent from the hospitals and militia were soon ordered into the fort School boys responded to the call, and there were in all one hundred and twenty-one effective men to cope with the three thousand Federals under Colonel LaGrange.
S. F. Peaer
‘Why General, this is a slaughter pen’
Upon inspecting the fort in company with the general, I was surprised to see what a miserable affair it was, and said: ‘Why General, this is a slaughter pen’, his prompt response was: ‘I know it, but we most man and try to hold it.’ It be worthy of note that at the time of the fight General Tyler was suffering from a wound received some while before, and was still on his crushes.
This fort’s armament consisted of two small rifled field pieces, one 32 pounder, and a lot of small arms ammunition of each class.
We succeeded in getting together one hundred and fourteen Confederate soldiers who were on the way from various hospitals to their commands. These together with a few citizens who volunteered to look after the wounded fended the garrison at the fort.
W. K. Briskell, M.D.
‘We opened fire along our whole line, and the fight was on’
As the enemy was approaching General Tyler directed me to take some twenty men and go out and bring the enemy in, a military phrase when does not physical capture, but to feel of them and retard there approach. I called for volunteers, and ready response was made by more than twenty. With the twenty we went out some distance, and I posted the men far apart on both sides of the main road leading to Montgomery, the direction from which the enemy was coming, and awaited their approach, somewhat as Mrs. Partington did when she attempted with her broom to keep the ozean out of her boat dode. This as remember, was about ten o’clock, and General LaGrange who was in command of the approaching Brigade, says he arrived at ten o’clock within range of fort. Seen the enemy’s sharpshooters appeared in our front and from here the Assyrians come down like a wolf in the field. We opened fire along our whole line and the fight was on.
Judge J.B. McFarland
‘Hurrah For Dixie’
General Tyler refused to surrender the fort and soon the blue line was seen approaching, and my attention was called to the flag I looked and saw that one of the ropes was cut. I laid down by gun, climbed the pole, repaired the rope took off my cap and waved it at the Yankees and yelled out, ‘Hurrah for Dixie. Here’s your mule and one-eyed sorrel one at that,’ and slid down. Just then General Tyler sent me with six men to guard a bridge, hoping that General Forrest would come to our relief, but he did not come.
C.D.W. McNeil
‘The People to who they belonged could not stand the Loss’
On going into the fort, McFarland asked permission to burn the houses in its front, suggesting that they were so near that enemy could use them advantageously in their attack. General Tyler said people to who they belonged could not stand-the loss, as then were principally, beautiful cottage homes, and he finally refused to give the order.
Causrade W. J. Slatter
Sometime in the early afternoon, noticing that sharpshooters were sniping our men from the cottage at any tread I went back an reported the fact to General Tyler, suggesting that he direct a shot or two from our cannon on that side against this cottage. He called back with me, and in order in get a better view he stepped out in front of the stockade and was immediately killed by a shot which came from one of these cottages.
Jundge L.B. McFarland
‘There was a yell, and troops poured out of the old stable like hornets out a nest’
I think, I can be pardoned for speaking in just terms of all the men who fought so gallantly on this occasion. This circumstances to which I alhide?? is this there was a Louisianian who belonged to the Point Coupee battery, (I wish I knew his name) who fought all along the western side of the fort. He persisted in riding to fire although in plain view of the opposing forces, I ordered him down time and time again. I’ve straightened up once and started towards me. I ordered him down. He looked me full in the face, and pointing to an old stable about 30 yards west of the northeast corner of the fort said, ‘That old stable is full of men and they put their guns through the cracks and are picking off men as fast as they rise.’ Just at this time Mr. W.F. Dansby straightened up to the fire and was wounded in the shoulder.
I could then plainly see the source of the valley, the Federals were in position to sweeps the whole northern line of the fort. I saw at once the importance of demolishing the house There was not a single man standing at the gun on that corner of the fort. I told Lieutenant Self to lie down under the cannon. A boy handed me a cartridge. I placed it in the mouth of the cannon. The Louisianian came with the boy with a cap full of Minnie balls. We put then in the cannon Lieutenant Self was ramming the gun with a wad of paper when his hand, which was exposed above the wall of the fort, was wounded. But he did not stop. The gun was turned and fired. There was a yell and troops poured out of old stable like hornets of a nest. Quiet soon reigned in that corner.
Col. James H. Fannin
‘As he raised the handkerchief I gave the command to cease firing’
About 6 o’clock or about sunset, Captain Parham notified me that the ammunition was about exhausted. I then told him that if such be the case, I would be compelled to surrender.
‘Go the flagstaff,’ I said, ‘and pull down our flag.’ He quickly returned and said: ‘The rope has been cut by a bullet or shell and I cannot pull the flag, down. ‘Then,’ I said, ‘take a rammed from a musket and then your white handkerchief to it and raise it over the western side of the fort.’ It was there that most of the firing was going on.
As he raised the handkerchief I gave the command to cease firing. And it was an astonishing fact to me, that I did not hear the report of a single gun after the order was given.
C.J. James K. Faersela
I saw no white flag but of our number raised a white handkerchief and instantly Lieutenant McFariard made him drop it and --- be would shoot the first man who raised a token of surrender.
Comande W.J. Slatter
‘The Last Flag to fall East of the Mississippi’
We were where we could see the fort, and see charge after charge, and finally saw them go over the breast works, and saw the flagpole fall, which was the last flag to fall east of the Mississippi River.
‘You Fought like Demons’
After the battle had ended the victorious Federals cheered and ----- upon the parapet of the fort, and were dumbfounded to find so few inside, and praised their valor in no uncertain words. ‘You fought like demons,’ they said. ‘We thought you had at least two companies.’
S.F. Power
‘The enemy with the prisoners were again on their march, carrying destraction on their way’
All of the prisoners were marched to the outskirts of the town and bivonacked for the night on the east side of the river. The next morning the Federnis burned the two commodiotts depots filled with government supplies and hundreds of fright cars loaded with machinery, merchandise, etc., together with about sixteen locomotives. The magazine in Fort Tyler was blown up and the two magnificer bridges were burned, after which the enemy with the prisoners were again on their march, carrying destruction on their way.
B. F. Piver
Union Soldier’s Letter
The following letter was written by Sergeant William Winkler, 4th Indiana Regiment, who participated in the battle of West Point.
April 16, soon we seen the reb-tlag proudly floating over the fort and a 32 (lb.) shell exploded close to us. The fight commenced and our regiment were ordered to charge on horseback the town and capture the bridge over the Chattahoochee. We done so and through a rain of shell, balls and fly and we arrived under the foot of the fort in less than 2hours. The 22nd and 7th Kentucky stormed after a heavy artillery duel the fort and the bars and stars come down. The fort was after the captures --- look and died and dying stretched on the parapets of 185 prisoners are 3 heavy ordinance --- We lost 30 men. The captured of this place seemed as the bridges over the Chattahoochee River. S.R.R. train with quartermaster store loaded. Plenty ammunition and 18 R.R. locomotive. Major General Tyler the commander of the fort a brave soldier got killed and --- thinks is now buried.
This Flickr account is really for sharing historic images from my collection, but I also make a lot of modern images of historic places, events and objects, so I thought I'd share a few.
These were taken at the Imperial War Museums Duxford Airshow in September 2017. Where else can you see (and hear and smell!) such an amazing array of early aircraft in flight, including 13 Spitfires?
All images are available high res and released for re-use under a CC BY license (only attribution required).
See my main account for my photography, videos, fractal images and more here: www.flickr.com/photos/josh-rokman/
Made with the Bing Image Creator, powered by DALL-E 3.
I think that AI image generation is similar in many ways to photography. The camera itself handles all the fine details, but the photographer is in charge of curating the types of images that will be created.
Ultimately, it is all about maximizing the probability that something good will be created.
This is very similar to AI image generation, in terms of the skills involved and what the human does vs. what the machine does.
You can't compare AI image generation to the process of actually making these images from scratch with 3D software or paint/pencils, where the human controls every detail.
However, I think the process really is very similar to that of photography, as I made the case for above.
- Josh
image taken in the early morning at GB Gruffy in Somerset on the 11th June 2011.
I initially thought this was a different species to one I took last year as that one was a uniform colour, however I am fairly sure this is the streaked form of the same species.
Best viewed very large.
Visit Heath McDonald Wildlife Photography
You can see more of my images on my other flickr account Heath's moth page
So today I have decided I'm posting way to many things about my ooak projects so I decided to create another little acount where I can just talk about them all I want to! I will also keep you informed on this account, (of course I will, I don't know how to like to the new one!) But I will not be posting photo stories, news and updates, and my little "selfies" on there.
The new account is called:
OOAKMONKEYgg
Like it? I didn't create it yet, so don't go "where is it at!"
I stayed up at 3:17 in the mornin' for yall. I'm not sleeping yet. Lol. So yeah! On that account you will see:
-repaints
-re-roots
-new design ideas
-designs
-hauls
-tutorials
-ooak characters
-ooak photoshoots and stories called "mini tales."
So yeah I can't wait till' I make it!!!!!
I will be re-adding ALL my contacts, and will be commenting on the first new picture on all your streams. :)
So if you would like to go there... Oh! I almost forgot,
-you will be able to view action pictures of me re-designing my dolls.
How cool is that?
So I'm sorry for making this Sooooo long but I just couldn't wait to tell you the news that's happening tomorrow! (Well actually it IS tomorrow because I'm up at 3:21 AM!) Love yall! Later!
If your wondering why I used a ever after high picture, its because those might be the first customized "winx" characters I might be doing first.
Sadly, in July, the DOT approved the official closure application of the Folkestone Harbour Branch, and now we wait to see if the Remembrance Line can raise the funds to save it and take it into preservation.
This is the next to last train to travel down the branch, back in January 2009. We joined the train at Victoria, sadly I did not take a shot of the sign at the station giving the destination as Folkestone Harbour only.
Many of these shots have not been posted before, and others have been edited for the fist time.
Here is my account of the day, written at the time:
--------------------------------------------------------------
And so, on Saturday the alarm went off once again in what appeared to be the middle of the night, and we climbed out of bed ready for an exciting day. We must have been early as the cats were still asleep, even Sulu had not started his caterwauling.
Due to engineering, there were no trains from Dover, so we drove to Faversham on the north Kent coast to catch a London bound train there.A railway station at just before six in the morning is not the warmest place in the world; especially when the cafe and waiting rooms are all locked. We made do with pacig up and down and stomping our feet. The seven minutes past six train arrived on time, and soon we were slipping through the Medway towns and up into the south eastern suburbs of London.
Victoria is a big old station, with modern shops and the suchlike fitted in wherever there is room. But, we had an hour to spare before our depature, and so we set off to find a place to sit down and have breakfast. Imagine our surprise that for most places, half seven is far too early for brerakfast and the lights were still off and chairs still on tables.
We made do with a coffee and a panini and a flick through the new slimline Saturday Times; a thinner paper for thin times, apparently.
The destination board had a departure for Folkestone Harbour, and the crowds seemed to be hanging around platform 2, and so we joined them. The Golden Arrow was the flagship service that ran down to the Channel ports to join ferries and carry the great and good on their merry way. The last train ferry sailed in 1994 when the Channel Tunnel opened, and the branch line down to Folkestone harbour has slowly been rotting ever since.The branch is one of the most spectacular on the British netowrk, and at 1 in 30 is one of the steepest line still in use. It winds its way though the town until it emerges at the harbour and reaches the station on the pier via a multi-arched brick jetty. Without doubt is the most beautiful line as it leaps over the fishing boats at anchor. It is no surprise then that the threat of closure is hanging over it and each special train that heads down is billed as potentially the last.
Just a little later than billed, the train edged into Victoria, and the hundreds of passengers rushed on to find our reserved seats. The windows were misted, but that was because it was a cold morning. Or so we thought.
It turned out that the heating had failed in tow of the carriages, our being one of them. It was a frost morning, and as the staff tried to turn the heating controls off and on, with no effect, we sat there and shivered. We hoped that as the journey continued, the heating would warm through.
This did not happen, and no matter how many cups of coffee we had, we sat there cold. The rest of the train was full, and so there was no chance of us finding a warmer seat, and so as we wandered through southern London we took turns in wiping the windows, so that we might be able to see something of our route.
Once we arrived at Folkestone, the train sat at the sidings waiting for the green light so we could descend to the harbour. I had tried to drum up interest through various groups on Flickr, so I had hoped there would be a few people to see the train arrive. As we inched our way down the branch, it became clear that we were going to be the main attraction of the day, with people climbing on roofs and taking up all possible view points as the steam engine took us down the branch. As we came out from between the final two houses and the harbour came into view, thousands of people were seen, and hundreds of shutters fired to record the event.
Time has not served the station well, 15 years without regular service has left the staion roofless, one track removed, and moss, grass and litter everywhere. Quite what the Orient Express passengers think of the surroundings in unclear, but it's not pretty for sure.
Most of us got off to take up positions to take pictures as the pacific was going to go up the branch in full steam for our cameras. When the time came, the engine burst into life and turned the grey air black with lots of smoke and steam as it pulled the dozen or so carriages upto the main line. I took my fair share for sure.
Sadly, local businesses failed to take the chance to open, and most stayed shut as maybe four thousand people milled around whilst waiting for us to depart. The one chip shop that was open had queues out of the door for over two hours.
Once back on the train and heading back to london via the north Kent coast, the carriages were no warmer, and so we decided that we would get off at the next water stop at Canterbury and get something to eat and get warm, regardless of whether we made it back to the train in time.
Our favourite Belgian resturant has a branch right near the station, and we took a table nearest the warmest radiator and tucked in to herby garlic soup followed by something just as tasty.
Filled with good Belgian food and trappist beers, we decided to get a taxi the few miles to Faversham and to where our car was, as we could not face another three hours in the mobile fridge that was our carriage. That we paid for first class seats, and the other, cheaper carriages were all heated was frustrating. But being warm was worth more to us at that point than a seat as the sea whizzed by.
Even still, we had a great day, I got loads of great pictures, and we got to ride on one of the last trains down to the harbour.
Another great day.
Wat Phra Kaew (Thai: วัดพระแก้ว, rtgs: Wat Phra Kaeo, IPA: [wát pʰráʔ kɛ̂ːw], Pronunciation, English: Temple of the Emerald Buddha; full official name Wat Phra Si Rattana Satsadaram, Thai: วัดพระศรีรัตนศาสดาราม, IPA: [wát pʰráʔ sǐː rát.ta.náʔ sàːt.sa.daː.raːm]) is regarded as the most sacred Buddhist temple (wat) in Thailand. The Emerald Buddha housed in the temple is a potent religio-political symbol and the palladium (protective image) of Thai society. It is located in Phra Nakhon District, the historic centre of Bangkok, within the precincts of the Grand Palace.
The main building is the central phra ubosot, which houses the statue of the Emerald Buddha. According to legend, this Buddha image originated in India where the sage Nagasena prophesized that the Emerald Buddha would bring "prosperity and pre-eminence to each country in which it resides", the Emerald Buddha deified in the Wat Phra Kaew is therefore deeply revered and venerated in Thailand as the protector of the country. Historical records however dates its finding to Chiang Rai in the 15th century where, after it was relocated a number of times, it was finally taken to Thailand in the 18th century. It was enshrined in Bangkok at the Wat Phra Kaew temple in 1782 during the reign of Phutthayotfa Chulalok, King Rama I (1782–1809). This marked the beginning of the Chakri Dynasty of Thailand, whose present sovereign is Bhumibol Adulyadej, King Rama IX.
The Emerald Buddha, a dark green statue, is in a standing form, about 66 centimetres tall, carved from a single jade stone ("emerald" in Thai means deep green colour and not the specific stone). It is carved in the meditating posture in the style of the Lanna school of the northern Thailand. Except for the Thai King and, in his stead, the Crown Prince, no other persons are allowed to touch the statue. The King changes the cloak around the statue three times a year, corresponding to the summer, winter, and rainy seasons, an important ritual performed to usher good fortune to the country during each season.
HISTORY
In 1767, the Kingdom of Ayutthaya fell to the Burmese, and King Taksin then moved the capital to Thonburi where he built the old palace beside Wat Arun on the west bank of Chao Phraya River. In 1778, Taksin's army under the command of Chao Phraya Chakri (who later became Rama I) captured Vientiane and took the Emerald Buddha back to Thonburi.
In 1782, King Rama I succeeded to the throne and founded the Chakri Dynasty, and he decided to move the capital across the river to Bangkok as it would be better protected from attack. The site chosen for the palace is situated between two old wats, Wat Pho and Wat Mahathat, an area inhabited by Chinese residents who were then moved to the present Chinatown. He started the construction of the Grand Palace so that the palace may be ready for his coronation in 1785. Wat Phra Kaew, which has its own compound within the precinct of the palace, was built to house the Emerald Buddha, which is considered a sacred object that provides protection for the kingdom. Wat Phra Kaew was completed in 1784. The formal name of Wat Phra Kaeo is Phra Sri Rattana Satsadaram, which means "the residence of the Holy Jewel Buddha."
Wat Phra Kaew has undergone a number of renovations, restoration and additions in its history, particularly during the reign of King Rama III and Rama IV. Rama III started the renovations and rebuilding in 1831 for the 50th Anniversary of BangkoK of 1832, while Rama IV's restoration was completed by Rama V in time for the Bangkok Centennial celebrations in 1882. Further restoration was undertaken by Rama VII on Bangkok's 150th Anniversary in 1932, and by Rama IX for the 200th Anniversary in 1982.
EMERALD BUDDHA
It is not known when the statue of the Emerald Buddha was made, but it is generally believed that it was crafted in 14th-century Thailand. However, there are also claims that the statue originated in India or Sri Lanka. None of these theories can be firmly established as none of the historians could get a close look at the statue.
According to one account, the Emerald Buddha was found in Chiang Rai, Lanna in 1434, after a lightning storm struck a temple. The Buddha statue fell down and later became chipped, and the monks, after removing the stucco around the statue, discovered that the image was a perfectly made Buddha image from a solid piece of green jade. The image was moved a few time to various temples, first to Lampang, then to Chiang Mai, from where it was removed by prince Chao Chaiyasetthathirat to Luang Prabang, when his father died and he ascended the throne of both Lanna and Lan Xang, in 1551. The statue remained the it to his new capital of Lan Xang in Vientiane in the 1560s. The statue remained there for twelve years. King Chaiyasetthathirat then shifted it to his new capital of Lan Xang in Vientiane in the 1560s. He took the Emerald Buddha with him and the image remained in Vientiane for 214 years until 1778.
In the reign of King Taksin, Chao Phya Chakri (who later became Rama I) defeated Vientiane and moved the Emerald Buddha from Vientiane to Thonburi where it was installed in a shrine close to Wat Arun. When Chao Phra Chakri took over the throne and founded the Chakri Dynasty of the Rattanakosin Kingdom, he shifted his capital across the river to its present location in Bangkok. The Emerald Buddha was also moved across the river with pomp and pageantry and installed in the temple of Wat Phra Keaw.
LEGENDS
There a number of legends associated with the Emerald Buddha. It was said the iconic image of the Emerald Buddha was made by Nagasena, a saint in Pataliputra (present day Patna), India, who, with the help of Hindu god Vishnu and demigod Indra, had the Emerald Buddha image made. Nagasena predicted that:
The image of the Buddha is assuredly going to give to religion the most brilliant importance in five lands, that is in Lankadvipa (Sri Lanka), Ramalakka, Dvaravati, Chieng Mai and Lan Chang (Laos).
The Emerald Buddha image was taken to Sri Lanka after three hundred years in Pataliputra to save it during a civil war. In 457, King Anuruth of Burma sent a mission to Ceylon with a request for Buddhist scriptures and the Emerald Buddha, in order to promote Buddhism in his country. These requests were granted, but the ship lost its way in a storm during the return voyage and landed in Cambodia. When the Thais captured Angkor Wat in 1432 (following the ravage of the bubonic plague), the Emerald Buddha was taken to Ayutthaya, Kamphaeng Phet, Laos and finally Chiang Rai, where the ruler of the city hid it, and was later found.
ARCHITECTURE
Wat Phra Kaeo has a plethora of buildings within the precincts of the Grand Palace, which covers a total area of over 94.5 hectares. It has over 100 buildings with “200 years royal history and architectural experimentation” linked to it. The architectural style is named as Rattanakosin style (old Bangkok style). The main temple of the Emerald Buddha is very elegantly decorated and similar to the temple in ancient capital of Ayudhya. The roof is embellished with polished orange and green tiles, the pillars are inlaid in mosaic and the pediments are made of rich marble, installed around 18th century. The Emerald Buddha is deified over an elevated altar surrounded by large gilded decorations. While the upper part of this altar was part of the original construction, the base was added by King Rama III. Two images of the Buddha, which represent the first two kings of the Chakri dynasty, flank the main image. Over the years, the temple has retained its original design. However, minor improvements have been effected after its first erection during Rama I's reign; wood-work of the temple was replaced by King Rama III and King Chulalongkorn; during King Mongkut's reign, the elegant doors and windows and the copper plates on the floor were additions, Rama III refurbished the wall painting (indicative of the universe according to Buddhist cosmology) and several frescoes that display the various stages of the Buddha's life; three chambers were added on the western side by King Mongkut; in the chamber known as 'Phra Kromanusorn' at the northern end, images of Buddha have been installed in honour of the kings of Ayutthaya; and in the 19th century, In Khong, a famous painter executed the wall murals. The entry to the temple is from the third gate from the river pier.The entrance is guarded by a pair of yakshis (mythical giants – 5 metres high statues). The eponymous image Buddha in brilliant green colour is 66 centimetres (26 in) in height with a lap width of 48.3 centimetres. It is carved in a yogic position, known as Virasana (a meditation pose commonly seen in images in Thailand and also in South India, Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia). The pedestal on which the Emerald Buddha deified is decorated with Garuda (the mythical half-man half-bird form, a steed of Rama, who holds his mortal enemy Naga the serpent in his legs) motifs It is central to Thai Buddhism. The image made with a circular base has a smooth top-knot that is finished with a "dulled point marking at the top of the image". A third eye made in gold is inset over the elevated eyebrows of the image. The image appears divine and composed, with the eyes cast downward. The image has a small nose and mouth (mouth closed) and elongated ears. The hands are seen on the lap with palms facing upwards.
The entire complex, including the temples, is bounded by a compound wall which is one of the most prominent part of the wat is about 2 kilometres length. The compound walls are decorated with typically Thai murals, based on the Indian epic Ramayana. In Thai language these murals are known to form the Ramakian, the Thai national epic, which was written during the reign of Rama I. The epic stories formed the basic information to draw the paintings during the reign of King Rama I (1782–1809). These paintings are refurbished regularly. The murals, in 178 scenes, starting with the north gate of the temple illustrates the complete epic story of Ramayana sequentially, in a clockwise direction covering the entire compound wall. The murals serve to emphasise human values of honesty, faith, and devotion.
There are twelve salas that were built by Rama I, around the temple. They house interesting artefacts of regions such as Cambodia and Java. One of these salas had an inscription of Ramkamhaeng, which was shifted, in 1924, to the National Library. During the reign of King Mongkut, the Phra Gandharara – small chapel on the southwest corner – and a tall belfry were new additions.
WORSHIP AND CEREMONIES
Early in the Bangkok period, the Emerald Buddha used to be taken out of its temple and paraded in the streets to relieve the city and countryside of various calamities (such as plague and cholera). However, this practice was discontinued during Rama IV's reign as it was feared that the image could get damaged during the procession and also a practical line of thinking that Rama IV held "that diseases are caused by germs, not by evil spirits or the displeasure of the Buddha". The image also marks the changing of the seasons in Thailand, with the king presiding over the seasonal ceremonies.
Like many other Buddha statues in Thailand, the Emerald Buddha is dressed in a seasonal costume. It is a significant ritual held at this temple. In this ritual, dress of the deity is changed three times a year to correspond to the seasons. In summer it is a pointed crown of gold and jewels, and a set of jewelled ornaments that adorns the image from the shoulders to the ankles. In winter, a meshed dressing gown or drapery made of gold beads, which covered from the neck down like a poncho is used. During the rainy months, a top-knot headdress studded with gold, enamel and sapphires; the gold attire in the rainy season is draped over the left shoulder of the deity, only with the right shoulder left bare while gold ornaments embellish the image up to the ankles. The astrological dates for the ritual ceremonies, at the changing of the seasons, followed are in the 1st Waning Moon of Lunar Months 4, 8 and 12 (around March, July and November). The costume change ritual is performed by the Thai king who is the highest master of ceremonies for all Buddhist rites. On each occasion, the king himself "cleans the image by wiping away any dust that has collected and changing the headdress of the image". Then a king's royal attendant climbs up and performs the elaborate ritual of changing garments of the image as the king is chanting prayers to the deity. On this occasion, the king sprinkles water over the monks and the faithful who have assembled to witness the unique ritual and seeks blessings of the deity for good fortune during the upcoming season. The two sets of clothing not in use at any given time are kept on display in the nearby Pavilion of Regalia, Royal Decorations and Coins in the precincts of the Grand Palace. While Rama I initiated this ritual for the hot season and the rainy season, Rama III introduced the ritual for the winter season. The robes, which the image adorns, represents that of monks and King's depending on the season, a clear indication of highlighting its symbolic role "as Buddha and the King", which role is also enjoined on the Thai King who formally dresses the Emerald Buddha image.
A ceremony that is observed in the wat is the Chakri Day (begun on April 6, 1782), a national holiday to honour founding of the Chakri dynasty. On this day, the king attends the ceremony. The present king Rama IX, with his Queen, and entourage of the royal family, the Prime Minister, officials in the Ministry of Defence, and other government departments, first offer prayers at the Emerald Buddha temple. This is followed by visit to the pantheon to pay homage to the images of past Chakri rulers that are installed there.
The coronation ceremony, which marks the crowning of the king, is an important event of the Chakri dynasty. One such recent event took place when the present Rama IX was crowned the King. On this occasion, the King came to the Chapel Royal- the Wat Phra Keo – in a procession wearing a 'Great Crown'. After entering the chapel, the king made offerings of gold and silver flowers to the deity and also lighted candles. He also paid homage to the images of Buddha that represented the past kings of the dynasty. In the presence of assembled elite clergy of the kingdom, he took a formal vow of his religion and his steadfastness to 'Defend the Faith'.
RULES OF ENTRY AND CONDUCT
The sacred temples in Thailand follow a dress code, which is strictly followed. Men must wear long pants and sleeved shirts and shoes; women must wear long skirts. Visitors who arrive dressed otherwise may rent appropriate clothing items at the entry area of the temple. It is compulsory to remove the shoes before entering the temple, as a sign of respect of the Buddha, as is the practice in all other temples in Thailand. While offering prayers before the Buddha image, the sitting posture should avoid any offensive stretching of feet towards the deity; the feet should be tucked in towards the back.
OTHER MONUMENTS
While the surrounding portico of the shrine is an example of Thai craftsmanship, the perimeter of the temple complex has 12 open pavilions. These were built during the reign of Rama I. There is plethora of monuments in the temple complex. These are:Grand PalaceThe former residence of the King, the Grand Palace, adjoins the temple. The King makes use of this Grand Palace for ceremonial functions such as the Coronation Day. The King’s present residence is to the north of this Grand Palace and is known as the Chitlada Palace. The four structures surrounding the temple have history of their own. At the eastern end is the Borombhiman Hall (built in French architectural design), which was the residence of King Rama VI, now used as guest house for visiting foreign dignitaries. It has the dubious distinction of having been used as the operational headquarters and residence of General Chitpatima who attempted a coup, in 1981. The building to the west is the Amarindra hall, earlier a hall of Justice, now used for formal ceremonies. The Chakri Mahaprasat is the largest hall in the Grand Palace, built in 1882 by British architects, the architecture of which is fusion of Italian renaissance and Traditional Thai architecture. This style is called farang sai chada, (meaning: "Westerner wearing a Thai crown") as each wing has a shrine (mandap) crowned by a spire. Ashes of the Chakri kings (five ancestors) are enshrined in the largest of these shrines, also known as the pantheons, that were rebuilt after a fire in 1903 during Rama IV's reign. Ashes of the Chakri princess who could not become kings are enshrined in an adjoining hall. The throne room and the reception hall are on the first floor, while the ground floor houses a collection of weapons. The inner palace had the King’s harem (the practice was discontinued during King Rama VI's time who decreed the one wife rule), which was guarded by well trained female guards. Another hall in the palace is the 'Dusit hall' in Ratanokosin-style, which runs from east to west, which was initially an audience hall but now converted into a funerary hall for the Royal family. Royal family corpses are kept here for one year before they are cremated in a nearby field. There is also a garden which was laid during rama IV's reign. The garden depicts a "Thai mountain-and-woods-fable" mountain scenes where the coming of age ritual of shaving the topknot of the Prince is performed.PagodasThe temple grounds also depict three pagodas to its immediate north, which represent the changing centres of Buddhist influence. One such shrine to the west of the temple is the Phra Si Ratana Chedi, a 19th-century stupa built in Sri Lankan style enshrining ashes of the Buddha.Library
Rama I also built a library in Thai style, in the middle of the complex, known as the "Phra Mondop". The library houses an elegantly carved Ayutthaya-style mother-of-pearl doors, bookcases with the Tripitaka (sacred Buddhist manuscripts), human-and dragon-headed nagas (snakes), and images of Chakri kings.
During the 19th century, the Royal Pantheon was built in Khmer style to the east of the temple, which is kept open for only one day in year, in the month of October to commemorate the founding of the Chakri dynasty.
Model of Angkor WatThe temple complex also contains a model of Angkor Wat (the most sacred of all Cambodian shrines). In 1860, King Mongkut ordered his generals to lead 2,000 men to dismantle Angkor Wat and take it to Bangkok. Modern scholars suggested that the king wanted to show that Siam was still in control of Cambodia, as France was seeking to colonise Cambodia at that time. However, the king's order could not be fulfilled. A royal chronicle written by Lord Thiphakorawong (Kham Bunnag), then foreign minister, recorded that many Thai men fell ill after entering Cambodian wilderness. The chronicle also stated that forest-dwelling Khmer people ambushed the Thai army, killing many leading generals. King Mongkut then ordered the construction of the model within Wat Phra Kaew, instead of the real Angkor Wat that could not be brought to Bangkok. Mongkut died before he could see the model. Its construction was completed in the reign of his son, Chulalongkorn.Hermit statue
A hermit's bronze image, which is believed to have healing powers, is installed in a sala on the western side of the temple. It is near the entry gate. It is a black stone statue, considered a patron of medicine, before which relatives of the sick and infirm pay respects and make offerings of joss sticks, fruit, flowers, and candles.
EIGHT TOWERS
On the eastern side of the temple premises there are eight towers or prangs, each of a different colour. They were erected during the reign of Rama I and represent eight elements of Buddhism.
ELEPHANT STATUES
Statues of elephants, which symbolize independence and power, are seen all around the complex. As Thai kings fought wars mounted on elephants, it has become customary for parents to make their children circumambulate the elephant three times with the belief that that it would bring them strength. The head of an elephant statue is also rubbed for good luck; this act of the people is reflected in the smoothness of the surface of elephant statues here.
WIKIPEDIA
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Black-shouldered Kite (Elanus axillaris)
The black-shouldered kite (Elanus axillaris) or Australian black-shouldered kite is a small raptor found in open habitat throughout Australia and resembles similar species found in Africa, Eurasia and North America, which have in the past also been named as black-shouldered kites. Measuring 35–38 cm (14–15 in) in length with a wingspan of 80–95 cm (31–37 in), the adult black-shouldered kite is a small and graceful, predominantly pale grey and white, raptor with black shoulders and red eyes. Their primary call is a clear whistle, uttered in flight and while hovering.
Though reported across Australia, they are most common in the south-east and south-west corners of the mainland. Their preferred habitat is open grasslands with scattered trees and they are often seen hunting along roadsides. Like all the elanid kites, it is a specialist predator of rodents, which it hunts singly or in pairs by hovering in mid-air above open land.
Black-shouldered kites form monogamous pairs, breeding between August and January. The birds engage in aerial courtship displays which involve high circling flight and ritualised feeding mid-air. Three or four eggs are laid and incubated for around thirty days. Chicks are fully fledged within five weeks of hatching and can hunt for mice within a week of leaving the nest. Juveniles disperse widely from the home territory.
Taxonomy
The black-shouldered kite was first described by English ornithologist John Latham in 1802, as Falco axillaris. Its specific name is derived from the Latin axilla, meaning "shoulder".
The name "black-shouldered kite" was formerly used for a Eurasian and African species, Elanus caeruleus, with the Australian species, Elanus axillaris, and the North American species, the white-tailed kite Elanus leucurus, treated as subspecies of this. These three Elanus species have comparable plumage patterns and sizes, however, they are now regarded as distinct, and the name black-winged kite is used for E. caeruleus. Modern references to the black-shouldered kite should therefore unambiguously mean the Australian species, E. axillaris. The Australian black-shouldered kite was formerly called E. notatus, but it was not clear that the name applied to this species alone.
In 1851, British zoologist Edward Blyth described Elaninae, the "smooth clawed kites" as a formal subfamily of Accipitridae. However, they are also grouped in Accipitrinae, the broader subfamily of hawks and eagles described by French ornithologist Louis Jean Pierre Vieillot in 1816.
A taxonomic proposal based on DNA studies has recommended classifying Elanus kites as a separate family (Elanidae). A 2004 molecular study of cytochrome-b DNA sequences shows them to have split off from typical hawks and eagles at an earlier date than the Osprey, which has been classified in its own family.
Description
Black-shouldered kites are around 35 to 38 cm (14 to 15 in) in length and have a wingspan of between 80 and 95 cm (31 and 37 in) and an average weight of 291 g (10.3 oz). Adults are a very pale grey with a white head and white underparts. The leading edge of the inner wing is black. When perched, this gives them their prominent black "shoulders". They have red eyes, with a black 'comma' that extends behind the eyes. They have a squared tail and a streamlined aerodynamic body. The bill is short with a sharp, hooked tip to the upper mandible. Their nostrils and the cere are bright yellow and the bill is black. The legs and feet are also yellow, and the feet have three toes facing forwards and one toe facing backwards. The sexes are similar, with females only just larger than males, although they can be up to 15% heavier.
The juveniles’ markings follow a similar pattern to adult birds, but they are washed with a rusty brown on the head and upper breast, and the back and wings are mottled buff or brown with prominent white tips. The young birds’ eyes are brown.
The black-shouldered kite is very similar to the related raptor species, the letter-winged kite (E. scriptus) but has the black mark above and behind the eye, a white rather than grey crown, and shows all-white underparts in flight except for the black patch at the shoulder and dark wingtips.
Vocalizations
Black-shouldered kites are generally silent, except in the breeding season when their calls, though weak, can be persistent. They primarily utter clear whistled 'chee, chee, chee' calls in flight and while hovering, or a hoarse wheezing 'skree-ah' when perched. The call has been confused with that of a silver gull. A short high whistle is the primary contact call between a pair, while a harsh scraping call is the most common call used by females and large young, and brooding females call to their young with a deep, soft, frog-like croak.
A variety of different calls have been recorded from captive birds, including harsh, harmonic, chatter and whistle vocalisations. Harsh calls were made when a bird was alarmed or agitated, whistle-type calls were emitted in general contexts, sometimes monotonously, and shorter duration 'chatter' calls were given when a bird sighted a human near the enclosure.
Distribution and habitat
Although reported from almost all parts of Australia, they are most common in the relatively fertile south-east and south-west corners of the mainland, and in south-east Queensland. They are rare in the deep desert and appear to be only accidental visitors to northern Tasmania and the Torres Strait islands. As the species has an extremely large range and the population is increasing, it has been listed as "Least Concern" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened species. Although they are rare vagrants on the islands of Bass Strait and in northern Tasmania, on the Australian mainland they vary from uncommon to common, appearing almost anywhere following rain or the movement of flood waters. In southwestern Australia, they are now one of the most commonly recorded raptors in the wheatbelt.
They are sedentary, or nomadic following food sources. Their numbers fluctuate during drought and floods, and can be irruptive in response to sudden increases in mouse populations. The most distant banding recovery was from South Australia to eastern New South Wales, a distance of 1,000 km (620 mi).
Although found in timbered country, they are mainly birds of the grasslands. They prefer open areas with scattered clumps of trees, including tree-lined watercourses through open country. In urban areas they are found on the edge of towns on wasteland or irregularly mown areas. They also hunt over coastal dunes and drier marshland, and farmland. Black-shouldered kites are most often seen hunting over grassy roadside verges.
European occupation of Australia has, on the whole, benefited black-shouldered kites through land clearing and irrigation for agriculture and grain harvesting and storage practices which provide suitable conditions for much larger numbers of mice. According to raptor researcher Dr Stephen Debus, this species did not suffer from eggshell thinning during the period of DDT use in Australia, though he believes it is possible that secondary poisoning may occur from rodenticides used during mouse plagues or from pesticides used during locust plagues. Populations in areas with high sheep and rabbit numbers may decline, as these animals compact the soil and reduce the available habitat for mice.
Behaviour
Sociality
Black-shouldered kites usually hunt singly or in pairs, though where food is plentiful they occur in small family groups and can be loosely gregarious at times of irruptions, with up to 70 birds reported feeding together during a mouse plague. They roost communally, like other Elanus species.
They are territorial when food is not abundant. The practise of "tail flicking" where, on landing, the tail is flicked up and lowered and the movement repeated persistently is thought to be a possible territorial display. Black-shouldered kites have been observed in aerial combat at the margins of territories, locking talons in a behaviour described as "grappling".
Food and hunting
Black-shouldered kites live almost exclusively on mice, and have become a specialist predator of house mice, often following outbreaks of mouse plagues in rural areas. They take other suitably sized creatures when available, including grasshoppers, rats, small reptiles, birds, and even (very rarely) rabbits, but mice and other mouse-sized mammals account for over 90% of their diet. Their influence on mouse populations is probably significant: adults take two or three mice a day each if they can, around a thousand mice a year. On one occasion, a male was observed bringing no less than 14 mice to a nest of well-advanced fledglings within an hour. In another study, a female kite was seen to struggle back to fledglings in the nest with a three-quarters grown rabbit, a heavy load for such a small bird.
Like other elanid kites, black-shouldered kites hunt by quartering grasslands for small creatures. This can be from a perch, but more often by hovering in mid-air. When hunting the kite hovers with its body hanging almost vertically, and its head into the wind. Unlike the Australian kestrel, the black-winged kite shows no obvious sideways movement, even in a strong breeze. One study of a nesting pair noted that the male searched aerially for 82% of the search time. Typically, a kite will hover 10 to 12 m (33 to 39 ft) above a particular spot, peering down intently, sometimes for only a few seconds, often for a minute or more, then glide swiftly to a new vantage point and hover again. When hunting from a perch, a dead tree is the preferred platform. Like other Elanus kites, The black-shouldered kite grips a vertical branch with a foot on either side, each one above the other and turned inwards, which enables them to maintain a secure footing on relatively small branches. Though hovering is the most common hunting method, the kites have been observed searching the ground beneath a vantage point for periods of up to an hour.
When a mouse or other prey is spotted, the kite drops silently onto it, feet-first with wings raised high; sometimes in one long drop to ground level, more often in two or more stages, with hovering pauses at intermediate heights. Prey is seized in the talons and about 75% of attacks are successful. Prey can either be eaten in flight or carried back to a perch. Birds will have a favoured feeding perch, beneath which accumulate piles of pellets or castings.
They are diurnal, preferring to hunt during the day, particularly in the early morning and mid to late afternoon, and will occasionally hunt in pairs. Their hunting patterns, outside breeding periods and periods of abundant prey, have distinct crepuscular peaks, perhaps corresponding to mouse activity.
Flight
Black-shouldered kites spiral into the wind like a kestrel. They soar with v-shaped up-curved wings, the primaries slightly spread and the tail widely fanned. In level flight progress is rather indirect. Their flight pattern has been described as 'winnowing' with soft steady beats interspersed with long glides on angled wings. They can most often be seen hovering with wings curved and tail pointing down.
Breeding
Aerial courtship displays involve single and mutual high circling flight, and the male may fly around slowly with stiff exaggerated flaps, commonly known as butterfly-flight. Courting males dive at the female, feeding her in mid-flight. The female grabs food from the male's talons with hers while flipping upside-down. They may lock talons and tumble downwards in a ritualised version of grappling, but release just before landing. All courtship displays are accompanied by constant calling.
Black-shouldered kites form monogamous pairs. The breeding season is usually August to January, but is responsive to mice populations, and some pairs breed twice in a good season. Both sexes are involved in building the nest, which is a large untidy shallow cup of sticks usually in the foliage near the top of trees, taking about two weeks to complete the nest-building. The flat nest is built of thin twigs and is around 28 to 38 cm (11 to 15 in) across when newly built, but growing to around 78 cm (31 in) across and 58 cm (23 in) deep after repeated use. The nest is lined with green leaves and felted fur, though linings of grass and cow dung have also been reported.[10] It is generally located in the canopy of an isolated or exposed tree in open country, elevated 5 to 20 m (16 to 66 ft) or more above the ground. Black-shouldered kites have been known to use old Australian magpie, crow or raven nests.
Females perform most of the care of eggs and nestlings, though males take a minor share of incubation and brooding. The clutch consists of three to four dull white eggs of a tapered oval shape measuring 42 mm × 31 mm (1.7 in × 1.2 in) and with red-brown blotches that are often heavier around the larger end of the egg. The female incubates the eggs for 30 days and when the eggs hatch the chicks are helpless but have soft down covering their body. For the first two weeks or so the female broods the chicks constantly, both day and night. The female does no hunting at all for the first three weeks after hatching, but calls to the male from the nest, and he generally responds by bringing food. The female feeds the chicks with the mice brought back to the nest by the male, feeding them in tiny pieces for the first week or two, at which time the chicks are capable of swallowing a mouse whole. The nestling period lasts around 36 days, and the post-fledging period at least 36 days with parental feeding for at least 22 days. When the chicks are older both parents take it in turns to feed them. Black feathers start to appear along the chicks' wings when they are about a fortnight old, and they are fully fledged and are ready to fly in five weeks. Within a week of leaving the nest the young birds are capable of hunting for mice on their own.
Juveniles disperse widely, taking up territory that can be as far as 1,000 km (620 mi) from the nest site.
[Credit: en.wikipedia.org]
Conference details at 2011 California Accounting Show Los Angelas, CA June 6-7, 2011. (cc) Grant Wickes VP Businss Development Wasp Barcode Technologies. Please copy and credit as above if using this picture.
In picture: Jon Baron, Scott Fleszar
by Internet Archive Book Images
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Because of the great fire wall of Chinese policy, it's so hard to cross the limit to visit flickr, so I could not reply my dear friends, I'm so sorry about that and please forgive me,thank you so much and hope my friends can still hit on me！由于中国网络原因，访问flickr很困难，速度很慢，所有暂时没有办法一一回应各位好友，请朋友们见谅！还请各位好友继续关注我！
My pro account is out of time，thank you my friends here for supporting me what a long time！！May I have a pleasure to receive a pro gift from you？我的pro账号到期了，感谢朋友们长期以来的热心支持！！有好心人能赞助一个pro账号给我吗，在此先表感谢！！
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The church is notable for its Romanesque-revival architecture, massive dome, uneven twin towers, great rose windows, and the frieze sculpture that adorns the front facade entrance. The sculpture, created by Mission San Jose Sister Justina Niemierski, depicts a "scriptural account of the whole of salvation history." The parish school opened in 1920 and still serves the children of the neighborhood. (from Wikipedia)
I was testing the effects of pre-expossure for purposes of contrast control. This is one of the more notable results, however in the future I'd never pre-expose greater than zone 2 as the blacks look a little milky here. Over all, I'm very satisfied with the technique especially with newer contrasty films that don't pull well (FP4,HP5,Acros,TMAX, etc.).
Agfa Scala 200x (expired 01/2007) - Xtol - (processed @ www.gammasf.com )
Pre-Exposed Frame @ Zone 3 using:
67mm ExpoDisc Neutral White Balance Filter
(Shot at 100ASA, Metered through the filter)
SEKONIC L-778 DUAL SPOT F METER
B+W (MC) RED-ORANGE #041 (22) FILTER
EV13: 1/60sec @ f11
10mm upward shift. no tilt
Hasselblad Flexbody w/120mm f5.6 Zeiss S-Planar T*
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(20120306_AgfaScala200x_exp200701_StAnneOfTheSunset_50396_008)
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