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Notes: Dufaycolor was an early British additive colour photographic film process, introduced for motion picture use in 1932 and for still photography in 1935. It was derived from Louis Dufay's Dioptichrome plates, a glass-based product for colour still photography, introduced in France in 1909. Both Dioptichrome and Dufaycolor worked on the same principles as the Autochrome process, but achieved their results using a layer of tiny colour filter elements arrayed in a regular geometric pattern, unlike Autochrome's random array of coloured starch grains. The manufacture of Dufaycolor film ended in the late 1950s.
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Military history is a most challenging
discipline, although at first sight it seems a
Childs play !
As I read this apology of military analysis
published in Journal of Military History of USA
I realized how true the above mentioned
premise was !
Mr Kaushik Roy who I first read in the journal
of military history thinks that he is the
19
19
greatest Bhagwan of Indo Pak military history
but makes shocking factual as well as
analytical mistakes.
As far as I understand he has mastered citing
a flood stream of references which impresses
the naieve Americans and the ultra naieve
characters, all anonymous known as referees
of Journal of Military History of USA !
20
20
What these naieve referees don’t understand
is that Kaushik Roy commits glaring mistakes
which escape the supposed sagacity of these
Super Bhagwan referees also !
Some previous examples of Roys shocking
ignorance and lack of knowledge of military
history which this scribe discovered in the
past are as below:--
21
21
1. In an article in Journal of Military
History of VMI USA which hereafter we
will abbreviate as JMH , Roy fallaciously
and without references claimed that 45 %
of the army in India.
1
2. Claimed in one of his books that
Attock was the most intensely recruited
districts is fallacious as during WW One
whereas this district was 12th in Punjab in
1Page-951- Coercion Through Leniency: British Manipulation of the CourtsMartial System in the Post-Mutiny Indian Army, 1859-1913-The Journal of
Military History Issue Number 65 (October 2001).
22
22
contributing recruits to the British Indian
Army .2
3. In another book Kaushik Roy makes a
highly fallacious and historically totally
2 Page-42-INDIAN ARMY AND THE FIRST WORLD WAR- Kaushik Roy-Oxford
University Press.
23
23
inaccurate statement like falsely claiming
that majority of British Indian Army troops
in Iraq were Muslim.3
3 Page-17 –INDIAN ARMY IN TWO WORLD WARS- Edited by Kaushik RoyBrill Books- ISBN: 978-90-04-21145-2
Publication Date: 14 Oct 2011
24
24
4. In another book he fallaciously
claimed that corps commander of
Pakistans 1 Corps in 1971 was Lt Gen
25
25
Tikka Khan , whereas this statement has
absolutely no connection with the truth .4
Roy totally misses the fact that the British
company failed to defeat the Marathas in the
First Anglo Maratha war.It is expected that
articles published in so called prime historical
journals like JMH should at least educate a
reader about basic facts ?
4 Page-108-LIMITED WAR IN SOUTH ASIA FROM DECOLONISATION TO
RECENT TIMES-Kaushik Roy and Scott Gates-Routledge -2017
26
26
A major flaw in this articles treatment of First
Sikh War of the company is that Roy totally
misses the point that Sikh Army was at par
with British East India Companys army but
was defeated simply because both of its
highest military commanders were in secret
league with the company and wanted that
the Sikh Army be destroyed as they feared it
more than the British company.This point
discussed in much detail by various British
27
27
authors including Colonel Malleson is totally
whitewashed by Roy.
ANGLO NEPAL WAR
Roys analysis of Nepal war is also factually
incorrect and a collection of sweaping
judgements which had no connection with
reality.Here Roys analysis contains the
following major analytical flaws:--
28
28
• His claim that “Due to their numerical
and firepower superiority, the British
won.”5
• Facts of Nepal war well documented in
JW Fortescues monumental “History
of British Army” which Kaushik Roy
never bothered to read or cite as well
as various first hand British account
disprove Roys assertions.
5 Page-665- Military Synthesis in South Asia: Armies, Warfare, and Indian
Society, c. 1740–1849 –Kaushik Roy-Issue Number 69 (July 2005): The
Journal of Military History -Pages -651–90.
29
29
• This was beyond the sagacity of so
called brilliant anonymous referees of
Journal of Military History of USA.
• To recap for the reader (a) British
company invaded Nepal with four
forces three of which had British and
Indian units while one had only Indian
units led off course by British officers.
(b) Three forces comprising British and
Indian units were a total failure in
1814-1815 (c) Only the fourth force
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30
comprising Indian units only under
Major General Ochterlony was a
success (d) The British Company
therefore decided to make Ochterlony
overall commander. (e) Ochterlony
defeated the Nepalis by outflanking
manoeuvres and not by superior
manpower as Roy claims.
• The most important fact of Anglo
Nepal war that an all Indian force
outperformed three forces which
31
31
contained British troops was totally
ignored by Roy or not even known by
him.
ANGLO MYSORE WARS
32
32
The first point of contention about Anglo
Mysore wars in this article is the assertion
below:--
“Besides a transition in the polity and the
force structure, Tipu also initiated a doctrinal
shift. While Haidar Ali ravaged Britishoccupied Karnataka by conducting maneuver
warfare with the aid of his light cavalry
during 1767 and 1768, Tipu reverted to
positional warfare after his father’s death in
1781. This was because the Mysore Army
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33
under Tipu became less mobile due to the
dominance of the infantry-artillery system.
With the help of French military engineers,
Tipu constructed a fort in his capital at
Seringapatam. The fort had a bastioned
curtain wall and the river Cauvery functioned
as the wet ditch. He adorned this fort with 929
static guns and concentrated 22,000 of his
48,000 infantry within its walls. Seringapatam
became the schwerpunkt of the British military
operation in 1799.6
6 Page-669-Ibid.
34
34
THE ABOVE WHITEWASHED STATEMENT BY
KAUSHIK ROY SUMS UP HIS BROAD
BRUSHES.
Here Kaushik Roy offers no analysis why
Tipu Sultan failed and only uses a vague
German term “Schwerpunkt”, without
actually analysing what happened.
Here there are the following flaws with
Kaushik Roys analysis which should not have
35
35
escaped the sagacity (if they had any) of the
so called referees of JMH :--
• Hyder Ali , father of Tipu Sultan followed a
superior strategy of denying logistics to
the British company which enabled him to
win First Anglo Mysore War against the
British company and draw Second Anglo
Mysore War, although Hyder died in the
middle of this war.
36
36
• Tipu abandoned his fathers superior
strategy of logistics denial which Kaushik
Roy fails to clearly bring out.
• Another most serious flaw of Roys
analysis is that the British company had
no cavalry till Second Mysore war and this
enabled Mysore to defeat the company by
denying them logistics as well as
information.By end of Second Mysore
War British company decided to raise
cavalry regiments , the most crucial
37
37
decision in the military history of British
East India Company but Kaushik Roy
totally misses this point.
• The most decisive blow on Mysore was
inflicted by the Companys Lord Cornwallis
in Third Anglo Mysore War of 1790-92
but our so called brilliant Kaushik Roy
totally fails to bring out this point in his so
called analysis !
• Kaushiks emphasis on artillery is also
superficial.Lord Cornwallis in Third Anglo
38
38
Mysore war launched an assault on Tipus
capital Seringapattam without any
artillery and actually forced Tipu to
capitulate.
• Kaushik fails to bring out that Mysore was
decisively defeated in 1792 while the
1799 war with Mysore was actually a
much trumpeted show signifying defeat of
a state which had already been eliminated
as a serious player seven years earlier in
1792.
39
39
• Kaushiks verbosity and emphasis on
artillery is totally fallacious and flawed like
when he states as below :--“ In response,
the EIC’s force became firepower heavy.
The Company’s Army deployed forty 18-
pounders for breaching the walls of
Seringapatam and seven 8- and 5.5-inch
howitzers for plunging fire inside the fort’s
walls. In addition there were fifty-seven 6-
pounders for fire support 62 for the
besieging army against Tipu’s infantry.
40
40
After Tipu’s defeat, the Marathas
challenged British power in Deccan.”7
• As earlier stated Roy totally misses the
decisive innovation by the British
company that destroys Mysorean strategy
of denying logistics to the company even
followed by Tipu, i.e introduction of
cavalry.Further Lord Cornwallis multiplied
the companys cavalry by incorporating
Hyderabad and Maratha cavalry which
7 Page-669-Ibid
41
41
increased the cavalry strength against
Mysore to over 75,000 cavalry.
• Roys claims regarding role of artillery are
totally flawed as Lord Cornwallis never
used artillery in the assault on
Seringapattam in 1792 and Tipu
surrendered without artillery breaching
his citadel seringapattams walls.
• In 1799 General Harris used artillery
purely as a matter of obstinacy and over
insurance whereas Tipu Sultan wanted to
42
42
make terms with the company. Instead
Harris on orders of Wellesley presented
such unduly humiliating terms to Tipu that
Tipu was left with no choice but to
fight.So Kaushiks trumpeting about
artillery is pure nonsense.
All we get from Kaushik Roy are massive
endnotes designed to impress the naieve
Americans of JMH but no substantial analysis
!
43
43
BATTLE OF ASSAYE
Kaushik Roys analysis of battle of Assaye is
totally superficial and shallow.
He beats about the bush discussing irrelevant
matters but totally fails to note that the
Marathas were defeated as General
Wellesley disrupted their initially brilliant war
plan by forcing them to change front.
44
44
This most famous and well known manoeuvre
totally escapes the jaundiced and faulty
perception of Kaushik Roy, which is really a
mystery ?
45
45
46
46
Kaushik Roy fails to note that the essential
reason of Maratha defeat at Assaye was
failure to modify initial war plans under the
pressure of actual circumstances of war
.Something which Germans called
“OPERATIV” and later day staff colleges and
war colleges called “OPERATIONAL
STRATEGY”.
This was totally beyond Kaushik Roys
perception !
47
47
Kaushik Roys analysis of details of battle of
Assaye is also highly fallacious.
He fails to note that HM 74th Foot suffered
excessive losses as it was launched into a
village and was fighting in built up area.
On the other hand the second British unit
suffered less losses than the Madras infantry
units.8
8 Wellesley defeated the Marathas with a Native-British army of
approximately 6000 troops out of which I ,500 were of dubious
value/reliability being Mysoreans/Marathas,while the 4,500 consisting
of British and Native troops did bulk of the fighting. The infantly
consisted of two Royal British Army regiments and five native
regiments ofthe Madras Anny,while the cavalry consisted of one Royal
48
48
British Army cavalry regiment and three Native cavalry regiments from
the Madras Army. The Maratha Army opposing Wellesley consisted of
10,500 Maratha infantry organised and disciplined on European lines
by French officers and around 40,000 irregular horse. The major
reason why the British won the victory was the future victor of
Waterloo's brilliant flank march,executed before the battle.Wellesley
was initially advancing straight towards the Marathas.A battle fought
would have enabled the Marathas to effectively utilise their numerical
superiority against the British. Wellesley exhibited tremendous coup d
oeil and decided not to attack frontally.Earlier he had been assured by
local guides that there was no ford across which Wellesley could take
his army to outflank the Marathas. He noticed two villages opposite
each other on the north and south banks of river Kaitna and assessed
that ,there must be a ford connecting the two villages. A ford was
discovered and Wellesley turned the Maratha front ,forcing them to
change their entire front and to face the British in an area in which
their numerical superiority was nullified,by virtue of frontage restricted
by two rivers flowing on each flank.British writers generally claim,that
most of the fighting was done by the European troops in this
battle.This statement is totally incorrect. It is necessary to discuss this
battle in some detail,since many myths about European troops
invincibility date originate from this battle as far as British military
historians are concerned. (One British historian Sir Arthur Bryant is
pleased to show only the British regiments on the battle map of
Assaye in his book,while omitting the native regiments!) On face value
it appears that the Europeans did all the fighting since the total
casualties suffered stand out at 644 European and 940 Natives Closer
examination of the casualties reveal that only H.M 74'h Foot suffered
exceptionally heavy casualties i.e. 401 and this happened because
this regiment attacked built up area ,which was difficult to clear. On
the other hand the other British infantry regiment H.M 78'" Foot
suffered only 105 casualties,high casualties but less than four Madras
native infantry battalions which fought the same battle i.e. 14 Madras
Native Infantry which suffered 116 casualties, l/8 Madras Native
Infantry which suffered 170 casualties, l/10 Madras Native Infantry
which suffered 139 casualties and above all 2/12 Madras Native
49
49
Infantry which suffered 222 casualties. Assaye was one of the most
decisive battles of India which destroyed the Maratha confederacy
forces of Sindhia and Bhonsla,and as we can see from the
casualties,the native troops played a very important part in the battle.It
is fair to state that without the natives,the British could not have been
won this battle,on the other hand the battle proved that British
leadership organisation and tactics were the greatest force multipliers.
No other Indian Army of similar size as small as the British Indian
Army at Assaye could have defeated the Marathas at Assaye! It was
the triumph of the European way of warfare using a European led ,and
with a European nucleus,but an essentially predominantly Indian force
to defeat another Indian force which had adopted the European way of
war but was still organisationally and operationally far behind the
superior British Company.
50
50
51
51
What we get from Roy is a much propagated
British version that Assaye was all about a
British regiment HM 74TH Foot .
So with all his flashy endnotes and irrelevant
references all that Kaushik Roy reproduces in
this so called analytical article is Sir Arthur
Bryrant parroted.
Roys analysis is so myopic that he totally
omits the crucial role of Indian Madras
Cavalry in Assaye and while he mentions HM
52
52
19th Light Dragoons parroting British sources
he has nothing to say about 4
th Madras
Cavalry which suffered almost as many
casualties as HM 19th Light Dragoons and two
other Madras cavalry regiments which also
played major role in the battle.
What sort of analysis is Kaushik Roy doing is a
mystery, other than displaying voluminous
endnotes which have nothing to do with
53
53
actual essence of the battles that he white
washes and broad brushes ?
The most shocking failure of Roys analysis in
second anglo Maratha war is his total
elimination of war in the north where Lord
Lake fought the most decisive battles of Delhi
and laswari capturing Delhi and crushing
Maratha power in the north ?
Third Maratha War
54
54
Kaushik Roys claims about forts like as below
are also highly questionable:--
“How can one explain the lightning victories
of the EIC against the Maratha forts between
1818 and 1819? The Marathas neglected to
incor- porate the latest European techniques
regarding fortifications. The forts were
defended by a round stone wall. Neither the
trace italienne configuration nor Vauban’s
star-shaped fortifications for providing
55
55
flanking fire were present. Worse, towards the
end of the eighteenth century the posts”.9
Forts thanks to advances in artillery had
already become obsolete and this fact was
well confirmed in all mysore wars.
Roy fails to note that the Marathas had been
decisively crushed in Second Anglo Maratha
war of the company and the Third Anglo
Maratha was basically a rounding up of
Marathas who were already a defeated entity.
9 Page-675-Ibid
56
56
FIRST SIKH WAR
Roy makes fallacious assertions about Sikhs
and places them as below the Marathas vis a
vis British Companys forces whereas the
Sikhs inflicted highest casualties on the
British company and brought them closest to
defeat as compared to any opponent in India.
This is the most serious failing of Kaushik
Roys analysis.
Kaushik Roy fails to note that in battles like
Moodke the British leadership and tactics
57
57
were so flawed that most of British casualties
occurred because of what we call friendly fire.
The use of horse artillery that Kaushik Roy
worked only at Battle of Moodke as Sikhs had
open flanks and not in any other battle as
Sikhs were very careful about their
flanks.This point our brilliant analyst totally
misses.
The most important point that Kaushik
Roy misses in Sikh warfare is that Sikh
Army was doomed to fail as Sikh chief
58
58
Maharaja Ranjeet Singh never trusted the
Sikhs and instead imported non Sikh
Hindustani Hindus etc as well as non Sikh
Punjabi Hindus who were potential traitors
and totally betrayed the Sikh Army in First
Anglo Sikh War.
Many of Kaushik Roys comparisons are
totally utopian like he compares India with
Russia which was by and large an ethnically
homogenuous state while India was a multi
59
59
multi ethnic religious fragmentation of states
at war with each other.10
SHOCKING TOTALLY AVOIDABLE SIMPLE
FACTUAL MISTAKES WHICH WERE NOT EVEN
NOTED BY THE SUPER BRILLIANT THREE
SOLOMON (ANONYMOUS) REFEREES OF
JMH
10 Page-682-Ibid-Kaushik Roys argument below is totally utopian and
synthetic “Modern military forces require a modern state. Unlike the seventeenth-century Russian kingdom, the Indian powers were not able to
construct a modern bureaucratic state administered by a literate bureaucracy. The British imported elements of Western models of state struc- ture.
This enabled them to construct bureaucratic, revenue-extracting government
machinery, and thus, to maintain a big army permanently. On the other
hand, the Maratha and Sikh jagirdari system of extracting”.
60
60
Roy makes simple mistakes which is
shocking!
Like he gives a new name as well as date of
conquest to eminent British East India
Company General Sir Charles James Napier on
page-683 and calls him :--- William Napier.
11
Kaushik Roy thus writes this as below:--
“On 10 September 1847, Napier’s 9-pounders
opened up and blasted the Beluchi field
fortifications. Under cover of artillery fire, His
11 Page-683-Ibid –Roy changes Sir Charles Napiers name to William Napier and changes year of his operations in
Sindh from 1847 to 1843.
61
61
Majesty’s 17th Regiment followed by the 1st
Sepoy Regiment advanced towards the
Beluchis.
My simple question to Society of Military
History of USA remains as to what are your
referees doing , when they cannot check such
simple mistakes ?
Now this is not just gross lethargy and
criminal intellectual incompetence on part of
62
62
Kaushik Roy and the three Solomon referees
of JMH but more than that :--
• If year was printed 1847 instead of 1843
by typing error how is it that actual date
of battle of Miani here referred to was
changed from 17 February to 10
September ?
• The second shocking part of Kaushik Roys
intellectual rape of history is that he
invents a new unit of Indians fighting at
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63
Meanee which he calls First Regiment !
What he calls First Regiment was actually
1
st Bombay Grenadiers and not 1st
Regiment.
• But more seriously this regiment
PERFORMED PHENOMENALLY BADLY.Its
commanding officer DISOBEYED Napiers
orders to attack KOTRI and sat doing
nothing suffering only 1 fatal casualty
while two Indian infantry regiments which
ROY TOTALLY OMITS DID ALL THE
64
64
FIGHTING AND SUFFERED HEAVY
CASUALTIES.
• FURTHER AS PUNISHMENT FOR BAD
CONDUCT AND NOT TAKING PART IN THE
BATTLE 1st Bombay Grenadiers was NOT
GRANTED THE BATTLE HONOUR CALLED
MIANI 1843.But Kaushik Roy has nothing
to say about this.MOST THIRD RATE
SYNTHESIS OF BRITISH INDIAN MILITARY
HISTORY.
65
65
• Whereas in reality there was only 12th
Regiment of Bombay Infantry at Meanee
as CLEALY AND SPECIFICALLY LISTED IN
British East India Companys records freely
available in all public libraries in India
Pakistan and worldwide.
• How such simple facts can escape
referees of Society of Military History is
shocking.
66
66
67
67
How Kaushik Roy could be so disastorous
with his facts and how the know all
anonymous Solomon referees of JMH could
be so incompetent is mind boggling !
Stiftsgebäude am Münsterplatz 3 und Turm des Berner Münster ( Kirche / Church / Eglise / Chiesa ) in der Stadt / Altstadt Bern im Kanton Bern in der Schweiz
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Stiftsgebäude Bern
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Das Stiftsgebäude ist ein Gebäude am Münsterplatz 3 in der Stadt / Altstadt von Bern in
der Schweiz.
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Vorgängerbauten waren das erste Deutschordenshaus, das vor 1256 erbaut wurde. Es
verschwand beim Bau des Münsters nach 1421. Das zweite Deutschordenshaus entstand
1427 bis 1435. 1485 wurde das Ordenshaus in ein weltliches Chorherrenstift umgewandelt.
Der heutige Bau erfolgte nach Plänen von Albrecht Stürler und wurde 1745 bis 1755 unter
der Leitung von Samuel Lutz und Ludwig Emanuel Zehender erstellt. Der östliche Anbau
entstand 1747 anstelle der Mattentreppe und wurde 1895 aufgestockt.
Der westliche Anbau, das Provisorhaus, wurde unter Niklaus Hebler bis 1755 fertiggestellt.
Das plastische Werk der Fassade wurde durch Johann Friedrich Funk (I.) ausgeführt. Das
Stiftsgebäude ist gegenwärtig Sitz der kantonalen Volkswirtschaftsdirektion
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( BeschriebStiftsgebäude StadtBern AlbumStadtBern AlbumBernerMünster
KantonBern Schweiz Suisse Switzerland Svizzera Suissa Swiss Sveitsi Sviss スイス
Zwitserland Sveits Szwajcaria Suíça Suiza )
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B e r n e r - M ü n s t e r
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Das Berner Münster ist dem Hl. Vinzenz von S.aragossa geweiht und ist die grösste
und wichtigste spätmittelalterliche Kirche der Schweiz.
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Es wurde im Stil der Gotik erbaut und gehört zu jenen gotischen Kirchen, die erst
im 19. Jahrhundert nach Aufkommen der Romantik vollendet werden konnten.
Südlich vor dem Münster zur A.are hin liegt die P.arkanlage der M.ünsterplattform.
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B a u g e s c h i c h t e
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Der Grundstein zu dem unter dem Patrozinium des Vinzenz von Saragossa stehenden
Münster wurde 1421 gelegt.
Zuvor hatte dort schon die L.eutkirche gestanden, eine bei der zähringischen Stadt-
gründung um 1190 errichtete und 1276 neu erbaute romanische K.apelle. Das
Münster wurde im U.hrzeigersinn um die alte Leutkirche herumgebaut.
Bauherr des Münsters waren der Staat Bern und der D.eutsche O.rden, nicht die
Kirche.
Obendrein wurden die K.apellen und die C.horfenster durch wohlhabende B.erner
F.amilien und Z.ünfte finanziert.
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Der erste W.erkmeister beim Bau des neuen Münsters war Matthäus Ensinger.
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Nach süddeutschem Brauch begann er nur einen W.estturm in der Breite des
ganzen Schiffs. Während seine V.orbilder (U.lmer M.ünster, F.reiburger M.ünster
und K.athedrale S.ankt N.ikolaus in F.ribourg ) bloss das eine M.itteltor betonen,
fasste Ensinger alle drei W.estportale zu einem d.reiteiligen, reich geschmückten
V.orbau zusammen.
Zwischen 1460 und 1480 schuf der S.teinmetz Erhart Küng die F.iguren der
H.auptvorhalle sowie das weltbekannte M.ünsterportal.
1521 wurde der T.urmbau auf der Höhe des unteren Achtecks wegen schwacher
F.undamente unterbrochen. Erst 1893 erreichte der T.urm seine volle H.öhe von
100,6 Meter.
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M ü n s t e r p o r t a l
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Die 234 fein gearbeiteten S.andsteinfiguren des M.ünsterportals stellen das J.üngste
G.ericht dar und sind weltberühmt. Wegen der L.uftverschmutzung im 20. Jahrhundert
mussten die 47 lebensgrossen F.iguren durch K.opien ersetzt werden. Die O.riginalfi-
guren wurden restauriert und sind im H.istorischen M.useum B.ern ausgestellt.
Es führt ein E.ngel, als D.iakon gekleidet, die klugen J.ungfrauen an, deren bräutlicher
P.runk an niederländische K.unst erinnert; seine S.chriftrolle enthält die W.orte:
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«Vorsichtig, keusch und wis (weise), wyl Ihr gewesen sind, gehnd (geht) herin, Freunde
süss, zu Eurem Brütigam, Mariens K.ind.»
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Rechts antworten die Törichten, händeringend, in fremdartiger T.racht «Ach und Weh,
dass wir nicht Ochle hand (haben), Gehnd (gebt) uns zu kauffen, dass wir mit Euch ine
gahnd (gehen).»
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T u r m
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Der T.urm wurde 1521 auf der Höhe des untern A.chtecks (knapp 61 m) unterbrochen
und erst von 1889 bis 1893 zur endgültigen H.öhe von gut 100 Meter vollendet, was ihn
zum höchsten K.irchturm der Schweiz macht.
Noch heute wohnt auf dem T.urm ein T.urmwächter; bis weit ins 20. Jahrhundert hinein
hatte er die A.ufgabe, B.rände zu melden. 254 steinerne S.tufen führen spiralförmig zur
ersten T.urmgalerie in etwa 50 Meter Höhe und weitere 90 S.tufen zur zweiten G.alerie
auf 64 m, die dem Publikum ebenfalls zugänglich ist.
Es eröffnet sich eine prachtvolle A.ussicht über die Altstadt, die A.areschlaufe, die
B.erner A.lpen mit E.iger, M.önch und J.ungfrau im S.üdosten und die J.uraketten im
N.ordwesten.
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G l o c k e n
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Die neun M.ünsterglocken sind über drei G.eschosse verteilt und stellen das zweit -
tontiefste Geläute der Schweiz:
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Im oberen V.iereck im ersten B.oden: B.urgerglocke, G.rosse G.locke und A.rmesünder-
g.locke
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Im oberen V.iereck im zweiten Boden: P.redigtglocke, M.ittagsglocke, S.ilberglocke und
B.etglocke
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Im oberen Achteck : W.estliche F.euerglocke und ö.stliche F.euerglocke
Die G.rosse G.locke ist mit 10,5 t die grösste G.locke der Schweiz.
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Name ................. Schlagton .... Gussjahr .... Giesser ............ Masse ........ Durchmesser
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.
.
G.rosse G.locke ..... e................... 1611 .......Zehnder / Füssli .......... ca. 10 t ... 247 cm
M.ittagsglocke ........ gis ............... 1583 ........F. Sermund ............... 6'395 kg ... 212 cm
P.redigtglocke ........ h ............... 1883 .........Gebr. Rüetschi ......... 3'322 kg ... 168,2 cm
B.urgerglocke ......... cis’ ...............1403 ........Kupferschmied ........ 3'850 kg .... 172,5 cm
A.rmsünderglocke .. cis’ ............1734 ...... Steiner/Zender/Rihs ... 2'300 kg ..... 151 cm
B.etglocke .............. e’ ..............1883 ......... Gebr. Rüetschi ..........1'428 kg ..... 126,5 cm
Hugo- oder
Silberglocke ........... gis’ .......... 1356 ....... unbekannt .................. ca. 770 kg . 106 cm
.
.
Die zwei ältesten G.locken waren schon in der alten L.eutekirche aufgehängt.
Seit 1944 werden die G.locken elektrisch geläutet, nachdem an Silvester 1943 ein
G.löckner durch den K.löppel der G.rossen G.locke erschlagen worden war.
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I n n e r e s
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C h o r f e n s t e r
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Der C.hor enthält insgesamt sieben F.enster.
Die spätgotischen F.enster stammen aus der Zeit zwischen 1441 und 1455 und haben
eine Höhe von 12 Meter.
Die beiden zur Rechten des M.ittelfensters gelegenen stammen allerdings aus dem
J.ahre 1868 und zeigen S.zenen aus dem N.euen T.estament.
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O r g e l
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Die grosse M.ünsterorgel wurde 1726 erbaut. Nach dem letzten Umbau von 1998/1999
besitzt sie 71 klingende R.egister und über 5.400 P.feifen. Die kleinste P.feife misst
gerade mal 10 cm. Die grösste ist 10 Meter hoch, besteht aus H.olz und wiegt 750 kg.
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K a p e l l e n
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Bis zur Reformation waren die privat finanzierten K.apellen mit S.chranken von den
S.eitenschiffen abgetrennt. Die S.tifter hielten in „ihren“ K.apellen private M.essen
und G.ottesdienste ab.
Die K.apellen waren deshalb sehr vielfältig mit A.ltären, W.appen, G.lasmalereien und
K.unstw.erken ausgestattet. Sie waren in gewissem S.inne „ K.irchen in der K.irche“.
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Rudolf von Bern
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Bereits in der L.eutkirche war das G.rab des K.naben R.udolf von B.ern verehrt
worden, der am 17. A.pril 1294 angeblich Opfer eines j.üdischen R.itualmordes
geworden war.
Seine G.ebeine wurden in den K.reuzaltar des neuen Münsters übertragen, beim
B.ildersturm im Jahre 1529 jedoch wieder aus dem Münster entfernt und ausserhalb
der Kirche begraben.
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H a u p t m a s s e :
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.
- Gesamtlänge : 86,72 m
- Gesamtbreite : 37,55 m
- Gewölbehöhe : 20,70 m
- Turmhöhe Viereck : 46,00 m
- Turmhöhe gesamt : 100,60 m
.
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( BeschriebBernerMünster StadtBern AlbumStadtBern AlbumBernerMünster
AlbumKirchenKantonBern Kirche Chiuche Church Iglesia Kirke Kirkko Εκκλησία
Chiesa 教会 Kerk Kościół Igreja Церковь KantonBern Stadt City Ville シティ By 城市
Città Город Stad Schweiz Suisse Switzerland Svizzera Suissa Swiss Sveitsi Sviss
スイス Zwitserland Sveits Szwajcaria Suíça Suiza )
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Besuch der Ausstellung M.ani M.atter im H.istorischen M.useum B.ern mit M.äme am Freitag den 11. Januar 2013
.
.
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Hurni130111 KantonBern
E - Mail : chrigu.hurni@bluemail.ch
***************************************************************************************************************
Letzte Aktualisierung - Ergänzung des Textes : 230222
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NIF
Lasset ab, ihr meine Lieben
1.) Lasset ab, ihr meine Lieben,
Lasset ab von Traurigkeit,
Was wollt ihr euch mehr betrüben?
Weil ihr des versichert seid:
Dass ich alle Qual und Not
Überwunden und bei Gott
Mit den Auserwählten schwebe,
Voller Freud' und ewig lebe.
2.) Derer Tod soll man beklagen,
Die dort in der Höllenpein
Müssen leiden alle Plagen,
So nur zu erdenken sein.
Die Gott aber nimmt zu sich
In dem Himmel, gleich wie mich,
Und mit lauter Wollust tränket,
Wer ist's, der sich darob kränket?
3.) In des Herren Jesu Wunden
Hab ich mich geschlossen ein,
Da ich alles reichlich funden,
Wodurch ich kann selig sein.
Er ist die Gerechtigkeit,
Die vor Gott gilt jederzeit:
Wer dieselb ergreift im Glauben,
Dem kann nichts den Himmel rauben.
4.) Niemand sag', ich sei umkommen,
Ob ich gleich gestorben bin.
Mein Gott hat mich weggenommen.
Sterben ist nun mein Gewinn.
Vor dem Unglück hat er mich
Hingerafft so väterlich.
Jetzt kann mich kein Trübsal pressen.
Aller Angst ist nun vergessen.
5.) Der Leib schläft in seiner Kammer
Ohne Sorgen sanft und wohl
Und entgeht dem großen Jammer,
Dessen jetzt die Welt ist voll.
Meine Seele schauet an
Den, der nichts als lieben kann.
Der auf seinen Schoß mich setzet
Und mit höchster Freud ergetzet.
6.) In der Welt ist nichts zu finden,
Nichts als Teu'rung, Pest und Streit,
Und was mehr die großen Sünden
Bringen für Beschwerlichkeit.
Sonderlich kommt noch ein Schwert,
Das der Christen Herz durchfährt.
O viel besser, selig sterben,
Denn (a) durch diesen Zwang verderben.
7.) Solcher Not bin ich entgangen,
Nichts ist, das mich ängsten kann.
Fried' und Freud' hat mich umfangen,
Kein Feind darfe mich springen an.
Ich bin sicher ewiglich
In des Herren Hand, der mich
Ihm zum Eigentum erworben,
Da er ist für mich gestorben.
8.) Euch wird, meine liebsten Freunde,
Die ihr meinet in der Welt.
Schützen wider alle Feinde
Gottes Sohn, der starke Held.
Seid und bleibt ihm nur getreu,
Seine Gnad ist täglich neu.
Wer Betrübte will betrüben,
Der muss, wie die Spreu, verstieben.
9.) Nun, ich will euch dem befehlen,
Der sich euren Vater nennt.
Der die Tränen pflegt zu zählen,
Dem sein Herz vor Liebe brennt.
Der wird euch in eurem Leid
Trösten, und zu seiner Zeit,
Zu dem Ort, da ich bin, führen
Und mit höchster Klarheit zieren.
10.) Da wird uns der Tod nicht scheiden,
Der uns jetzt geschieden hat.
Gott selbst wird uns alsdann weiden
Und erfreu'n in seiner Stadt.
Ewig, ewig werden wir
In dem Paradies allhier
Mit einander jubilieren
Und ein englisch (b) Leben führen.
(a) anstatt (b) engelhaftes
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
Text: Johann Gottfried Heermann
Melodie: Werde munter mein Gemüte
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
Gefunden im Mecklenburgischen Kirchen-Gesangbuch
Schwerin, 1780
Liednummer 563 - Kapitel Sterbelieder
gedruckt bei Johann Carl Ebert
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
Johann(es Gottfried) Heermann (* 11. Oktober 1585 in Raudten bei Lüben in Schlesien; † 17. Februar 1647 in Lissa) zählt zu den bedeutendsten deutschen Kirchenlieddichtern der Barockzeit.
Als Sohn eines Kürschners aufgewachsen, studierte Heermann nach Schulabschluss in Straßburg Theologie und wurde 1608 in Brieg zum 'poeta laureatus' gekrönt. Ab 1611 hatte er das Pfarramt in Köben bei Glogau inne. Stadtbrand, Pest, Kriegsplünderungen, Familienleid und Gegenreformation in Schlesien prägten diese Zeit, so dass er schon 1638 sein Köbener Amt aufgeben musste und sich nach Lissa zurückzog.
Als Liederdichter ist er von Martin Opitz und dessen Dichtungsreform beeinflusst. Sein Werk wirkt prägend für Andreas Gryphius, Paul Gerhardt und andere. Er dichtete etwa 400 Lieder. Heermann wurde als 'Sänger der Trübsal und des Kampfes, doch auch des ungebrochenen Glaubensmuts' beschrieben und gilt als der wichtige Dichter geistlicher Lieder zwischen Martin Luther und Paul Gerhardt.
Erste Veröffentlichungen finden sich in 'Devota musica cordis', 'Hauß- und Hertz-Musica' (1630); Choräle wie 'O Gott, du frommer Gott', 'Herzliebster Jesu, was hast du verbrochen' und 'O Jesu Christe, wahres Licht' sind in die evangelischen wie auch katholischen Gesangbücher übergegangen und noch heute im Gebrauch.
Außerdem erschienen von ihm asketische Schriften, z. B. 'Heptalogus Christi' (Berlin 1856) und die Lehrdichtungen 'Praecepta moralia et sententiae' und 'Exercitium pietatis' (in lateinisch u. deutsch, Breslau 1886) sowie die Gedichtsammlung 'Teutsche Poemata' (1640).
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
Johann Heermann (11 October 1585 - 17 February 1647), German poet and hymn-writer. He is commemorated in the Calendar of Saints of the Lutheran Church on 26 October with Philipp Nicolai and Paul Gerhardt.
Heermann started out writing Latin poetry, with his Flores ex Otfridi Evangeliorum vireto being published in 1609. The poems contained in this collection are Latin poems based on passages from the Gospels, yet for each Latin poem, one or two lines of German poetry were added, showing that Heermann had an early desire to write poetry in German too. Later works also belonged to the tradition of versifying passages from the Gospels, such as Andächtiger Kirchenseuftzer (1616), Exercitium pietatis (1630) - a revised version of Flores – Verbessertes Schliessglöcklein (1632) – a revised version of the Kirchenseuftzer - and Sontags- und Festevangelia (1636). Impetus for this process of revision came from Martin Opitz’s Buch von der deutschen Poeterey (1624), which acted both as a defence of German poetry and a set of guidelines on how German poetry should be composed. Johann Heermann can be regarded as one of the first German poets to write according to the rules set out in Opitz’s tract.
As well as poetry based on the Gospels, Heermann also wrote poetry influenced by works of devotional literature, especially those by Valerius Herberger, Martin Moller and Johann Arndt. These works were often themselves influenced by earlier, pre-Reformation texts by the Church Fathers, especially Bernard of Clairvaux, Augustine and Anselm of Canterbury. Heermann’s most influential work of devotional poetry was Devoti musica cordis (1630), ‘music for a devout heart’, which combined hymns based on texts of the Church Fathers and writers such as Moller with hymns Heermann himself had composed. In addition to works of poetry, he also published collections of sermons.
Blog : www.totobricks.com/2016/01/lego-31043-lego-creator-3-in-1...
LEGO 31043 LEGO CREATOR 3 in 1 2016 Chopper Transporter Tractor (2/3) Instructions video:
The William and Mary men’s basketball team led from start to finish and pushed its home-court winning streak to 14 games with a 77-58 victory over Elon on Wednesday night at Kaplan Arena. W&M shot 49 percent from the floor, knocked down ten 3-pointers and connected on 17-of-20 from the free throw line in outdistancing Elon. W&M remained in first place in the CAA at 10-3 in league and 16-8 overall, while Elon dropped to 11-15 on the year and 3-10 in CAA play.
Omar Prewitt led the Tribe, scoring 18 of his game-high 19 points in the first half to go with seven rebounds, four assists and two blocked shots. Sean Sheldon picked up his first career double-double with 11 points and 10 rebounds, while Marcus Thornton finished with 17 points and three assists.
The Tribe jumped out to an early advantage thanks in large part to the play of Prewitt and Sheldon. They combined for 24 of the Tribe’s opening 28 points as the Green and Gold opened up a double-digit advantage. W&M scored 11 of game’s first 13 points as four straight from Sheldon, including a pair of free throws, gave W&M the nine-point cushion.
Five straight from Elon closed the gap to 11-7 at the 13:51 mark, but W&M responded with and 8-2 run, including six from Prewitt. His 3-pointer from the left side extended the Tribe lead to 19-9. The Tribe lead remained in double digits, jumping to 30-15 on a Thornton setback jumper with four and a half minutes left in the half. The margin was 11 points following an Elijah Bryant jumper at the 3:20 mark, before the home team ripped off a 12-2 run to push its advantage over 20.
Connor Burchfield provided W&M with a huge lift off the bench, hitting back-to-back 3-pointers. A steal and fast break bucket from Thornton gave W&M a 17-point advantage and forced an Elon timeout. The Green and Gold run continued on a tough finish inside from Sheldon and a pair of Prewitt free throws, extending the lead to 42-21 with a minute left in the first half. W&M led by 19 at the intermission after shooting 51.7 percent (15-of-29), while limiting Elon to 36 percent (9-of-25) in the opening 20 minutes.
The visiting Phoenix scored eight of first 11 in the second half to draw within 14 points. Hamilton scored six straight points for Elon, including a steal and fast break lay-up to close the visitors to within 45-31 with 16:45 left.
After failing to hit a 3-pointer in the opening 20 minutes, Thornton knocked down back-to-back triples, including one of the step-back variety, to push the lead back to 18, 51-33, and the Phoenix never got closer than 15 points the rest of the way. His fast break lay-up off a Sheldon defensive rebound and look-ahead pass gave W&M a 60-40 lead with just under eight minutes remaining.
The cushion reached as many as 23 on a pair of occasions, including on Thornton’s third 3-pointer of the second half with 2:50 to play. From there, both teams emptied the bench and W&M picked up a 77-58 win, its 16th of the season. The 16 wins rank 10th in program history.
In a stark contrast from the earlier meeting this season, W&M limited Elon to just 3-of-22 (13.6 percent) from 3-point range, including only 1-of-14 from its top two scorers in Bryant and Tanner Samson. The Phoenix duo was 12-of-22 from long range and combined for 45 points in their home win over the Tribe in January. Elon finished the game shooting 40.3 percent (25-of-62) from the floor. Bryant led Elon with 15 points and 10 rebounds, but was just 5-of-15 from the field and 1-of-4 from 3-point range. Samson, who had 20 in the first meeting, finished with just two points and was 0-of-10 from 3-point range. Hamilton added 13 points, while Christian Hairston tallied 10 off the bench.
Playing without the services of guard Daniel Dixon, who was out due to injury, the Tribe received a number of contributions, especially from its freshman class. Rookie Oliver Tot garnered his first career start, finishing with three rebounds and two assists in a strong floor game. Greg Malinowski added six points, knocking down a pair of 3-pointers, to go along with two assists and fellow classmate Burchfield poured in six points on two 3-pointers. Tom Schalk added six points, four rebounds and a career-high three blocked shots off the bench.
W&M shot 49 percent (25-of-51) on the night, including a 10-of-24 (41.7 percent) effort from 3-point range. The Green and Gold continued its strong free throw shooting, connecting on 85 percent (17-of-20) from the charity stripe. The Tribe out rebounded Elon, 36-30, and dished out 14 assists on its 25 made field goals.
Red Weasel Media was sitting on the baseline to capture all of the high flying action.
Dec 2009
Day 3 in Gdansk started with a wander to follow some Christmassy music - a local church was hosting a St Nicholas Day fete, including a guy dressed as St Nicholas. There was also food available in the form of bread, some sort of spread (herring?) and gerkhins (eugh yuk! not for me!), as well as cake.
After this distraction we headed to the Gdansk shipyard gates and the Monument to the Fallen Shipyard Workers 1970 which we had promised to take mum too.
We stopped off at the pieces of the Berlin Wall and Gdansk shipyard wall for quick photos.
Whilst at the Monument we heard and almighty noise of engines and horns honking. We had seen an unusually high police pressence as we walked by and wondered what was going on but we had no idea what to expect. Curiosity got the better of me and Paul (and mum and dad followed) and we came to see hundreds of people on motorbikes dressed as Santas (turns out there were 2300 bikes and 2900 participants - according to a Flickr source). The noise was unbelievable (although Paul tells me not as noisy as race days). Everyone dressed up was very festive. It is a charity event, collecting money for children's charities.
We stopped one guy dressed in a City of Westminster flourescent jacket - I asked if he was English and the answer was no. I asked if he had worked in England and again the answer was no. Somehow he had acquired a City of Westminster Keep the Streets Clean jacket. Very bizarre.
Paul and I very, very briefly toyed with whether we could come over next year on his bike. We quickly rejected the idea as (a) there were no other nationality's bikes and (b) it was freezing cold, and travelling across West and Central Europe on a bike in December wasn't that appealing!
Mum and Dad left us to watch the bikes and went off to the Solidarity / Solidarnosc Roads to Freedom exhibition and Paul and I spent some more time bike spotting and then headed for drinks and more gorgeous cakes.
After meeting with Mum and Dad and them having cakes too, we all headed to the bus stop as we intended to go and see Westerplatte where WW2 began. We looked at the bus times and unfortunately there was just one bus, which ran every 40 mins and which ran a limited service in Winter. Due to the time we couldn't guarantee getting back into Gdansk and we couldn't guarantee there would be taxis available, so sadly we had to opt out of the visit.
Instead Mum and Dad headed into Gdansk for a wander and Paul and I headed to the Christmas Market (which turned out to be a market, which only a slight Christmas flavour) and did some Christmas shopping for Paul and shared a Polish sausage which was yummy and filled a gap.
In the evening we headed out for food at the Sphinx restaurant which served, well, we weren't sure as the menu was entirely in Polish. Case of guess work and checking with the waiter who then served whatever we pointed to!
After food it was to Cafe Ferber once again for more drinks - Paul had a Bubble Gum shake which he said was too sickly. It was nice for a sip but I think he was brave to drink the lot. I stuck to Vodka.
Then it was a final few Christmas light photos and a relatively early night. We got up at 3am the next morning in order to catch a minibus which didn't turn up. So we took a taxi to the airport for our 6am flight home.
I love distressing...love the effect of water. I stamped my florish BG with orange and brown distressed ink and sprayed some water on it to give the watercolor effect.
Flower is from the digi kit, layered in two. upper layer cut between each petal and distressed the edges with black and curled to give the flower shape. Center is done with orange and yellow glitter pen and rest of the flower with pearl watercolor. My 3 Butterfly again are from digi kit.TFL.
Upbound approaching Lock 3 in the Welland Canal at St. Catharines, Ontario, this now scrapped ship was odd-looking even from the rear.
Near Fiesch, (Switzerland) June 1948; (74-3).
In 1978, while on vacation in England, I purchased 500 35 mm slides at a flea-market. Most of the slides are glass mounted and all came in fitted wooden boxes with dove-tailed joints. Each slide has a brief hand-written description (usually the location) and the year taken.
See further description under "Salisbury Slide Collection", found slide.
Canon Eos Elan II + Canon EF 50mm 1.8 II
Legacy Pro 100 @ 320 + Xtol 1.1 for 15 min 45 s. SOOC
I previously developed LP 100 @ 200 for 13 minutes (LP100 at box speed is 9.5 min, i think), so I thought i would double the additional time, but took off almost a minute as it was not two full stops...
The 2019 National Veterans Creative Arts Festival was held Oct. 28- Nov 3 in Kalamazoo, Michigan. Nearly 120 Veterans from across the country participated displaying their talents in performing and visual arts, and creative writing.
Blick vom IFA Hotel Fehmarn zum Strand und DLRG-Haus. Aufgenommen mit der Olympus Pen E-P3 und dem m.zuiko 45mm bei f6,3 in der Einstellung Art-Filter "Diorama". Fehmarn, IFA Hotel am Burger Südstrand im August 2012.
Brandy wears a braided chain
Made of finest silver from the North of Spain
A locket that bears the name
Of the man that Brandy loves
From the old song by the one-hit wonder, Looking Glass. Bet you didn't know that, even if you do remember the song.
2 of 3 in a series of images that I made on Christmas Eve at my sister-in-law's house, in Orange County. This is Judy's new dog, Brandy. Although she's four years old, she's new to Judy, who wanted an older dog, since she works full-time and can't take proper care of a puppy. Her previous dog died recently and she wanted another one to keep her and her other dog company. This shot was taken in Judy's kitchen, while dinner was being prepared. Brandy waited patiently. I didn't.
Photo: Während des Rosenfestes in Eltville, Rheingau
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
Ach Vater, du versuchest uns
1.) Ach Vater, du versuchest uns
Nicht über das Vermögen,
Du kennst die Schwachheit unsers Tuns
Und willst uns Kraft beilegen.
Du wollst aus heiligem Gericht
Mich und auch andre Christen nicht
In die Versuchung führen.
2.) Lass zwischen Sünd' und Lastern mich
Der Tugend Mittel treffen.
O Gott, wie leicht betrügt man sich,
Wie kann ein Schein uns äffen.
Lass mich die Demut ohne Scheu,
Doch aber ohne Heuchelei
Und Hochmut still ausüben.
3.) In Freuden lass den heitern Sinn
Zu keinem Leichtsinn werden.
Bewahre, was ich tu und bin,
Wort, Werke und Gebärden.
Lass mich nicht mürrisch, frech und hart,
Doch auch nicht zaghaft und zu zart
Bei meinem Trauern werden.
4.) Lass mir mein Auge licht und rein,
Die Glieder keusch und züchtig,
Den Umgang hold und ehrbar sein,
Die Reden recht und richtig.
Den Glauben mannhaft, klug und frei,
Die Liebe ehrbar, redlich, treu,
Die Hoffnung froh und tapfer.
5.) Mach meinen Mut beherzt und fest,
Dass er sich Ziel und Schranken
Durch keine Lust verrücken lässt,
Durch sündliche Gedanken,
Durch Hass, Begierde, Furcht und Pein
Und sollt es selbst der Teufel sein
Mit seiner List und Lügen.
6.) O Jesu, lass mir deinen Tod
Die Fleischeslüste töten.
Und lass ob deiner Kreuzesnot
Mich, eh' ich fall, erröten.
Dein Kreuz sei dem geprüften Geist,
Weil er sonst keinen Trost mehr weiß,
Zur Kraft, zum Trost und Leben.
7.) Wenn Teufel, Hölle, Tod und Welt
Und Sünde, eh' ich's merke,
Mir tausendfache Netze stellt,
So gib mir Sieg und Stärke.
Führ' mich, versuchter Jesu Christ,
Du kannst, weil du allmächtig bist,
Den Satan untertreten.
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
Text: Philipp Friedrich Hiller
Melodie: Aus tiefer Not schrei ich zu dir
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
gefunden in:
Sammlung der vorzüglichsten Lieder
für Kirche, Schule und Haus
verlegt bei Samuel Elsner, Berlin, 1832
Liednummer 64 - Versuchung
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
Philipp Friedrich Hiller, geboren am 6.01.1699 in Mühlhausen an der Enz, heute ein Stadtteil von Mühlacker, evangelischer Pfarrer und ein bedeutender Kirchenlieddichter des württembergischen Pietismus,† 24.04.1769 in Steinheim am Albuch. Hiller wurde als Sohn eines Pfarrers geboren. Als er zwei Jahre alt war, starb sein Vater. Seine Mutter heiratete 1706 den Bürgermeister von Vaihingen an der Enz, der ihm ein guter Stiefvater war. Ab dem 14. Lebensjahr besuchte Hiller die Klosterschule in Denkendorf. Hier gewann der Klosterpräzeptor Johann Albrecht Bengel entscheidenden Einfluss auf Hiller. Ab 1716 besuchte er die Klosterschule in Maulbronn, ab 1719 das Theologische Stift in Tübingen.
Im Anschluss an seine Studien wurde Hiller 1724 Pfarrgehilfe in Brettach. Nach drei Jahren kehrte er zu seinen Eltern in Vaihingen zurück. Hier unterrichtete er seinen Bruder und vertrat benachbarte Pfarrer. Anschließend war er eine Zeitlang in Schwaigern Vikar, bevor er 1729 als Hauslehrer nach Nürnberg ging, wo er von 1729 bis 1731 weilte.
Ende 1731 ging Hiller als Vikar nach Hessigheim am Neckar. Die dortige Pfarrerstochter wurde 1732 seine Frau. Von 1732 bis 1736 war er Pfarrer in Neckargröningen bei Ludwigsburg, anschließend in Mühlhausen an der Enz und ab 1748 in Steinheim am Albuch bei Heidenheim. Wegen des geringen Gehaltes und mancherlei Krankheiten innerhalb seiner Familie hatte er große Sorgen um das tägliche Brot. 1751 erkrankte er selbst an einem Halsleiden. Trotz ärztlicher Bemühungen drohte er die Stimme zu verlieren. Wegen der andauernden Heiserkeit musste er die Predigertätigkeit aufgeben. Er behielt sein Amt bei, kümmerte sich um die Seelsorge. Den öffentlichen Dienst versah ein Vikar.
Durch seine Krankheit hatte er mehr Zeit für das Bibelstudium und seine dichterischen Arbeiten. Bis heute ist er in Württemberg der beliebteste Liederdichter. Er hatte 1073 Lieder gedichtet. Als sein Meisterstück zählt das am 28. August 1755 über Epheser Kapitel 1, Vers 21 und 22 gedichtete Lied 'von dem großen Erlöser': 'Jesus Christus herrscht als König' (EKG 123).
These three banners can connect into one, perfect for trade shows.
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The House of Doria-Pamphili-Landi (also called simply Doria-Pamphili) is a princely Roman family of Genoese extraction. Legend has that the origins of the Doria family date from the early 11th century, but the authentic pedigree is traced to Ansaldo d'Oria, consul of Genoa in the 12th century. The descent of the several Doria lines in Genoa is well-known and appears described in Natale Battilana's 19th century genealogical study of old Genoese families.
The Palazzo Doria Pamphili in Rome was built in the 17th century, and contains one of the most valuable private collections of paintings in the world, the Doria Pamphilj Gallery.[citation needed] The Villa Doria Pamphili was, during the siege of 1849 Giuseppe Garibaldi's headquarters
Prince Filippo Andrea VI Doria Pamphilj, a staunch anti-Fascist, in 1944 became the first mayor of Rome following its liberation by the Allies (One of his ancestors had been the second mayor of the newborn Kingdom of Italy in 1870).[citation needed]
Princess Orietta Doria-Pamphili-Landi, the last of the line, married Royal Navy Commander Frank George Wignall Pogson (1923-1998)[2] in London in 1958. He changed his name to Frank George Wignall Pogson Doria Pamphilj by deed poll.[citation needed]
After the reforms of the Second Vatican Council in the 1960s, Princess Orietta and her husband, both Catholics, worked to promote better relations between faiths.[citation needed] In 2000, Queen Elizabeth II visited Rome and attended the Anglican Centre, which is housed in the Palazzo Doria Pamphilj.[citation needed]
The couple adopted two children: Gesine Margaret Orietta Mary Pogson Doria Pamphilj (born 1964),[citation needed] known as Gesine Doria, married Massimiliano Floridi, with whom she has four children: Anna, Elisa, Orietta and Irene. Jonathan Doria Pamphilj (born 1963) formed a civil partnership with Elson Edeno Braga,[citation needed] and has two children by surrogacy: Emily and Filippo Andrea VII.
a child and that only the mother who had given birth to the infant had the legal right to look after it.[3] In 2010 a court in Rome declined to hear the case.[4]
Blog : www.totobricks.com/2015/10/lego-31033-lego-creator-3-in-1...
LEGO 31033 LEGO CREATOR 3 IN 1 Vehicle Transporter 2015 video: www.youtube.com/watch?v=1rHhb_fTvdw
Part 3 in this series. The babies hatched a little over a week ago and now they’ve grown in size by probably 50%- and they are very hungry.
Mom flies back and forth all day long constantly feeding them.
Two hungry babies waiting for mom to return with more food.
Boa Vista - Cap-Vert - January 2020 - Day 3
Various pics of the day 3 in Boa Vista with no particular subject
Diverses photos prisent a Boa Vista (jour : 3) sans sujet reel.
( Holiday Boa Vista - Cap-Vert
Pourquoi Boa Vista?
x Une mer cristalline et des plages d'un blanc eclatant dignes des Caraibes
x L'ile des dunes mobiles, un superbe spectacle, surtout au Deserto de Viana
x Sal Rei, une localite paisible a l'atmosphere calme et exotique
x Une destination ensoleillee et un mode de vie africain tranquille
L'exotisme a quelques heures de vol a peine. Le Cap-Vert, c'est la destination coup de coeur des fanas de la plage. Car tout y invite a de longues heures de farniente absolu. En approchant le Riu Touareg, vous aurez l'impression de voir un 'fata morgana' dans un paysage inaltere. )
Berlin, Germany - July 3 --- during the 2023 League of Legends EMEA Championship Series Summer Split at the LEC Studio on July 3 in Berlin Germany (Photo by Wojciech Wandzel/Riot Games)
Not the best time ever. But I've been pounding the shit outta my body this
passed week. This is day six, after a hard INSANITY workout yesterday and on
only four hours of sleep. My hips kill and I'm starving. Also, I actually
stopped at 2.5 miles and thought about calling it a day. I stood there on
the treadmill for about a minute.... Then decided to stop being a pussy
bitch about it and banged out the last half mile.
Now on to cleaning and one short Hip Hop Abs dvd. But I must say, I'm down
to 130 lbs, only two pounds away from that "lemme just see it ONCE weight."
once I get there, i'll decide what to do next. I think I'm very content with
the workout routine I'm currently following. I know I'm going finish out the
Hip Hop Abs schedule. Maybe start it over til I finish out INSANITY. I know
I want to get Asylum. And of course continue running. I also think I wanna
stay lean, rather that bulk, but I don't think I have much a say in what my
genetics are gonna do.
Anyway, I want a burger, with bacon. Wrapped in bacon, topped with another
burger. stupid pasta for dinner last night just didn't cut it.
Historic Flatonia Tower No. 3 in Flatonia, Texas. The tower was constructed in 1902 by the Galveston, Harrisburg & San Antonio Railway (GH&SA). It served as a switching tower at the GH&SA intersection with the San Antonio and Aransas Pass Railway (SA&AP) line. It remained in used until 1996.
+3 in the comments.
happy 16th birthday, amanda and nicole!
it was a great day.
we took the train to the beach and spent the whole day there.
this photo sort of sucks. sorry.
+3 in the comments.
This is a new project.
Absence est un projet d'autoportraits où je ne suis pas là. La question est de s'interroger sur ce qui fait mon identité et mon individualité.
Techniquement, vous allez voir des masques, des photomontages, des réflexions. J'espère que vous aimerez.
Le temps d'accepter de "vraiment" me reprendre en photo.
Berlin, Germany - July 3 --- during the 2023 League of Legends EMEA Championship Series Summer Split at the LEC Studio on July 3 in Berlin Germany (Photo by Wojciech Wandzel/Riot Games)
3 in-camera exposure bracket HDR (+-2EV)
EXIF:
Nikon D5000
AF Fisheye NIKKOR 10.5mm 2.8G ED lens
ISO-200
F/8
Various Shutter Speeds (Hand-held)
Photo and editing by Cary Jordan
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Did you know that Sleep apnea affects more than 3 in 10 men and nearly 2 in 10 women. Watch this compilation video as patients share their journey from poor sleep to better sleep through the treatment of sleep apnea, and what a difference it has made to their lives. For more information please visit: www.resmed.com/in/en/consumer/sleep-apnea.html
Model of an Porsche 908/3 in 1/90 scale. Special Model for the International Toy Fair 2014 in Nuremberg from Schuco.
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Modell eines Porsche 908/3 im Massstab 1:90. Sondermodell zur Internationalen Spielwarenmesse 2014 in Nürnberg von Schuco.