View allAll Photos Tagged Accounting
Yesterday was odd. I was at work, calling customers to fix account problems. At about 10am, I called some guy down in SoCal. We had a nice conversation about his account. Then he goes,
"Where are you calling from?"
I told him.
"You have an amazing voice. You sound gorgeous."
"Um...thank you!"
"Are you single?"
Our phone calls are monitored, so I didn't feel it was appropriate to say "Gay," so I just sort of blanched.
"It's too bad you're not in California. Want to be my phone buddy?"
"Um..... No. Thanks?"
It was really odd, and completely made my day feel strange and surreal.
I would throw some life lesson in here about how you shouldn't upset the person who handles your money. But he didn't really upset me, it was actually a nice disruption from the mundane. I guess I'm flattered.
I shot a photo of myself at work with my headset on, and was going to post about "here's what the person at the other end of the phone line looks like."
But then I was out for a walk, and I decided I didn't want to waste the last breath of sunlight. I literally got this one shot, and then the sun died away, and there is no beautiful lens flare one shot later. I kind of enjoy how the light takes away my identity in the shot.
My night ended with some really exciting, happy-making news, so I fully shot a third, completely different portrait of me smiling big..... But I'm gonna keep all that close to my chest, where it's precious and real. :).
Windsor (/ˈwɪnzər/) is a town and unparished area in the Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead in Berkshire, England. It is widely known as the site of Windsor Castle, one of the official residences of the British Royal Family.
The town is situated 23 miles (37 km) west of Charing Cross, London. It is immediately south of the River Thames, which forms its boundary with Eton. The village of Old Windsor, just over 2 miles (3 km) to the south, predates what is now called Windsor by around 300 years; in the past Windsor was formally referred to as New Windsor to distinguish the two.
The early history of the site is unknown, although it was almost certainly settled some years before 1070 when William the Conquerorhad a timber motte and bailey castle constructed.[2] The focus of royal interest at that time was not the castle, however, but a small riverside settlement about 3 miles (5 km) downstream, possibly established from the 7th century.
Windsor, or Windlesora as it was called in the 11th century, is first mentioned in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. The name originates from old English Windles-ore, or 'winch by the riverside'. The settlement had used an earlier name, but this is unknown. From about the 8th century, high status people started to visit the site occasionally, and possibly this included royalty. From the 11th century the site's link with king Edward the Confessor is documented, but again, information about his use of the place is scant. After the Conquest of 1066 royal use of the site increased, probably because it offered good access to woodlands and opportunities for hunting – a sport which also practised military skills. By the late 12th century, and the relocation of the royal household to an enlarged castle in 1110, the site was renamed Old Windsor.
Windsor Castle is noted in the Domesday Bookunder the entry for Clewer, the neighbouring manor to Windsor. Although this might seem strange, it occurred because plans for the castle had changed since 1070, and more land had been acquired in Clewer on which to site a castle town. This plan was not actioned until the early 12th century. By 1110, meetings of the Great Council, which had previously taken place at Windlesora, were noted as taking place at the Castle – referred to as New Windsor, probably to indicate that it was a two ward castle/borough complex, similar to other early castle designs, such as Denbigh. Henry I – according to one chronicle – had rebuilt it, and this followed the Norman kings' actions at other royal sites, such as Westminster, where larger and more magnificent accommodation was thought necessary for the new dynasty. King Henry married his second wife at Windsor Castle in 1121, after the White Ship disaster. The settlement at Old Windsor largely transferred to New Windsor during the 12th century, although substantial planning and setting out of the new town (including the parish church, marketplace, bridge, hermitage and leper hospital) did not take place until c. 1170, under Henry II, following the civil war of Stephen's reign. At about the same time, the present upper ward of the castle was rebuilt in stone. Windsor Bridge is the earliest bridge on the Thames between Staines and Reading, built at a time when bridge building was rare; it was first documented in 1191, but had probably been built, according to the Pipe rolls, in 1173. It played an important part in the national road system, linking London with Reading and Winchester, but also, by diverting traffic into the new town, it underpinned the success of its fledgling economy.
The town of New Windsor, as an ancient demesne of the Crown, was a privileged settlement from the start, apparently having the rights of a 'free borough', for which other towns had to pay substantial fees to the king. It had a merchant guild (known by the 14th century as the Fraternity or brotherhood of the Holy Trinity) from the early 13th century and, under royal patronage, was made the chief town of the county in 1277, as part of its grant of royal borough status by Edward I's charter. Somewhat unusually, this charter gave no new rights or privileges to Windsor but probably codified the rights which it had enjoyed for many years. Windsor's position as chief town of Berkshire was short-lived, however, as people found it difficult to reach. Wallingford took over this position in the early 14th century. As a self-governing town Windsor enjoyed a number of freedoms unavailable to other towns, including the right to hold its own borough court, the right of membership (or 'freedom') and some financial independence. The town accounts of the 16th century survive in part, although most of the once substantial borough archive dating back to the 12th century was destroyed, probably in the late 17th century.
The early history of the site is unknown, although it was almost certainly settled some years before 1070 when William the Conquerorhad a timber motte and bailey castle constructed.[2] The focus of royal interest at that time was not the castle, however, but a small riverside settlement about 3 miles (5 km) downstream, possibly established from the 7th century.
Windsor, or Windlesora as it was called in the 11th century, is first mentioned in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. The name originates from old English Windles-ore, or 'winch by the riverside'. The settlement had used an earlier name, but this is unknown. From about the 8th century, high status people started to visit the site occasionally, and possibly this included royalty. From the 11th century the site's link with king Edward the Confessor is documented, but again, information about his use of the place is scant. After the Conquest of 1066 royal use of the site increased, probably because it offered good access to woodlands and opportunities for hunting – a sport which also practised military skills. By the late 12th century, and the relocation of the royal household to an enlarged castle in 1110, the site was renamed Old Windsor.
Windsor Castle is noted in the Domesday Bookunder the entry for Clewer, the neighbouring manor to Windsor. Although this might seem strange, it occurred because plans for the castle had changed since 1070, and more land had been acquired in Clewer on which to site a castle town. This plan was not actioned until the early 12th century. By 1110, meetings of the Great Council, which had previously taken place at Windlesora, were noted as taking place at the Castle – referred to as New Windsor, probably to indicate that it was a two ward castle/borough complex, similar to other early castle designs, such as Denbigh. Henry I – according to one chronicle – had rebuilt it, and this followed the Norman kings' actions at other royal sites, such as Westminster, where larger and more magnificent accommodation was thought necessary for the new dynasty. King Henry married his second wife at Windsor Castle in 1121, after the White Ship disaster. The settlement at Old Windsor largely transferred to New Windsor during the 12th century, although substantial planning and setting out of the new town (including the parish church, marketplace, bridge, hermitage and leper hospital) did not take place until c. 1170, under Henry II, following the civil war of Stephen's reign. At about the same time, the present upper ward of the castle was rebuilt in stone. Windsor Bridge is the earliest bridge on the Thames between Staines and Reading, built at a time when bridge building was rare; it was first documented in 1191, but had probably been built, according to the Pipe rolls, in 1173. It played an important part in the national road system, linking London with Reading and Winchester, but also, by diverting traffic into the new town, it underpinned the success of its fledgling economy.
The town of New Windsor, as an ancient demesne of the Crown, was a privileged settlement from the start, apparently having the rights of a 'free borough', for which other towns had to pay substantial fees to the king. It had a merchant guild (known by the 14th century as the Fraternity or brotherhood of the Holy Trinity) from the early 13th century and, under royal patronage, was made the chief town of the county in 1277, as part of its grant of royal borough status by Edward I's charter. Somewhat unusually, this charter gave no new rights or privileges to Windsor but probably codified the rights which it had enjoyed for many years. Windsor's position as chief town of Berkshire was short-lived, however, as people found it difficult to reach. Wallingford took over this position in the early 14th century. As a self-governing town Windsor enjoyed a number of freedoms unavailable to other towns, including the right to hold its own borough court, the right of membership (or 'freedom') and some financial independence. The town accounts of the 16th century survive in part, although most of the once substantial borough archive dating back to the 12th century was destroyed, probably in the late 17th century.
The Last Supper by Franz de Cleyn in the West Gallery of Windsor parish church of St John The Baptist.[3]
New Windsor was a nationally significant town in the Middle Ages, certainly one of the fifty wealthiest towns in the country by 1332. Its prosperity came from its close association with the royal household. The repeated investment in the castle brought London merchants (goldsmiths, vintners, spicers and mercers) to the town in the late 13th century and provided much employment for townsmen. The development of the castle under Edward III, between 1350–68, was the largest secular building project in England of the Middle Ages, and many Windsor people worked on this project, again bringing great wealth to the town. Although the Black Death in 1348 had reduced some towns' populations by up to 50%, in Windsor the building projects of Edward III brought money to the town, and possibly its population doubled: this was a 'boom' time for the local economy. People came to the town from every part of the country, and from continental Europe. The poet Geoffrey Chaucerheld the honorific post of 'Clerk of the Works' at Windsor Castle in 1391.
The development of the castle continued in the late 15th century with the rebuilding of St George's Chapel. With this Windsor became a major pilgrimage destination, particularly for Londoners. Pilgrims came to touch the royal shrine of the murdered Henry VI, the fragment of the True Cross and other important relics. Visits to the chapel were probably combined with a visit to the important nearby Marian shrine and college at Eton, founded by Henry VI in 1440, and dedicated to the Assumption; which is now better known as Eton College. Pilgrims came with substantial sums to spend. From perhaps two or three named inns in the late 15th century, some 30 can be identified a century later. The town again grew in wealth. For London pilgrims, Windsor was probably – but briefly – of greater importance than Canterbury and the shrine of the City's patron Saint Thomas Becket. With the closures of the Reformation, however, Windsor's pilgrim traffic died out. Henry VIII was buried in St George's Chapel in 1547, next to Jane Seymour, the mother of his only legitimate son, Edward (Edward VI). Henry, the founder of the Church of England, may have wanted to benefit from the stream of Catholic pilgrims coming to the town. His will gives that impression.
The town began to stagnate about ten years after the Reformation. The castle was considered old-fashioned and shrines to the dead were thought to be superstitious. The early modern period formed a stark contrast to the medieval history of the town. Most accounts of Windsor in the 16th and 17th centuries talk of its poverty, badly made streets and poor housing. Shakespeare's play The Merry Wives of Windsor is set in Windsor and contains many references to parts of the town and the surrounding countryside. Shakespeare must have walked the town's streets, near the castle and river, much as people still do. The play may have been written in the Garter Inn, opposite the Castle, but this was destroyed by fire in the late 17th century. The long-standing – and famous – courtesan of king Charles II, Nell Gwyn, was given a house on St Albans Street: Burford House (now part of the Royal Mews). Her residence in this house, as far as it is possible to tell, was brief. Only one of her letters addressed from Burford House survives: it was probably intended as a legacy for her illegitimate son, the Earl of Burford, later the Duke of St Albans.
Windsor was garrisoned by Colonel Venn during the English Civil War. Later it became the home of the New Model Army when Venn had left the castle in 1645. Despite its royal dependence, like many commercial centres, Windsor was a Parliamentarian town. Charles Iwas buried without ceremony in St George's Chapel after his execution at Whitehall in 1649. The present Guildhall, built in 1680–91, replaced an earlier market house that had been built on the same site around 1580, as well as the old guildhall, which faced the castle and had been built around 1350. The contraction in the number of old public buildings speaks of a town 'clearing the decks', ready for a renewed period of prosperity with Charles II's return to the Castle. But his successors did not use the place, and as the town was short of money, the planned new civic buildings did not appear. The town continued in poverty until the mid 19th century.
In 1652 the largest house in Windsor Great Park was built on land which Oliver Cromwell had appropriated from the Crown. Now known as Cumberland Lodge after the Duke of Cumberland's residence there in the mid 18th century, the house was variously known as Byfield House, New Lodge, Ranger's Lodge, Windsor Lodge and Great Lodge.
In 1778, there was a resumption of the royal presence, with George III at the Queen's Lodge and, from 1804, at the castle. This started a period of new development in Windsor, with the building of two army barracks. However the associated large numbers of soldiers led to a major prostitution problem by 1830, in a town where the number of streets had little changed since 1530. In the 18th c. the town traded with London selling the Windsor Chair which was actually made in Buckinghamshire.
A number of fine houses were built in this period, including Hadleigh House on Sheet Street, which was built in 1793 by the then Mayor of Windsor, William Thomas. In 1811 it was the home of John O'Reilly, the apothecary-surgeon to George III.
Windsor Castle was the westernmost sighting-point for the Anglo-French Survey (1784–1790), which measured the precise distance between the Royal Greenwich Observatory and the Paris Observatory by trigonometry. Windsor was used because of its relative proximity to the base-line of the survey at Hounslow Heath.
The substantial redevelopment of the castle in the subsequent decade and Queen Victoria's residence from 1840, as well as the coming of two railways in 1849, signalled the most dramatic changes in the town's history. These events catapulted the town from a sleepy medieval has-been to the centre of empire – many European crowned heads of state came to Windsor to visit the Queen throughout the rest of the 19th century. Unfortunately, excessive redevelopment and 'refurbishment' of Windsor's medieval fabric at this time resulted in widespread destruction of the old town, including the demolition of the old parish church of St John the Baptist in 1820. The original had been built around 1135.
Most of the current town's streets date from the mid to late 19th century.[5] However the main street, Peascod Street (pronunciation: /ˈpɛskɒd/) is very ancient, predating the castle by many years, and probably of Saxon origin. It formed part of the 10th-century parish structure in east Berkshire[citation needed] and is first referred to as Peascroftstret in c. 1170. The 1000-year-old royal Castle, although the largest and longest-occupied in Europe, is a recent development in comparison. "New Windsor" was officially renamed "Windsor" in 1974.
is accessible from Junction 6 of the M4 and from Slough via a 3 mile long dual carriageway. Bus services in the town are mostly provided by First Berkshire & The Thames Valley, although a park-and-rideservice and one local route are operated by Courtney Coaches.
Windsor has two railway stations. Windsor & Eton Central railway station has a shuttle service to Slough. Windsor & Eton Riverside station provides a service to London Waterloo. Both stations were time in the 19th century, as the two train companies which owned the lines both wanted to carry Queen Victoria to Windsor, with the first line opened gaining the privilege.[8] From 1883 to 1885, the London Underground's District line's westbound service ran as far as Windsor.
Windsor has frequent bus services to/from London Heathrow Airport, Victoria Coach Station in central London and Legoland Windsor Resort.
July's almost coming to a close, so I thought I'd share my thoughts on a few new films that I was able to catch in the past week or two!
Sorry to Bother You -
This movie was so fucking weird... So we need more movies like this, please! Now although I felt the base storyline to be a little average and slightly clichéd, everything else that surrounds this film is so different and so unique that it was such a visceral experience to watch. Not to mention the layers and layers of important social commentary that was packed into the movie that made the experience even more insightful. When weird has a purpose and drives a message like it did in this movie, it clicks for me; and let me tell ya, this movie SO DAMN WEIRD. I'm so glad I wasn't spoiled about anything going into this movie, if you plan on seeing this, go in as blind as you can. There was one surprise that just made this film my kind of weird movie, and once it happened I was all in! I'm so excited to see where Boots Riley's career's going to go, but I'm not gonna lie that first thing I thought when walking out of this movie was Boots Riley for an Earthbound movie PLEASE.
Score: 8.5/10
Three Identical Strangers -
2018 has been an absolutely excellent year for documentaries, and this film is no exception! The emotional journey that this film takes you through is absolutely incredible. The way how this story starts off with these triplets finding each other is fairytale-like and becomes such a fee-good flick. But as these brothers grow older and discover what truly happened to them, things become so sinister, tragic, but extremely fanscinating. I definitely recommend going into this film knowing absolutely nothing about these brothers and their story because it makes the film all the more visceral and engaging.
Score: 8/10
Hearts Beat Loud -
The saving grace of this movie is that NICK OFFERMAN DEADASS PERFORMS OCEAN MAN BY WEEN. I had absolutely zero expectations going into Hearts Beat Loud. I had my Movie Pass and this was the only film I could use it with (since I've used my Movie Pass for every other film) at my local independent theater, so I decided to give it a shot with the only piece of information in my head being the poster. This is such a tricky film for me, Hearts Beat Loud is one of those great feel-good movies with excellent music and performances, but I felt if this film was written as a 45 minute short film with extended sequences of the main characters just making and playing songs. They're good songs, but it overall dragged the pace of the film down for me. I would recommend seeing this film, it has great performances and music, but I just found the story to be so shallow and drawn out. Perhaps if Nick Offerman sang Ocean Man by Ween more in this film I would've enjoyed it more...
Score: 6.5/10
The Death of Superman -
Man, it's been a while since a DC animated film's been this good! The Death of Superman is a near perfect adaptation of the classic comic. The film is packaged with all the action and emotion that the original has, with some welcomed additions including the Justice League. While I must say I'm getting pretty tired of this bland art style and character designs in these newer DC animated movies, really hope DC ditches this bland art style soon for something a big more vibrant and stylized to the genre because their storylines do deserve better. But I must say the animation took a big leap in quality and became very cinematic and anime-like once the fight against Doomsday begun! I'm interested to see where this story goes with the Rein of the Superman, but I'm also fine with this film standing on its own. Let's hope DC fixes their animation problem but keeps this film's quality in storytelling!
Score: 8/10
If you have seen any of these films, let me know what you thought of them in the comments below!
If you like these mini reviews, I upload these almost EVERY DAY, both old and new movies, on my Letterboxd account! Make sure to create an account and follow me there!
People think that those cables dangling above your heads along the streets of Bangkok look rather chaotic, but this picture proves that everybody is properly accounted for...
Image of Savings Accounts #2. Perfect for reviews, blogs on savings accounts, bank reviews, etc.
Free to use this photo please reference the photo credit to ComplexSearch www.complexsearch.com.
Example: [Photo Credit: ComplexSearch]
REPRODUCTION AND REDISTRIBUTION IS PROHIBITED WITHOUT THE EXPRESS WRITTEN CONSENT OF THE PHOTOGRAPHER. Inquiries to permissions may be made to this photographer through Flickr mail at this photo stream account.
Antiphonitis -- more correctly the Church of Christ Antiphonitis (Χριστός Ἀντιφωνητής) -- is a domed church in Cyprus, in Kyrenia District, located in the mountains near the village of Kalograia. It is reached from the network of tracks and small roads in the area of the Herbarium and Agios Amvrosios. It is under the de facto control of Northern Cyprus.
The name Christ Antiphonitis means "Christ who responds" and a number of Greek churches are so designated. The epithet appears to derive from a miraculous icon of some kind which responded to prayers, but no account of this icon in Cyprus is known. The name is testified in the late medieval period. Writing in the sixteenth century, Stefano Lusignan in his Description de toute l'isle de Cypre (Paris, 1580) recalls that Antifoniti was a fief belonging to his family, that his maternal grandmother Isabella Perez Fabricius founded the monastery of Antifonite and that his brother John (who had become a monk under the name Hilarion) died there.
The church—built on the site of a natural spring at the head of a valley—was constructed in the twelfth century and belonged originally to a Greek Orthodox monastery. It consists of a single building with a spacious dome carried on eight pillars and is the only surviving example of this type in Cyprus. A ruined and partly restored example is in Saint Hilarion Castle and there was once a similar church at the centre of the Monastery of St. John Chrysostomos at Koutsovendis before the church there was rebuilt at the end of the nineteenth century.[3] The narthex on the western side and the arcade on the south were added a later time, probably in the fifteenth century when the building was under the Latin church. The irregular shape of the dome is perhaps due to damaged sustained during the 1222 Cyprus earthquake.
The Church of Christ Antiphonitis is notable for the array of frescoes on the walls and on the pillars. The oldest paintings belong to the end of the twelfth century and are thought to be a local interpretation of the style of the late Comnenian period as it appears at Panagia tou Arakou at Lagoudera.
When first studied, the Virgin Mary and prelates in the apse were damaged, but the saints in the sanctuary were well preserved. Early painting also include decons, martyrs and stylites. There was a Baptism on the south-west pillar of the nave.
The remaining paintings are later in date and belong to the 1400s. They are executed in a post-Byzantine local revival style.[6] On the south wall was a Tree of Jesse, and on the north an elaborate Last Judgement or Μέλλουσα Κρίση. In the dome is Christ Pantocrator surround by angels. A. and J. Stylianou report that the paintings of the dome were already "badly damaged" at the time of their studies in the 1960s and 1970s.
The paintings in the narthex are faded due to sunlight, but include a notably large depiction of St. George.
Some time after 1975, some of the fresco paintings were stolen and sold on the international art market. The Last Judgement has been badly damaged, and the heads of the twelfth-century angels in the apse damaged and partly removed. The Tree of Jesse has also been removed.
Writing in the 1930s, Rupert Gunnis noted the iconostasis painted in blue and gold, the doors of which are dated 1650, thus during the reign of Mehmed IV when the tax burden appears to have been lightened. The majority of the icons were of the seventeenth century with one of the Archangel Michael dated 1659.
The iconostasis was removed after 1975 and some individual icons panels from it were found with a private collector in the Netherlands. The Government of Cyprus engaged in legal action to secure their restitution. Four icons were repatriated in September, 2013. Separately, an icon from the church showing the Virgin Mary and dating to the fifteenth century was located in Athens and returned to Cyprus on 14 September 1998.
The church is notable for the graffiti and pilgrim records scratched into the lower frescoes during the eighteenth, nineteenth and twentieth centuries. They are predominantly in Greek but a few are also in the Ottoman Turkish alphabet. They are unique documents of popular history, telling us about the ordinary Cypriots who visited the building. Among the dates visible are 1803, 1888, 1891, 1896, 1902, 1903, 1904, 1910, 1911, 1919, 1930 and 1958.
In the 1930s, the Church of Christ Antiphonitis was the property of Kykkos Monastery.
Presently it is classed as a museum and appears in the List of museums in Northern Cyprus.
Antiphonitis monastery (Ιερά Μονή Αρχαγγέλου Αντιφωνητού) is listed as monastery of Church of Cyprus on its official website.
Northern Cyprus, officially the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC), is a de facto state that comprises the northeastern portion of the island of Cyprus. It is recognised only by Turkey, and its territory is considered by all other states to be part of the Republic of Cyprus.
Northern Cyprus extends from the tip of the Karpass Peninsula in the northeast to Morphou Bay, Cape Kormakitis and its westernmost point, the Kokkina exclave in the west. Its southernmost point is the village of Louroujina. A buffer zone under the control of the United Nations stretches between Northern Cyprus and the rest of the island and divides Nicosia, the island's largest city and capital of both sides.
A coup d'état in 1974, performed as part of an attempt to annex the island to Greece, prompted the Turkish invasion of Cyprus. This resulted in the eviction of much of the north's Greek Cypriot population, the flight of Turkish Cypriots from the south, and the partitioning of the island, leading to a unilateral declaration of independence by the north in 1983. Due to its lack of recognition, Northern Cyprus is heavily dependent on Turkey for economic, political and military support.
Attempts to reach a solution to the Cyprus dispute have been unsuccessful. The Turkish Army maintains a large force in Northern Cyprus with the support and approval of the TRNC government, while the Republic of Cyprus, the European Union as a whole, and the international community regard it as an occupation force. This military presence has been denounced in several United Nations Security Council resolutions.
Northern Cyprus is a semi-presidential, democratic republic with a cultural heritage incorporating various influences and an economy that is dominated by the services sector. The economy has seen growth through the 2000s and 2010s, with the GNP per capita more than tripling in the 2000s, but is held back by an international embargo due to the official closure of the ports in Northern Cyprus by the Republic of Cyprus. The official language is Turkish, with a distinct local dialect being spoken. The vast majority of the population consists of Sunni Muslims, while religious attitudes are mostly moderate and secular. Northern Cyprus is an observer state of ECO and OIC under the name "Turkish Cypriot State", PACE under the name "Turkish Cypriot Community", and Organization of Turkic States with its own name.
Several distinct periods of Cypriot intercommunal violence involving the two main ethnic communities, Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots, marked mid-20th century Cyprus. These included the Cyprus Emergency of 1955–59 during British rule, the post-independence Cyprus crisis of 1963–64, and the Cyprus crisis of 1967. Hostilities culminated in the 1974 de facto division of the island along the Green Line following the Turkish invasion of Cyprus. The region has been relatively peaceful since then, but the Cyprus dispute has continued, with various attempts to solve it diplomatically having been generally unsuccessful.
Cyprus, an island lying in the eastern Mediterranean, hosted a population of Greeks and Turks (four-fifths and one-fifth, respectively), who lived under British rule in the late nineteenth-century and the first half of the twentieth-century. Christian Orthodox Church of Cyprus played a prominent political role among the Greek Cypriot community, a privilege that it acquired during the Ottoman Empire with the employment of the millet system, which gave the archbishop an unofficial ethnarch status.
The repeated rejections by the British of Greek Cypriot demands for enosis, union with Greece, led to armed resistance, organised by the National Organization of Cypriot Struggle, or EOKA. EOKA, led by the Greek-Cypriot commander George Grivas, systematically targeted British colonial authorities. One of the effects of EOKA's campaign was to alter the Turkish position from demanding full reincorporation into Turkey to a demand for taksim (partition). EOKA's mission and activities caused a "Cretan syndrome" (see Turkish Resistance Organisation) within the Turkish Cypriot community, as its members feared that they would be forced to leave the island in such a case as had been the case with Cretan Turks. As such, they preferred the continuation of British colonial rule and then taksim, the division of the island. Due to the Turkish Cypriots' support for the British, EOKA's leader, Georgios Grivas, declared them to be enemies. The fact that the Turks were a minority was, according to Nihat Erim, to be addressed by the transfer of thousands of Turks from mainland Turkey so that Greek Cypriots would cease to be the majority. When Erim visited Cyprus as the Turkish representative, he was advised by Field Marshal Sir John Harding, the then Governor of Cyprus, that Turkey should send educated Turks to settle in Cyprus.
Turkey actively promoted the idea that on the island of Cyprus two distinctive communities existed, and sidestepped its former claim that "the people of Cyprus were all Turkish subjects". In doing so, Turkey's aim to have self-determination of two to-be equal communities in effect led to de jure partition of the island.[citation needed] This could be justified to the international community against the will of the majority Greek population of the island. Dr. Fazil Küçük in 1954 had already proposed Cyprus be divided in two at the 35° parallel.
Lindley Dan, from Notre Dame University, spotted the roots of intercommunal violence to different visions among the two communities of Cyprus (enosis for Greek Cypriots, taksim for Turkish Cypriots). Also, Lindlay wrote that "the merging of church, schools/education, and politics in divisive and nationalistic ways" had played a crucial role in creation of havoc in Cyprus' history. Attalides Michael also pointed to the opposing nationalisms as the cause of the Cyprus problem.
By the mid-1950's, the "Cyprus is Turkish" party, movement, and slogan gained force in both Cyprus and Turkey. In a 1954 editorial, Turkish Cypriot leader Dr. Fazil Kuchuk expressed the sentiment that the Turkish youth had grown up with the idea that "as soon as Great Britain leaves the island, it will be taken over by the Turks", and that "Turkey cannot tolerate otherwise". This perspective contributed to the willingness of Turkish Cypriots to align themselves with the British, who started recruiting Turkish Cypriots into the police force that patrolled Cyprus to fight EOKA, a Greek Cypriot nationalist organisation that sought to rid the island of British rule.
EOKA targeted colonial authorities, including police, but Georgios Grivas, the leader of EOKA, did not initially wish to open up a new front by fighting Turkish Cypriots and reassured them that EOKA would not harm their people. In 1956, some Turkish Cypriot policemen were killed by EOKA members and this provoked some intercommunal violence in the spring and summer, but these attacks on policemen were not motivated by the fact that they were Turkish Cypriots.
However, in January 1957, Grivas changed his policy as his forces in the mountains became increasingly pressured by the British Crown forces. In order to divert the attention of the Crown forces, EOKA members started to target Turkish Cypriot policemen intentionally in the towns, so that Turkish Cypriots would riot against the Greek Cypriots and the security forces would have to be diverted to the towns to restore order. The killing of a Turkish Cypriot policeman on 19 January, when a power station was bombed, and the injury of three others, provoked three days of intercommunal violence in Nicosia. The two communities targeted each other in reprisals, at least one Greek Cypriot was killed and the British Army was deployed in the streets. Greek Cypriot stores were burned and their neighbourhoods attacked. Following the events, the Greek Cypriot leadership spread the propaganda that the riots had merely been an act of Turkish Cypriot aggression. Such events created chaos and drove the communities apart both in Cyprus and in Turkey.
On 22 October 1957 Sir Hugh Mackintosh Foot replaced Sir John Harding as the British Governor of Cyprus. Foot suggested five to seven years of self-government before any final decision. His plan rejected both enosis and taksim. The Turkish Cypriot response to this plan was a series of anti-British demonstrations in Nicosia on 27 and 28 January 1958 rejecting the proposed plan because the plan did not include partition. The British then withdrew the plan.
In 1957, Black Gang, a Turkish Cypriot pro-taksim paramilitary organisation, was formed to patrol a Turkish Cypriot enclave, the Tahtakale district of Nicosia, against activities of EOKA. The organisation later attempted to grow into a national scale, but failed to gain public support.
By 1958, signs of dissatisfaction with the British increased on both sides, with a group of Turkish Cypriots forming Volkan (later renamed to the Turkish Resistance Organisation) paramilitary group to promote partition and the annexation of Cyprus to Turkey as dictated by the Menderes plan. Volkan initially consisted of roughly 100 members, with the stated aim of raising awareness in Turkey of the Cyprus issue and courting military training and support for Turkish Cypriot fighters from the Turkish government.
In June 1958, the British Prime Minister, Harold Macmillan, was expected to propose a plan to resolve the Cyprus issue. In light of the new development, the Turks rioted in Nicosia to promote the idea that Greek and Turkish Cypriots could not live together and therefore any plan that did not include partition would not be viable. This violence was soon followed by bombing, Greek Cypriot deaths and looting of Greek Cypriot-owned shops and houses. Greek and Turkish Cypriots started to flee mixed population villages where they were a minority in search of safety. This was effectively the beginning of the segregation of the two communities. On 7 June 1958, a bomb exploded at the entrance of the Turkish Embassy in Cyprus. Following the bombing, Turkish Cypriots looted Greek Cypriot properties. On 26 June 1984, the Turkish Cypriot leader, Rauf Denktaş, admitted on British channel ITV that the bomb was placed by the Turks themselves in order to create tension. On 9 January 1995, Rauf Denktaş repeated his claim to the famous Turkish newspaper Milliyet in Turkey.
The crisis reached a climax on 12 June 1958, when eight Greeks, out of an armed group of thirty five arrested by soldiers of the Royal Horse Guards on suspicion of preparing an attack on the Turkish quarter of Skylloura, were killed in a suspected attack by Turkish Cypriot locals, near the village of Geunyeli, having been ordered to walk back to their village of Kondemenos.
After the EOKA campaign had begun, the British government successfully began to turn the Cyprus issue from a British colonial problem into a Greek-Turkish issue. British diplomacy exerted backstage influence on the Adnan Menderes government, with the aim of making Turkey active in Cyprus. For the British, the attempt had a twofold objective. The EOKA campaign would be silenced as quickly as possible, and Turkish Cypriots would not side with Greek Cypriots against the British colonial claims over the island, which would thus remain under the British. The Turkish Cypriot leadership visited Menderes to discuss the Cyprus issue. When asked how the Turkish Cypriots should respond to the Greek Cypriot claim of enosis, Menderes replied: "You should go to the British foreign minister and request the status quo be prolonged, Cyprus to remain as a British colony". When the Turkish Cypriots visited the British Foreign Secretary and requested for Cyprus to remain a colony, he replied: "You should not be asking for colonialism at this day and age, you should be asking for Cyprus be returned to Turkey, its former owner".
As Turkish Cypriots began to look to Turkey for protection, Greek Cypriots soon understood that enosis was extremely unlikely. The Greek Cypriot leader, Archbishop Makarios III, now set independence for the island as his objective.
Britain resolved to solve the dispute by creating an independent Cyprus. In 1959, all involved parties signed the Zurich Agreements: Britain, Turkey, Greece, and the Greek and Turkish Cypriot leaders, Makarios and Dr. Fazil Kucuk, respectively. The new constitution drew heavily on the ethnic composition of the island. The President would be a Greek Cypriot, and the Vice-President a Turkish Cypriot with an equal veto. The contribution to the public service would be set at a ratio of 70:30, and the Supreme Court would consist of an equal number of judges from both communities as well as an independent judge who was not Greek, Turkish or British. The Zurich Agreements were supplemented by a number of treaties. The Treaty of Guarantee stated that secession or union with any state was forbidden, and that Greece, Turkey and Britain would be given guarantor status to intervene if that was violated. The Treaty of Alliance allowed for two small Greek and Turkish military contingents to be stationed on the island, and the Treaty of Establishment gave Britain sovereignty over two bases in Akrotiri and Dhekelia.
On 15 August 1960, the Colony of Cyprus became fully independent as the Republic of Cyprus. The new republic remained within the Commonwealth of Nations.
The new constitution brought dissatisfaction to Greek Cypriots, who felt it to be highly unjust for them for historical, demographic and contributional reasons. Although 80% of the island's population were Greek Cypriots and these indigenous people had lived on the island for thousands of years and paid 94% of taxes, the new constitution was giving the 17% of the population that was Turkish Cypriots, who paid 6% of taxes, around 30% of government jobs and 40% of national security jobs.
Within three years tensions between the two communities in administrative affairs began to show. In particular disputes over separate municipalities and taxation created a deadlock in government. A constitutional court ruled in 1963 Makarios had failed to uphold article 173 of the constitution which called for the establishment of separate municipalities for Turkish Cypriots. Makarios subsequently declared his intention to ignore the judgement, resulting in the West German judge resigning from his position. Makarios proposed thirteen amendments to the constitution, which would have had the effect of resolving most of the issues in the Greek Cypriot favour. Under the proposals, the President and Vice-President would lose their veto, the separate municipalities as sought after by the Turkish Cypriots would be abandoned, the need for separate majorities by both communities in passing legislation would be discarded and the civil service contribution would be set at actual population ratios (82:18) instead of the slightly higher figure for Turkish Cypriots.
The intention behind the amendments has long been called into question. The Akritas plan, written in the height of the constitutional dispute by the Greek Cypriot interior minister Polycarpos Georkadjis, called for the removal of undesirable elements of the constitution so as to allow power-sharing to work. The plan envisaged a swift retaliatory attack on Turkish Cypriot strongholds should Turkish Cypriots resort to violence to resist the measures, stating "In the event of a planned or staged Turkish attack, it is imperative to overcome it by force in the shortest possible time, because if we succeed in gaining command of the situation (in one or two days), no outside, intervention would be either justified or possible." Whether Makarios's proposals were part of the Akritas plan is unclear, however it remains that sentiment towards enosis had not completely disappeared with independence. Makarios described independence as "a step on the road to enosis".[31] Preparations for conflict were not entirely absent from Turkish Cypriots either, with right wing elements still believing taksim (partition) the best safeguard against enosis.
Greek Cypriots however believe the amendments were a necessity stemming from a perceived attempt by Turkish Cypriots to frustrate the working of government. Turkish Cypriots saw it as a means to reduce their status within the state from one of co-founder to that of minority, seeing it as a first step towards enosis. The security situation deteriorated rapidly.
Main articles: Bloody Christmas (1963) and Battle of Tillyria
An armed conflict was triggered after December 21, 1963, a period remembered by Turkish Cypriots as Bloody Christmas, when a Greek Cypriot policemen that had been called to help deal with a taxi driver refusing officers already on the scene access to check the identification documents of his customers, took out his gun upon arrival and shot and killed the taxi driver and his partner. Eric Solsten summarised the events as follows: "a Greek Cypriot police patrol, ostensibly checking identification documents, stopped a Turkish Cypriot couple on the edge of the Turkish quarter. A hostile crowd gathered, shots were fired, and two Turkish Cypriots were killed."
In the morning after the shooting, crowds gathered in protest in Northern Nicosia, likely encouraged by the TMT, without incident. On the evening of the 22nd, gunfire broke out, communication lines to the Turkish neighbourhoods were cut, and the Greek Cypriot police occupied the nearby airport. On the 23rd, a ceasefire was negotiated, but did not hold. Fighting, including automatic weapons fire, between Greek and Turkish Cypriots and militias increased in Nicosia and Larnaca. A force of Greek Cypriot irregulars led by Nikos Sampson entered the Nicosia suburb of Omorphita and engaged in heavy firing on armed, as well as by some accounts unarmed, Turkish Cypriots. The Omorphita clash has been described by Turkish Cypriots as a massacre, while this view has generally not been acknowledged by Greek Cypriots.
Further ceasefires were arranged between the two sides, but also failed. By Christmas Eve, the 24th, Britain, Greece, and Turkey had joined talks, with all sides calling for a truce. On Christmas day, Turkish fighter jets overflew Nicosia in a show of support. Finally it was agreed to allow a force of 2,700 British soldiers to help enforce a ceasefire. In the next days, a "buffer zone" was created in Nicosia, and a British officer marked a line on a map with green ink, separating the two sides of the city, which was the beginning of the "Green Line". Fighting continued across the island for the next several weeks.
In total 364 Turkish Cypriots and 174 Greek Cypriots were killed during the violence. 25,000 Turkish Cypriots from 103-109 villages fled and were displaced into enclaves and thousands of Turkish Cypriot houses were ransacked or completely destroyed.
Contemporary newspapers also reported on the forceful exodus of the Turkish Cypriots from their homes. According to The Times in 1964, threats, shootings and attempts of arson were committed against the Turkish Cypriots to force them out of their homes. The Daily Express wrote that "25,000 Turks have already been forced to leave their homes". The Guardian reported a massacre of Turks at Limassol on 16 February 1964.
Turkey had by now readied its fleet and its fighter jets appeared over Nicosia. Turkey was dissuaded from direct involvement by the creation of a United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP) in 1964. Despite the negotiated ceasefire in Nicosia, attacks on the Turkish Cypriot persisted, particularly in Limassol. Concerned about the possibility of a Turkish invasion, Makarios undertook the creation of a Greek Cypriot conscript-based army called the "National Guard". A general from Greece took charge of the army, whilst a further 20,000 well-equipped officers and men were smuggled from Greece into Cyprus. Turkey threatened to intervene once more, but was prevented by a strongly worded letter from the American President Lyndon B. Johnson, anxious to avoid a conflict between NATO allies Greece and Turkey at the height of the Cold War.
Turkish Cypriots had by now established an important bridgehead at Kokkina, provided with arms, volunteers and materials from Turkey and abroad. Seeing this incursion of foreign weapons and troops as a major threat, the Cypriot government invited George Grivas to return from Greece as commander of the Greek troops on the island and launch a major attack on the bridgehead. Turkey retaliated by dispatching its fighter jets to bomb Greek positions, causing Makarios to threaten an attack on every Turkish Cypriot village on the island if the bombings did not cease. The conflict had now drawn in Greece and Turkey, with both countries amassing troops on their Thracian borders. Efforts at mediation by Dean Acheson, a former U.S. Secretary of State, and UN-appointed mediator Galo Plaza had failed, all the while the division of the two communities becoming more apparent. Greek Cypriot forces were estimated at some 30,000, including the National Guard and the large contingent from Greece. Defending the Turkish Cypriot enclaves was a force of approximately 5,000 irregulars, led by a Turkish colonel, but lacking the equipment and organisation of the Greek forces.
The Secretary-General of the United Nations in 1964, U Thant, reported the damage during the conflicts:
UNFICYP carried out a detailed survey of all damage to properties throughout the island during the disturbances; it shows that in 109 villages, most of them Turkish-Cypriot or mixed villages, 527 houses have been destroyed while 2,000 others have suffered damage from looting.
The situation worsened in 1967, when a military junta overthrew the democratically elected government of Greece, and began applying pressure on Makarios to achieve enosis. Makarios, not wishing to become part of a military dictatorship or trigger a Turkish invasion, began to distance himself from the goal of enosis. This caused tensions with the junta in Greece as well as George Grivas in Cyprus. Grivas's control over the National Guard and Greek contingent was seen as a threat to Makarios's position, who now feared a possible coup.[citation needed] The National Guard and Cyprus Police began patrolling the Turkish Cypriot enclaves of Ayios Theodoros and Kophinou, and on November 15 engaged in heavy fighting with the Turkish Cypriots.
By the time of his withdrawal 26 Turkish Cypriots had been killed. Turkey replied with an ultimatum demanding that Grivas be removed from the island, that the troops smuggled from Greece in excess of the limits of the Treaty of Alliance be removed, and that the economic blockades on the Turkish Cypriot enclaves be lifted. Grivas was recalled by the Athens Junta and the 12,000 Greek troops were withdrawn. Makarios now attempted to consolidate his position by reducing the number of National Guard troops, and by creating a paramilitary force loyal to Cypriot independence. In 1968, acknowledging that enosis was now all but impossible, Makarios stated, "A solution by necessity must be sought within the limits of what is feasible which does not always coincide with the limits of what is desirable."
After 1967 tensions between the Greek and Turkish Cypriots subsided. Instead, the main source of tension on the island came from factions within the Greek Cypriot community. Although Makarios had effectively abandoned enosis in favour of an 'attainable solution', many others continued to believe that the only legitimate political aspiration for Greek Cypriots was union with Greece.
On his arrival, Grivas began by establishing a nationalist paramilitary group known as the National Organization of Cypriot Fighters (Ethniki Organosis Kyprion Agoniston B or EOKA-B), drawing comparisons with the EOKA struggle for enosis under the British colonial administration of the 1950s.
The military junta in Athens saw Makarios as an obstacle. Makarios's failure to disband the National Guard, whose officer class was dominated by mainland Greeks, had meant the junta had practical control over the Cypriot military establishment, leaving Makarios isolated and a vulnerable target.
During the first Turkish invasion, Turkish troops invaded Cyprus territory on 20 July 1974, invoking its rights under the Treaty of Guarantee. This expansion of Turkish-occupied zone violated International Law as well as the Charter of the United Nations. Turkish troops managed to capture 3% of the island which was accompanied by the burning of the Turkish Cypriot quarter, as well as the raping and killing of women and children. A temporary cease-fire followed which was mitigated by the UN Security Council. Subsequently, the Greek military Junta collapsed on July 23, 1974, and peace talks commenced in which a democratic government was installed. The Resolution 353 was broken after Turkey attacked a second time and managed to get a hold of 37% of Cyprus territory. The Island of Cyprus was appointed a Buffer Zone by the United Nations, which divided the island into two zones through the 'Green Line' and put an end to the Turkish invasion. Although Turkey announced that the occupied areas of Cyprus to be called the Federated Turkish State in 1975, it is not legitimised on a worldwide political scale. The United Nations called for the international recognition of independence for the Republic of Cyprus in the Security Council Resolution 367.
In the years after the Turkish invasion of northern Cyprus one can observe a history of failed talks between the two parties. The 1983 declaration of the independent Turkish Republic of Cyprus resulted in a rise of inter-communal tensions and made it increasingly hard to find mutual understanding. With Cyprus' interest of a possible EU membership and a new UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan in 1997 new hopes arose for a fresh start. International involvement from sides of the US and UK, wanting a solution to the Cyprus dispute prior to the EU accession led to political pressures for new talks. The believe that an accession without a solution would threaten Greek-Turkish relations and acknowledge the partition of the island would direct the coming negotiations.
Over the course of two years a concrete plan, the Annan plan was formulated. In 2004 the fifth version agreed upon from both sides and with the endorsement of Turkey, US, UK and EU then was presented to the public and was given a referendum in both Cypriot communities to assure the legitimisation of the resolution. The Turkish Cypriots voted with 65% for the plan, however the Greek Cypriots voted with a 76% majority against. The Annan plan contained multiple important topics. Firstly it established a confederation of two separate states called the United Cyprus Republic. Both communities would have autonomous states combined under one unified government. The members of parliament would be chosen according to the percentage in population numbers to ensure a just involvement from both communities. The paper proposed a demilitarisation of the island over the next years. Furthermore it agreed upon a number of 45000 Turkish settlers that could remain on the island. These settlers became a very important issue concerning peace talks. Originally the Turkish government encouraged Turks to settle in Cyprus providing transfer and property, to establish a counterpart to the Greek Cypriot population due to their 1 to 5 minority. With the economic situation many Turkish-Cypriot decided to leave the island, however their departure is made up by incoming Turkish settlers leaving the population ratio between Turkish Cypriots and Greek Cypriots stable. However all these points where criticised and as seen in the vote rejected mainly by the Greek Cypriots. These name the dissolution of the „Republic of Cyprus", economic consequences of a reunion and the remaining Turkish settlers as reason. Many claim that the plan was indeed drawing more from Turkish-Cypriot demands then Greek-Cypriot interests. Taking in consideration that the US wanted to keep Turkey as a strategic partner in future Middle Eastern conflicts.
A week after the failed referendum the Republic of Cyprus joined the EU. In multiple instances the EU tried to promote trade with Northern Cyprus but without internationally recognised ports this spiked a grand debate. Both side endure their intention of negotiations, however without the prospect of any new compromises or agreements the UN is unwilling to start the process again. Since 2004 negotiations took place in numbers but without any results, both sides are strongly holding on to their position without an agreeable solution in sight that would suit both parties.
As an Allied attack on Europe loomed, the local French Resistance increased its activities in order to disrupt local German forces and hinder communications. 2nd SS Panzer Division Das Reich was ordered to make its way across the country to the fighting in Normandy. Along the way it killed many French citizens and, in turn, came under attack and sabotage from the French Resistance.
Early on the morning of June 10, 1944, Sturmbannführer Adolf Diekmann, commanding the I. battalion of the 4th Waffen-SS ("Der Führer") panzer-grenadier regiment, informed Sturmbannführer Otto Weidinger at regimental headquarters that he had been approached by two French civilians who claimed that a German officer was being held by the French Resistance in Oradour-sur-Vayres, a nearby town. The captured German was alleged to be Sturmbannführer Helmut Kämpfe, commander of the 2nd SS Panzer reconnaissance battalion, who may have been captured by the maquis the day before.
On June 10 Diekmann's battalion sealed off the town of Oradour-sur-Glane, having confused it with nearby Oradour-sur-Vayres, and ordered all the townspeople – and anyone who happened to be in or nearby the town – to assemble in the village square, ostensibly to have their papers examined. In addition to the residents of the village the SS also apprehended six people who did not live there but had the misfortune of riding their bikes through town when they arrived.
All the women and children were then taken to and locked in the church while the village itself was looted. Meanwhile, the men were led to six barns and sheds where machine-gun nests were already in place. According to the account of a survivor, the soldiers began shooting at them, aiming for their legs so that they would die more slowly. Once the victims were no longer able to move, the soldiers covered their bodies with kindling and set the barns on fire. Only five men escaped; 190 men died.
The soldiers then proceeded to the church and put an incendiary device in place there. After it was ignited, women and children tried to flee from the doors and windows of the church but were met with machine-gun fire. 247 women and 205 children died in the mayhem. Only one woman survived, 47-year-old local housewife Marguerite Rouffanche. She had managed to slide out of a small window at the back of the church, and hid in the bushes overnight until the Germans had moved on. Another small group of about twenty villagers had fled Oradour as soon as the soldiers appeared. That night, the remainder of the village was razed.
A few days later survivors were allowed to bury the dead. 642 inhabitants of Oradour-sur-Glane had been brutally murdered in a matter of hours.
Source : Wikipedia
A newspaper account from Jan 1878 reads as follows & Craft not Croft as on the plaque, was his name.
Frederick Craft, night inspector at the Woolwich Arsenal Railway Station, lost his life on Friday night in the act of saving the life of a fellow-creature.
An insane woman, named Newman was being conveyed to the county asylum at Maidstone, in charge of Mr. Moore, relieving-officer; Miss Wilkinson. infirmary matron, and another assistant, from whom she broke away as the train approached, and threw, herself upon the rails.
Inspector Craft, who was an active young man, leaped after her and thrust her clear of the rails, but was unable himself to escape, and the train paased over him, severing both legs and one arm.
He was carried to the infirmary, where he died after a few hours' suffering.
He has left a widow and two young children.
1900 was when Postman's Park became the location for George Frederic Watts's Memorial to Heroic Self-Sacrifice, a memorial to ordinary people who died while saving the lives of others and who might otherwise be forgotten.
This takes the form of a loggia and long wall housing ceramic memorial tablets.
The Heroic act by Fredrick Craft took place 143 years ago today & is a good reminder of all the people who are making self-sacrifices at present.
400 million accounts exposed due to hack on AdultFriendFinder. #infosec #cybercrime #hacking t.co/Hp8MQL73ap (via Twitter twitter.com/JavaPipe/status/798324661041827840)
© This photo and all photos shown here in my flickr-account are protected by COPYRIGHT bs-fotodesign. All Rights reserved.
HISTORIA
La situación del Alcázar de Segovia, sobre una roca labrada por los ríos Eresma y Clamores, indica el origen militar de esta fortaleza durante siglos inexpugnable.
El testimonio más antiguo de la existencia del Alcázar de Segovia es un documento de principios del siglo XII, fechado en 1122, poco después de la reconquista de la ciudad por Alfonso VI, que menciona la fortaleza como un castro sobre el Eresma. En una carta algo posterior (1155) ya se le da el nombre de Alcázar. No obstante, es muy probable que la fortificación existiese en tiempos más remotos, quizá desde la dominación romana, pues en recientes excavaciones se ha encontrado sillares de granito análogos a los del Acueducto. En la Edad Media, el Alcázar, tanto por la belleza de su situación y su indiscutible seguridad militar, como por la proximidad a famosos cazaderos en los bosques serranos, se convirtió en una de las residencias favoritas de los Reyes de Castilla.
No se han encontrado vestigios arquitectónicos notables de este Palacio Real anteriores a la época de Alfonso VIII "el de Las Navas", aproximadamente a finales del siglo XII y principios del siglo XIII. Sin embargo, lo cierto es que se consolida el proceso que de forma progresiva va convirtiendo la fortaleza en residencia cortesana. La reforma se hizo cuando se iniciaba la transición del románico al gótico, con la sobriedad elegante del estilo del Císter. Sin duda pertenece a este tiempo la gran grujía del lado norte, compuesta por una gran estancia, flanqueada en los extremos por gabinetes, al estilo oriental, llamada "sala del Palacio Mayor". Al mismo impulso constructivo, que constituye el núcleo del Alcázar, corresponde la gran torre del poniente, llamada "Del Homenaje", con su estancia cubierta de cañón apuntado, que sirvió de sala de armas, y sus ventanales germinados. A pesar del tono cisterciense de estas construcciones, lo morisco aparece en la decoración pictórica, con zócalos de lacerías pintadas de rojo sobre el fondo claro del estuco.
Alfonso X El Sabio demostró hacia Segovia una extrema predilección e hizo del Alcázar una de sus residencias favoritas, hasta los últimos años de su vida, en los que celebró Cortes en esta ciudad que le había permanecido fiel.
En el siglo XIV, Segovia fue testigo de combates entre bandos nobiliarios a los que no fue ajeno el Alcázar, obligando el nuevo empleo de la artillería a reforzar sus murallas y ampliar su sistema defensivo.
Los reyes de la dinastía de Trastámara aprovecharon la nueva crujía, construida paralelamente a la primitiva, para convertirla en un suntuoso conjunto de salones al estilo de los alcázares andaluces. La decoración gótico- mudéjar de estas salas se inicia con la reina Catalina de Lancaster, regente de su hijo Juan II. Durante el reinado de este último tuvieron lugar en el Alcázar las grandes fiestas cortesanas evocadas por Jorge Manrique en sus célebres "Coplas".
Enrique IV, tan amante de Segovia, continuó embelleciéndolo y en su reinado debió terminarse la gran torre que lleva el nombre de su padre. Fue el Alcázar fortaleza clave para el dominio de Castilla y de él salió Isabel la Católica para ser proclamada reina en la Plaza Mayor. También tuvo importancia este castillo en las luchas civiles de todas las épocas sucesivas, desde el reinado de Juana la Loca y la Guerra de las comunidades hasta la Guerra de Sucesión en el siglo XVIII y las guerras Carlista en el XIX.
Los reyes de la Casa de Austria lo visitaron frecuentemente y Felipe II celebró en él la boda de velaciones con su cuarta esposa, Ana de Austria. Este rey realizó importantes obras en el Alcázar, como el patio herreriano o cubrir las techumbres con agudos chapiteles de pizarra al estilo de los castillos centroeuropeos.
Más tarde comienza a utilizarse la fortaleza como prisión de Estado, donde estuvieron confinados importantes personajes. Así permaneció hasta que en 1762 Carlos III fundó en Segovia el Real Colegio de Artillería, cuyo primer Director fue el conde Félix Gazola, quedando instalado en el Alcázar en 1764. Este centro permaneció aquí, con leves paréntesis hasta el 6 de mazo de 1862, día en el que un incendio destruyó las techumbres. A partir de esta fecha el Colegio, luego la Academia de Artillería, pasó al Convento de San Francisco de Segovia, El Alcázar fue restaurado, en 1898 se instaló en la primera plante del edificio el Archivo General Militar y en 1953 se creó el Patronato del Alcázar de Segovia, responsable del actual Museo.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
HISTORY
The situation of the Alcazar of Segovia, on a rock carved by rivers and Clamores Eresma indicates the military origin of this impregnable fortress for centuries.
The earliest evidence of the existence of the Alcazar of Segovia is a document of the early twelfth century, dated in 1122, shortly after the conquest of the city by Alfonso VI, which mentions the fortress as a fort on Eresma. In a letter somewhat later (1155) and is given the name of Alcazar. However, it is likely that the fortification existed in ancient times, perhaps since Roman times, as in recent excavations found granite blocks similar to the Aqueduct. In the Middle Ages, the Alcazar, both for the beauty of its situation and its indisputable military security, such as proximity to famous hunting grounds in the mountain forests, became one of the favorite residences of the kings of Castile.
No notable architectural vestiges of this former royal palace at the time of Alfonso VIII "the Las Navas," about the late twelfth and early thirteenth century. However, the truth is that consolidates the process is becoming progressively strength courtly residence. The reform was initiated when the transition from Romanesque to Gothic, with elegant sobriety Cistercian style. No doubt this time belongs to the great grujía north side, consisting of a large room, flanked at the ends by cabinets, oriental style, called "Mayor of the Palace hall." At the same constructive impulse, which is the core of the Alcázar, account for the great western tower, called "The Tribute", by staying tracked gun deck, which was the armory, and its windows sprouts. Cistercian Despite the tone of these constructs, Moorish appears in the pictorial decoration with sockets lacerías painted red on light background stucco.
Alfonso X El Sabio showed extreme predilection toward Segovia's Alcazar and became one of his favorite residences, until the last years of his life, in which Cortes held in this city which had remained faithful.
In the fourteenth century, Segovia witnessed fighting between factions of nobility to which the Alcazar was no stranger, again forcing the use of artillery to strengthen its walls and expand its defense system.
The kings of the dynasty of Castile took the new bay, built parallel to the primitive, to turn it into a sumptuous set of rooms in the style of the Andalusian palaces. The Gothic-Mudejar decoration of these rooms opens with Queen Catherine of Lancaster, regent for her son John II. During the reign of the latter took place in the great feasts Alcázar evoked by Jorge Manrique courtesans in his famous "Verses".
Henry IV, as a lover of Segovia, embellishing and continued his reign had completed the great tower that bears the name of his father. Alcazar fortress was the key to the mastery of Castile and Isabella the Catholic left him to be proclaimed queen in the Plaza Mayor. Also of significance, this castle in the civil strife of all successive epochs, from the reign of Mad Love and War communities until the War of Succession in the eighteenth century and the Carlist wars in the nineteenth.
The kings of the House of Austria and visited him often held at the Philip II's wedding revelations with his fourth wife, Anne of Austria. This king made major works in the Palace, as the patio cover herreriano or roofs with sharp slate spiers style of Central European castles.
Later the fort began to be used as a state prison, where inmates were important people. So in 1762 he remained until Carlos III founded in Segovia the Royal School of Artillery, whose first director was Count Felix Gazola, being installed in the Palace in 1764. The center remained here, with slight parentheses mallet until 6, 1862, the day on which a fire destroyed the roofs. From this date the College, then the Artillery Academy, went to the Convent of San Francisco de Segovia, El Alcázar was restored in 1898 was installed in the first plant of the General Military Archives building and in 1953 created the Board of Alcazar of Segovia, responsible for the present Museum.
Hi everyone, I'm posting this to let you all know that I am starting a new flickr account. If you want to see more of my work, follow me there!
She is aware and thankful for everyone's kind words and sentiments however her condition is basically unchanged and this will confirm her departure from social media content posting and messaging. Thanks again for all the support over the years.
Update on TUC: She is still hospitalized from her fall in June and has a very long road to recovery and doctors can only guess that it will take months with no prognosis on the ultimate outcome--- which is very difficult news to all that know and love her. Should her condition be stabilized and/or improve she likely may not return to her regular fun activities unfortunately 😔 which includes new posts, photos and other content.
Know that she appreciates your friendship and time together online and in real life. She wishes you well in health and safety and to take care, travel safe and have safe fun.
Story: "I met him in a mobile chat room in 2010. I was lonely. Two months in is when I should have left. I caught him in bed with my best friend. I chose to forgive them. Totally naive and stupid of me. A few months went by and something in him snapped. He became convinced I was cheating on him. I wasn't. I had never even thought of it. So he forced me, he physically forced me to sleep with other men countless times. This went on for 2 years. I can't tell you what that felt like. All I can say is that I felt like I was caged and couldn't get out. He took EVERYTHING from me. When my parents kicked him out he called CPS as revenge. He hacked my parents bank accounts, stole their identities. I honestly thought the only way I could get away from him was to kill myself. He would slap me around. Even pulled me out of a 7-eleven by my hair once. I finally left him in August of 2013. I told him that if he let me go peacefully, I'd never speak a word of anything that ever happened. He let me go, not so peacefully. He listed me on 'backpage' as a hooker. I lost every friend I had, I was homeless for awhile, and it took a year for me to get out of bed. I lost my job. I couldn't be a mother. I was a zombie. Even my current boyfriend still deals with my anxiety and depression that both stem from that experience. If it wasn't for his devotion and patience I don't know what I'd do". - Anonymous
The Museum of Flight, Seattle.
Walking through the Concorde fuselage, I was struck by the tiny windows and somewhat cramped seats. Well, with a New York to London flight time of just under 3.5 hours, Concorde didn't need to provide its passengers with the creature comforts required to endure long-haul flights on conventional airliners.
========================================================
Here's a first-hand account of a trip on Concorde by By Jeffrey Levine in The Washington Post of December 17, 1989:
The Concorde -- transporter of the rich and famous, supersonic sled to sophisticated shores, chariot of the demigods -- has been around now for nearly a decade and a half.
Air France first went supersonic in January of 1976,featuring a flight from Paris to Rio de Janiero, and by the end of this month, the Air France Concorde will have carried about 850,000 passengers. I can now say I was one of the fleet few.
Not long ago, I found myself sitting in an opulent Air France lounge at New York's Kennedy Airport, swigging free champagne and waiting for the boarding announcement for the Paris-bound Concorde.
I tried to keep from gaping at my exquisitely outfitted and supremely blase fellow travelers, but when Sean Penn slouched over to a nearby phone, I debated whipping out my trusty auto-focus. On second thought, however, I decided I'd rather take my flight inside the plane.
When the lounge hostess made the boarding announcement, I drained my flute of champagne and headed for destiny at warp speed. As two nattily uniformed crew members checked my ticket and showed me to my seat, I had the sudden feeling that something was terribly wrong. In a flash I realized what was amiss: The crew members were smiling and politely helping me to stow my baggage, in startling contrast to the aloof soft-drink dispensers I've encountered on regular flights lately.
But as I bashed my head on a luggage rack, I realized that, in terms of passenger space, the Concorde doesn't differ much from smaller aircraft. This plane was built for speed, not comfort.
There are two gray-leather seats on each side of the aisle, and the cabin looks like a normal passenger jet that has shrunk to three-quarter size. The central aisle makes for frequent intimate encounters with other passengers, and even the serving carts are down-sized.
I settled into my seat and tried to look out the window -- a task not easily done through a window that is three panes thick and smaller than a paperback book.
But soon we were taxiing to the runway and lining up for takeoff. (No waiting behind scores of domestic flights for this bird!) The pilot, in elegant French-accented tones, warned us that we would be turning left immediately upon takeoff, and with that, he fired up the beast.
The engine note slowly grew to a sharp, overpowering, yet somehow muted whine. The plane, helping itself to plenty of runway, gradually built to a thrilling speed and nosed into the air. I was expecting to have my eyeballs pressed into my head, but there was none of the brain-compressing sensation of lift that normally comes with takeoff.
Instead, there was a sensation of terrific forward momentum, accompanied by a light juddering as the Concorde skimmed low over the water. This plane was in no hurry to gain altitude. True to his word, the pilot carved a sweeping left turn, the craft now beginning to shudder like a rocket sled on bumpy ice.
Then it leveled and began to climb -- not in a steady rise but in stages -- a shaking, racketing struggle for altitude. When I finally gathered my wits about me, I took a look at the Machmeter -- a small screen on the bulkhead registering our speed in cool green liquid crystal numbers -- to see that we were already traveling at over Mach 1, the speed of sound, or about 740 miles per hour.
We would soon reach a cruising altitude of 57,000 feet (as opposed to about 35,000 feet for most commercial aircraft) and a speed of Mach 2.2, or about 1,600 mph.
Once we reached cruising altitude and I could take stock of things, three qualities of supersonic travel became apparent.
First, turbulence is minimal way up there. We were not buffeted even once by wind.
Second, Mach 2.2 is noisy; conversation required leaning and screaming.
Third, at supersonic speed the Concorde produces a constant vibration, as much heard as felt, rather like driving rapidly over a smoothly packed gravel road.
It was as if we were flying through light sandpaper. Flying at that speed also produces heat, and when I held my face to the window I could feel warmth.
I decided to see what the brains of this machine looked like. I got permission to go forward and peer into the cockpit, half expecting to see only a large blinking computer up there, perhaps wearing a beret.
But no, there were three officers in what was a remarkably unremarkable cockpit. Absent were the video-game-like screens and computerized paraphernalia present on more modern aircraft. Instead there was the bewildering profusion of dials, gauges and switches found on the aircraft of my youth.
Nodding and mumbling under the captain's haughty gaze, I turned and headed for my seat. By now a line had built for the bathrooms, probably because, due to space considerations, the plane had only two bathrooms for its hundred passengers.
As I inched my way to the end of this squirming line, I realized that even though a person may amass tremendous wealth and travel in the most sophisticated form of transportation on earth, nothing can dispel the loss of dignity that comes of waiting in line to go to the bathroom.
When my turn came, I discovered that the bathrooms had been designed for a retromingent.
The rest of the flight? Rather uneventful. The other passengers provided little entertainment -- although one gentleman did spend the entire time wearing his raincoat, with a newspaper draped over his head and face -- and there was no movie.
The food was good, but almost everything was pureed and formed into a soft mold, which made for easy chewing but a disturbing feeling of infantility; the wine, however, was excellent (this was, after all, Air France).
Sean Penn slept the whole way. The landing was more conventional than the takeoff, although as the plane slowed to near landing speed it again turned into a shaking ox-cart.
Best of all, and to my mind the real element that made me a Concorde convert (besides the gift-wrapped leather folders that were handed out as gifts as we approached Paris), was the fact that we debarked in Paris after 3 1/2 hours, feeling refreshed, relaxed and ready to hit the Champs Elysees instead of a hotel pillow.
Air France has daily Concorde flights between New York and Paris; the current round-trip fare is $5,308.
From January through March, Air France will offer a special fare between New York and Paris, in conjunction with American Express; if you charge a first-class ticket ($4,422) on your American Express credit card, your ticket can be upgraded to a Concorde flight.
British Airways also flies the Concorde between New York and Paris; in addition, it has three Concorde flights a week from Washington to Paris, with a round-trip fare of $6,398.
Jeffrey Levine is a freelance writer in Chicago who usually takes the bus.
www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/travel/1989/12/1...
The former Milwaukee Road GP40 and CP 3018 are pinched at 20 MPH on account of a crane that is tacked on the tail end. Nashotah's depot stands in the background, reminding us when the railroad was more connected to the community it passed thru.
Buy Best Pokémon Go Accounts. There are so many people who are starting to become addicted on Pokémon Go.
Taking into account that Spartan Emile-A239 is no longer with us, This is my tribute to him.
It will soon hopefully be part of a new creation I'm working on.
BIG thank you to Pecovam for sending me the modified helmet and armor. The skull is done really well, and just looks great. Obviously this is a Hazel Emile armour and helmet
Thanks again man.
Fans of pirate tales know the silver coins in a treasure chest are "pieces of eight" and the gold coins are "doubloons." "Yo-ho-ho, and a bottle of rum!"
The “Atocha” carried nearly 100 wooden chests, each filled with about 2,000 coins. The chests weighed collectively over 7,000 pounds. Despite popular lore, coin chests were simply shipping crates. The “Atocha” coin chests were made of rosewood with no hinges or locks. They were secured with nails to make them tamperproof. The coins were first placed into a burlap-type bag, and then secured in the chests. The ship’s manifest lists the coins in 97 separate accounts and documents their owners. The single largest shipment totaled over 21,000 coins. The smallest shipment totaled only four coins.
Exhibit at the Mel Fisher Maritime Museum in Key West, Florida
CONTROLLO QUOTIDIANO DELL' ACCOUNT YAHOO - In Caso Di Intrusione Qui Viene Riportato Il n° IP Dell' Intruso - - - In The Case Of Intrusion , The IP Number Of The Intruder Is Reported Here
By most accounts it is a beautiful day on the beach. The sky is almost cloudless and the warm sun is balanced by a cool breeze out of the northeast. That is, of course, unless you are a small hatchling oystercatcher out walking the beach with mom and dad. If you are, at ground level the wind is strong enough to knock you off your feet, and large grains of sand pelt you continually, making it difficult to see. Mom seeks refuge behind a small branch. It would seem an unlikely cover, however, wind deflection around the branch probably helps to smooth out the wind behind it, not unlike the wake of a boat. A very young oystercatcher chick huddles next to mom for comfort and occasionally even crawls under her wing. #ILoveWildlife #ILoveNature #WildlifePhotography in #America #Birds #Birding #Oystercatchers
The Convair version of this series of ads.
www.flickr.com/photos/hollywoodplace/3086037524/in/set-72...
and the 5 ads after that
See an interesting thread on the idea of rules and self-censorship through means of ruling. Egyptian activist and blogger 3arabawy's account is threaten to be deleted. His account is the biggest and the only visual source of social contests in Egypt. More than 8000 pictures , masterpieces of social documentary, are going to vanish from Flickr if there is no collective support to his case.
According to Flickr's watchdogs/mediators 3arabawy disrespected the guideline of "Do upload content that you have created. Respect the copyright of others." 3arabawy diffuses pictures of other Egyptian photographers UNDER their AUTHORIZATION. Actually no photographer complained of 3arabawy's uploads as stealing copyrights. But mediators keep considering his account as "out of law" and proposing him to move to another website. Asking him to move to another website they will censor him (although undirectly) from Flickr. This is VEILED CENSORSHIP.
However there are some possible exits. The law and the copyright issue prove to be flexible: Barack Obama was authorized to upload other photographers pictures on "his" account. May Flickr be thanked for its contribution in the campaign for Change. More than the campaign issue iself, Flickr proved to be lucid and giving the concept of social network all its political and social dimension. Flickr is actually an important platform for giving visibility for all kind of pictures including social documentary. We might keep in mind the important role of social documentary in political struggles of the past decades.
Flickr must assume its role of social network and platform preventing 3arabawy's work. Failing to protect 3arabawy's archives, Flickr would make the game of censorship better than any state would expect it.
Please support 3arabawy's case by contributing to the ongoing discussion here:
www.flickr.com/help/forum/en-us/84895/
Let's keep 3arabawy's account like it is!
canon eos1, volna3, adox cms20,r09(1+200)
You can see the rest of my photos on my second Flickr account : www.flickr.com/photos/169407696@N06
Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris
Paris is the capital and most populous city of France, with an area of 105 square kilometres (41 square miles) and an official estimated population of 2,140,526 residents as of 1 January 2019. Since the 17th century, Paris has been one of Europe's major centres of finance, commerce, fashion, science, and the arts.
The City of Paris is the centre and seat of government of the Île-de-France, or Paris Region, which has an estimated official 2019 population of 12,213,364, or about 18 percent of the population of France. The Paris Region had a GDP of €681 billion (US$850 billion) in 2016, accounting for 31 percent of the GDP of France, and was the 5th largest region by GDP in the world. According to the Economist Intelligence Unit Worldwide Cost of Living Survey in 2018, Paris was the second-most expensive city in the world, behind Singapore and ahead of Zurich, Hong Kong, Oslo and Geneva.
The city is a major rail, highway, and air-transport hub served by two international airports: Paris-Charles de Gaulle (the second busiest airport in Europe) and Paris-Orly. Opened in 1900, the city's subway system, the Paris Métro, serves 5.23 million passengers daily, and is the second busiest metro system in Europe after Moscow Metro. Gare du Nord is the 24th busiest railway station in the world, and the first located outside Japan, with 262 million passengers in 2015.
Paris is especially known for its museums and architectural landmarks: the Louvre was the most visited art museum in the world in 2018, with 10.2 million visitors. The Musée d'Orsay and Musée de l'Orangerie are noted for their collections of French Impressionist art, and the Pompidou Centre Musée National d'Art Moderne has the largest collection of modern and contemporary art in Europe. The historical district along the Seine in the city centre is classified as a UNESCO Heritage Site. Popular landmarks in the centre of the city include the Cathedral of Notre Dame de Paris and the Gothic royal chapel of Sainte-Chapelle, both on the Île de la Cité; the Eiffel Tower, constructed for the Paris Universal Exposition of 1889; the Grand Palais and Petit Palais, built for the Paris Universal Exposition of 1900; the Arc de Triomphe on the Champs-Élysées, and the Basilica of Sacré-Coeur on the hill of Montmartre. Paris received 23 million visitors in 2017, measured by hotel stays, with the largest numbers of foreign visitors coming from the United States, the UK, Germany and China. It was ranked as the third most visited travel destination in the world in 2017, after Bangkok and London.
The football club Paris Saint-Germain and the rugby union club Stade Français are based in Paris. The 80,000-seat Stade de France, built for the 1998 FIFA World Cup, is located just north of Paris in the neighbouring commune of Saint-Denis. Paris hosts the annual French Open Grand Slam tennis tournament on the red clay of Roland Garros. Paris hosted the Olympic Games in 1900, 1924 and will host the 2024 Summer Olympics. The 1938 and 1998 FIFA World Cups, the 2007 Rugby World Cup, and the 1960, 1984, and 2016 UEFA European Championships were also held in the city and, every July, the Tour de France bicycle race finishes there.
Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Ville,_Paris
The Hôtel de Ville (City Hall) in Paris, France, is the building housing the city's local administration, standing on the place de l'Hôtel-de-Ville in the 4th arrondissement. The south wing was originally constructed by François I beginning in 1535 until 1551. The north wing was built by Henry IV and Louis XIII between 1605 and 1628. It was burned by the Paris Commune, along with all the city archives that it contained, during the Commune's final days in May 1871. The outside was rebuilt following the original design, but larger, between 1874 and 1882, while the inside was considerably modified. It has been the headquarters of the municipality of Paris since 1357. It serves multiple functions, housing the local administration, the Mayor of Paris (since 1977), and also serves as a venue for large receptions.
Kenworth W900A (6x4)
It is time for remaining "Winter shots" from ATS V1.36.
New account is now in use.
KMB Livery For Kenworth W900A by Bigdaddyt150 (V1.0):
Video:
Playlist:
This is where some memes, wips, and other random stuff will be. Oh, and I will use it to get through to trolls who block me. I don't want everyone to see my stuff though, so, you know, you don't have to tell EVERYBODY about this. Thanks dudes! Oh, and came somebody add me to the staff group and make me a mod?
Accounting is one of the most significant aspects of any business because it ensures that all decisions made are financially sound. What is more common among small business now is outsourcing accounting services to freelancers. gdfaccountants.co.uk/accounts-darlington.html and contact us:- GDF Accountants
15 Swallow Close,
Darlington,
Co. Durham
DL1 4RP
Office: 01325 520528
Mobile: 07817 355508
Email: info@gdfaccountants.co.uk