View allAll Photos Tagged values
A World Economic Forum‑Water Resources Group meeting in Mongolia, co‑hosted by the Office of the President of Mongolia and the Water Resources Group in June 2011
There is a stained glass window in the church of St Mary, Wortham dedicated to Arnold and his brother Ralph. I wonder if the faces are those of the young men concerned.
In memory of Arnold William Rash 2nd Lieut Suffolk Regt, who fell at the Battle of Passchendaele
July 31st 1917 aged 25, & of Ralph Reginald Rash 2nd Lieut Suffolk Regt who fell at the battle of the Somme October 12th 1916 – aged 20, 4th and 6th sons of J J Rash J.P. of Wortham.
Arnold W Rash………………………………………….
The Roll of Honour for those who served from the Parish has
+Rash, Arnold William………………………4th Suffolk
RASH, ARNOLD WILLIAM
Rank:………………………………….Second Lieutenant
Date of Death:……………………31/07/1917
Age:……………………………………25
Regiment:………………………….Suffolk Regiment,5th Bn.
Grave Reference:……………….C. 18.
Cemetery:………………………….BUFFS ROAD CEMETERY
Additional Information:
Son of John J. and Mary L. Rash, of 44, Cranley Gardens, Muswell Hill, London. Native of Wortham, Suffolk.
CWGC: www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/451689/RASH,%20ARNOLD...
Soldiers who Died in the Great War records that 2/Lt Arnold William Rash was Killed in Action on the 31st July 1917 whilst serving with the 5th Battalion (Territorial), Suffolk Regiment.
The Medal Index card for Second Lieutenant Arnold William Rash, Suffolk Regiment, is held at the National Archive under reference WO 372/16/151415. He had originally been Private 2173 in the same Regiment.
discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/D4786580
The Probate Calendar for 1918 records that Arnold William Rash of 44 Cranley Gardens, Muswell Hill, Middlesex died of wounds on the 31st July 1917 in France. Administration was granted at the London Court on the 8th June 1918 to the widow Mary Lucy Rash. Effects were valued at £964 5s.
probatesearch.service.gov.uk/Calendar?surname=Rash&ye...
Arnold William Rash, born 5th May 1892, attended Framlingham College from 1906 – 10. He was one of seven brothers to attend the College. The College Roll of Honour records that he was a Prefect and Queen Victoria Scholar. He won the Goldsmith Prize and Gold Medal for Maths 1908, the Book Keeping Prize 1908-09 and the Maths Prize, 1909. The article includes a picture of his headstone.
www.oldframlinghamian.com/gallery2/main.php?g2_view=core....
He is also remembered on the Leiston cum Sizewell War Memorial.
www.roll-of-honour.com/Suffolk/Leiston.html
April to June 1892
The birth of an Arnold William Rash was registered in the Hartismere District of Suffolk in this quarter of 1892. (Hartismere includes the village of Wortham)
familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:2FM4-3QW
The baptism of Arnold William Rash, son of John Josiah and Mary Lucy Rash took place at St Mary Redgrave with Botesdale, Suffolk on the 17th October 1892.
familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:NNX7-F26
1901 Census
The 8 year old Arnold William, born Wortham, was recorded as resident at New Waters Farm, Wortham. This was the household of his parents, John Josiah, (aged 49 and a Miller + Farmer from Wortham) and Mary Lucy, (aged 39 and from Norwich, Norfolk). As well as Arnold, the other children still at home are:-
Ethel Maud…………aged 17…………born Wortham
Annie Lucy………….aged 16…………born Wortham
Ella Mary…………….aged 14…………born Wortham…..Deaf + Dumb from Childhood
Rowland Harry……aged 10…………born Wortham
Basil Lionel………….aged 6………….born Wortham
Ralph Reginald…….aged 4………….born Wortham
The family then have one live in servant.
New Waters Farm, Wortham
media1.fineandcountry.com/v3/clients/346/properties/50024...
The legend on the window states that Arnold and Reginald are the 4th and 6th sons,and the details from the Framlingham College Roll of Honour indicates 6 sons attended the College. Its likely therefore that there are two older sons who were not living at home on the 1901 census. Going back to the 1891 census it looks like the family have been recorded with the surname “Pash”. Running through the children recorded, as well as Ethel Maud, (7), Annie Lucy,(6), Ella Mary, (4) and Rowland Harry, (5 months) there are also two additional sons – John Cecil, (3) and Charles Edward, (1) – both born Wortham.
On the 1901 census, John Cecil Rash, (13 – born Wortham) and Charles Edward Rash, (11 – born Wortham), were both recorded as Boarders at Eye Grammar School in the nearby town of Eye.
1911 Census
The 18 year old Arnold William, an Engineering Cost Clerk from Wortham, was recorded living as a Boarder at “Lyndhurst”, Leiston, Suffolk. This was the household of a William and Eliza West. William works as a General Labourer in a Boiler Shop.
I could not find a marriage in England and Wales for an Arnold Rash. So unless he married somewhere else, (or there is a gap\error in the official records), then I suspect the widow Mary Lucy who sorted out his estate was his mother.
Older brother John Cecil, aged 23 and single, was recorded as the Head of the Household at 6, New Bridge Terrace, St Ives, Huntingdon. John was working as a Solicitors Articled Clerk.
John also appears on the Wortham Roll of Honour of those that served – his unit is shown as the 4th Suffolks.
In fact it looks like he actually initially served with the Suffolk (The Duke of York’s Own Loyal Suffolk Hussars) Yeomanry as a Private and was then appointed to be a Second Lieutetant in the Suffolk Regiment, effective 21st September 1915.
www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/29302/supplement/9308/d...
There are two Medal Index Cards held at the National Archive for a J C Rash. On the first he is shown as a Second Lieutenant, and its held under reference WO 372/24/80921.
discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/D6320446
The second records him as Second Lieutenant\Temporary Captain in the same Regiment, using reference WO 372/24/51747
discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/D6526611
The second oldest son, Charles Edward, (21) has meanwhile moved back home, where he describes himself as a Miller and Merchant, a Working Partner in a business run from home. Head of the household is his widowed mother Mary Lucy, aged 49. Although she does not state how many years she was married to her late husband, she has completed the columns advising on the number of children of the relationship. Mary had 13 children of which 11 are then still alive. As well as Charles Edward, also still at home are:-
Ethel Maud………..aged 27
Annie Lucy………….aged 26
Ella May……………..aged 24…Deaf and Dumb from birth
Eric Douglas……….aged 6..born Wortham
Joyce Eileen……….aged 1..born Wortham
There is also a guest and 2 live in Domestic Servants. Although Ella’s disabilities are documented on all three censuses she appears on after birth, from the signature it looks like she actually completed the return.
Ralph Reginald and Basil Lionel were recorded as Boarders at Framlingham College, Framlingham, Suffolk.
Rowland Harry Rash is not on the 1911 census. However, the death of a Rowland Harry Rash born 10th November 1890 did not occur until the October to December quarter of 1977 in the Hartismere District of Suffolk, so either he was outside England and Wales on the night of the census, was missed or had been mis-transcribed.
In Kelly's of 1937 Rowland Harry Rash is living at Wortham Manor.
He is also noted as being farmer and landowner Wortham Manor, Ling and
Hall > Farms, The Executors of J J Rash - Bailiff Robert Dixon looking after Beech Tree
Farm. There is a note to say that the Manor, occupied by R H Rash is an ancient
manor set in well timbered grounds.
I recall delivering groceries to the Manor in the sixties. The place was at that time owned and inhabited by the widow of Mr R H Rash. She was Doreen Rash, nee Wallace, and was a celebrated authoress in her maiden name.
In the 'thirties, the Rashes led a famous protest against the payment of tithes to the church, a campaign which was featured in the national press, I believe. There is a monument in the village (although not all that near to the Manor House), which commemorates the events, although its inscription
doesn't offer a very informative explanation of its purpose. It is known as the 'Tithe War Stone'.
Source: archiver.rootsweb.ancestry.com/th/read/SUFFOLK/2005-02/11...
On the day
The 5th Territorials were actually serving in Palestine, so I suspect he was more likely on the books of the 2nd/5th, the training unit. From there he would most probably have been attached to one of the active service Battalions serving in France.
Update (and correction) 25/10/2015)
I originally assumed this was probably the 8th Battalion, as that was the only unit I could identify from the Suffolk Regiment who were in the assault on the day of Alan’s death. When I originally posted this image I gave details of that battalions actions and casualties on that day. However, seeking to confirm this one way or the other, I posted a question on the Great War Forum.
Very quickly Forum member IPT identified that he was attached to the 1st/1st Battalion, Cambridgeshire – a unit I know has very close connections with the Suffolk Regiment.
31st July 1917: 5.30am 118th Brigade advanced in artillery formation. Cheshires on right, Herts in centre and 4/5th BW on left, with Cambs in reserve moving behind BW. 6.30am the three leading btns in Blue line and 1st Cambs on X line. 7.30am 116th & 117th Brigades took Black line. 118th Brigade advanced. Cambs advanced at 10.30am disposed as follows - two coys on a line east and west of 250yds north of Border House, with two coys in reserve and due west of Border House and one detailed to support 4/5 BW at C1815.5. At 10.10am brigade moved forward to attack the Solid Green line. 10.54am Solid Green line captured by Cheshires. 10.50am counter attack from most eastern part of Langemarke line on Herts who had lost all officers. BW had to fall back to conform. Cambs attacked with two coys and drove Germans back. By 5pm the line was back on Dotted Green Line with exception of 4/5 BW. At this time Cambs attacked at Border House and beat Germans back. Germans were around flank so Cambs ordered to retire south of Hannebeke. At 5.30pm they were at Canvas Tr-Canteen Tr. 10pm ordered to withdraw through 116th and 117th Brigades.
August 1st: 1.30pm Cambs Rgt reassembled in Coney Street and roll called. A, B and HQ in tunnels at Belle Alliance and C & D in Coney Street. Due to casualties, re-organised btn into two coys.
Aug 2nd: About noon orders received that Germans expected to counter-attack. Btn moved into support in Calf Trench (old German front line). 9pm, btn to occupy Blue and Dotted Blue Lines from Mouse Trap Farm to Krupp Farm - whole neighbourhood almost 12 inches deep in mud. No II Coy on right in position aout 2.30am, but No I on left did not get into position until 5am.
3rd: Btn HQ in old dugout in Caliban Trench.
4th: 2pm orders received that btn would relieve 17th Sherwood Foresters in front line - relief completed by midnight. No 1 coy in Dotted Blue line in front of Steenbeck, No 2 at Alberta. Btn HQ in Black Line at Kitchener’s Wood.
5th: 11pm btn relieved by 1/4th Ox & Bucks, moved to camp near Reigensburg Chateau.
Casualties 31/7 to 6/8: Killed - Capt F C Jonas, Capt B M Hunter RAMC, 2nd Lt A H Muirhead, Lt A J Gray, att 118th Brigade; 2nd Lt A W Rash, 4th Suffolks; Capt C L Awberry, 4th Essex. DoW - 2nd Lt W Ritchie; 2nd Lt R Hill. Wounded: Capt A Dunlop, Lt C L Tebbutt, Lt A Fison, 2nd Lts G Smith, G Blackburn, F Spicer, B Silk, E Twelvetrees, H Raven. Other ranks - 30 killed, 26 missing, two wounded and missing, 215 wounded.
Another forum member has more details on brother John Cecil who served with the 1/4th Suffolks.
1914-1918.invisionzone.com/forums/index.php?showtopic=232...
Ralph R Rash……………………………………………..
The Roll of Honour for those who served from the Parish has
+Rash, Ralph Reginald………………………10th Suffolk
RASH, RALPH REGINALD
Rank:…………………………………Second Lieutenant
Date of Death:…………………..12/10/1916
Age:…………………………………..19
Regiment:………………………….Suffolk Regiment, 7th Bn.
Panel Reference:……………….Pier and Face 1 C and 2 A.
Memorial:…………………………THIEPVAL MEMORIAL
Additional Information:
Son of Mary Lucy Rash, of 44, Cranley Gardens, Muswell Hill, London, and the late John Josiah Rash, J.P.
CWGC: www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/1550248/RASH,%20RALPH...
Soldiers who Died in the Great War records that 2/Lt (TP) Ralph Reginald Rash was Killed in Action on the 12th October 1916 whilst serving with the 7th Battalion, Suffolk Regiment.
The Medal Index Card for Second Lieutenant Ralph Reginald Rash, Suffolk Regiment, is held at the National Archive under reference WO 372/16/151428
discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/D4786593
Ralph Reginald Rash, born 7th November 1896, attended Framlingham College from 1910-13. One of 6 brothers to attend the College, he was a Sub-Prefect. A 2nd Lieutenant in the 7th Battalion, Suffolk Regiment, he was Killed in Action on the 12th October 1916. There is a picture of the relevant panel on the Thiepval Memorial.
www.oldframlinghamian.com/gallery2/main.php?g2_view=core....
He was appointed Temporary Second Lieutenant on the 20th July 1915 being either a Cadet oe Ex-Cadet of the Officer Training Corps.
www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/29236/page/7081/data.pdf
Birth
The birth of a Ralph Reginald Rash was recorded in the Hartismere District of Suffolk in the October to December quarter of 1896.
familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:2F7M-2MF
1901 census
See Brother Arnold William above for details of the family on this census.
1911 Census
The 14 year old Ralph Reginald was recorded as a Boarder at Framlingham College, Framlingham, Suffolk.
On the day
12th - Attack on Guedecourt with 7th Suffolks on right, 7th Norfolks on left. Wire uncut and remnants of battalions back to start.
1914-1918.invisionzone.com/forums/index.php?showtopic=487...
Nearer to Gueudecourt, 12th Div attacked Hilt Trench with the Newfoundland Regt. The Newfies were attached from 29th Div. They continued the advance to Grease Trench but were forced to withdraw at 5.30pm. They held onto the captured section of Hilt Trench and bombed some way along it before erecting a barricade. Meanwhile 7th Suffolks and 7th Norfolks (35 Bde, 12th Div) were halted by uncut wire in front of Bayonet Trench.
forum.irishmilitaryonline.com/showthread.php?9058-The-Som...
Battalion War Diary for the 7th Norfolks.
12th October 1916. Flers Trench near Flers.
Today at 2.5pm we attacked BAYONET TRENCH. Last night the assembly trenches were completed + all the battalion lay out in them from 5 a.m. this morning until the attack. The attack was carried out with all four companies in the line, disposed in depth, one platoon behind the other, D on the right C,B,A. On our right, 7th Suffolk Regt and on our left 2nd Royal Scots, 30 Divison. Battn HQ remained in BULLS ROAD. The object was to attack was first of all to capture BAYONET+SCABBARD TRENCH and then to sweep up + take LUISENHOF FARM and establish a line beyond it.
At 2.5 pm our artillery barrage commenced + our men advanced to the assault. After advancing about 50 yards, the Hun opened fire with M.G.s from both flanks + from in front. Our troops continued to advance but before reaching the enemys trench ran into barbed wire which had not been cut. The wire coupled with the M.G fire prevented any further advance, and our men lay down in shell holes from where they brought rifle fire to bear on the Germans who were standing up in their trenches shooting at them. We caused considerable casualties in this way to the enemy. After dark we made a further attempt to cut a way through to the enemy’s trench but the line proved too strong. The survivors then crawled back to our own line and then reformed. The 9th Essex Regt.then relieved us +the Suffolk Regt. In the front line + we came back to FLERS TRENCH, the Reserve lines near FLERS which we are sharing with the Suffolk Regt.
Polymer clay diamond shaped container. Size of this piece is 6" wide by 6" tall. Constructed entirely of solid polymer in values of translucent clay to black clay. It is seated in a metal holder. To read about this piece and to see more photos, please visit my blog at: createmyworlddesigns.blogspot.com/2014/03/diamond-in-roug...
First of all, I see from the Church of England website, the dedication is Laurence rather than Lawrence, so will correct my previous shots.
And with St Laurence, I have completed the listed churches in the Dover Deanery, a task that has taken some seven and a half years, and in which I have been frustrated by three churches that remained locked to me. But thanks to the internet and requesting access, I did finally get inside Whitfield, Preston and Betteshanger and cross them off the list.
I did see inside Hougham too, about 15 months ago during the Heritage Weekend, but found that the parish had arranged a festival to take place art the same time, and the inside was covered in quilts and carpets.
Of course.
St Laurence is situated on a down between Dover and Capel, and the village is dominated by the TV mast which beams us all TV and radio in the area. You approach the village up steep and narrow lanes from the Old Folkestone Road, or from River in Dover, and the church itself is in the middle of Church Hougham, down a dead end lane.
Unlike on previous visits, the door was unlocked so I dd not have to find a keyholder. The lightswitch beside the door lit just a single bulb above the doorway to the porch, but on a bright winter day, the church was full enough with light.
It was clear that the south wall of the chancel is leaning out at an alarming angle, but in fairly recent times, a buttress has been built to save it from falling.
--------------------------------------------------
In its day this must have been a magnificent church. Its day would have been during the period 1100 to 1150, for a large building was constructed at this time. Even today the remains are impressive. As in many east Kent churches there is no chancel arch. There is a tremendous lean to the south chancel wall. It also shows the blocked arcade to a former south chapel. The north chapel has an impressive east window in Early English style which was copied by the Victorians when they replaced the chancel east window, and for once it is possible to compare the Victorian and medieval work almost side by side. While nineteenth-century windows are fine elsewhere in the church this juxta-position at Hougham clearly demonstrates the superiority of the medieval work. By far the most interesting feature at Hougham is the tower. The arch from the nave is particularly lofty and leads into an extremely tall and spacious chamber which can best be described as cavern-like.
www.kentchurches.info/church.asp?p=Hougham
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
OR Huffam, as it is called, and frequently written in Domesday, Hicham, being so denominated from its high situation, lies the next parish eastward from Polton. Part of it only is within this hundred of Bewsborough; another part is within the hundred of Folkestone; and the residue is within the jurisdiction of the cinque ports, and of the corporation of the town and port of Dover. A borsholder, for that part of this parish which is within the hundred of Bewsborough, is chosen at the court leet of the hundred.
THE PARISH of Hougham lies among the high eastern hills of Kent, in a healthy though a very rude and wild country. In the midst of it are two streets, called Church Hougham, and East Hougham; in the former of which the church stands, and at the south-west part of it, a hamlet called West Hougham. Great part of this parish is full of small inclosures, interspersed with frequent coppice wood, and much rough ground. The soil is but poor and barren, consisting of either chalk or a red earth, covered with a rotten slint stone, with which the narrow roads here abound. Towards the eastern part of it the ground lies high, being an open uninclosed down, across which the high road leads from Folkestone to Dover, quite to the sea-shore, over which the chalk cliffs here rise to a great height; from hence there is a most beautiful prospect over the channel, and the Bologne hills on the coast of France. Near the bottom of these cliffs are three holes, called Lydden Spouts, through which the subterraneous waters empty themselves continually on the beach of the shore; and the belief of the country is, that the waters of the Nailborne, at Drelingore, in Alkham, at least four miles distant, communicate subterraneously with these spouts, which increase as the springs heighten by wind and weather. Over these spouts, in the middle of the cliff, are two large square rooms cut out of the chalk, one within the other; they are called the Coining-house, and have a very difficult way to come at them, the cliff here being upwards of four hundred feet high.
When the plague raged in London in the year 1665, it was brought to Dover, and great numbers died there of the pestilence in that and the following years, for the burial of whom a piece of ground was bought in this parish, on the side of the hill fronting the pier fort, and consecrated for that purpose. It is computed that upwards of nine hundred of those who died of this pestilence were buried in it, since which it has been constantly known by the name of the Graves.
Henry Benger, gent. was of Hougham, and resided here anno 1619, and descended from John Benger, of Maningford, in Wiltshire. They bore for their arms, Or, a cross vert, surmounted by a bendlet, gules. (fn. 1)
THE PARISH OF HOUGHAM was part of those lands which were given to Fulbert de Dover, for the desence of Dover castle, (fn. 2) which made up together the barony of Fulbert, or Fobert, as it was usually called, being held in capite by barony, of which Chilham became the chief seat, or caput baroniæof which this place, as appears by the book of Dover castle, was afterwards held by knight's service. Among these lands was included THE MANOR OF HOUGHAM, otherwise called THE ELMES, at times called by the names of Great Hougham, alias Chilverton; and likewise Southcourt, from its situation in regard to the manor of Northcourt, alias Little Hougham, in this parish.
This manor was held in manner as above-mentioned by a family who took their surname of Hougham from it. This family bore for their arms, Argent, five chevronels, sable; which Philipott (fn. 3) says they bore in allusion to those of their superior lords, of whom they held lands, the Averenches, or Albrincis, lords of the barony of Folkestone, whose arms were, Or, five chevronels, gulesFrom this family of Hougham descended those of Weddington, in Ash, near Sandwich, now extinct; and from the latter collaterally, those now of St. Paul's near Canterbury. One of the above mentioned family, Robert de Hougham, held it in king Richard I.'s reign, and was present with that king at the siege of Acon, in Palestine. At length his descendant Robert de Hougham, leaving two daughters his coheirs, of whom Benedicta was married to John de Shelving, and the other to Waretius de Valoignes, the latter became entitled to this manor, on the share of his wife's inheritance; and in the 14th year of king Edward III. obtained a charter of free-warren for this manor of Hougham. He left two daughters his coheirs, one of whom married Sir Francis Fogge; the other Maud, married Thomas de Aldelyn, or Aldon, who in her right became possessed of this manor.
Thomas de Aldelyn, or Aldon, as the name was afterwards written, died possessed of this manor in the 35th year of the above reign; but it should seem that he had no further interest in it but for his life, for Maud his wife before her death had infeoffed William Tapaline and others in this manor, and they passed it away to Stephen, Richard, and John de Combe, the latter of whom was of Hastingligh, and afterwards became sole possessor of it. He conveyed this manor in the 10th year of king Richard II. in trust to sell it; after which it came into the name of Heron, in which it remained at the end of king Henry IV.'s reign, and from which it was after some interval alienated to William Fineux, gent. of Swingfield, who had three sons; Sir John Fineux, chief justice of the king's bench, who purchased Haw-house, in Herne, under which, an account of him and his descendants may be seen; William, to whom his father gave this manor of Southcourt; and Richard, who was of Dover. (fn. 4)
William Fineux, who had this manor of Southcourt by gift of his father, resided at Hougham, and dying possessed of it in 1534, s.p. he by his will gave it to William, the eldest son of his brother Richard deceased, who afterwards resided here, and in his direct descendants it continued down to Thomas Fineux, gent. of Dover, who in king Charles II.'s reign passed away this manor to Robert Breton, gent. who resided at the mansion, called the Elmes, in this parish, formerly the residence of the Nepueus, several of whom lie buried in this church, which seat he had purchased of William Nepueu, esq. of Twickenham, the grandson of Peter, the first builder of it, who was a native of France, and came over to England upon the edict of Nantes, and brought with him a considerable property. He died in 1658, and lies buried in Hougham church. They bore for their arms, Azure, a fleece, or. Robert Breton above-mentioned was descended from the Bretons, of Barwell, and on the mother's side from the Bassingtons, of Temple Rothley, in Leicestershire, being the son > of Nich. Breton, of Norton, near Daventry. He died possessed of this estate, and was buried in this church. His great-grandson M. Breton, esq. afterwards of Kennington-house, (fn. 5) alienated both manor and seat to Robert Lacy, esq. who resided at Elmes, where he served the office of sheriff in the year 1739, and he died possessed of them about the year 1746; upon which they came to his son-in-law Granado Piggott, esq. who in 1749 passed them away to Mr. Phineas Stringer, of Dover, who died in 1757, leaving two sons, Phineas, of whom hereafter; and George, of Canterbury. Phineas, the eldest son, is of Dover, and married the daughter of Mr. Richard Rouse, of Dover, by whom he has an only daughter and heir, married to Mr. Edward Broadrip, gent. of Dover. He bears for his arms, Per chevron, or, and sable, in chief, two eagles displayed of the second; in base, a fleur de lis of the first. He succeeded his father in this manor and seat, and is the present owner of them.
A court baron is held for this manor, the boundaries of which, as I am informed, begin at High-cliff, from whence they extend along the coast, to a place called Jews-gut, and there leaving the cliff, on towards Capel, whence including West Hougham, they go down to the Elmes, and the land of Dover priory.
THE MANOR OF HOUGHAM-COURT, alias NORTHCOURT, which latter name it took from its situation in regard to the former described manor of South court, was comprehended as part of those lands which, as has been mentioned before, were given to Fulbert de Dover, and with other lands made up the barony of Fobert, of which it was held afterwards by knight's service, by the family of Basing, of eminent account in the city of London during the reigns of king John and king Henry III. for the high offices of trust which they bore in it. At length Sir Thomas de Basing succeeding to this manor, he alienated it to Adam Sare, whose heirs were in the possession of it in the 20th year of king Edward III. How it passed afterwards, I have not found, till the beginning of king Henry VI.'s reign, when it was alienated to Clive, commonly called Cliffe, a family of good account in the counties of Salop and and Essex; from whence, at the latter end of that reign, it passed by sale to William Hextal, esq. of East Peckham. One of his daughters and coheirs Margaret, entitled her husband Wm. Whetenhall, esq. commonly called Whetnall, citizen and alderman of London, to it. (fn. 6) His descendant William Whetenhall about the middle of king Henry VIII.'s reign sold it to John Boys, esq. of Fredville, in whose descendants it continued down to Major John Boys, of Fredville, who possessed it in 1656.
Before his death he alienated this manor; but now it passed afterwards I have not learned, only that it became vested in the name of Woodroofe; and in the year 1720, William Woodroofe, clerk, of Cambridgeshire, sold one moiety of it to John Walker, citizen and draper, of London, who passed it away to Francis Cabot, and he, at his death in 1753, devised it to his widow Barbara, as she did to her father Mr. Robert Cooper, of Salisbury, and her brother in law William Barnes. In 1786, this moiety was in possession of Robert, son of the above-mentioned Robert Cooper, and of Anne Barnes, and they joined in the sale of it to Mr. Michael Becker, of Dover, who in 1792 sold it to Mr. Philip Leman, of Dover castle, the present owner of it.
The other moiety continued afterwards in the descendants of William Woodroofe above-mentioned down to the Rev. Mr. Woodroofe, of Shoreham, in this county, the present possessor of it; so that this manor remains in undivided moieties at this time.
There is no court held for this manor; to it is annexed the right to wreck of the sea along the coast, from High cliff to Archcliff fort.
SIBERTON, alias SIBERSTON, is a manor in the north-east part of this parish, which made likewise part of the barony of Fobert before-mentioned, of which it was held by knight's service. John de Herste held this manor in the 2d year of king John, and in the 20th year of king Edward III. the heirs of another John de Herst held it by the description of lands in Siberston, of the barony of Chilham, by the like service, and the payment of ward to Dover castle; not long after which it appears to have been in the possession of a family who took their surname from it, one of whom, Richard de Siberston, as appeared by an old dateless deed of that time, demised it to John Monins, in whose descendants it continued down to Edward Monins, esq. of Waldershare, whose lands were disgavelled by the act of the 2d and 3d Edward VI. He died possessed of it in the 6th year of that reign, and by his will gave this manor of Seberston, to his second son George Monins, and he sold it to Thomas Pepper, jurat of Dover, who dying in the 17th year of queen Elizabeth, gave it to Thomas, son of Richard Pepper, and he in king James I.'s reign alienated it to Moulton, of Redriff, in whose descendants it remained at the time of the restoration of king Charles II. 1660, after which it was alienated, after some intermediate owners, to Mr. Phineas Stringer, of Dover, whose son, of the same name, is the present possessor of it.
But this manor, by unity of possessionhas for some year since been so blended with that of Hougham, otherwise called the Elmes, above described, that it is now accounted one and the same manor.
THE TITHES of the manor of Siberston, lying in Elms bottom, in this parish, were part of the possessions of the priory of St. Martin, in Dover, and continued so till the dissolution of it in the 27th year of Henry VIII. when this portion of tithes, among the rest of the possessions of the priory, came into the king's hands, who granted it with the scite and other possessions of the priory, in his 29th year, to the archbishop in exchange, in manner as has been already frequently mentioned before, in which state it has continued ever since, his grace the archbishop being at this time entitled to the inheritance of it. John Monins, esq. of Canterbury, is the present lessee of it.
FARTHINGLOE, alias VENSON DANE, is another manor in this parish, which was antiently part of the possessions of the canons of St. Martin, under the general title of whose possessions it is thus entered in the survey of Domesday:
In Beusberg hundred. In Ferlingelai, William the son of Ganfrid holds one suling, and there he has in demesne one carucate, and four villeins, with one carucate. It is worth four pounds. In the time of king Edward the Confessor, six pounds. Sired held it as a prebend.
And immediately following, under the title of the same possessions:
In Hicham, Balduin holds one suling, and there he has four villeins, and five borderers, with two carucates. It is worth four pounds. In the time of king Edward the Confessor, one hundred shillings. Eduuin holds it.
As the canons of St. Martin's priory had other possessions in this parish, besides the manor of Farthingloe, the latter entry no doubt contains the description of them, and includes their estate here, called Venson Dane, alias Wellclose, mentioned below, which together with the manor of Farthingloe, remained parcel of the possessions of the above priory, till the final suppression of it in the 27th year of king Henry VIII. when they both came into the king's hands, who granted them in his 29th year to the archbishop in exchange, as has been already more particularly mentioned before; since which this manor of Farthingloe, with the estate of Venson Dane, alias Wellclose, has remained parcel of the possessions of the see of Canterbury, his grace the archbishop being at this time entitled to the inheritance of them. The interest of the present lease is vested in the widow of Mr. Nath. Walker, deceased, and Mr. John Marsh (the present occupier); the former possessing the lands, and the latter the great tithes, for their respective shares.
This estate is exempted from the payment of the great or corn tithes. There is not any court held for this manor.
The manor of Farthingloe was held of the prior and canons in king Henry III.'s time, by a family, who from their residence at it, took their surname from it. One of them, Matilda de Farthingloe, is mentioned by Prynne, anno 44 Henry III.
MAXTON, or Maxton court, is another manor situated in this parish, at no great distance from Farthingloe, which in king Henry III.'s reign, as appears by the book of knights fees kept in the king's remembrancer's office, was in the possession of Stephen Manekyn, who held it by knight's service of the barony of Fobert, and together with other lands elsewhere made up that barony, and were given for the desence of Dover castle. After this it seems to have been divided into moieties, and to have been held by Richard Walsham, and Alice, daughter of Stephen Manekin, who alienated the whole of it to William, son of Nicholas Archer, of Dover, whose seal was, A stag's head, caboshed, as appears by a deed in the Surrenden library, dated anno 17 Edward III. His son William Archer, in the 21st year of the next reign of king Richard II. passed it away by sale to John Alkham, of Alkham, a family of good estate in this neighbourhood, in the descendants of which this manor remained for some time; but at the latter end of king Edward IV. it was become the property of Roger Appleton, from whom it passed to Hobday, and thence to Harman, of Crayford, from which name it was sold by Thomas Harman to Sir James Hales, who at or about the middle of queen Elizabeth's reign alienated it to Andrews, of Dover, who some few years afterwards sold it to Pepper, and he in king James I.'s reign conveyed it to Sir Thomas Wilford, of IIden, who in king Charles I.'s reign passed it away to Mr. William Richards, of Dover, whose descendant of the same name, devised it to his nephew John Sladden, of Dover, merchant, as he did to his sister Mary, who carried it in marriage to Mr. Thomas Fagge, of Dover, whose trustees, after his death, to perform the uses of her will, sold it in 1783 to Tho. Biggs, esq. of Dover, the present owner of it, who has much improved the mansion of this manor, by making several additional buildings to it. A court baron is held for this manor.
Charities.
THOMAS PEPPER, jurat of Dover, by his will in 1574, de vised to the poor within the parishes of our Lady of Dover and Hougham, one annuity of 40s to be distributed equally between them, issuing out of his manor of Syberstone, and the lands belonging to it, with power to distrain, &c. now vested in Phineas Stringer, esq. and the money is distributed to such as do not receive weekly allowance of the parish.
There is a house divided into two small dwellings, inhabited by two persons placed there by the churchwardens and overseers of the poor; but how it came to the parish is not known.
The poor constantly maintained are about twenty-five, casually fifteen.
HOUGHAM is within the ECCLESIASTICAL JURISDICTION of the diocese of Canterbury, and deanry of Dover.
The church, which is dedicated to St. Laurence, is an ancient building, but small, consisting of two small isles and a chancel, having neither tower nor steeple, but it has a place for three small bells. In the chancel lie buried several of the families of Hougham and Malmaines; the brasses of whose stones have been long since torn off, though the lines of their portraitures still remain. In the chancel is a monument for Wm. Fyneux, esq. son of Robert. He died in 1587; arms, Vert, a chevron, between three eagles displayed, or, crowned, gules, impaling Warren, azure, a cross, or; in the first and fourth quarters, a martlet; in the second and third, a chaplet of the second. Another for Peter Nepeau, gent. who lies buried in a vault underneath; he built and resided at the Elmes, in this parish, still continuing the trade of a merchant; he died in 1658. William, his only surviving son, married Sarah, daughter of Mr. Bulteel, of Tournay, in Flanders, who was also buried in this chancel. His youngest son William succeeded to the Elmes, which he sold, and settled at Twickenham; he died in 1710; arms, Azure, a fleece, or. Another for Robert Breton, esq he died in 1707; arms, Azure, a bend between six mullets, pierced, or. And for William Hannington, esq. who married a daughter of William Monings, lieutenant-governor of Dover-castle; he died in 1607.
¶This church was part of the possessions of the priory of St. Martin, to which it was appropriated by archbishop Stratford, in 1345, and a vicarage endowed in it, (fn. 7) both which were at the suppression, in the 27th year of king Henry VIII. granted with the scite of the priory and other possessions of it in the exchange to the archbishop, with a reservation of the antient pension from the prior of forty shillings to the vicar, in manner as has been frequently more particularly mentioned before. In which state they now continue, his grace the archbishop being possessed of the appropriation of this church, with the advowson of the vicarage of it. The parsonage is called Little Hougham court, which with the tithes are held under the archbishop by Mr. Thomas Walker, of Dover. The glebe land is ninety acres.
In 1588 here were one hundred and twenty communicants, and it was valued at forty pounds per annum. This vicarage is valued in the king's books at 6l. 13s. 4d. Archbishop Juxon, anno 14 Charles II. augmented this vicarage with twenty-five pounds, to be paid by the lessee of the great tithes, which was again confirmed anno 22 of that reign. The vicar still receives the antient pension of forty shillings from the archbishop. It is now a discharged living of about the clear yearly value of forty-six pounds.
A baby quilt for a friend inspired by the Warm Cool Quilt Along from In Color Order. Fabrics are from all over the place - mostly pulled from my stash. Finished size is 40x40. I'm very happy with how it finished up and I have enough blocks to do another one!
Data Value Hub
“How can Artificial Intelligence enable growth for SMEs”? Looking forward to hearing presentation on this topic for local SME's. datavaluehub.com/about-us/
7 November 2021, Kigoma, Tanzania - A boy pulls over a fishing boat in a landing site at the shore of the Lake Tanganyika in Kigoma, Tanzania.
Lake Tanganyika is the world’s second largest lake by volume with borders in Tanzania, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Burundi and Zambia. Millions of people rely on the rich aquatic biodiversity reserves for food and income.
Yet, post-harvest losses caused by poor handling and processing techniques, as well as the impacts of climate change and poor fishing methods are threatening the future of fishing on the lake. Illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing is a further cause of declining yields.
In Tanzania, FISH4ACP aims to strengthen and safeguard the sardine, sprat and perch value chains in Lake Tanganyika by investing in inclusive growth to bolster food security for future generations, reduce poverty and contribute to the conservation of natural resources.
FISH4CP is an initiative of the African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States (OACPS) implemented by FAO with funding from the European Union (EU) and the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Cooperation and Development (BMZ).
More on FISH4ACP Tanzania: www.fao.org/in-action/fish-4-acp/where-we-work/africa/tan...
Project: GCP /GLO/028/EC
Photo: ©FAO/Luis Tato
Astronauts from five space agencies around the world take part in ESA’s CAVES training course– Cooperative Adventure for Valuing and Exercising human behaviour and performance Skills.
The three-week course prepares astronauts to work safely and effectively in multicultural teams in an environment where safety is critical.
As they explore caves they encounter caverns, underground lakes and strange microscopic life. They test new technology and conduct science – just as if they were living on the International Space Station.
The six astronauts have to rely on their own skills, teamwork and ground control to achieve their mission goals – the course is designed to foster effective communication, decision-making, problem-solving, leadership and team dynamics.
The six cavenauts of this edition of CAVES are ESA astronaut Alexander Gerst, NASA astronauts Joe Acaba and Jeanette Epps, Roscosmos’ cosmonaut Nikolai Chub, Canadian Space Agency astronaut Josh Kutryk and Japan’s space agency Takuya Onishi.
Credits: ESA – V. Crobu
Vanilla is a flavor derived from orchids of the genus Vanilla, primarily from the Mexican species, flat-leaved vanilla (V. planifolia). The word vanilla, derived from the diminutive of the Spanish word vaina (vaina itself meaning sheath or pod), translates simply as "little pod". Pre-Columbian Mesoamerican people cultivated the vine of the vanilla orchid, called tlilxochitl by the Aztecs. Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés is credited with introducing both vanilla and chocolate to Europe in the 1520s.
Initial attempts to cultivate vanilla outside Mexico and Central America proved futile because of the symbiotic relationship between the vanilla orchid and its natural pollinator, the local species of Melipona bee. Pollination is required to set the fruit from which the flavoring is derived. In 1837, Belgian botanist Charles François Antoine Morren discovered this fact and pioneered a method of artificially pollinating the plant. The method proved financially unworkable and was not deployed commercially. In 1841, Edmond Albius, a slave who lived on the French island of Réunion in the Indian Ocean, discovered at the age of 12 that the plant could be hand-pollinated. Hand-pollination allowed global cultivation of the plant.
Three major species of vanilla currently are grown globally, all of which derive from a species originally found in Mesoamerica, including parts of modern-day Mexico. The various subspecies are Vanilla planifolia (syn. V. fragrans), grown on Madagascar, Réunion, and other tropical areas along the Indian Ocean; V. tahitensis, grown in the South Pacific; and V. pompona, found in the West Indies, and Central and South America. The majority of the world's vanilla is the V. planifolia species, more commonly known as Bourbon vanilla (after the former name of Réunion, Île Bourbon) or Madagascar vanilla, which is produced in Madagascar and neighboring islands in the southwestern Indian Ocean, and in Indonesia. Leptotes bicolor is used in the same way in South America.
Vanilla is the second most expensive spice after saffron, because growing the vanilla seed pods is labor-intensive. Despite the expense, vanilla is highly valued for its flavor, which author Frederic Rosengarten, Jr. described in The Book of Spices as "pure, spicy, and delicate"; he called its complex floral aroma a "peculiar bouquet". As a result, vanilla is widely used in both commercial and domestic baking, perfume manufacture and aromatherapy.
HISTORY
The Totonac people, who inhabit the East Coast of Mexico in the present-day state of Veracruz, were the first to cultivate vanilla. According to Totonac mythology, the tropical orchid was born when Princess Xanat, forbidden by her father from marrying a mortal, fled to the forest with her lover. The lovers were captured and beheaded. Where their blood touched the ground, the vine of the tropical orchid grew.
In the 15th century, Aztecs invading from the central highlands of Mexico conquered the Totonacs, and soon developed a taste for the vanilla pods. They named the fruit tlilxochitl, or "black flower", after the matured fruit, which shrivels and turns black shortly after it is picked. Subjugated by the Aztecs, the Totonacs paid tribute by sending vanilla fruit to the Aztec capital, Tenochtitlan.
Until the mid-19th century, Mexico was the chief producer of vanilla. In 1819, however, French entrepreneurs shipped vanilla fruits to the islands of Réunion and Mauritius in hopes of producing vanilla there. After Edmond Albius discovered how to pollinate the flowers quickly by hand, the pods began to thrive. Soon, the tropical orchids were sent from Réunion Island to the Comoros Islands Seychelles and Madagascar, along with instructions for pollinating them. By 1898, Madagascar, Réunion, and the Comoros Islands produced 200 metric tons of vanilla beans, about 80% of world production. According to the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation, Indonesia is currently responsible for the vast majority of the world's Bourbon vanilla production and 58% of the world total vanilla fruit production.
The market price of vanilla rose dramatically in the late 1970s after a tropical cyclone ravaged key croplands. Prices remained high through the early 1980s despite the introduction of Indonesian vanilla. In the mid-1980s, the cartel that had controlled vanilla prices and distribution since its creation in 1930 disbanded. Prices dropped 70% over the next few years, to nearly US$20 per kilogram; prices rose sharply again after tropical cyclone Hudah struck Madagascar in April 2000. The cyclone, political instability, and poor weather in the third year drove vanilla prices to an astonishing US$500 per kilogram in 2004, bringing new countries into the vanilla industry. A good crop, coupled with decreased demand caused by the production of imitation vanilla, pushed the market price down to the $40 per kilogram range in the middle of 2005. By 2010, prices were down to US$20/per kilo.
Madagascar (especially the fertile Sava region) accounts for much of the global production of vanilla. Mexico, once the leading producer of natural vanilla with an annual yield of 500 tons, produced only 10 tons of vanilla in 2006. An estimated 95% of "vanilla" products are artificially flavored with vanillin derived from lignin instead of vanilla fruits.
ETYMOLOGY
Vanilla was completely unknown in the Old World before Cortés. Spanish explorers arriving on the Gulf Coast of Mexico in the early 16th century gave vanilla its current name. Spanish and Portuguese sailors and explorers brought vanilla into Africa and Asia later that century. They called it vainilla, or "little pod". The word vanilla entered the English language in 1754, when the botanist Philip Miller wrote about the genus in his Gardener’s Dictionary. Vainilla is from the diminutive of vaina, from the Latin vagina (sheath) to describe the shape of the pods.
BIOLOGY
VANILLA ORCHID
The main species harvested for vanilla is Vanilla planifolia. Although it is native to Mexico, it is now widely grown throughout the tropics. Indonesia and Madagascar are the world's largest producers. Additional sources include Vanilla pompona and Vanilla tahitiensis (grown in Niue and Tahiti), although the vanillin content of these species is much less than Vanilla planifolia.
Vanilla grows as a vine, climbing up an existing tree (also called a tutor), pole, or other support. It can be grown in a wood (on trees), in a plantation (on trees or poles), or in a "shader", in increasing orders of productivity. Its growth environment is referred to as its terroir, and includes not only the adjacent plants, but also the climate, geography, and local geology. Left alone, it will grow as high as possible on the support, with few flowers. Every year, growers fold the higher parts of the plant downward so the plant stays at heights accessible by a standing human. This also greatly stimulates flowering.
The distinctively flavored compounds are found in the fruit, which results from the pollination of the flower. These seed pods are roughly a third of an inch by six inches, and brownish red to black when ripe. Inside of these pods are an oily liquid full of tiny seeds. One flower produces one fruit. V. planifolia flowers are hermaphroditic: They carry both male (anther) and female (stigma) organs; however, to avoid self-pollination, a membrane separates those organs. The flowers can be naturally pollinated only by bees of the Melipona genus found in Mexico (abeja de monte or mountain bee). This bee provided Mexico with a 300-year-long monopoly on vanilla production, from the time it was first discovered by Europeans. The first vanilla orchid to flower in Europe was in the London collection of the Honourable Charles Greville in 1806. Cuttings from that plant went to Netherlands and Paris, from which the French first transplanted the vines to their overseas colonies. The vines would grow, but would not fruit outside Mexico. Growers tried to bring this bee into other growing locales, to no avail. The only way to produce fruits without the bees is artificial pollination. And today, even in Mexico, hand pollination is used extensively.
In 1836, botanist Charles François Antoine Morren was drinking coffee on a patio in Papantla (in Veracruz, Mexico) and noticed black bees flying around the vanilla flowers next to his table. He watched their actions closely as they would land and work their way under a flap inside the flower, transferring pollen in the process. Within hours, the flowers closed and several days later, Morren noticed vanilla pods beginning to form. Morren immediately began experimenting with hand pollination. A few years later in 1841, a simple and efficient artificial hand-pollination method was developed by a 12-year-old slave named Edmond Albius on Réunion, a method still used today. Using a beveled sliver of bamboo, an agricultural worker lifts the membrane separating the anther and the stigma, then, using the thumb, transfers the pollinia from the anther to the stigma. The flower, self-pollinated, will then produce a fruit. The vanilla flower lasts about one day, sometimes less, so growers have to inspect their plantations every day for open flowers, a labor-intensive task.
The fruit, a seed capsule, if left on the plant, will ripen and open at the end; as it dries, the phenolic compounds crystallize, giving the fruits a diamond-dusted appearance, which the French call givre (hoarfrost). It will then release the distinctive vanilla smell. The fruit contains tiny, black seeds. In dishes prepared with whole natural vanilla, these seeds are recognizable as black specks. Both the pod and the seeds are used in cooking.
Like other orchids' seeds, vanilla seeds will not germinate without the presence of certain mycorrhizal fungi. Instead, growers reproduce the plant by cutting: they remove sections of the vine with six or more leaf nodes, a root opposite each leaf. The two lower leaves are removed, and this area is buried in loose soil at the base of a support. The remaining upper roots will cling to the support, and often grow down into the soil. Growth is rapid under good conditions.
CULTIVARS
Bourbon vanilla or Bourbon-Madagascar vanilla, produced from V. planifolia plants introduced from the Americas, is the term used for vanilla from Indian Ocean islands such as Madagascar, the Comoros, and Réunion, formerly the Île Bourbon. It is also used to describe the distinctive vanilla flavor derived from V. planifolia grown successfully in tropical countries such as India.
Mexican vanilla, made from the native V. planifolia, is produced in much less quantity and marketed as the vanilla from the land of its origin. Vanilla sold in tourist markets around Mexico is sometimes not actual vanilla extract, but is mixed with an extract of the tonka bean, which contains coumarin. Tonka bean extract smells and tastes like vanilla, but coumarin has been shown to cause liver damage in lab animals and is banned in food in the US by the Food and Drug Administration since 1954.
Tahitian vanilla is the name for vanilla from French Polynesia, made with the V. tahitiensis strain. Genetic analysis shows this species is possibly a cultivar from a hybrid-cross of V. planifolia and V. odorata. The species was introduced by French Admiral François Alphonse Hamelin to French Polynesia from the Philippines, where it was introduced from Guatemala by the Manila Galleon trade.
West Indian vanilla is made from V. pompona grown in the Caribbean and Central and South America.
The term French vanilla is often used to designate preparations with a strong vanilla aroma, containing vanilla grains and sometimes also containing eggs (especially egg yolks). The appellation originates from the French style of making vanilla ice cream with a custard base, using vanilla pods, cream, and egg yolks. Inclusion of vanilla varietals from any of the former French dependencies or overseas France noted for their exports may in fact be a part of the flavoring, though it may often be coincidental. Alternatively, French vanilla is taken to refer to a vanilla-custard flavor. Syrup labeled as French vanilla may include custard, hazelnut, caramel or butterscotch flavors in addition to vanilla.
CHEMISTRY
Vanilla essence comes in two forms. Real seedpod extract is an extremely complicated mixture of several hundred different compounds, including vanillin, acetaldehyde, acetic acid, furfural, hexanoic acid, 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, eugenol, methyl cinnamate, and isobutyric acid. Synthetic essence consists of a solution of synthetic vanillin in ethanol.
The chemical compound vanillin (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde) is a major contributor to the characteristic flavor and aroma of real vanilla, but hundreds of compounds contribute to a complex flavor that vanillin can only approximate. Another minor component of vanilla extract is piperonal (heliotropin). Vanillin was first isolated from vanilla pods by Gobley in 1858. By 1874, it had been obtained from glycosides of pine tree sap, temporarily causing a depression in the natural vanilla industry. Vanillin can be easily synthesized from various raw materials, but the majority of food grade (>99% pure) vanillin is made from guaiacol.
PRODUCTION
GENERAL GUIDELINES
In general, quality vanilla will only come from good vines and through careful production methods. Commercial vanilla production can be performed under open field and "greenhouse" operations. Both production systems share the following similarities:
Plant height and number of years before producing the first grains
Shade necessities
Amount of organic matter needed
A tree or frame to grow around (bamboo, coconut or Erythrina lanceolata)
Labor intensity (pollination and harvest activities)
Vanilla grows best in a hot, humid climate from sea level to an elevation of 1500 m. The ideal climate has moderate rainfall, 1500–3000 mm, evenly distributed through 10 months of the year. Optimum temperatures for cultivation are 15–30 °C during the day and 15–20 °C during the night. Ideal humidity is around 80%, and under normal greenhouse conditions, it can be achieved by an evaporative cooler. However, since greenhouse vanilla is grown near the equator and under polymer (HDPE) netting (shading of 50%), this humidity can be achieved by the environment. Most successful vanilla growing and processing is done in the region within 10 to 20° of the equator.
Soils for vanilla cultivation should be loose, with high organic matter content and loamy texture. They must be well drained, and a slight slope helps in this condition. Soil pH has not been well documented, but some researchers have indicated an optimum soil pH of around 5.3. Mulch is very important for proper growth of the vine, and a considerable portion of mulch should be placed in the base of the vine. Fertilization varies with soil conditions, but general recommendations are: 40 to 60 g of N, 20 to 30 g of P2O5 and 60 to 100 g of K2O should be applied to each plant per year besides organic manures, such as vermicompost, oil cakes, poultry manure and wood ash. Foliar applications are also good for vanilla, and a solution of 1% NPK (17:17:17) can be sprayed on the plant once a month. Vanilla requires organic matter, so three or four applications of mulch a year are adequate for the plant.
PROPAGATION, PREPARATION AND TYPE OF STOCK
Dissemination of vanilla can be achieved either by stem cutting or by tissue culture. For stem cutting, a progeny garden needs to be established. Recommendations for establishing this garden vary, but in general, trenches of 60 cm in width, 45 cm in depth and 60 cm spacing for each plant are necessary. All plants need to grow under 50% shade, as well as the rest of the crop. Mulching the trenches with coconut husk and micro irrigation provide an ideal microclimate for vegetative growth. Cuttings between 60 and 120 cm should be selected for planting in the field or greenhouse. Cuttings below 60 to 120 cm need to be rooted and raised in a separate nursery before planting. Planting material should always come from unflowered portions of the vine. Wilting of the cuttings before planting provides better conditions for root initiation and establishment.
Before planting the cuttings, trees to support the vine must be planted at least three months before sowing the cuttings. Pits of 30 x 30 x 30 cm are dug 30 cm away from the tree and filled with farm yard manure (vermicompost), sand and top soil mixed well. An average of 2000 cuttings can be planted per hectare. One important consideration is that when planting the cuttings from the base, four leaves should be pruned and the pruned basal point must be pressed into the soil in a way such that the nodes are in close contact with the soil, and are placed at a depth of 15 to 20 cm. The top portion of the cutting is tied to the tree using natural fibers such as banana or hemp.
TISSUE CULTURE
Tissue culture was first used as a means of creating vanilla plants during the 1980s at Tamil Nadu University. This was the part of the first project to grow V. planifolia in India. At that time, a shortage of vanilla planting stock was occurring in India. The approach was inspired by the work going on to tissue culture other flowering plants. Several methods have been proposed for vanilla tissue culture, but all of them begin from axillary buds of the vanilla vine. In vitro multiplication has also been achieved through culture of callus masses, protocorns, root tips and stem nodes. Description of any of these processes can be obtained from the references listed before, but all of them are successful in generation of new vanilla plants that first need to be grown up to a height of at least 30 cm before they can be planted in the field or greenhouse.
SCHEDULING CONSIDERATIONS
In the tropics, the ideal time for planting vanilla is from September to November, when the weather is neither too rainy nor too dry, but this recommendation varies with growing conditions. Cuttings take one to eight weeks to establish roots, and show initial signs of growth from one of the leaf axils. A thick mulch of leaves should be provided immediately after planting as an additional source of organic matter. Three years are required for cuttings to grow enough to produce flowers and subsequent pods. As with most orchids, the blossoms grow along stems branching from the main vine. The buds, growing along the 15 to 25 cm stems, bloom and mature in sequence, each at a different interval.
POLLINATION
Flowering normally occurs every spring, and without pollination, the blossom wilts and falls, and no vanilla bean can grow. Each flower must be hand-pollinated within 12 hours of opening. In the wild, very few natural pollinators exist, with most pollination being carried out by bees of the genus Melipona.[citation needed] These pollinators do not exist outside the orchid's home range, and even within that range, vanilla orchids have only a 1% chance of successful pollination. As a result, all vanilla grown today is pollinated by hand. A small splinter of wood or a grass stem is used to lift the rostellum or move the flap upward, so the overhanging anther can be pressed against the stigma and self-pollinate the vine. Generally, one flower per raceme opens per day, so the raceme may be in flower for over 20 days. A healthy vine should produce about 50 to 100 beans per year, but growers are careful to pollinate only five or six flowers from the 20 on each raceme. The first flowers that open per vine should be pollinated, so the beans are similar in age. These agronomic practices facilitate harvest and increases bean quality. It takes the fruits five to six weeks to develop, but it takes around six months for the bean to mature. Over-pollination will result in diseases and inferior bean quality. A vine remains productive between 12 and 14 years.
PEST AND DISEASE MANAGEMENT
Most diseases come from the uncharacteristic growing conditions of vanilla. Therefore, conditions such as excess water, insufficient drainage, heavy mulch, overpollination and too much shade favor disease development. Vanilla is susceptible to many fungal and viral diseases. Fusarium, Sclerotium, Phytophthora, and Colletrotrichum species cause rots of root, stem, leaf, bean and shoot apex. These diseases can be controlled by spraying Bordeaux mixture (1%), carbendazim (0.2%) and copper oxychloride (0.2%).
Biological control of the spread of such diseases can be managed by applying to the soil Trichoderma (0.5 kg) per plant in the rhizosphere) and foliar application of pseudomonads (0.2%). Mosaic virus, leaf curl and cymbidium mosaic potex virus are the common viral diseases. These diseases are transmitted through the sap, so affected plants must be destroyed. The insect pests of vanilla include beetles and weevils that attack the flower, caterpillars, snakes and slugs that damage the tender parts of shoot, flower buds and immature fruit, and grasshoppers that affect cutting shoot tips. If organic agriculture is practiced, insecticides are avoided, and mechanical measures are adopted for pest management. Most of these practices are implemented under greenhouse cultivation, since such field conditions are very difficult to achieve.
ARTIFICIAL VANILLA
Most artificial vanilla products contain vanillin, which can be produced synthetically from lignin, a natural polymer found in wood. Most synthetic vanillin is a byproduct from the pulp used in papermaking, in which the lignin is broken down using sulfites or sulfates. However, vanillin is only one of 171 identified aromatic components of real vanilla fruits.
The orchid species Leptotes bicolor is used as a natural vanilla replacement in Paraguay and southern Brazil.
NONPLANT VANILLA FLAVORING
In the United States, castoreum, the exudate from the castor sacs of mature beavers, has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a food additive, often referenced simply as a "natural flavoring" in the product's list of ingredients. It is used in both food and beverages, especially as vanilla and raspberry flavoring. It is also used to flavor some cigarettes and in perfume-making.
STAGES OF PRODUCTION
HARVEST
The vanilla fruit grows quickly on the vine, but is not ready for harvest until maturity - approximately six months. Harvesting vanilla fruits is as labor-intensive as pollinating the blossoms. Immature dark green pods are not harvested. Pale yellow discoloration that commences at the distal end of the fruits is an indication of the maturity of pods. Each fruit ripens at its own time, requiring a daily harvest. To ensure the finest flavor from every fruit, each individual pod must be picked by hand just as it begins to split on the end. Overmatured fruits are likely to split, causing a reduction in market value. Its commercial value is fixed based on the length and appearance of the pod.
If the fruit is more than 15 cm in length, it belongs to first-quality product. The largest fruits greater than 16 cm and up to as much as 21 cm are usually reserved for the gourmet vanilla market, for sale to top chefs and restaurants. If the fruits are between 10 and 15 cm long, pods are under the second-quality category, and fruits less than 10 cm in length are under the third-quality category. Each fruit contains thousands of tiny black vanilla seeds. Vanilla fruit yield depends on the care and management given to the hanging and fruiting vines. Any practice directed to stimulate aerial root production has a direct effect on vine productivity. A five-year-old vine can produce between 1.5 and 3 kg pods, and this production can increase up to 6 kg after a few years. The harvested green fruit can be commercialized as such or cured to get a better market price.
CURING
Several methods exist in the market for curing vanilla; nevertheless, all of them consist of four basic steps: killing, sweating, slow-drying, and conditioning of the beans.
KILLING
The vegetative tissue of the vanilla pod is killed to stop the vegetative growth of the pods and disrupt the cells and tissue of the fruits, which initiates enzymatic reactions responsible for the aroma. The method of killing varies, but may be accomplished by heating in hot water, freezing, or scratching, or killing by heating in an oven or exposing the beans to direct sunlight. The different methods give different profiles of enzymatic activity.
Testing has shown mechanical disruption of fruit tissues can cause curing processes,[40] including the degeneration of glucovanillin to vanillin, so the reasoning goes that disrupting the tissues and cells of the fruit allow enzymes and enzyme substrates to interact.
Hot-water killing may consist of dipping the pods in hot water (63–65 °C) for three minutes, or at 80 °C for 10 seconds. In scratch killing, fruits are scratched along their length. Frozen or quick-frozen fruits must be thawed again for the subsequent sweating stage. Tied in bundles and rolled in blankets, fruits may be placed in an oven at 60 °C for 36 to 48 hours. Exposing the fruits to sunlight until they turn brown is a method originating in Mexico that was practiced by the Aztecs.
SWEATING
Sweating is a hydrolytic and oxidative process. Traditionally, it consists of keeping fruits, for seven to 10 days, densely stacked and insulated in wool or other cloth. This retains a temperature of 45–65 °C and high humidity. Daily exposure to the sun may also be used, or dipping the fruits in hot water. The fruits are brown and have attained much of the characteristic vanilla flavor and aroma by the end of this process, but still retain a 60-70% moisture content by weight.
DRYING
Reduction of the beans to 25–30% moisture by weight, to prevent rotting and to lock the aroma in the pods, is always achieved by some exposure of the beans to air, and usually (and traditionally) intermittent shade and sunlight. Fruits may be laid out in the sun during the mornings and returned to their boxes in the afternoons, or spread on a wooden rack in a room for three to four weeks, sometimes with periods of sun exposure. Drying is the most problematic of the curing stages; unevenness in the drying process can lead to the loss of vanillin content of some fruits by the time the others are cured.
CONDITIONING
Conditioning is performed by storing the pods for five to six months in closed boxes, where the fragrance develops. The processed fruits are sorted, graded, bundled, and wrapped in paraffin paper and preserved for the development of desired bean qualities, especially flavor and aroma. The cured vanilla fruits contain an average of 2.5% vanillin.
GRADING
Once fully cured, the vanilla fruits are sorted by quality and graded.
Several vanilla fruit grading systems are in use. Each country which produces vanilla has its own grading system, and individual vendors, in turn, sometimes use their own criteria for describing the quality of the fruits they offer for sale.
In general, vanilla fruit grade is based on the length, appearance (color, sheen, presence of any splits, presence of blemishes), and moisture content of the fruit. Whole, dark, plump and oily pods that are visually attractive, with no blemishes, and that have a higher moisture content are graded most highly. Such pods are particularly prized by chefs for their appearance and can be featured in gourmet dishes. Beans that show localized signs of disease or other physical defects are cut to remove the blemishes; the shorter fragments left are called “cuts” and are assigned lower grades, as are fruits with lower moisture contents. Lower-grade fruits tend to be favored for uses in which the appearance is not as important, such as in the production of vanilla flavoring extract and in the fragrance industry.
Higher-grade fruits command higher prices in the market. However, because grade is so dependent on visual appearance and moisture content, fruits with the highest grade do not necessarily contain the highest concentration of characteristic flavor molecules such as vanillin, and are not necessarily the most flavorful.
USAGE
CULINARY USES
There are four main commercial preparations of natural vanilla:
- whole pod
- powder (ground pods, kept pure or blended with sugar, starch, or other ingredients)
- extract (in alcoholic or occasionally glycerol solution; both pure and imitation forms of vanilla contain at least 35% alcohol)
- vanilla sugar, a pre-packaged mix of sugar and vanilla extract
Vanilla flavoring in food may be achieved by adding vanilla extract or by cooking vanilla pods in the liquid preparation. A stronger aroma may be attained if the pods are split in two, exposing more of a pod's surface area to the liquid. In this case, the pods' seeds are mixed into the preparation. Natural vanilla gives a brown or yellow color to preparations, depending on the concentration. Good-quality vanilla has a strong aromatic flavor, but food with small amounts of low-quality vanilla or artificial vanilla-like flavorings are far more common, since true vanilla is much more expensive.
A major use of vanilla is in flavoring ice cream. The most common flavor of ice cream is vanilla, and thus most people consider it to be the "default" flavor. By analogy, the term "vanilla" is sometimes used as a synonym for "plain". Although vanilla is a prized flavoring agent on its own, it is also used to enhance the flavor of other substances, to which its own flavor is often complementary, such as chocolate, custard, caramel, coffee, cakes, and others.
The food industry uses methyl and ethyl vanillin. Ethyl vanillin is more expensive, but has a stronger note. Cook's Illustrated ran several taste tests pitting vanilla against vanillin in baked goods and other applications, and, to the consternation of the magazine editors, tasters could not differentiate the flavor of vanillin from vanilla; however, for the case of vanilla ice cream, natural vanilla won out. A more recent and thorough test by the same group produced a more interesting variety of results; namely, high-quality artificial vanilla flavoring is best for cookies, while high-quality real vanilla is very slightly better for cakes and significantly better for unheated or lightly heated foods.
It was once believed that the liquid extracted from vanilla pods had medical properties, helping with various stomach ailments.
WIKIPEDIA
Title Slide for Core Value series: The Bible is the Word of God. This is a generic design to be used for all Core Values (just swap out the text under the text "Core Value"). The imagery is of the county in which Life Church Calvert resides and serves (our "core" location").
The text wrapping around the circle or "core" is a list of all our core values. For each series the core value that is being taught would be in the center underneath "Core Value"
A good panoramic view of China’s recent development and its current rejection of the democracy model for its own governance, by former Singapore ambassador to the UN, Kishore Mahbubani:
Columbia Professor Jeffrey Sachs on the Covid vaccines, New World Order, global leadership and multilateralism:
Former U.S. Ambassador Max Baucus on Speaker Nancy Pelosi's Taiwan trip:
----------
The Foreign Affairs article below is typical American, full of obligatory and unsubstantiated propaganda spread by the West even though it's not all complimentary about the U.S. The fact is China has alleviated extreme poverty; millions of Chinese tourists have visited overseas with hundreds of thousands of students attended various universities in the West without a single individual seeking political asylum. If China were as repressive as the West describes, wouldn't these tourists and students seek political asylum while abroad? There have been no proven evidence of any mistreatment of Uyghurs inside China. If as many as 2 million Uyghurs were incarcerated, surely, the West can show us satellite photos of these humongous prison camps, right? The fact is an overwhelming majority of the people in China believe their country is heading the right direction.
worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/freedom-index-...
In this 2022 freedom Index, Hong Kong ranks #30, ahead of South Korea (31) France (34) and Singapore (48).
When President Jimmy Carter established diplomatic relationship with China in 1978, he agreed to the Shanghai Communiqué which reads, among others, "The Government of the United States of America acknowledges the Chinese position that there is but one China and Taiwan is part of China."
The author fails to disclose that Taiwan's Tsai Ing-wen unwillingness to accept the 1992 Consensus is one of main reasons for Mainland China's treatment of her.
www.foreignaffairs.com/china/china-trap-us-foreign-policy...
The China Trap
U.S. Foreign Policy and the Perilous Logic of Zero-Sum Competition
By Jessica Chen Weiss
Competition with China has begun to consume U.S. foreign policy. Seized with the challenge of a near-peer rival whose interests and values diverge sharply from those of the United States, U.S. politicians and policymakers are becoming so focused on countering China that they risk losing sight of the affirmative interests and values that should underpin U.S. strategy. The current course will not just bring indefinite deterioration of the U.S.-Chinese relationship and a growing danger of catastrophic conflict; it also threatens to undermine the sustainability of American leadership in the world and the vitality of American society and democracy at home.
There is, of course, good reason why a more powerful China has become the central concern of policymakers and strategists in Washington (and plenty of other capitals). Under President Xi Jinping especially, Beijing has grown more authoritarian at home and more coercive abroad. It has brutally repressed Uyghurs in Xinjiang, crushed democratic freedoms in Hong Kong, rapidly expanded its conventional and nuclear arsenals, aggressively intercepted foreign military aircraft in the East and South China Seas, condoned Russian President Vladimir Putin’s invasion of Ukraine and amplified Russian disinformation, exported censorship and surveillance technology, denigrated democracies, worked to reshape international norms—the list could go on and will likely only get longer, especially if Xi secures a third five-year term and further solidifies his control later this year.
Yet well-warranted alarm risks morphing into a reflexive fear that could reshape American policy and society in counterproductive and ultimately harmful ways. In attempting to craft a national strategy suited to a more assertive and more powerful China, Washington has struggled to define success, or even a steady state, short of total victory or total defeat, that both governments could eventually accept and at a cost that citizens, businesses, and other stakeholders would be willing to bear. Without a clear sense of what it seeks or any semblance of a domestic consensus on how the United States should relate to the world, U.S. foreign policy has become reactive, spinning in circles rather than steering toward a desired destination.
To its credit, the Biden administration has acknowledged that the United States and its partners must provide an attractive alternative to what China is offering, and it has taken some steps in the right direction, such as multilateral initiatives on climate and hunger. Yet the instinct to counter every Chinese initiative, project, and provocation remains predominant, crowding out efforts to revitalize an inclusive international system that would protect U.S. interests and values even as global power shifts and evolves. Even with the war in Ukraine claiming considerable U.S. attention and resources, the conflict’s broader effect has been to intensify focus on geopolitical competition, reinforced by Chinese-Russian convergence.
Leaders in both Washington and Beijing claim to want to avoid a new Cold War. The fact is that their countries are already engaged in a global struggle. The United States seeks to perpetuate its preeminence and an international system that privileges its interests and values; China sees U.S. leadership as weakened by hypocrisy and neglect, providing an opening to force others to accept its influence and legitimacy. On both sides, there is growing fatalism that a crisis is unavoidable and perhaps even necessary: that mutually accepted rules of fair play and coexistence will come only after the kind of eyeball-to-eyeball confrontation that characterized the early years of the Cold War—survival of which was not guaranteed then and would be even less assured now.
Even in the absence of a crisis, a reactive posture has begun to drive a range of U.S. policies. Washington frequently falls into the trap of trying to counter Chinese efforts around the world without appreciating what local governments and populations want. Lacking a forward-looking vision aligned with a realistic assessment of the resources at its disposal, it struggles to prioritize across domains and regions. It too often compromises its own broader interests as fractious geopolitics make necessary progress on global challenges all but impossible. The long-term risk is that the United States will be unable to manage a decades-long competition without falling into habits of intolerance at home and overextension abroad. In attempting to out-China China, the United States could undermine the strengths and obscure the vision that should be the basis for sustained American leadership.
The lodestar for a better approach must be the world that the United States seeks: what it wants, rather than what it fears. Whether sanctions or tariffs or military moves, policies should be judged on the basis of whether they further progress toward that world rather than whether they undermine some Chinese interest or provide some advantage over Beijing. They should represent U.S. power at its best rather than mirroring the behavior it aims to avert. And rather than looking back nostalgically at its past preeminence, Washington must commit, with actions as well as words, to a positive-sum vision of a reformed international system that includes China and meets the existential need to tackle shared challenges.
That does not mean giving up well-calibrated efforts to deter Chinese aggression, enhance resilience against Chinese coercion, and reinforce U.S. alliances. But these must be paired with meaningful discussions with Beijing, not only about crisis communications and risk reduction but also about plausible terms of coexistence and the future of the international system—a future that Beijing will necessarily have some role in shaping. An inclusive and affirmative global vision would both discipline competition and make clear what Beijing has to lose. Otherwise, as the relationship deteriorates and the sense of threat grows, the logic of zero-sum competition will become even more overwhelming, and the resulting escalatory spiral will undermine both American interests and American values. That logic will warp global priorities and erode the international system. It will fuel pervasive insecurity and reinforce a tendency toward groupthink, damaging the pluralism and civic inclusion that are the bedrock of liberal democracy. And if not altered, it will perpetuate a vicious cycle that will eventually bring catastrophe.
THE INEVITABLE RIVALRY?
In Washington, the standard account for why the relationship has gotten so bad is that China changed: in the past decade or two, Beijing has stopped “biding its time,” becoming more repressive at home and assertive abroad even while continuing to take advantage of the relationships and institutions that have enabled China’s economic growth.
That change is certainly part of the story, and it is as much a product of China’s growing clout as of Xi’s way of using that clout. But a complete account must also acknowledge corresponding changes in U.S. politics and policy as the United States has reacted to developments in China. Washington has met Beijing’s actions with an array of punitive actions and protective policies, from tariffs and sanctions to restrictions on commercial and scientific exchanges. In the process, the United States has drifted further from the principles of openness and nondiscrimination that have long been a comparative advantage while reinforcing Beijing’s conviction that the United States will never tolerate a more powerful China. Meanwhile, the United States has wavered in its support for the international institutions and agreements that have long structured global interdependence, driven in part by consternation over China’s growing influence within the international system.
The more combative approach, on both sides, has produced a mirroring dynamic. While Beijing believes that only through protracted struggle will Americans be persuaded to coexist with a strong China, Washington believes that it must check Chinese power and influence to defend U.S. primacy. The result is a downward spiral, with each side’s efforts to enhance its security prompting the other to take further steps to enhance its own.
In explaining growing U.S.-Chinese tensions, some scholars point to structural shifts in the balance of power. Graham Allison has written of “the Thucydides trap”: the notion that when a rising state challenges an established power, a war for hegemony frequently results. Yet a focus on capabilities alone has trouble accounting for the twists and turns in U.S.-Chinese relations, which are also driven by shifting perceptions of threat, opportunity, and purpose. Following President Richard Nixon’s 1972 visit to Beijing, Washington came to view China as a strategic partner in containing the Soviet Union. And as the post–Cold War era dawned, U.S. policymakers began hedging against growing Chinese military power even while seeking to encourage the country’s economic and political liberalization through greater integration.
Throughout this period, Chinese leaders saw a strategic opportunity to prioritize China’s development in a stable international environment. They opened the country’s doors to foreign investment and capitalist practices, seeking to learn from foreign expertise while periodically campaigning against “spiritual pollution” and “bourgeois liberalization.” Despite occasional attempts to signal resolve, including during the 1995–96 Taiwan Strait crisis and after the 1999 NATO bombing of the Chinese embassy in Yugoslavia, Chinese leaders largely adhered to the former leader Deng Xiaoping’s lying-low strategy to avoid triggering the sense of threat that could precipitate efforts to strangle China’s rise.
If there is a year that marked an inflection point in China’s approach to the world, it is not 2012, when Xi came to power, but 2008. The global financial crisis prompted Beijing to discard any notion that China was the student and the United States the teacher when it came to economic governance. And the Beijing Olympics that year were meant to mark China’s arrival on the world stage, but much of the world was focused instead on riots in Tibet, which Chinese officials chalked up to outside meddling, and on China’s subsequent crackdown. The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) became increasingly fixated on the idea that foreign forces were intent on thwarting China’s rise.
In the years that followed, the halting movement toward liberalization went into reverse: the party cracked down on the teaching of liberal ideas and the activities of foreign nongovernmental organizations, crushed pro-democracy protests in Hong Kong, and built a sprawling surveillance state and system of internment camps in Xinjiang—all manifestations of a broader conception of “national security,” animated by fears of unrest. Internationally, China gave up any semblance of strategic humility. It became more assertive in defending its territorial and maritime claims (along the Indian border, in the East and South China Seas, and with regard to Taiwan). Having surpassed Japan as the world’s second-largest economy in 2010, it began wielding its economic power to compel deference to CCP interests. It ramped up development of military capabilities that could counter U.S. intervention in the region, including expanding its once limited nuclear arsenal. The decision to develop many of these capabilities predated Xi, but it was under his leadership that Beijing embraced a more coercive and intolerant approach.
As it registered China’s growing capabilities and willingness to use them, Washington increased its hedging. The Obama administration announced that it would “pivot” to Asia, and even as Washington sought a constructive role for China in the international system, the pace of China’s rise quickly outstripped U.S. willingness to grant it a correspondingly significant voice. With Donald Trump’s election as president, Washington’s assessment became especially extreme: a Marxist-Leninist regime was, in Trump’s telling, out to “rape” the United States, dominate the world, and subvert democracy. In response, the Trump administration started a trade war, began to talk of “decoupling” the U.S. and Chinese economies, and launched a series of initiatives aimed at countering Chinese influence and undermining the CCP. In speeches, senior U.S. officials hinted at regime change, calling for steps to “empower the Chinese people” to seek a different form of government and stressing that “Chinese history contains another path for China’s people.”
The Biden administration has stopped any talk of regime change in China and coordinated its approach closely with allies and partners, a contrast with Trump’s unilateralism. But it has at the same time continued many of its predecessor’s policies and endorsed the assessment that China’s growing influence must be checked. Some lines of effort, such as the Justice Department’s China Initiative, which sought to prosecute intellectual property theft and economic espionage, have been modified. But others have been sustained, including tariffs, export controls, and visa restrictions, or expanded, such as sanctions against Chinese officials and companies. In Congress, meanwhile, ever more vehement opposition to China may be the sole thing that Democrats and Republicans can agree on, though even this shared concern has produced only limited agreement (such as recent legislation on domestic semiconductor investments) on how the United States should compete.
Over five decades, the United States tried a combination of engagement and deterrence to bring China into an international system that broadly sustains U.S. interests and values. American policymakers knew well that their Chinese counterparts were committed to defending CCP rule, but Washington calculated that the world would be less dangerous with China inside rather than outside the system. That bet largely succeeded—and is still better than the alternative. Yet many in Washington always hoped for, and to varying degrees sought to promote, China’s liberal evolution as well. China’s growing authoritarianism has thus fed the narrative of a comprehensive U.S. policy failure, and the focus on correcting that failure has entrenched Beijing’s insecurity and belief that the United States and its allies will not accept China as a superpower.
Now, both countries are intent on doing whatever is necessary to demonstrate that any move by the other will not go unmet. Both U.S. and Chinese decision-makers believe that the other side respects only strength and interprets restraint as weakness. At this year’s Shangri-La Dialogue in Singapore in June, China’s defense minister, General Wei Fenghe, pledged to “fight to the very end” over Taiwan a day after meeting with U.S. Defense Secretary Lloyd Austin.
TELL ME HOW THIS ENDS
Where the current trajectory leads is clear: a more dangerous and less habitable world defined by an ever-present risk of confrontation and crisis, with preparation for conflict taking precedence over tackling common challenges.
Most policymakers, at least those in Washington, are not seeking a crisis between the United States and China. But there is growing acceptance that a crisis is more or less inevitable. Its consequences would be enormous. Even if both sides want to avoid war, crises by definition offer little time for response amid intense public scrutiny, making it difficult to find pathways to deescalation. Even the limited application of force or coercion could set in motion an unpredictable set of responses across multiple domains—military, economic, diplomatic, informational. As leaders maneuver to show resolve and protect their domestic reputations, a crisis could prove very difficult to contain.
Taiwan is the most likely flash point, as changes in both Taipei and Beijing have increasingly put the island at the center of U.S.-Chinese tensions. Demographic and generational shifts in Taiwan, combined with China’s crackdown in Hong Kong, have heightened Taiwan’s resistance to the idea of Beijing’s control and made peaceful unification seem increasingly fanciful. After Taiwan’s traditionally pro-independence Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) won the presidency in 2016, Beijing took a hard line against the new president, Tsai Ing-wen, despite her careful efforts to avoid moves toward formal independence. Cross strait channels of communication shut down, and Beijing relied on increasingly coercive measures to punish and deter what it perceived as incremental moves toward Taiwan’s permanent separation.
In response, the United States increased military patrols in and around the Taiwan Strait, loosened guidelines for interacting with Taiwanese officials, broadened U.S. declaratory policy to emphasize support for Taiwan, and continued to advocate for Taiwan’s meaningful participation in international organizations, including the United Nations. Yet many well-intentioned U.S. efforts to support the island and deter China have instead fueled Beijing’s sense of urgency about the need to send a shot across the bow to deter steadily growing U.S.-Taiwanese ties.
Even with an official U.S. policy of “strategic ambiguity” on whether the United States would intervene in the event of an attack on Taiwan, Chinese military planners expect U.S. involvement. Indeed, the anticipated difficulty of seizing Taiwan while also holding the United States at bay has long underpinned deterrence across the Taiwan Strait. But many U.S. actions intended to bolster the island’s ability to resist coercion have been symbolic rather than substantive, doing more to provoke than deter Beijing. For example, the Trump administration’s efforts to upend norms around U.S. engagement with Taiwan—in August 2020, Secretary for Health and Human Services Alex Azar became the highest-ranking cabinet member to visit Taiwan since full normalization of U.S.-Chinese relations in 1979—prompted China to send combat aircraft across the center line of the Taiwan Strait, ignoring an unofficial guardrail that had long served to facilitate safe operations in the waterway. Intrusions into Taiwan’s Air Defense Identification Zone (ADIZ) have become a frequent means for Beijing to register displeasure with growing U.S. support. In October 2021, Chinese intrusions into Taiwan’s ADIZ hit a new high—93 aircraft over three days—in response to nearby U.S.-led military exercises.
This action-reaction cycle, driven by mutually reinforcing developments in Beijing, Taipei, and Washington, is accelerating the deterioration of peace and stability across the Taiwan Strait. In recent months, Chinese official rhetoric has become increasingly threatening, using phrases that have historically signaled China’s intent to escalate. “Whoever plays with fire will get burnt,” Xi has repeatedly told U.S. President Joe Biden. In May, after Biden implied an unconditional commitment to defend Taiwan, rather than simply expressing the longstanding U.S. obligation to provide the island with the military means to defend itself and to maintain the U.S. capacity to resist any use of force, the Chinese Foreign Ministry stressed that Beijing “will take firm actions to safeguard its sovereignty and security interests.”
Although Beijing continues to prefer peaceful unification, it is coming to believe that coercive measures may be necessary to halt moves toward Taiwan’s permanent separation and compel steps toward unification, particularly given the Chinese perception that Washington’s support for Taiwan is a means to contain China. Even if confidence in China’s military and economic trajectory leads Beijing to believe that “time and momentum” remain on its side, political trends in Taiwan and in the United States make officials increasingly pessimistic about prospects for peaceful unification. Beijing has not set a timetable for seizing Taiwan and does not appear to be looking for an excuse to do so. Still, as the political scientist Taylor Fravel has shown, China has used force when it thinks its claims of sovereignty are being challenged. High-profile symbolic gestures of U.S. support for Taiwan are especially likely to be construed as an affront that must be answered. (As of this writing, Nancy Pelosi’s visit to Taiwan, the first trip by a U.S. speaker of the house since 1997, has prompted Chinese warnings that “the Chinese military will never sit idly by,” followed by unprecedently threatening military exercises and missile tests around Taiwan.)
As both the United States and Taiwan head into presidential elections in 2024, party politics could prompt more efforts to push the envelope on Taiwan’s political status and de jure independence. It is far from clear whether Tsai’s successor as president will be as steadfast as she has been in resisting pressure from strident advocates of independence. Even under Tsai, there have been troubling signs that DPP leaders are not content with the status quo despite its popularity with voters. DPP leaders have lobbied Washington to refrain from making statements that the United States does not support Taiwan independence. In March, Taipei’s representative office in Washington gave former Secretary of State Mike Pompeo a hefty honorarium to visit Taiwan, where he called on the United States to offer the island “diplomatic recognition as a free and sovereign country.”
The risk of a fatal collision in the air or at sea is also rising outside the Taiwan Strait. With the Chinese and U.S. militaries operating in proximity in the East and South China Seas, both intent on demonstrating their willingness to fight, pilots and operators are employing dangerous tactics that raise the risk of an inadvertent clash. In 2001, a Chinese fighter jet collided with a U.S. reconnaissance plane over the South China Sea, killing the Chinese pilot and leading to the 11-day detention of the U.S. crew. After initial grandstanding, the Chinese worked to head off a full-blown crisis, even cracking down on displays of anti-Americanism in the streets. It is much harder to imagine such a resolution today: the desire to display resolve and avoid showing weakness would make it exceedingly difficult to defuse a standoff.
THE CENTER CANNOT HOLD
Even if the two sides can avoid a crisis, continuation of the current course will reinforce geopolitical divisions while inhibiting cooperation on global problems. The United States is increasingly focused on rallying countries around the world to stand against China. But to the extent that a coalition to counter China forms, especially given the ideological framing that both the Trump and Biden administrations have adopted, that coalition is unlikely to include the range of partners that might stand to defend universal laws and institutions. “Asian countries do not want to be forced to choose between the two,” Singaporean Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong wrote of China and the United States in these pages in 2020. “And if either attempts to force such a choice—if Washington tries to contain China’s rise or Beijing seeks to build an exclusive sphere of influence in Asia—they will begin a course of confrontation that will last decades and put the long-heralded Asian century in jeopardy.”
The current approach to competition is also likely to strengthen the alignment between China and Russia. The Biden administration has managed to deter Chinese military assistance to Russia in Ukraine, and China has mostly complied with sanctions, demonstrating that there are in fact limits to Beijing and Moscow’s “no limits” partnership. But so long as the two governments share a belief that they cannot be secure in a U.S.-led system, they will continue to deepen their cooperation. In the months since the invasion of Ukraine, they have carried out joint military patrols in the Pacific Ocean and worked to develop alternatives to the U.S.-controlled financial system.
Ultimately, Chinese-Russian relations will be shaped by how Beijing weighs its need to resist the United States against its need to preserve ties to international capital and technology that foster growth. China’s alignment with Russia is not historically determined: there is an ongoing high-level debate within Beijing over how close to get to Moscow, with the costs of full-fledged alignment producing consternation among some Chinese analysts. Yet unless Washington can credibly suggest that Beijing will see strategic benefits, not only strategic risks, from distancing itself from Moscow, advocates of closer Chinese-Russian cooperation will continue to win the argument.
Growing geopolitical tension also crowds out progress on common challenges, regardless of the Biden administration’s desire to compartmentalize certain issues. Although U.S. climate envoy John Kerry has made some headway on climate cooperation with China, including a joint declaration at last year’s climate summit in Glasgow, progress has been outweighed by acrimony in areas where previous joint efforts had borne fruit, including counternarcotics, nonproliferation, and North Korea. On both sides, too many policymakers fear that willingness to cooperate will be interpreted as a lack of resolve.
Such tensions are further eroding the already weak foundations of global governance. It is not clear how much longer the center of the international rules-based order can hold without a broad-based effort at its renewal. But as Beijing has grown more concerned that the United States seeks to contain or roll back its influence—by, for example, denying it a greater say in international economic governance—the more it has invested in alternative institutions, such as the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank. Meanwhile, China’s engagement with the multilateral system is increasingly aimed at discrediting U.S. leadership within it. Even though Beijing has not exactly demonstrated fealty to many of the principles it claims to support, the divide between the haves and have-nots has allowed it to cast the United States as protecting the privileges of a minority of powerful states. At the United Nations, Beijing and Washington too often strive to undercut each other’s initiatives, launching symbolic battles that require third countries to choose between the two.
Last but far from least, a fixation on competition brings costs and dangers in the United States. Aggressive U.S. efforts to protect research security, combined with increased attacks against Asian Americans, are having a chilling effect on scientific research and international collaboration and are jeopardizing the appeal of the United States as a magnet for international talent. A 2021 survey by the American Physical Society found that 43 percent of international physics graduate students and early career scientists in the United States considered the country unwelcoming; around half of international early career scientists in the United States thought the government’s approach to research security made them less likely to stay there over the long term. These effects are particularly pronounced among scientists of Chinese descent. A recent study by the Asian American Scholar Forum found that 67 percent of faculty of Chinese origin (including naturalized citizens and permanent residents) reported having considered leaving the United States.
As the United States has sought to shield itself from Chinese espionage, theft, and unfair trading practices, it has often insisted on reciprocity as a precondition for commercial, educational, and diplomatic exchanges with Beijing. But strict reciprocity with an increasingly closed system like China’s comes at a cost to the United States’ comparative advantage: the traditional openness, transparency, and equal opportunity of its society and economy, which drive innovation, productivity, and scientific progress.
The climate of insecurity and fear is also having pernicious effects on democracy and the quality of public debate about China and U.S. policy. The desire to avoid appearing “soft” on China permeates private and public policy discussions. The result is an echo chamber that encourages analysts, bureaucrats, and officials to be politically rather than analytically correct. When individuals feel the need to out-hawk one another to protect themselves and advance professionally, the result is groupthink. A policy environment that incentivizes self-censorship and reflexive positioning forecloses pluralistic debate and a vibrant marketplace for ideas, ingredients critical to the United States’ national competitiveness.
From the World War II internment of Japanese Americans to the McCarthyism of the 1950s to hate crimes against Muslim and Sikh Americans after September 11, U.S. history is replete with examples of innocent Americans caught in the crossfire of exaggerated fears of the “enemy within.” In each case, overreaction did as much as or more than the adversary to undermine U.S. democracy and unity. Although the Biden administration has condemned anti-Asian hate and stressed that policy must target behavior rather than ethnicity, some government agencies and U.S. politicians have continued to imply that an individual’s ethnicity and ties to family abroad are grounds for heightened scrutiny.
BEFORE CATASTROPHE
If the United States and Soviet Union could arrive at détente, there is no reason that Washington and Beijing cannot do so as well. Early in the Cold War, President John F. Kennedy, hailing the need to “make the world safe for diversity,” stressed that “our attitude is as essential as theirs.” He warned Americans “not to see conflict as inevitable, accommodation as impossible, and communication as nothing more than an exchange of threats.”
Even while making clear that Beijing will pay a high price if it resorts to force or other forms of coercion, Washington must present China with a real choice. Deterrence requires that threats be paired with assurances. To that end, U.S. policymakers should not be afraid of engaging directly with their Chinese counterparts to discuss terms on which the United States and China could coexist, including mutual bounds on competition. It was relatively easy for Americans to imagine coexistence with a China thought to be on a one-way path of liberalization. The United States and its partners now have the harder task of imagining coexistence with an authoritarian superpower, finding a new basis for bilateral interaction that focuses on shaping outward behavior rather than changing China’s domestic system.
The most pressing need relates to Taiwan, where the United States must bolster deterrence while also clarifying that its “one China” policy has not changed. This means ensuring that Beijing knows how costly a crisis over Taiwan would be, putting at risk its broader development and modernization objectives—but also that if it refrains from coercive action, neither Washington nor Taipei will exploit the opportunity to push the envelope further. While Secretary of State Antony Blinken and other senior officials have affirmed that the United States does not support Taiwan’s independence, other actions by the administration (especially Biden’s repeated statements suggesting an end to “strategic ambiguity”) have sown doubt.
While helping bolster Taiwan’s resilience to Chinese coercion, Washington should avoid characterizing Taiwan as a vital asset for U.S. interests. Such statements feed Beijing’s belief that the United States seeks to “use Taiwan to contain China,” as China’s ambassador to Washington put it in May. The United States should instead make clear its abiding interest in a peaceful process for resolving cross-strait differences rather than in a particular outcome. And as they highlight the costs Beijing can expect if it escalates its coercive campaign against Taiwan, U.S. policymakers should also stress to Taipei that unilateral efforts to change Taiwan’s political status, including calls for de jure independence, U.S. diplomatic recognition, or other symbolic steps to signal Taiwan’s permanent separation from China, are counterproductive.
These steps will be necessary but not sufficient to pierce the growing fatalism regarding a crisis, given Beijing’s hardening belief that the United States seeks to contain China and will use Taiwan to that end. To put a floor beneath the collapsing U.S.-China relationship will require a stronger effort to establish bounds of fair competition and a willingness to discuss terms of coexistence. Despite recent meetings and calls, senior U.S. officials do not yet have regular engagements with their counterparts that would facilitate such discussions. These discussions should be coordinated with U.S. allies and partners to prevent Beijing from trying to drive a wedge between the United States and others in Europe and Asia. But Washington should also forge a common understanding with its allies and partners around potential forms of coexistence with China.
Skeptics may say that there is no reason for the leadership in Beijing to play along, given its triumphalism and distrust. These are significant obstacles, but it is worth testing the proposition that Washington can take steps to stabilize escalating tensions without first experiencing multiple crises with a nuclear-armed competitor. There is reason to believe that Beijing cares enough about stabilizing relations to reciprocate. Despite its claim that the “East is rising and the West is declining,” China remains the weaker party, especially given its uncertain economic trajectory. Domestic challenges have typically tended to restrain China’s behavior rather than, as some Western commentators have speculated, prompting risky gambles. The political scientist Andrew Chubb has shown that when Chinese leaders have faced challenges to their legitimacy, they have acted less assertively in areas such as the South China Sea.
Because Beijing and Washington are loath to make unilateral concessions, fearing that they will be interpreted as a sign of weakness at home and by the other side, détente will require reciprocity. Both sides will have to take coordinated but unilateral steps to head off a militarized crisis. For example, a tacit understanding could produce a reduction in Chinese and U.S. operations in and around the Taiwan Strait, lowering the temperature without signaling weakness. Military operations are necessary to demonstrate that the United States will continue to fly and sail wherever international law allows, including the Taiwan Strait. But ultimately, the United States’ ability to deter and Taiwan’s ability to defend against an attempt at armed unification by Beijing have little to do with whether the U.S. military transits the Taiwan Strait four, eight, 12, or 24 times a year.
In the current atmosphere of distrust, words must be matched by actions. In his November 2021 virtual meeting with Biden, Xi said, “We have patience and will strive for the prospect of peaceful reunification with utmost sincerity and efforts.” But Beijing’s actions since have undercut its credibility in Taipei and in Washington. Biden likewise told Xi that the United States does not seek a new Cold War or want to change Beijing’s system. Yet subsequent U.S. actions (including efforts to diversify supply chains away from China and new visa restrictions on CCP officials) have undermined Washington’s credibility among not just leaders in Beijing but also others in the region. It does not help that some administration officials continue to invoke Cold War parallels.
To bolster its own credibility, the Biden administration should also do more to preempt charges of hypocrisy and double standards. Consider U.S. policy to combat digital authoritarianism: Washington has targeted Chinese surveillance technology firms more harshly than similar companies based in the United States, Israel, and other Western democracies.
THE WORLD THAT OUGHT TO BE
So far, the Biden administration’s order-building efforts have centered on arrangements that exclude China, such as the Quad (Quadrilateral Security Dialogue) and the Indo-Pacific Economic Framework. Although officials have been careful to insist that these initiatives are not targeted at any one country, there is little sign of any corresponding effort to negotiate Beijing’s role in the international or regional order. At the margins, there have been some signs that inclusive groupings can still deliver. (The World Trade Organization has struck agreements on fishing subsidies and COVID-19 vaccines.) But if investments in narrower, fit-for-purpose coalitions continue to take priority over broader, inclusive agreements and institutions, including those in which China and the United States both have major roles to play, geopolitical tensions will break rather than reinvigorate the international system.
Renewing U.S. leadership will also require doing more to address criticism that a U.S.-led order means “rules for thee but not for me.” Clear and humble acknowledgment of instances where the United States has violated the UN Charter, such as the invasion of Iraq, would be an important step to overcoming that resentment. And Washington must deliver value for citizens in developing countries, whether on COVID-19, climate, hunger, or technology, rather than simply urging them not to work with China. At home, Washington must work to rebuild bipartisan support for U.S. engagement with the international system.
As the United States reimagines its domestic and international purpose, it should do so on its own terms, not for the sake of besting China. Yet fleshing out an inclusive, affirmative vision of the world it seeks would also be a first step toward clarifying the conditions under which the United States would welcome or accept Chinese initiatives rather than reflexively opposing them. The countries’ divergent interests and values would still result in the United States opposing many of Beijing’s activities, but that opposition would be accompanied by a clear willingness to negotiate the terms of China’s growing influence. The United States cannot cede so much influence to Beijing that international rules and institutions no longer reflect U.S. interests and values. But the greater risk today is that overzealous efforts to counter China’s influence will undermine the system itself through a combination of paralysis and the promotion of alternate arrangements by major powers.
Finally, the United States must do much more to invest in the power of its example and to ensure that steps taken to counter China do not undermine that example by falling into the trap of trying to out-China China. Protective or punitive actions, whether military, economic, or diplomatic, should be assessed not just on the basis of whether they counter China but also on how they affect the broader system and whether they reflect fidelity to U.S. principles.
Competition cannot become an end in itself. So long as outcompeting China defines the United States’ sense of purpose, Washington will continue to measure success on terms other than on its own. Rankings are a symbolic construct, not an objective condition. If the pursuit of human progress, peace, and prosperity is the ultimate objective, as Blinken has stated, then the United States does not need to beat China in order to win.
JESSICA CHEN WEISS is the Michael J. Zak Professor of China and Asia-Pacific Studies at Cornell University. She served as a Council on Foreign Relations International Affairs Fellow on the Policy Planning Staff at the U.S. Department of State from August 2021 to July 2022. The views expressed here are her own.
In the news this week it was revealed that some supermarkets were selling the new Harry Potter for less than the wholesale price. So much so that some independant booksellers will be buying them from Tesco to sell in their shops.
They are going to rather disappointed when they see the new cover.
On March 12, 1938 - one month before the referendum on the "Homecoming to the Reich" - the German emigrant and guest director Carl Ebert enters the Vienna Burgtheater. The porter already raises his arm to the Hitler salute. The first Jewish actors are already on leave. Ebert rehearses Shakespeare's Julius Caesar: "The leading Nazi among the soloists visited me on the decoration rehearsal and assured me that he vouched for a humane treatment of the> poor Jews etc.< at the Burgtheater." It is the heroic actor Carl Hennings, since 1933 member of the NSDAP and the SA banned in Austria. He plays the conspirator Cassius in the production.
For Alfred Eduard Frauenfeld, formerly NSDAP Gauleiter of Vienna, begins at the same time a special propaganda campaign. He should win artists who say yes to the "Anschluss" of Austria. Frauenfeld writes to celebrities and evaluates their answers according to their propaganda value. The poets Karl Heinrich Waggerl, Josef Weinheber and Richard Billinger are in the list "Poets profess to return to the Reich". Not the most well-known, but the most loyal yes-man is the Styrian dialect poet Hans Kloepfer. He writes a Styrian mountain farmer salutation: "He writes himself Hitler, and he loves us so much, / as far in the whole world / we do not find a more dear man."
On March 11, 1938, the popular actor Paul Hörbiger welcomes guests in his Berlin house: the comedian Theo Lingen, the operetta film star Willi Forst and the director E. W. Emo, who four years later turn the film Vienna 1910 - a transfiguration of the anti-Semitic Viennese mayor Karl Lueger as a Hitler precursor. It's going to be a dramatic evening. Hörbiger in his memoirs I've played for you: "toward evening we heard about the banned Austrian station the speech of the resigning Chancellor, Kurt von Schuschnigg... hours later, Hitler's German troops illegally marched into Austria. "Hörbiger is wrong in one point: listening to foreign broadcasters is only forbidden later.
Truth and legend often mingle when it comes to memories of the Nazi era. This also applies to the arts and culture: after 1945, many Austrian poets, actors and musicians have presented themselves as anti-fascists and resisters. Others were convicted as Nazi collaborators - burdened by witnesses who had themselves cooperated with the Nazis. Because today important documents are no longer visible, it is easy to transfigure your own biography in retrospect. One thing is clear, however, given the existing documents: a large part of the Viennese art scene has euphorically applauded the Anschluss.
The musician line-up includes Ferdinand Großmann, director of the Vienna Boys' Choir. Similarly, the General Music Director Karl Böhm, who had conducted the Meistersinger in 1937 at the beginning of the Nuremberg NSDAP Reichsparteitag: "Whoever does not approve of this Führer's action with a one hundred percent YES, does not deserve to bear the honorary name of a German!"
As a follow-up advocate, Frauenfeld also lists the arch-comedian Paul Hörbiger ("agreeing to vote 'yes' for me is a clear and distinct matter'), his brother Attila and Attila's wife Paula Wessely. While, for example, Rudolf Forster (in the film Vienna 1910 in the role of Mayor Lueger) completely ignores the Nazi period in his memoirs, Hörbiger constantly presents himself as a Nazi opponent. However, Hörbiger's memories of the Nazi years and Goebbels' simultaneous diary entries are scarce to reconcile. The Minister on 13 November 1935 on a celebration in the presence of Hitler: "The leader is all cheerful. And everyone stays until 6 o'clock in the morning. Hörbiger and Ullrich sing to the accordion. A great activity. "Hörbiger, on the other hand, wants to have teased Goebbels several times. For example, at the banquet after the Burgtheater premiere of Romeo and Juliet on November 30, 1940. Hörbiger: "It was the last time I met Goebbels." Goebbels, on March 15, 1942, wrote in a diary: "I'm going to visit the Burgtheater and watch a performance of (Ferdinand) Raimund the millionaire farmer with Hörbiger in the title role. "The Minister enthuses about Hörbiger's art of playing and continues:" After the performance I sit with the actors, especially with Hörbiger, Martha Rohs and a young one actress Nicoletti together. We talk a lot about theater and art issues. The Viennese actors are relatively well aligned politically. «
Am 12. März 1938 – einen Monat vor der Volksabstimmung über die »Heimkehr ins Reich« – betritt der deutsche Emigrant und Gastregisseur Carl Ebert das Wiener Burgtheater. Der Portier hebt bereits den Arm zum Hitlergruß. Die ersten jüdischen Schauspieler sind schon beurlaubt. Ebert probt Shakespeares Julius Cäsar : »Der führende Nazi unter den Solisten besuchte mich auf der Dekorationsprobe und versicherte mir, daß er für eine humane Behandlung der ›armen Juden etc.‹ am Burgtheater sich verbürge.« Es ist der Heldendarsteller Carl Hennings, seit 1933 Mitglied der in Österreich verbotenen NSDAP und der SA. Er spielt in der Inszenierung den Verschwörer Cassius.
Für Alfred Eduard Frauenfeld, ehemals NSDAP-Gauleiter von Wien, beginnt zur selben Zeit ein spezieller Propagandaeinsatz. Er soll Künstler gewinnen, die zum »Anschluss« Österreichs Ja sagen. Frauenfeld schreibt Prominente an und bewertet deren Antworten nach ihrem Propagandawert. In der Liste »Dichter bekennen sich zur Heimkehr ins Reich« stehen die Poeten Karl Heinrich Waggerl, Josef Weinheber und Richard Billinger. Nicht der bekannteste, aber der treuherzigste Jasager ist der steirische Mundartdichter Hans Kloepfer. Er verfasst einen Steirischen Bergbauerngruß : »Schreibm tuat er sie Hitler, / und uns so guat gsinnt, / wia ma weit in der Welt / net an liabern wo findt.«
Am 11. März 1938 begrüßt der Volksschauspieler Paul Hörbiger in seinem Berliner Haus Gäste: den Komiker Theo Lingen, den Operettenfilmstar Willi Forst und den Regisseur E. W. Emo, der vier Jahre später den Film Wien 1910 drehen wird – eine Verklärung des antisemitischen Wiener Bürgermeisters Karl Lueger als Hitler-Vorläufer. Es wird ein dramatischer Abend. Hörbiger in seinen Erinnerungen Ich hab für euch gespielt : »Gegen Abend hörten wir über den verbotenen österreichischen Sender die Rede des demissionierenden Bundeskanzler Dr. Kurt von Schuschnigg. … Stunden später marschierten Hitlers deutsche Truppen widerrechtlich in Österreich ein.« Nur in einem Punkt irrt Hörbiger: Das Hören ausländischer Sender wird erst später verboten.
Wahrheit und Legende vermischen sich oft, wenn es um Erinnerungen an die NS-Zeit geht. Das gilt auch für den Kunst- und Kulturbetrieb: Nach 1945 haben sich viele österreichische Dichter, Schauspieler und Musiker als Antifaschisten und Widerständler dargestellt. Andere wurden als NS-Kollaborateure verurteilt – belastet von Zeugen, die selbst mit den Nazis kooperiert hatten. Weil heute wichtige Dokumente nicht mehr einsehbar sind, fällt es leicht, die eigene Biografie im Nachhinein zu verklären. Eines ist aber angesichts der vorhandenen Dokumente klar: Ein großer Teil der Wiener Kunstszene hat den »Anschluss« euphorisch bejubelt.
In der Musiker-Aufstellung ist Ferdinand Großmann aufgeführt, Leiter der Wiener Sängerknaben. Ebenso der Generalmusikdirektor Karl Böhm, der 1937 zum Auftakt des Nürnberger NSDAP-Reichsparteitags die Meistersinger dirigiert hatte: »Wer dieser Tat des Führers nicht mit einem hundertprozentigen JA zustimmt, verdient nicht, den Ehrennamen Deutscher zu tragen!«
Als »Anschluss«-Befürworter führt Frauenfeld weiters den Erzkomödianten Paul Hörbiger (»ist für mich mit ›JA‹ zu stimmen eine klare und deutliche Angelegenheit«), dessen Bruder Attila sowie Attilas Ehefrau Paula Wessely. Während zum Beispiel Rudolf Forster (im Film Wien 1910 in der Rolle des Bürgermeisters Lueger) in seinen Memoiren die NS-Zeit komplett verschweigt, stellt sich Hörbiger permanent als Nazigegner dar. Hörbigers Erinnerungen an die NS-Jahre und Goebbels’ zeitgleiche Tagebucheinträge sind jedoch kaum in Einklang zu bringen. Der Minister am 13. November 1935 über eine Feier in Anwesenheit Hitlers: »Der Führer ist ganz aufgeräumt. Und alle bleiben bis 6 Uhr morgens. Hörbiger und die Ullrich singen zum Schifferklavier. Ein toller Betrieb.« Hörbiger hingegen will mehrfach gegen Goebbels gestichelt haben. So beim Festessen nach der Burgtheater-Premiere von Romeo und Julia am 30. November 1940. Hörbiger: »Es war das letzte Mal, daß ich mit Goebbels zusammengetroffen bin.« Goebbels dagegen am 15. März 1942 im Tagebuch: »Ich besuche abends das Burgtheater und sehe mir eine Aufführung des Reimundschen Bauer und Millionär mit Hörbiger in der Titelrolle an.« Der Minister schwärmt von Hörbigers Spielkunst und fährt fort: »Nach der Vorstellung sitze ich noch mit den Darstellern, vor allem mit Hörbiger, Martha Rohs und einer jungen Schauspielerin Nicoletti zusammen. Wir sprechen viel über Theater- und Kunstfragen. Die Wiener Darsteller sind verhältnismäßig gut politisch ausgerichtet.«
Ash is a large village, now almost a town, now bypassed by the Canterbury to Sandwich road.
St Nicholas is a large church, and sits on a low mound above the High Street and houses.
The church itself is cruciform in shape, and previously stated, large.
It is furnished with serval monuments and brasses, all of a very high standard.
--------------------------------------------
A large and impressive church of mainly thirteenth century date over restored in 1847 by the irrepressible William Butterfield. The scale of the interior is amazing - particularly in the tower crossing arches which support the enormous spire. They are an obvious insertion into an earlier structure. The best furnishing at Ash is the eighteenth century font which stands on an inscribed base. For the visitor interested in memorials, Ash ahs more than most ranging from the fourteenth century effigy of a knight to two excellent alabaster memorials to Sir Thomas Harfleet (d 1612) and Christopher Toldervy (d 1618). Mrs Toldervy appears twice in the church for she accompanies her husband on his memorial and may also be seen as a `weeper` on her parents` memorial! On that she is one of two survivors of what was once a group of seven daughters - all her weeping brothers have long since disappeared.
www.kentchurches.info/church.asp?p=Ash+2
------------------------------------------
ASH
LIES adjoining to the last-described parish of Staple northward. It is written in Domesday, Ece, and in other antient records, Aisse, and is usually called Ash, near Sandwich, to distinguish it from Ash, near Wrotham.
The parish of Ash is very large, extending over a variety of soil and country, of hill, dale, and marsh lands, near four miles across each way, and containing more than six thousand acres of land, of which about one half is marsh, the river Stour being its northern bounday, where it is very wet and unwholesone, but the southern or upland part of the parish is very dary, pleasant and healthy. The soil in general is fertile, and lets on an average at about one pound an acre; notwithstanding, there is a part of it about Ash-street and Gilton town, where it is a deep sand. The village of Ash, commonly called Ash-street, situated in this part of it, on high ground, mostly on the western declivity of a hill, having the church on the brow of it, is built on each side of the road from Canterbury to Sandwich, and contains about fifty houses. On the south side of this road, about half a mile westward, is a Roman burial ground, of which further mention will be taken hereaster, and adjoining to it the hamlet of Gilton town, formerly written Guildanton, in which is Gilton parsonage, a neat stuccoed house, lately inhabited by Mr. Robert Legrand, and now by Mrs. Becker. In the valley southward stands Mote farm, alias Brooke house, formerly the habitation of the Stoughtons, then of the Ptoroude's and now the property of Edward Solly, esq. of London.
There are dispersed throughout this large parish many small hamlets and farms, which have been formerly of more consequence, from the respective owners and in habitants of them, all which, excepting East and New Street, and Great Pedding, (the latter of which was the antient residence of the family of solly, who lie buried in Ash church-yard, and bore for their arms, Vert, a chevron, per pale, or, and gules, between three soles naiant, argent, and being sold by one of them to dean Lynch, is now in the possession of lady Lynch, the widow of Sir William Lynch, K. B.) are situated in the northern part of the parish, and contain together about two hundred and fifty houses, among them is Hoden, formerly the residence of the family of St. Nicholas; Paramour-street, which for many years was the residence of those of that name, and Brook-street, in which is Brook-house, the residence of the Brooke's, one of whom John Brooke, esq. in queen Elizabeth's reign, resided here, and bore for his arms, Per bend, vert and sable, two eagles, counterchanged.
William, lord Latimer, anno 38 Edward III. obtained a market to be held at Ash, on a Thursday; and a fair yearly on Lady-day, and the two following ones. A fair is now held in Ash-street on Lady and Michaelmas days yearly.
In 1473 there was a lazar house for the infirm of the leprosy, at Eche, near Sandwich.
¶The manor of Wingham claims paramount over this parish, subordinate to which there were several manors in it, held of the archbishop, to whom that manor belonged, the mansions of which, being inhabited by families of reputation and of good rank in life, made this parish of much greater account than it has been for many years past, the mansions of them having been converted for a length of time into farmhouses to the lands to which they belong.
f this manor, (viz. Wingham) William de Acris holds one suling in Fletes, and there he has in demesne one carucate and four villeins, and one knight with one carucate, and one fisbery, with a saltpit of thirty pence. The whole is worth forty shillings.
This district or manor was granted by archbishop Lanfranc, soon after this, to one Osberne, (fn. 7) of whom I find no further mention, nor of this place, till king Henry III.'s reign, when it seems to have been separated into two manors, one of which, now known by the name of the manor of Gurson Fleet, though till of late time by that of Fleet only, was held afterwards of the archbishop by knight's service, by the family of Sandwich, and afterwards by the Veres, earls of Oxford, one of whom, Robert de Vere, earl of Oxford, who died anno 3 Edward III. was found by the escheat-rolls of that year, to have died possessed of this manor of Fleet, which continued in his descendants down to John de Vere, earl of Oxford, who for his attachment to the house of Lancaster, was attainted in the first year of king Edward IV. upon which this manor came into the hands of the crown, and was granted the next year to Richard, duke of Gloucester, the king's brother, with whom it staid after his succession to the crown, as king Richard III. on whose death, and the accession of king Henry VII. this manor returned to the possession of John, earl of Oxford, who had been attainted, but was by parliament anno I Henry VII. restored in blood, titles and possessions. After which this manor continued in his name and family till about the middle of queen Elizabeth's reign, when Edward Vere, earl of Oxford, alienated it to Hammond, in whose descendants it continued till one of them, in the middle of king Charles II.'s reign, sold it to Thomas Turner, D. D. who died possessed of it in 1672, and in his name and descendants it continued till the year 1748, when it was sold to John Lynch, D. D. dean of Canterbury, whose son Sir William Lynch, K. B. died possessed of it in 1785, and by his will devised it, with the rest of his estates, to his widow lady Lynch, who is the present possessor of it. A court baron is held for this manor.
Archbishop Lanfranc, on his founding the priory of St. Gregory, in the reign of the Conqueror, gave to it the tithe of the manor of Fleet; which gift was confirmed by archbishop Hubert in Richard I.'s reign. This portion of tithes, which arose principally from Gurson Fleet manor, remained with the priory at its dissolution, and is now part of Goldston parsonage, parcel of the see of Canterbury, of which further mention has been made before.
The other part of the district of Fleet was called, to distinguish it, and from the possessors of it, the manor of Nevills Fleet, though now known by the name of Fleet only, is situated between Gurson and Richborough, adjoining to the former. This manor was held in king John's reign of the archbishop, by knight's service, by Thomas Pincerna, so called probably from his office of chief butler to that prince, whence his successors assumed the name of Butler, or Boteler. His descendant was Robert le Boteler, who possessed this manor in king Ed ward I.'s reign, and from their possession of it, this manor acquired for some time the name of Butlers Fleet; but in the 20th year of king Edward III. William, lord Latimer of Corbie, appears to have been in the possession of it, and from him it acquired the name of Latimers Fleet. He bore for his arms, Gules, a cross flory, or. After having had summons to parliament, (fn. 8) he died in the begening of king Richard II.'s reign, leaving Elizabeth his sole daughter and heir, married to John, lord Nevill, of Raby, whose son John bore the title of lord Latimer, and was summoned to parliament as lord Latimer, till the 9th year of king Henry VI. in which he died, so that the greatest part of his inheritance, among which was this manor, came by an entail made, to Ralph, lord Nevill, and first earl of Westmoreland, his eldest, but half brother, to whom he had sold, after his life, the barony of Latimer, and he, by seoffment, vested it, with this manor and much of the inheritance above-mentioned, in his younger son Sir George Nevill, who was accordingly summoned to parliament as lord Latimer, anno 10 Henry VI. and his grandson Richard, lord Latimer, in the next regin of Edward IV. alienated this manor, which from their length of possession of it, had acquired the name of Nevill's Fleet, to Sir James Cromer, and his son Sir William Cromer, in the 11th year of king Henry VII, sold it to John Isaak, who passed it away to Kendall, and he, in the beginning of king Henry VIII.'s reign, sold it to Sir John Fogge, of Repton, in Ashford, who died possessed of it in 1533, and his son, of the same name, before the end of it, passed it away to Mr. Thomas Rolfe, and he sold it, within a few years afterwards, to Stephen Hougham, gent. of this parish, who by his will in 1555, devised it to his youngest son Rich. Hougham, of Eastry, from one of whose descendants it was alienated to Sir Adam Spracklin, who sold it to one of the family of Septvans, alias Harflete, in which name it continued till within a few years after the death of king Charles I. when by a female heir Elizabeth it went in marriage to Thomas Kitchell, esq. in whose heirs it continued till it was at length, about the year 1720, alienated by one of them to Mr. Thomas Bambridge, warden of the Fleet prison, upon whose death it became vested in his heirs-at-law, Mr. James Bambridge, of the Temple, attorney at-law, and Thomas Bambridge, and they divided this estate, and that part of it allotted to the latter was soon afterwards alienated by him to Mr. Peter Moulson, of London, whose only daughter and heir carried it in marriage to Mr. Geo. Vaughan, of London, and he and the assignees of Mr. James Bambridge last mentioned, have lately joined in the conveyance of the whole fee of this manor to Mr. Joseph Solly, gent. of Sandwich, the present owner of it. There is not any court held for this manor.
In this district, and within this manor of Fleet lastmentioned, there was formerly a chapel of cose to the church of Ash, as that was to the church of Wingham, to which college, on its foundation by archbishop Peckham in 1286, the tithes, rents, obventions, &c of this chapel and district was granted by him, for the support in common of the provost and canons of it, with whom it remained till the suppression of it, anno I king Edward VI. The tithes, arising from this manor of Fleet, and the hamlet of Richborough, are now a part of the rectory of Ash, and of that particular part of it called Gilton parsonage, parcel of the possessions of the see of Canterbury, of which further mention will be made hereafter. There have not been any remains left of it for a long time part.
Richborough is a hamlet and district of land, in the south-east part of this parish, rendered famous from the Roman fort and town built there, and more so formerly, from the port or haven close adjoining to it.
It was in general called by the Romans by the plural name of Rutupiæ; for it must be observed that the æstuary, which at that time separated the Isle of Thanet from the main land of Kent, and was the general passage for shipping,had at each mouth of it, towards the sea, a fort and haven, called jointly Rutupiæ. That at the northern part and of it being now called Reculver, and that at the eastern, being the principal one, this of Richborough.
The name of it is variously spelt in different authors. By Ptolemy it is written [Patapiaia (?)] urbem; by Tacitus, according to the best reading, Portus, Rutupensis; by Antonine, in his Itinerary, Ritupas, and Ritupis Portum; by Ammianus, Ritupiæ statio; afterwards by the Saxons, Reptacester, and now Richborough.
The haven, or Portus Rutupinus, or Richborough, was very eminent in the time of the Romans, and much celebrated in antient history, being a safe and commodious harbour, stationem ex adverso tranquillam, as Ammianus calls it, situated at the entrance of the passage towards then Thamas, and becoming the general place of setting sail from Britain to the continent, and where the Roman fleets arrived, and so large and extensive was the bay of it, that it is supposed to have extended far beyond Sandwich on the one side, almost to Ramsgate cliffs on the other, near five miles in width, covering the whole of that flat of land on which Stonar and Sandwich were afterwards built, and extending from thence up the æstuary between the Isle of Thanet and the main land. So that Antonine might well name it the Port, in his Itinerary, [Kat exochin], from there being no other of like consequence, and from this circumstance the shore for some distance on each side acquired the general name of Littus Rutupinum, the Rutupian shore. (fn. 9) Some have contended that Julius Cæsar landed at Richborough, in his expeditions into Britain; but this opinion is refuted by Dr. Hasley in Phil, Trans. No. 193, who plainly proves his place of landing to have been in the Downs. The fort of Richborough, from the similarity of the remains of it to those of Reculver, seems to have been built about the same time, and by the same emperer, Serveris, about the year 205. It stands on the high hill, close to a deep precipice eastward, at the soot of which was the haven. In this fortress, so peculiarly strengthened by its situation, the Romans had afterwards a stationary garrison, and here they had likewise a pharos, of watch tower, the like as at Reculver and other places on this coast, as well to guide the shipping into the haven, as to give notice of the approach of enemies. It is by most supposed that there was, in the time of the Romans, near the fort, in like manner as at Reculver, a city or town, on the decline of the hill, south-westward from it, according to custom, at which a colony was settled by them. Prolemy, in his geography, reckons the city Rutpia as one of the three principal cities of Kent. (fn. 10) Orosius. and Bede too, expressly mention it as such; but when the haven decayed, and there was no longer a traffic and resort to this place, the town decayed likewise, and there have not been, for many ages since, any remains whatever of it left; though quantities of coins and Roman antiquities have been sound on the spot where it is supposed to have once stood.
During the latter part of the Roman empire, when the Saxons prevented all trade by sea, and insefted these coasts by frequent robberies, the second Roman legion, called Augusta, and likewise Britannica, which had been brought out of Germany by the emperor Claudius, and had resided for many years at the Isca Silurum, in Wales, was removed and stationed here, under a president or commander, præpositus, of its own, who was subordinate to the count of the Saxon shore, and continued so till the final departure of the Romans from Britain, in the year 410, when this fortress was left in the hands of the Britons, who were afterwards dispossessed of it by the Saxons, during whose time the harbour seems to have began to decay and to swerve up, the sea by degrees entirely deserting it at this place, but still leaving one large and commodious at Sandwich, which in process of time became the usual resort for shipping, and arose a flourishing harbour in its stead, as plainly appears by the histories of those times, by all of which, both the royal Saxon fleets, as well as those of the Danes, are said to sail for the port of Sandwich, and there to lie at different times; (fn. 11) and no further mention is made by any of them of this of Rutupiæ, Reptachester, or Richborough; so that the port being thus destroyed, the town became neglected and desolate, and with the castle sunk into a heap of ruins. Leland's description of it in king Henry VIII.'s reign, is very accurate, and gives an exceeding good idea of the progressive state of its decay to that time. He says, "Ratesburg otherwyse Richeboro was, of ever the ryver of Sture dyd turn his botom or old canale, withyn the Isle of the Thanet, and by Iykelyhod the mayn se came to the very foote of the castel. The mayn se ys now of yt a myle by reason of wose, that has there swollen up. The scite of the town or castel ys wonderful fair apon an hille. The walles the wich remayn ther yet be in cumpase almost as much as the tower of London. They have bene very hye thykke stronge and wel embateled. The mater of them is flynt mervelus and long brykes both white and redde after the Britons fascion. The sement was made of se sand and smaul pible. Ther is a great lykelyhod that the goodly hil abowte the castel and especially to Sandwich ward hath bene wel inhabited. Corne groweth on the hille yn bene mervelous plenty and yn going to plowgh ther hath owt of mynde fownd and now is mo antiquities of Romayne money than yn any place els of England surely reason speketh that this should be Rutupinum. For byside that the name sumwhat toucheth, the very near passage fro Cales Clyves or Cales was to Ratesburgh and now is to Sandwich, the which is about a myle of; though now Sandwich be not celebrated by cawse of Goodwine sandes and the decay of the haven. Ther is a good flyte shot of fro Ratesburg toward Sandwich a great dyke caste in a rownd cumpas as yt had bene for sens of menne of warre. The cumpase of the grownd withyn is not much above an acre and yt is very holo by casting up the yerth. They cawle the place there Lytleborough. Withyn the castel is a lytle paroche chirch of St. Augustine and an heremitage. I had antiquities of the heremite the which is an industrious man. Not far fro the hermitage is a cave wher men have sowt and digged for treasure. I saw it by candel withyn, and ther were conys. Yt was so straite that I had no mynd to crepe far yn. In the north side of the castel ys a hedde yn the walle, now fore defaced with wether. They call it queen Bertha hedde. Nere to that place hard by the wal was a pot of Romayne mony sownd."
The ruins of this antient castle stand upon the point of a hill or promontory, about a mile north-west from Sandwich, overlooking on each side, excepting towards the west, a great flat which appears by the lowness of it, and the banks of beach still shewing themselves in different places, to have been all once covered by the sea. The east side of this hill is great part of it so high and perpendicular from the flat at the foot of it, where the river Stour now runs, that ships with the greatest burthen might have lain close to it, and there are no signs of any wall having been there; but at the north end, where the ground rises into a natural terrace, so as to render one necessary, there is about 190 feet of wall left. Those on the other three sides are for the most part standing, and much more entire than could be expected, considering the number of years since they were built, and the most so of any in the kingdom, except Silchester. It is in shape an oblong square, containing within it a space of somewhat less than five acres. They are in general about ten feet high within, but their broken tops shew them to have been still higher. The north wall, on the outside, is about twice as high as it is within, or the other two, having been carried up from the very bottom of the hill, and it seems to have been somewhat longer than it is at present, by some pieces of it sallen down at the east end. The walls are about eleven feet thick. In the middle of the west side is the aperture of an entrance, which probably led to the city or town, and on the north side is another, being an entrance obliquely into the castle. Near the middle of the area are the ruins of some walls, full of bushes and briars, which seem as if some one had dug under ground among them, probably where once stood the prætorium of the Roman general, and where a church or chapel was afterwards erected, dedicated to St. Augustine, and taken notice of by Leland as such in his time. It appears to have been a chapel of ease to the church of Ash, for the few remaining inhabitants of this district, and is mentioned as such in the grant of the rectory of that church, anno 3 Edward VI. at which time it appears to have existed. About a furlong to the south, in a ploughed field, is a large circular work, with a hollow in the middle, the banks of unequal heights, which is supposed to have been an amphitheatre, built of turf, for the use of the garrison, the different heights of the banks having been occasioned by cultivation, and the usual decay, which must have happened from so great a length of time. These stations of the Romans, of which Richborough was one, were strong fortifications, for the most part of no great compass or extent, wherein were barracks for the loding of the soldiers, who had their usual winter quarters in them. Adjoining, or at no great distance from them, there were usually other, buildings forming a town; and such a one was here at Richborough, as has been already mentioned before, to which the station or fort was in the nature of a citadel, where the soldiers kept garrison. To this Tacitus seems to allude, when he says, "the works that in time of peace had been built, like a free town, not far from the camp, were destroyed, left they should be of any service to the enemy." (fn. 12) Which in great measure accounts for there being no kind of trace or remains left, to point out where this town once stood, which had not only the Romans, according to the above observation, but the Saxons and Danes afterwards, to carry forward at different æras the total destruction of it.
The burial ground for this Roman colony and station of Richborough, appears to have been on the hill at the end of Gilton town, in this parish, about two miles south-west from the castle, and the many graves which have been continually dug up there, in different parts of it, shew it to have been of general use for that purpose for several ages.
The scite of the castle at Richborough was part of the antient inheritance of the family of the Veres, earls of Oxford, from which it was alienated in queen Elizabeth's reign to Gaunt; after which it passed, in like manner as Wingham Barton before-described, to Thurbarne, and thence by marriage to Rivett, who sold it to Farrer, from whom it was alienated to Peter Fector, esq. of Dover, the present possessor of it. In the deed of conveyance it is thus described: And also all those the walls and ruins of the antient castle of Rutupium, now known by the name of Richborough castle, with the scite of the antient port and city of Rutupinum, being on and near the lands before-mentioned. About the walls of Richborough grows Fæniculum valgare, common fennel, in great plenty.
It may be learned from the second iter of Antonine's Itinerary, that there was once a Roman road, or highway from Canterbury to the port of Richborough, in which iter the two laft stations are, from Durovernum, Canterbury, to Richborough, ad portum Rutupis, xii miles; in which distance all the different copies of the Itinerary agree. Some parts of this road can be tracted at places at this time with certainty; and by the Roman burial-ground, usually placed near the side of a high road, at Gilton town, and several other Roman vestigia thereabouts, it may well be supposed to have led from Canterbury through that place to Richborough, and there is at this time from Goldston, in Ash, across the low-grounds to it, a road much harder and broader than usual for the apparent use of it, which might perhaps be some part of it.
Charities.
A person unknown gave four acres and an half of land, in Chapman-street, of the annual produce of 5l. towards the church assessments.
Thomas St. Nicholas, esq. of this parish, by deed about the year 1626, gave an annuity of 11. 5s. to be paid from his estate of Hoden, now belonging to the heirs of Nathaniel Elgar, esq. to be distributed yearly, 10s. to the repairing and keeping clean the Toldervey monument in this church, and 15s. on Christmas-day to the poor.
John Proude, the elder, of Ash, yeoman, by his will in 1626, ordered that his executor should erect upon his land adjoining to the church-yard, a house, which should be disposed of in future by the churchwardens and overseers, for a school-house, and for a storehouse, to lay in provision for the church and poor. This house is now let at 1l. per annum, and the produce applied to the use of the poor.
Richard Camden, in 1642, gave by will forty perches of land, for the use of the poor, and of the annual produce of 15s. now vested in the minister and churchwardens.
Gervas Cartwright, esq. and his two sisters, in 1710 and 1721, gave by deed an estate, now of the yearly value of 50l. for teaching fifty poor children to read, write, &c. vested in the minister, churchwardens, and other trustees.
The above two sisters, Eleanor and Anne Cartwright, gave besides 100l. for beautifying the chancel, and for providing two large pieces of plate for the communion service; and Mrs. Susan Robetts added two other pieces of plate for the same purpose.
There is a large and commodious workhouse lately built, for the use of the poor, to discharge the expence of which, 100l. is taken yearly out of the poor's rate, till the whole is discharged. In 1604, the charges of the poor were 29l. 15s. 11d. In 1779. 1000l.
There is a charity school for boys and girls, who are educated, but not cloathed.
The poor constantly relieved are about seventy-five, casually fifty-five.
This parish is within the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the dioceseof Canterbury, and deanry of Bridge.
The church, which is dedicated to St. Nicholas, is a handsome building, of the form of a cross, consisting of two isles and two chancels, and a cross sept, having a tall spire steeple in the middle, in which are eight bells and a clock. It is very neat and handsome in the inside. In the high or south chancel is a monument for the Roberts's, arms, Argent, three pheons, sable, on a chief of the second, a greybound current of the first; another for the Cartwrights, arms, Or, a fess embattled, between three catherine wheels, sable. In the north wall is a monument for one of the family of Leverick, with his effigies, in armour, lying cross-legged on it; and in the same wall, westward, is another like monument for Sir John Goshall, with his effigies on it, in like manner, and in a hollow underneath, the effigies of his wife, in her head-dress, and wimple under her chin. A gravestone, with an inscription, and figure of a woman with a remarkable high high-dress, the middle part like a horseshoe inverted, for Jane Keriell, daughter of Roger Clitherow. A stone for Benjamin Longley, LL. B. minister of Ash twenty-nine years, vicar of Eynsford and Tonge, obt. 1783. A monument for William Brett, esq. and Frances his wife. The north chancel, dedicated to St. Nicholas, belongs to the manor of Molland. Against the north wall is a tomb, having on it the effigies of a man and woman, lying at full length, the former in armour, and sword by his side, but his head bare, a collar of SS about his neck, both seemingly under the middle age, but neither arms nor inscription, but it was for one of the family of Harflete, alias Septvans; and there are monuments and several memorials and brasses likewise for that family. A memorial for Thomas Singleton, M. D. of Molland, obt. 1710. One for John Brooke, of Brookestreet, obt. 1582, s. p. arms, Per bend, two eagles.—Several memorials for the Pekes, of Hills-court, and for Masters, of Goldstone. A monument for Christopher Toldervy, of Chartham, obt. 1618. A memorial for Daniel Hole, who, as well as his ancestors, had lived upwards of one hundred years at Goshall, as occupiers of it. In the north cross, which was called the chapel of St. Thomas the Martyr, was buried the family of St. Nicholas. The brass plates of whom, with their arms, are still to be seen. A tablet for Whittingham Wood, gent. obt. 1656. In the south cross, a monument for Richard Hougham, gent. of Weddington, and Elizabeth his wife, daughter of Edward Sanders, gent. of Norborne. An elegant monument for Mary, wife of Henry Lowman, esq. of Dortnued, in Germany. She died in 1737, and he died in 1743. And for lieutenant colonel Christopher Ernest Kien, obt. 1744, and Jane his wife, their sole daughter and heir, obt. 1762, and for Evert George Cousemaker, esq. obt. 1763, all buried in a vault underneath, arms, Or, on a mount vert, a naked man, bolding a branch in his hand, proper, impaling per bend sinister, argent and gules, a knight armed on borjeback, holding a tilting spear erect, the point downwards, all counterchanged. On the font is inscribed, Robert Minchard, arms, A crescent, between the points of it a mullet. Several of the Harfletes lie buried in the church-yard, near the porch, but their tombs are gone. On each side of the porch are two compartments of stone work, which were once ornamented with brasses, most probably in remembrance of the Harfleets, buried near them. At the corner of the church-yard are two old tombs, supposed for the family of Alday.
In the windows of the church were formerly several coats of arms, and among others, of Septvans, alias Harflete, Notbeame, who married Constance, widow of John Septvans; Brooke, Ellis, Clitherow, Oldcastle, Keriell, and Hougham; and the figures of St. Nicholas, Keriell, and Hougham, kneeling, in their respective surcoats of arms, but there is not any painted glass left in any part of the church or chancels.
John Septvans, about king Henry VII.'s reign, founded a chantry, called the chantry of the upper Hall, as appears by the will of Katherine Martin, of Faversham, sometime his wife, in 1497. There was a chantry of our blessed Lady, and another of St. Stephen likewise, in it; both suppressed in the 1st year of king Edward VI. when the former of them was returned to be of the clear yearly certified value of 15l. 11s. 1½d. (fn. 13)
The church of Ash was antiently a chapel of east to that of Wingham, and was, on the foundation of the college there in 1286, separated from it, and made a distinct parish church of itself, and then given to the college, with the chapels likewise of Overland and Fleet, in this parish, appurtenant to this church; which becoming thus appropriated to the college, continued with it till the suppression of it in king Edward VI.'s reign, when this part of the rectory or parsonage appropriate, called Overland parsonage, with the advowson of the church, came, with the rest of the possessions of the college, into the hands of the crown, where the advowson of the vicarage, or perpetual curacy of it did not remain long, for in the year 1558, queen Mary granted it, among others, to the archbishop. But the above-mentioned part of the rectory, or parsonage appropriate of Ash, with those chapels, remained in the crown, till queen Elizabeth, in her 3d year, granted it in exchange to archbishop Parker, who was before possessed of that part called Goldston parsonage, parcel of the late dissolved priory of St. Gregory, by grant from king Henry VIII. so that now this parish is divided into two distinct parsonages, viz. of Overland and of Goldston, which are demised on separate beneficial leases by the archbishop, the former to the heirs of Parker, and the latter, called Gilton parsonage, from the house and barns of it being situated in that hamlet, to George Gipps, esq. M. P. for Canterbury. The patronage of the perpetual curacy remains parcel of the possessions of the see of Canterbury.
¶At the time this church was appropriated to the college of Wingham, a vicarage was endowed in it, which after the suppression of the college came to be esteemed as a perpetual curacy. It is not valued in the king's books. The antient stipend paid by the provost, &c. to the curate being 16l. 13s. 4d. was in 1660, augmented by archbishop Juxon with the addition of 33l. 6s. 8d. per annum; and it was afterwards further augmented by archbishop Sheldon, anno 28 Charles II. with twenty pounds per annum more, the whole to be paid by the several lessees of these parsonages. Which sum of seventy pounds is now the clear yearly certified value of it. In 1588 here were communicants five hundred; in 1640, eight hundred and fifty. So far as appears by the registers, the increase of births in this parish is almost double to what they were two hundred years ago.
The Škoda Rapid Convertible
(cabriolet) was remarkable value for money when sold in the UK in the Mid-1980s. Converted for Škoda (UK) from standard cars by Ludgate Designs in Kent, the (now rare) convertible was considerably cheaper than other new soft-topped cars on the market. It was a good drive, too. Autocar described the car as "the poor man's Porsche", and they are now sought after vehicles. This - probably the best one surviving - was taking part in this years SALT Rally, and was snapped at the Three Swans Hotel, Market Harborough.
The SALT Rally 2012 (SALT SIX) was held around Market Harborough. The SALT Rallies are for vehicles built in the Cold War period, and the events tour Cold-War related venues. Most of the participating vehicles come from the Soviet Bloc, but there is no political element, implied or actual in the SALT ethos.
Visit the Communist Classic Cars Panorama!
Camera: Nikon F5
Lens: Nikkor 28-80mm zoom
Film: Kodak Ektar 100
Once had a Gold Circle which later was Value City before becoming Burlington Coat Factory. In 1996 - 1997 part of the Gold Circle building was demolished / re-purposed for Circuit City and Dollar General.
5114 Salem Avenue in Trotwood, Ohio
Thanks for the views , comments and faves guys !
Merci pour les vues, commentaires et favoris a tous !
Please don't use this image on websites, blogs or other media without my explicit permission. © All rights reserved
Don't hesitate to visit My Facebook page ! a lot of news, pictures and goonies !
Henry van de Velde (1863-1957)
Writing Desk Presented at the XIVth Secession Exhibition, 1900
Brussels, 1898
Execution: unknown
Solid ash; brass
Henry van de Velde (1863-1957)
Schreibtisch, präsentiert auf der XIV. Secessionsausstellung 1900
Brüssel, 1898
Ausführung: unbekannt
Eschenholz: massiv; Messing
H 2039/1954, Widmung zum Andenken an den Präsidenten des Vereines der Museumsfreunde
dedication in memory of the president of the Association of Friends of the Museum, Dr. Felix Freiherr von Oppenheimer
The history of the Austrian Museum of Applied Art/Contemporary Art
1863 / After many years of efforts by Rudolf Eitelberger decides emperor Franz Joseph I on 7 March on the initiative of his uncle archduke Rainer, following the model of the in 1852 founded South Kensington Museum (now the Victoria and Albert Museum, London) the establishment of the "k.u.k. Austrian Museum for Art and Industry" and appoints Rudolf von Eitelberger, the first professor of art history at the University of Vienna director. The museum should be serving as a specimen collection for artists, industrialists, and public and as a training and education center for designers and craftsmen.
1864/ on 12th of May, opened the museum - provisionally in premises of the ball house next to the Vienna Hofburg, the architect Heinrich von Ferstel for museum purposes had adapted. First exhibited objects are loans and donations from the imperial collections, monasteries, private property and from the k.u.k. Polytechnic in Vienna. Reproductions, masters and plaster casts are standing value-neutral next originals.
1865-1897 / The Museum of Art and Industry publishes the journal Communications of Imperial (k.u.k.) Austrian Museum for Art and Industry .
1866 / Due to the lack of space in the ballroom the erection of an own museum building is accelerated. A first project of Rudolf von Eitelberger and Heinrich von Ferstel provides the integration of the museum in the project of imperial museums in front of the Hofburg Imperial Forum. Only after the failure of this project, the site of the former Exerzierfelds (parade ground) of the defense barracks before Stubentor the museum here is assigned, next to the newly created city park at the still being under development Rind Road.
1867 / Theoretical and practical training are combined with the establishment of the School of Applied Arts. This will initially be housed in the old gun factory, Währinger street 11-13/Schwarzspanier street 17, Vienna 9.
1868 / With the construction of the building at Stubenring is started as soon as it is approved by emperor Franz Joseph I. the second draft of Heinrich Ferstel.
1871 / The opening of the building at Stubering takes place after three years of construction, 15 November. Designed according to plans by Heinrich von Ferstel in the Renaissance style, it is the first built museum building at the Ring. Objects from now on could be placed permanently and arranged according to main materials. / / The School of Arts and Crafts (Kunstgewerbeschule) moves into the house at Stubenring. / / Opening of Austrian arts and crafts exhibition.
1873 / Vienna World Exhibition. / / The Museum of Art and Industry and the Vienna School of Arts and Crafts are exhibiting together at Stubenring. / / Rudolf von Eitelberger organizes in the framework of the World Exhibition the worldwide first international art scientific congress in Vienna, thus emphasizing the orientation of the Museum on teaching and research. / / During the World Exhibition major purchases for the museum from funds of the Ministry are made, eg 60 pages of Indo-Persian Journal Mughal manuscript Hamzanama.
1877 / decision on the establishment of taxes for the award of Hoftiteln (court titels). With the collected amounts the local art industry can be promoted. / / The new building of the School of Arts and Crafts, adjoining the museum, Stubenring 3, also designed by Heinrich von Ferstel, is opened.
1878 / participation of the Museum of Art and Industry as well as of the School of Arts and Crafts at the Paris World Exhibition.
1884 / founding of the Vienna Arts and Crafts Association with seat in the museum. Many well-known companies and workshops (led by J. & L. Lobmeyr), personalities and professors of the School of Arts and Crafts join the Arts and Crafts Association. Undertaking of this association is to further develop all creative and executive powers the arts and craft since the 1860s has obtained. For this reason are organized various times changing, open to the public exhibitions at the Imperial Austrian Museum for Art and Industry. The exhibits can also be purchased. These new, generously carried out exhibitions give the club the necessary national and international resonance.
1885 / After the death of Rudolf von Eitelberger, Jacob von Falke, his longtime deputy, is appointed manager. Falke plans all collection areas al well as publications to develop newly and systematically. With his popular publications he influences significantly the interior design style of the historicism in Vienna.
1888 / The Empress Maria Theresa exhibition revives the contemporary discussion with the high Baroque in the history of art and in applied arts in particular.
1895 / end of directorate of Jacob von Falke. Bruno Bucher, longtime curator of the Museum of metal, ceramic and glass, and since 1885 deputy director, is appointed director.
1896 / The Vienna Congress exhibition launches the confrontation with the Empire and Biedermeier style, the sources of inspiration of Viennese Modernism.
1897 / end of the directorate of Bruno Bucher. Arthur von Scala, director of the Imperial Oriental Museum in Vienna since its founding in 1875 (renamed Imperial Austrian Trade Museum 1887), takes over the management of the Museum of Art and Industry. / / Scala wins Otto Wagner, Felician of Myrbach, Koloman Moser, Josef Hoffmann and Alfred Roller to work at the museum and School of Arts and Crafts. / / The style of the Secession is crucial for the Arts and Crafts School. Scala propagates the example of the Arts and Crafts Movement and makes appropriate acquisitions for the museum's collection.
1898 / Due to differences between Scala and the Arts and Crafts Association, which sees its influence on the Museum wane, archduke Rainer puts down his function as protector. / / New statutes are written.
1898-1921 / The Museum magazine Art and Crafts replaces the Mittheilungen (Communications) and soon gaines international reputation.
1900 / The administration of Museum and Arts and Crafts School is disconnected.
1904 / The Exhibition of Old Vienna porcelain, the to this day most comprehensive presentation on this topic, brings with the by the Museum in 1867 definitely taken over estate of the "k.u.k. Aerarial Porcelain Manufactory" (Vienna Porcelain Manufactory) important pieces of collectors from all parts of the Habsburg monarchy together.
1907 / The Museum of Art and Industry takes over the majority of the inventories of the Imperial Austrian Trade Museum, including the by Arthur von Scala founded Asia collection and the extensive East Asian collection of Heinrich von Siebold .
1908 / Integration of the Museum of Art and Industry in the Imperial and Royal Ministry of Public Works.
1909 / separation of Museum and Arts and Crafts School, the latter remains subordinated to the Ministry of Culture and Education. / / After three years of construction, the according to plans of Ludwig Baumann extension building of the museum (now Weiskirchnerstraße 3, Wien 1) is opened. The museum thereby receives rooms for special and permanent exhibitions. / / Arthur von Scala retires, Eduard Leisching follows him as director. / / Revision of the statutes.
1909 / Archduke Carl exhibition. For the centenary of the Battle of Aspern. / / The Biedermeier style is discussed in exhibitions and art and arts and crafts.
1914 / Exhibition of works by the Austrian Art Industry from 1850 to 1914, a competitive exhibition that highlights, among other things, the role model of the museum for arts and crafts in the fifty years of its existence.
1919 / After the founding of the First Republic it comes to assignments of former imperial possession to the museum, for example, of oriental carpets that are shown in an exhibition in 1920. The Museum now has one of the finest collections of oriental carpets worldwide.
1920 / As part of the reform of museums of the First Republic, the collection areas are delimited. The Antiquities Collection of the Museum of Art and Industry is given away to the Museum of Art History.
1922 / The exhibition of glasses of classicism, the Empire and Biedermeier time offers with precious objects from the museum and private collections an overview of the art of glassmaking from the former Austro-Hungarian Empire. / / Biedermeier glass serves as a model for contemporary glass production and designs, such as of Josef Hoffmann.
1922 / affiliation of the museal inventory of the royal table and silver collection to the museum. Until the institutional separation the former imperial household and table decoration is co-managed by the Museum of Art and Industry and is inventoried for the first time by Richard Ernst.
1925 / After the end of the directorate of Eduard Leisching, Hermann Trenkwald is appointed director.
1926 / The exhibition Gothic in Austria gives a first comprehensive overview of the Austrian panel painting and of arts and crafts of the 12th to 16th Century.
1927 / August Schestag succeeds Hermann Trenkwald as director.
1930 / The Werkbund (artists' organization) Exhibition Vienna, a first comprehensive presentation of the Austrian Werkbund, takes place on the occasion of the meeting of the Deutscher (German) Werkbund in Austria, it is organized by Josef Hoffmann in collaboration with Oskar Strnad, Josef Frank, Ernst Lichtblau and Clemens Holzmeister.
1931 / August Schestag concludes his directorate.
1932 / Richard Ernst is new director.
1936 and 1940 / In exchange with the Kunsthistorisches Museum (Museum of Art History), the museum at Stubenring gives away part of the sculptures and takes over arts and crafts inventories of the collection Albert Figdor and the Kunsthistorisches Museum.
1937 / The Collection of the Museum of Art and Industry is newly set up by Richard Ernst according to periods. / / Oskar Kokoschka exhibition on the 50th birthday of the artist.
1938 / After the "Anschluss" (annexation) of Austria by Nazi Germany, the museum is renamed into "National Museum of Arts and Crafts in Vienna".
1939-1945 / The museums are taking over numerous confiscated private collections. The collection of the "State Museum of Arts and Crafts in Vienna" in this way also is enlarged.
1945 / Partial destruction of the museum building by impact of war. / / War losses on collection objects, even in the places of rescue of objects.
1946 / The return of the outsourced objects of art begins. A portion of the during the Nazi time expropriated objects is returned in the following years.
1947 / The "State Museum of Arts and Crafts in Vienna" is renamed into "Austrian Museum of Applied Arts".
1948 / The "Cathedral and Metropolitan Church of St. Stephen" organizes the exhibition The St. Stephen's Cathedral in the Museum of Applied Arts. History, monuments, reconstruction.
1949 / The Museum is reopened after repair of the war damages.
1950 / As last exhibition under director Richard Ernst takes place Great art from Austria's monasteries (Middle Ages).
1951 / Ignaz Schlosser is appointed manager.
1952 / The exhibition Social home decor, designed by Franz Schuster, makes the development of social housing in Vienna again the topic of the Museum of Applied Arts.
1955 / The comprehensive archive of the Wiener Werkstätte (workshop) is acquired.
1955-1985 / The Museum publishes the periodical ancient and modern art .
1956 / Exhibition New Form from Denmark, modern design from Scandinavia becomes topic of the museum and model.
1957 / On the occasion of the exhibition Venini Murano glass, the first presentation of Venini glass in Austria, there are significant purchases and donations for the collection of glass.
1958 / End of the directorate of Ignaz Schlosser
1959 / Viktor Griesmaier is appointed as new director.
1960 / Exhibition Artistic creation and mass production of Gustavsberg, Sweden. Role model of Swedish design for the Austrian art and crafts.
1963 / For the first time in Europe, in the context of a comprehensive exhibition art treasures from Iran are shown.
1964 / The exhibition Vienna around 1900 (organised by the Cultural Department of the City of Vienna) presents for the frist time after the Second World War, inter alia, arts and crafts of Art Nouveau. / / It is started with the systematic work off of the archive of the Wiener Werkstätte. / / On the occasion of the founding anniversary offers the exhibition 100 years Austrian Museum of Applied Arts using examples of historicism insights into the collection.
1965 / The Geymüllerschlössel (small castle) is as a branch of the Museum angegliedert (annexed). Simultaneously with the building came the important collection of Franz Sobek - old Viennese clocks, made between 1760 and the second half of the 19th Century - and furniture from the years 1800 to 1840 in the possession of the MAK.
1966 / In the exhibition Selection 66 selected items of modern Austrian interior designers (male and female ones) are brought together.
1967 / The Exhibition The Wiener Werkstätte. Modern Arts and Crafts from 1903 to 1932 is founding the boom that continues until today of Austria's most important design project in the 20th Century.
1968 / To Viktor Griesmaier follows Wilhelm Mrazek as director.
1969 / The exhibition Sitting 69 shows at the international modernism oriented positions of Austrian designers, inter alia by Hans Hollein.
1974 / For the first time outside of China Archaeological Finds of the People's Republic of China are shown in a traveling exhibition in the so-called Western world.
1979 / Gerhart Egger is appointed director.
1980 / The exhibition New Living. Viennese interior design 1918-1938 provides the first comprehensive presentation of the spatial art in Vienna during the interwar period.
1981 / Herbert Fux follows Gerhart Egger as director.
1984 / Ludwig Neustift is appointed interim director. / / Exhibition Achille Castiglioni: designer. First exhibition of the Italian designer in Austria
1986 / Peter Noever is appointed director and starts with the building up of the collection contemporary art.
1987 / Josef Hoffmann. Ornament between hope and crime is the first comprehensive exhibition on the work of the architect and designer.
1989-1993 / General renovation of the old buildings and construction of a two-storey underground storeroom and a connecting tract. A generous deposit for the collection and additional exhibit spaces arise.
1989 / Exhibition Carlo Scarpa. The other city, the first comprehensive exhibition on the work of the architect outside Italy.
1990 / exhibition Hidden impressions. Japonisme in Vienna 1870-1930, first exhibition on the theme of the Japanese influence on the Viennese Modernism.
1991 / exhibition Donald Judd Architecture, first major presentation of the artist in Austria.
1992 / Magdalena Jetelová domestication of a pyramid (installation in the MAK portico).
1993 / The permanent collection is newly put up, interventions of internationally recognized artists (Barbara Bloom, Eichinger oder Knechtl, Günther Förg, GANGART, Franz Graf, Jenny Holzer, Donald Judd, Peter Noever, Manfred Wakolbinger and Heimo Zobernig) update the prospects, in the sense of "Tradition and Experiment". The halls on Stubenring accommodate furthermore the study collection and the temporary exhibitions of contemporary artists reserved gallery. The building in the Weiskirchner street is dedicated to changing exhibitions. / / The opening exhibition Vito Acconci. The City Inside Us shows a room installation by New York artist.
1994 / The Gefechtsturm (defence tower) Arenbergpark becomes branch of the MAK. / / Start of the cooperation MAK/MUAR - Schusev State Museum of Architecture Moscow. / / Ilya Kabakov: The Red Wagon (installation on MAK terrace plateau).
1995 / The MAK founds the branch of MAK Center for Art and Architecture in Los Angeles, in the Schindler House and at the Mackey Apartments, MAK Artists and Architects-in-Residence Program starts in October 1995. / / Exhibition Sergei Bugaev Africa: Krimania.
1996 / For the exhibition Philip Johnson: Turning Point designs the American doyen of architectural designing the sculpture "Viennese Trio", which is located since 1998 at the Franz-Josefs-Kai/Schottenring.
1998 / The for the exhibition James Turrell. The other Horizon designed Skyspace today stands in the garden of MAK Expositur Geymüllerschlössel. / / Overcoming the utility. Dagobert Peche and the Wiener Werkstätte, the first comprehensive biography of the work of the designer of Wiener Werkstätte after the Second World War.
1999 / Due to the Restitution Act and the Provenance Research from now on numerous during the Nazi time confiscated objects are returned.
2000 / Outsourcing of Federal Museums, transformation of the museum into a "scientific institution under public law". / / The exhibition Art and Industry. The beginnings of the Austrian Museum of Applied Arts in Vienna is dealing with the founding history of the house and the collection.
2001 / In the course of the exhibition Franz West: No Mercy, for which the sculptor and installation artist developed his hitherto most extensive work, the "Four lemurs heads" are placed at the bridge Stubenbrücke, located next to the MAK. / / Dennis Hopper: A System of Moments.
2001-2002 / The CAT Project - Contemporary Art Tower after New York, Los Angeles, Moscow and Berlin is presented in Vienna.
2002 / Exhibition Nodes. symmetrical-asymmetrical. The historical Oriental Carpets of the MAK presents the extensive rug collection.
2003 / Exhibition Zaha Hadid. Architecture. / / For the anniversary of the artist workshop, takes place the exhibition The Price of Beauty. 100 years Wiener Werkstätte. / / Richard Artschwager: The Hydraulic Door Check. Sculpture, painting, drawing.
2004 / James Turrell's MAKlite is since November 2004 permanently on the facade of the building installed. / / Exhibition Peter Eisenmann. Barefoot on White-Hot Walls, large-scaled architectural installation on the work of the influential American architect and theorist.
2005 / Atelier Van Lieshout: The Disciplinator / / The exhibition Ukiyo-e Reloaded presents for the first time the collection of Japanese woodblock prints of the MAK on a large scale.
2006 / Since the beginning of the year, the birthplace of Josef Hoffmann in Brtnice of the Moravian Gallery in Brno and the MAK Vienna as a joint branch is run and presents annually special exhibitions. / / The exhibition The Price of Beauty. The Wiener Werkstätte and the Stoclet House brings the objects of the Wiener Werkstätte to Brussels. / / Exhibition Jenny Holzer: XX.
2007/2008 / Exhibition Coop Himmelb(l)au. Beyond the Blue, is the hitherto largest and most comprehensive museal presentation of the global team of architects.
2008 / The 1936 according to plans of Rudolph M. Schindler built Fitzpatrick-Leland House, a generous gift from Russ Leland to the MAK Center LA, becomes with the aid of a promotion that granted the Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of the U.S. Department the MAK Center, center of the MAK UFI project - MAK Urban Future Initiative. / / Julian Opie: Recent Works / / The exhibition Recollecting. Looting and Restitution examines the status of efforts to restitute expropriated objects from Jewish property from museums in Vienna.
2009 / The permanent exhibition Josef Hoffmann: Inspiration is in the Josef Hoffmann Museum, Brtnice opened. / / Exhibition Anish Kapoor. Shooting into the Corner / / The museum sees itself as a promoter of Cultural Interchange and discusses in the exhibition Global:lab Art as a message. Asia and Europe 1500-1700 the intercultural as well as the intercontinental cultural exchange based on objects from the MAK and from international collections.
2011 / After Peter Noever's resignation, Martina Kandeler-Fritsch takes over temporarily the management. / /
Since 1 September Christoph Thun-Hohenstein is director of the MAK and declares "change through applied art" as the new theme of the museum.
2012 / With future-oriented examples of mobility, health, education, communication, work and leisure, shows the exhibition MADE4YOU. Designing for Change, the new commitment to positive change in our society through applied art. // Exhibition series MAK DESIGN SALON opens the MAK branch Geymüllerschlössel for contemporary design positions.
2012/2013 / opening of the newly designed MAK Collection Vienna 1900. Design / Decorative Arts from 1890 to 1938 in two stages as a prelude to the gradual transformation of the permanent collection under director Christoph Thun-Hohenstein
2013 / SIGNS, CAUGHT IN WONDER. Looking for Istanbul today shows a unique, current snapshot of contemporary art production in the context of Istanbul. // The potential of East Asian countries as catalysts for a socially and ecologically oriented, visionary architecture explores the architecture exhibition EASTERN PROMISES. Contemporary Architecture and production of space in East Asia. // With a focus on the field of furniture design NOMADIC FURNITURE 3.0. examines new living without bounds? the between subculture and mainstream to locate "do-it-yourself" (DIY) movement for the first time in a historical context.
2014 / Anniversary year 150 years MAK // opening of the permanent exhibition of the MAK Asia. China - Japan - Korea // Opening of the MAK permanent exhibition rugs // As central anniversary project opens the dynamic MAK DESIGN LABORATORY (redesign of the MAK Study Collection) exactly on the 150th anniversary of the museum on May 12, 2014 // Other major projects for the anniversary: ROLE MODELS. MAK 150 years: from arts and crafts to design // // HOLLEIN WAYS OF MODERN AGE. Josef Hoffmann, Adolf Loos and the consequences.
Eco Fashion Week April 22, 2013 Three stylists with $500 each made three runway collections from outfits presented by Value Village. Photos by Sean Herd.
Watch VCAD videos www.youtube.com/VancouverVCAD
VCAD - Fashion Design Program
500 - 626 West Pender St.
Vancouver, BC
V6B 1V9
CANADA
1.800.356.8497
VIP 尊貴客戶鑑賞 7 件藝術品
Seven valuable works of art for VIP valued customers to appreciate
Youtube:
2022 年 3 月份全球觀眾： 1,373 總觀看次數及1,588 總觀看時間 (分鐘)
Youtube:
Global audience in March 2022: 1,373 total views and 1,588 total watch time (minutes)
youtube.com/shorts/5gn_UiOEH6I?feature=share
Uploaded on April 12, 2022, the number of visitors on the first two days of upload was 127.
2022 年 4 月 12 日上傳，上傳首二日訪問人數為 127 人。
Facebook 臉書：
擁有 48,000 名全球會員的臉書公共社群網站 'Fine Art to sell'：
Facebook:
Facebook Public Group 'Fine Art to sell' that has 48,000 global members:
www.facebook.com/groups/fine.art.to.sell/permalink/317271...
m.facebook.com/groups/fine.art.to.sell/permalink/31678471...
www.facebook.com/groups/fine.art.to.sell/permalink/316883...
Flickr:
flickr.com/photos/myfatedata/51998680392/in/dateposted-pu...
Uploaded on April 12, 2022, the number of visitors on the first day of upload was 96.
2022 年 4 月 12 日上傳，上傳首日訪問人數為 96 人。
(1) 價格：新台幣八億八千萬元。
極為罕見稀少的外太空外星隕石鑽石 (一面形似人類腳底、一面形似人類腳背、它形似人類腳掌形狀)。
Youtube:
2022 年 3 月份全球觀眾： 1,373 總觀看次數及1,588 總觀看時間 (分鐘)
Facebook 臉書：
擁有 48,000 名全球會員的臉書公共社群網站 'Fine Art to sell'：
www.facebook.com/groups/fine.art.to.sell/permalink/316826...
重量：2,091 公克
國際上「隕石鑽石」價格為每顆至少新台幣7.5億元以上 (美金2,500萬元以上，請參閱「隕石鑽石 - 百度百科 baike.baidu.hk/item/%E9%9A%95%E7%9F%B3%E9%91%BD%E7%9F%B3/... 」)
全球目前「隕石鑽石」只發現三顆，一顆在中華人民共和國、二在美利堅合眾國、三「似乎也是最大一顆」則在中華民國的台灣。
「天然宇宙神韻」形狀
來自宇宙的天然迷人和令人驚嘆的藝術作品
極為罕見稀少的「外太空外星隕石鑽石 」(一面形似人類「腳底」、一面形似人類「腳背」、它形似人類「腳掌」形狀)。
在地球上，過去從未被發現，將來也不會被發現。
1、我們已經「專業研究隕石」數十多年，「貨真價實」。
2、我們有「隕石專業人員」會把「賣出隕石」預先「以手工特別盤整過一段時日」，使「賣出隕石」能夠讓購買者「更容易吸收」外太空外星隕石的「宇宙外太空外星微量元素及其能量」，而這些都是地球上所沒有具備的「微量元素及其能量」。
3、不是我們賣出的隕石，如果未經過我們的「隕石專業人員以手工特別盤整過一段時日」，可能會讓其購買者「完全無法、或是非常地不容易 ‘’吸收‘’ 外太空外星隕石的 '宇宙外太空外星微量元素及其能量'」；只能當作是「擺設用、收藏用、或是投資用隕石」，或只是「隕石擺件、或吊飾」使用而已。
這真是非常地可惜，如同浪費了「宇宙外太空中極為稀有、罕見、尤其珍貴」的外太空外星隕石之「宇宙外太空外星微量元素及其能量」。
千萬請勿浪費宇宙外太空外星隕石！
上開說法是有何憑據呢？
1、數千年來，西藏藏傳佛教喇嘛皆是採用「外太空外星隕石天鐵」與「外太空外星隕石天銅」製作「金剛法器」，如金剛杵、金剛降魔杵與金剛法鈴等等。
這就是西藏藏傳佛教喇嘛引用「外太空外星隕石之 ‘’宇宙外太空外星微量元素及其能量‘’」，並藉由西藏藏傳佛教喇嘛的「法會佛事活動、和藏傳佛教儀式」，達到讓人「更容易吸收」外太空外星隕石的「宇宙外太空外星微量元素及其能量」的千古年來如山鐵證。
2、「隕石的微量元素與健康」部分，請參閱文末之每日頭條新聞報導內容。
kknews.cc/news/9n55mkl.html#amp_tf=%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90%EF%...
但千萬注意，上開文中所介紹「將多類石隕石或泡水或煮水，就可以獲得富含微量元素的水。」者部分，則萬萬不可，因為外太空外星隕石的「宇宙外太空外星微量元素及其能量」是完全無法被溶入水份子中的。
而數千年來，也從未曾聽說過，有何西藏藏傳佛教喇嘛曾經將伊採用「外太空外星隕石天鐵」與「外太空外星隕石天銅」所製成的「金剛法器」，如金剛杵、金剛降魔杵與金剛法鈴等等，或泡水、或煮水，而讓信徒們飲用者情事。
天然宇宙神韻形狀
Natural Cosmic Charming Shape
天然宇宙神韻形狀
來自宇宙的天然迷人和令人驚嘆的藝術作品
極為罕見稀少的外太空外星隕石鑽石 (一面形似人類腳底、一面形似人類腳背、它形似人類腳掌形狀)。
在地球上，過去從未被發現，將來也不會被發現。
此隕石鑽石具備「球粒石隕石 Chondrite Aerolite (a stony meteorite)」應有的隕石氣印 (拇指印)、深黑色隕石熔殼、隕石熔流微細線、隕石的高比重密度 3.5、球粒石隕石會稍微吸引磁鐵的磁性、表面上可見些許鎳鐵球粒 (銀白色顆粒)、球粒石隕石具有的球粒、球粒石隕石斷面或表面上都能看到金屬銀白色的顆粒斑點，甚至於在隕石表面上尚具有隕石鑽石的非常微小鑽石晶體顆粒。
重量：2,091 grams 公克
尺寸：長 16.3 x 寬 8.9 x 厚 6.4 cm 公分
比重密度：3.5
地球普通岩石的密度為 2.5 - 3.0
鐵礦石的密度 4.0 - 6.0
鐵隕石的密度是 7.0 - 8.0
大多數隕石是由重礦物組成，密度為 3.0 - 8.0
石隕石密度 3 - 3.5
普通隕石的密度是 3.0 - 3.7
月球隕石的密度是 2.7 - 3.8
石隕石中的鐵鎳金屬含量小於等於30%；
石鐵隕石的鐵鎳金屬含量在30% - 65%之間；
鐵隕石的鐵鎳金屬含量大於等於95%。
玻璃隕石不含金屬成分。
「石隕石」分為「球粒隕石」 (占大部分) 與「非球粒隕石」兩個子類。
石隕石，是來自地球以外太陽系其他天體的碎片，絕大多數來自位於火星和木星之間的小行星。
球粒隕石 (Chondrite) 是行星母體未經過熔融或行星分化，而未被改變的石隕石。
球粒隕石是由原始太陽系中存在的塵埃和砂石粒子吸積形成的，並且在超過 45.5 億年前產生了小行星。這些球粒隕石的小行星母體是 (或曾經是) 中小型的小行星，它們是從未曾大到可以進行熔融和行星分化的太陽系小天體的一部分。
它們的特點之一是存在著由不同礦物形成圓形晶粒的隕石球粒，通常構成球粒隕石體積的20%至80%。它們的球粒直徑大小一般在0.5至1毫米之間。
球粒隕石中的金屬顆粒主要為鐵和鎳，而鎳的存在也是決定一顆石頭是否隕石的常用指標。
重量：2,091 公克
國際上「隕石鑽石」價格為每顆至少新台幣 7.5 億元以上 (美金 2,500 萬元以上，請參閱「隕石鑽石 - 百度百科
baike.baidu.hk/item/%E9%9A%95%E7%9F%B3%E9%91%BD%E7%9F%B3/... 」)
全球目前「隕石鑽石」只發現三顆，一顆在中華人民共和國、二在美利堅合眾國、三「也似乎是最大的一顆」則在中華民國的台灣。
Youtube:
2022 年 3 月份全球觀眾： 1,373 總觀看次數及1,588 總觀看時間 (分鐘)
Facebook 臉書：
擁有 48,000 名全球會員的臉書公共社群網站 'Fine Art to sell'：
m.facebook.com/groups/fine.art.to.sell/permalink/31649615...
Natural Cosmic Charming Shape
Natural Charming and Amazing Work of Art by the Universe
An extremely rare extraterrestrial Alien stone meteorite diamond of the outer space (one side resembles the sole of a human foot, the other resembles the instep of a human foot, and it resembles the footpalm shape of a human foot).
Youtube:
Global audience in March 2022: 1,373 total views and 1,588 total watch time (minutes)
Facebook:
Facebook Public Group 'Fine Art to sell' that has 48,000 global members:
www.facebook.com/groups/fine.art.to.sell/permalink/316826...
On Earth never has it been found in the past and will not be found in the future.
This meteorite diamond has the features of meteorite regmaglypts (thumbprints), dark black meteorite fusion crust, tiny meteorite fusion flow lines, high specific gravity density of meteorite 3.5, and the magnetic characteristic to attract magnet slightly by a chondrite meteorite. There are some nickel-iron chondrules (silver-white particles) on the surface, chondrules of chondrite stony meteorite, and metallic silver-white particle spots of chondrite stony meteorite being seen on the section or the surface, even on the surface of this meteorite, very tiny diamond crystal grains of a meteorite diamond being seen as well.
Weight: 2,091 grams
Dimensions: Length 16.3 x Width 8.9 x Depth 6.4 cm
Specific Gravity Density: 3.5
The average Specific Gravity Density of Earth's rock: 2.5 - 3.0
The Specific Gravity Density of iron ore: 4.0 - 6.0
The Specific Gravity Density of iron meteorite: 7.0 - 8.0
Most meteorites are composed of heavy minerals and have a Specific Gravity Density of 3.0 - 8.0
The Specific Gravity Density of Stone Meteorite: 3 - 3.5
The Specific Gravity Density of normal meteorites: 3.0 - 3.7
The Specific Gravity Density of lunar meteorites: 2.7 - 3.8
The iron-nickel metal content of stony meteorites is less than or equal to 30%;
The iron-nickel metal content of stony-iron meteorites is between 30% and 65%;
The iron-nickel metal content of iron meteorites is greater than or equal to 95%.
Glass meteorites do not contain metallic components.
"Stony meteorite" is divided into "chondrite" (mostly) and "achondrite", two sub-categories.
Stony meteorites are debris from other celestial bodies in the solar system other than Earth, most of which come from asteroids located between Mars and Jupiter.
Chondrites are stony meteorites whose celestial parent bodies have not been melted or differentiated, and without changing.
Chondrites were formed by the accretion of dust and sand particles that existed in the original solar system and produced asteroids more than 4.55 billion years ago. The asteroid parent bodies of these chondrites are (or were) small to medium-sized asteroids, that were part of small solar system bodies, that were never large enough to undergo melting and planetary differentiation.
One of their characteristics is the presence of chondrules, which are circular grains of different minerals, and typically make up 20 to 80 percent of the volume of the chondrite. Their spherulites are generally between 0.5 and 1 mm in diameter.
The metal particles in chondrites are mainly iron and nickel, and the presence of nickel is also a common indicator for determining whether a stone is a meteorite.
Weight: 2,091 grams
The international price of "meteorite diamonds" is at least NT$750 million per piece (more than US$ 25 million, please refer to "Meteorite Diamonds - Baidu Encyclopedia"
baike.baidu.hk/item/%E9%9A%95%E7%9F%B3%E9%91%BD%E7%9F%B3/... ”)
At present, only three "meteorite diamonds" have been found in the world, one in the People's Republic of China, two in the United States, and three "seems to be the largest" in Taiwan, the Republic of China.
Youtube:
Global audience in March 2022: 1,373 total views and 1,588 total watch time (minutes)
Facebook:
Facebook Public Group 'Fine Art to sell' that has 48,000 global members:
m.facebook.com/groups/fine.art.to.sell/permalink/31649615...
kknews.cc/news/9n55mkl.html#amp_tf=%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90%EF%...
「每日頭條」新聞
隕石的微量元素與健康
時間＼2018-10-07
2018年2月17曰，我在新浪微博發表過一篇題為《養生保健7種隕石礦物元素》的文章，有興趣的新朋友可以百度「華北隕石」微博中看到，當時，讀者反映很不錯，好多人認真進行了嘗試，作用顯著。
這就是隕石走向大眾化可喜的發展結果。也有個別朋友詢問，如何獲得隕石微量元素？在此簡單述說，大家一定知道「礦泉水」，經過水質檢測部門進行水質分析，這種來自山石縫隙間的水富含多種礦物微量元素。同樣的道理，我們將多類石隕石或泡或煮，就可以獲得富含微量元素的水。
隕石養生是一門新的科學。儘管，隕石養生功效直接使人的睡眠改善，多種慢性疾病康復等等，仍然需要喜好隕石者認真嘗試，不斷深入探究。我們收藏隕石，不要首先考慮它能賣多少錢？
關鍵看它有沒有養生功效，能讓我們睡的好，吃的飽，身體少毛病，少不適感，這才是它最大價值。只要發現特具養生能量的隕石，就是好藏品！為了更完善，更全面的科學利用隕石，今天再來補充說明三種特別的隕石微量元素，以便大家有針對性的運用。
【1】隕石中的「鍶」元素
在隕石里發現多種礦物元素，據說有一百餘種，而更重要的是隕石里有些元素對於人體來說都是必需品。比如隕石中的「鍶」元素，就是人體骨骼及牙齒所生長的組成成分，它能夠促進骨骼的發育成長，維繫人體正常的生理功能，在經研究中發現，鍶與鈣、鎂、矽、鋰等元素一樣，也能防治心血管類的疾病，與長壽息息相關，其機理可能是鍶元素在腸道內會與鈉元素競爭，從而減少人體對於鈉元素本身的吸收，這對於平常飲食口重，攝取鹽分較多的人群，血粘稠患者簡直算是救星。
【2】隕石中的「鈷」元素、和【3】「鈦」元素
還有像隕石中的「鈷」元素和「鈦」元素，前者能夠增強人體甲狀腺的生理功能，要知道鈷元素可是合成腺素所必需的成分，因此對於甲狀腺腫大的症狀有著一定的療效，同時還能預防甲狀腺腫瘤，而後者的功效則更為強大，鈦元素能夠刺激吞噬細胞，使免疫力增強的這一效益已被證實，鈦由於有親生物特性，在人體內，可以抵抗分泌物的腐蝕，對任何殺菌方法都較為適應，另外鈦元素還是一種能通過放射一致的波長使得細胞電離，從而達到調節人體內電流元素的作用，這也直接解釋了，為什麼人長時間接觸過隕石後，可以對人體產生有益的生理作用。
各種礦物元素是存在於所有身體組織和體液中的無機物質，它們的存在對於生命所依賴的許多生理化學過程至關重要。
這些礦物元素可以廣義的分為基本元素，例如鈣、磷、鈉、氯和微量元素，例如鐵、銅、鈷、鉀、鎂、碘、鋅、錳、鉬、氟、鉻、硒和硫。
這些礦物元素是不同於蛋白質、脂肪、碳水化合物和維他命等的營養實體。儘管需求量不大，但它們是各種酶、激素和細胞的組成部分，它們之間的新陳代謝相互關聯，相互輔助，也影響到其它組織。
礦物元素對人體健康的重要性已經被人類意識到。這些元素的缺乏或紊亂會對新陳代謝和組織結構產生重要影響，從而導致多種疾病的產生。
不幸的是，大多數人並沒有從膳食中攝取到足夠的這些必要礦物元素。而且，隨著年齡的增長，人體對這些基本和微量元素的需求都會增加，同時某些藥物的服用也會導致這些礦物元素的流失。
因此，單從攝取膳食和水中的礦物元素很難補足，而有針對性的從隕石中獲得一些隕石礦物元素，也是一種可行的方法。但要記住一點，貴在長久堅持！
（2）價格： 新台幣十一億七千七百萬元。
北宋汝窯天青釉刻劃印花五爪龍吐珠十二梅花紋折沿盤
Youtube:
2022 年 3 月份全球觀眾： 1,373 總觀看次數及1,588 總觀看時間 (分鐘)
Facebook 臉書：
擁有 48,000 名全球會員的臉書公共社群網站 'Fine Art to sell'：
m.facebook.com/groups/fine.art.to.sell/permalink/31677981...
www.facebook.com/groups/fine.art.to.sell/permalink/317863...
圓盤直徑：17.9 ～ 18.0 cm 厘米
圈足直徑：9.1 ～ 9.2 cm 厘米
本瓷盤為滿釉支燒，五支釘痕，香灰胎，天青釉，冰裂紋片，潤之如玉，在器物底部可見細如芝麻狀的支釘痕五個，痕跡很淺，大小如芝麻。
瓷盤龍紋上有數處「黑點之古瓷瑕疵」，龍紋線條「皆是手工製作、亦顯左右不對稱」，十二梅花紋「大小、間隙、寬度、深度皆不相同，明顯是由手工刻劃形成」，底部圈足兩側壁緣有「瑪瑙入釉及聚釉痕跡」，折沿口緣內側邊線上有一個明顯之「棕眼之古瓷瑕疵」，滿釉有古代柴燒氣泡及冰裂開片紋，底部圈足略為外撇。
而此傳世北宋汝窯瓷器的胎體有三個特點：
第一點是輕薄。
第二點胎色為香灰色，胎骨輕薄，胎質看色粗松實則細密。汝瓷胎色呈淺灰、灰白，因其色調與香燃燒之後形成的香灰相似，因而俗稱「香灰胎」。
第三點是汝瓷胎質細膩滋潤，堅緻緊密，被譽為「銅骨」。另外，接觸過傳世汝瓷的人常有「扣聲如磬」的形容，這在一定程度上也說明了汝瓷胎的輕薄與緻密。
另外，器底於光線下呈現略為凹凸不平，是由於泥坯中間的部位水份未乾，成型泥胎在掙脫粘連的泥范（模）時，由北宋窯工左右輕微轉動脫模操作所形成。
現代博物館裡的專業人士、收藏家、鑑賞家、學者、專家等等，因為他們都不是北宋皇帝宋徽宗本人，所以顯然他們已經把自己作為平民老百姓的品味，當作是應該屬於北宋皇帝宋徽宗的最愛。他們普遍認為，市面上流傳下來的 80 餘件傳世汝窯瓷器，應該就是北宋皇帝宋徽宗的御用汝官窯瓷器。 你認為有可能嗎？
Northern Song Dynasty Ru Kiln Sky-green glazed inscribed and printed Five-clawed Dragon Spit Bead and Twelve Plum Patterns Folding Edge Plate
Youtube:
Global audience in March 2022: 1,373 total views and 1,588 total watch time (minutes)
Facebook:
Facebook Public Group 'Fine Art to sell' that has 48,000 global members:
m.facebook.com/groups/fine.art.to.sell/permalink/31677981...
www.facebook.com/groups/fine.art.to.sell/permalink/317863...
Plate diameter: 17.9 - 18.0 cm
Ring foot diameter: 9.1 - 9.2 cm
This porcelain plate was full-glazed and burned with supporting-nails, five supporting-nail marks, incense-ash-like-earth-yellow-greyish porcelain body, sky-green glaze, broken-ice-cracking-like cracking-patterns, jade-like smoothness, and five sesame-like supporting-nail marks can be seen on the bottom of the utensil, the marks are very shallow, their sizes are such as sesames.
The dragon pattern on the porcelain plate has several "black spots of ancient porcelain flaws", the dragon pattern lines "are all handmade and also show asymmetry between the left and right", and the twelve plum patterns "are different in size, gap, width, and depth, which were obviously formed by hand-carving", there are "marks of agate mixed in the glaze and polyglaze" on both side walls of the bottom ring foot, and an obvious "brown-eye-small-hole" which is an ancient porcelain flaw, on the inner edge line of the folding mouth edge. It was fully glazed with ancient wood-fired air bubbles and broken-ice-cracking-like cracking-patterns. The bottom ring foot is slightly slanted outward.
The porcelain body of this handed down Ru kiln porcelain in the Northern Song Dynasty has three characteristics:
The first is “light and thinness”.
The second is that the porcelain fetal color is incense-ash-like-earth-yellow-greyish, the porcelain fetal bone is light and thin, and the fetal quality seems to be rough but fine. The color of Ru porcelain body is light-gray and gray-white, because its color is similar to the incense ash formed after burning incense, so it is commonly known as "incense gray porcelain body".
The third is that the texture of Ru porcelain is delicate and smooth, firm and compact, and is known as "bronze bone". In addition, people who have come into contact with the handed down Ru porcelain often describe it as "sound like a chime (a musical stone)", which to a certain extent also shows the lightness and compactness of the Ru porcelain body.
In addition, the bottom of the utensil is slightly uneven under the light. Because when the water in the middle of the porcelain mud body was not dry yet and meanwhile the molded mud body was slightly turned left and right to be broken away from the sticking mud mold. So long as the porcelain kiln workers in the Northern Song Dynasty took the above procedure, then the uneven bottom would have been formed.
Professionals in the modern museums, collectors, connoisseurs, scholars, experts, and so on, because they are all not the Emperor Song Huizong of the Northern Song Dynasty himself, so obviously they have regarded their own taste of being the common people, as the same favorite that should belonged to the Emperor Song Huizong in the Northern Song Dynasty. They generally believed that more than 80 pieces of Ru kiln porcelain handed down on the market should be the personal royal Ru Imperial kiln porcelain wares of the Northern Song Emperor Song Huizong. Do you think it is possible?
來源：
屬擊敗蒙古元朝歐亞大帝國的明朝皇帝朱元璋所分封為軍事大元帥的「陳秀甫」(陳秀甫亦為明代開國功臣光祿大夫《光祿大夫為皇帝開國及軍事作戰的出糧出資金錢財主》) 家族傳世的祖傳傳世品。
Provenance:
The handed down collection from the family ancestor of Chen Xiufu, a military marshal who was assigned by the Ming Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang (Zhu Yuanzhang defeated the Eurasian Empire of the Mongolian Yuan Dynasty), (Chen Xiufu was also the founding hero of the Ming Dynasty, whose official name was Guangludafu, "Guangludafu was the rich and wealthy capitalist of food and money supplied for the emperor's nation-founding and military operations.").
（3）價格：新台幣三億元。
中國周朝周文王鈎首龍頭鈎身鈎尾狐狸紋青銅鎏金戰袍帶鈎
Youtube:
2022 年 3 月份全球觀眾： 1,373 總觀看次數及1,588 總觀看時間 (分鐘)
Facebook 臉書：
擁有 48,000 名全球會員的臉書公共社群網站 'Fine Art to sell'：
www.facebook.com/groups/fine.art.to.sell/permalink/316780...
重量：301 grams 公克
尺寸：長 22.8 x 寬 4.4 x 高 3.3 cm 公分
《山海經》裡記載青丘之山，有九尾狐。這個九尾狐，經學者研究，很可能是九個氏族，或者是當地氏族崇拜的圖騰。甚至周文王也曾給商紂王獻過九尾狐。周文王被商紂王關在羑里，西岐方面為了救他出來，就到處尋找珍禽異獸。散宜生弄到了一隻九尾狐，連同其他珍寶獻給了商紂王。商紂王一高興就把姬昌 (周文王) 給放了。原文是：
文王拘羑里，散宜生至西海之濱，取白狐青翰獻紂，紂大悅。（《尚書大傳》，青翰，青色的野雞）
散宜生至吳，得九尾狐，以獻紂也。 （《幽通賦》注）
因此，周文王因「九尾狐」而得救，致御用青銅鎏金戰袍帶鈎為鈎首龍頭鈎身鈎尾雕狐狸紋。
King Zhou Wenwang's gilt bronze war robe hook with dragon head, fox pattern hook body and hook tail, Zhou Dynasty, China
Youtube:
Global audience in March 2022: 1,373 total views and 1,588 total watch time (minutes)
Facebook:
Facebook Public Group 'Fine Art to sell' that has 48,000 global members:
www.facebook.com/groups/fine.art.to.sell/permalink/316780...
Weight: 301 grams
Dimensions: Length 22.8 x Width 4.4 x Height 3.3 cm
The "Shan Hai Jing" records that there was nine-tailed fox on the mountain of Qingqiu. This nine-tailed fox, studied by scholars, was likely to be the nine clans, or a totem worshipped by the local clan. Even King Zhou Wenwang (周文王) presented a nine-tailed fox to King Shang Zhou (商紂王). King Zhou Wenwang (周文王) was imprisoned in Yuli by King Shang Zhou (商紂王), and in order to rescue him, the subjects in Kingdom Xiqi searched everywhere for rare birds and animals. San Yisheng obtained a nine-tailed fox and presented it to King Shang Zhou (商紂王) along with other treasures. When King Shang Zhou (商紂王) was pleased, he released Ji Chang [King Zhou Wenwang (周文王)]. The original text is:
King Zhou Wenwang (周文王) was detained in Yuli, San Yisheng went to the coast of the West Sea, and took the white fox and qinghan (green pheasant) to present to King Shang Zhou (商紂王), and King Shang Zhou (商紂王) was very pleased. ("The Great Biography of Shangshu", Qinghan, the green pheasant)
San Yisheng went to Wu and got a nine-tailed fox to offer King Shang Zhou (商紂王). (The Note of "You Tong Fu")
Therefore, King Zhou Wenwang (周文王) was saved because of the "nine-tailed fox", so he used a gilt bronze war robe hook, with dragon head, fox pattern hook body and hook tail.
來源：
屬擊敗蒙古元朝歐亞大帝國的明朝皇帝朱元璋所分封為軍事大元帥的「陳秀甫」(陳秀甫亦為明代開國功臣光祿大夫《光祿大夫為皇帝開國及軍事作戰的出糧出資金錢財主》) 家族傳世的祖傳傳世品。
Provenance:
The handed down collection from the family ancestor of Chen Xiufu, a military marshal who was assigned by the Ming Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang (Zhu Yuanzhang defeated the Eurasian Empire of the Mongolian Yuan Dynasty), (Chen Xiufu was also the founding hero of the Ming Dynasty, whose official name was Guangludafu, "Guangludafu was the rich and wealthy capitalist of food and money supplied for the emperor's nation-founding and military operations.").
（4）價格：新台幣三千萬元。
白堊紀早期美洲大陸最高大的恐龍波塞東龍幼龍化石板
Youtube:
2022 年 3 月份全球觀眾： 1,373 總觀看次數及1,588 總觀看時間 (分鐘)
Facebook 臉書：
擁有 48,000 名全球會員的臉書公共社群網站 'Fine Art to sell'：
www.facebook.com/groups/fine.art.to.sell/permalink/316781...
化石板重量：591 grams 公克
化石板尺寸：長 18.0 x 寬 14.2 x 厚 0.9 cm 公分
波塞東龍（Sauroposeidon）（意思為希臘神“波塞東”的“蜥蜴地震神”）是一種蜥腳類恐龍，係從幾個不完整的標本中得知，包括在美國奧克拉荷馬州、懷俄明州、德州發現的骨床化石和足跡化石。
波塞東龍（Sauroposeidon），生存於白堊紀早期。波塞東龍是目前已知最高的恐龍，經估計有17公尺高；而身長接近30到34公尺，體重被估計為50到60公噸之間。
目前已發現數個標本，正模標本由4個頸椎構成，在1994年發現於美國奧克拉荷馬州，之後在懷俄明州、德州也發現化石與足跡化石，地質年代屬於白堊紀早期，該地區過去是史前墨西哥灣的三角洲。由於之前很少發現該時代的北美洲巨型蜥腳類化石，這些化石曾一度被認為是矽化木。
出版著錄：
《Dinosaurs and Meteorites 恐龍與隕石 恐龙与陨石 恐竜と隕石》由美國谷歌圖書出版並在全球七十九國家發行：
Google Books:
books.google.com/books/about/Dinosaurs_and_Meteorites_%E6...
Google Play:
play.google.com/store/books/details/Orion_Hsu_Dinosaurs_a...
The tallest dinosaur Sauroposeidon baby fossil stone plate in the American Continent in the early Cretaceous
Youtube:
Global audience in March 2022: 1,373 total views and 1,588 total watch time (minutes)
Facebook:
Facebook Public Group 'Fine Art to sell' that has 48,000 global members:
www.facebook.com/groups/fine.art.to.sell/permalink/316781...
Fossil stone plate weight: 591 grams
Fossil stone plate size: length 18.0 x width 14.2 x thickness 0.9 cm
Sauroposeidon (meaning "lizard earthquake god" after the Greek god Poseidon) is a genus of sauropod dinosaur known from several incomplete specimens including a bone bed fossil and fossilized trackways that have been found in the U.S. states of Oklahoma, Wyoming, and Texas.
Sauroposeidon was living in the early Cretaceous. Sauroposeidon was the tallest known dinosaur, at an estimated height of 17 meters; its body length was nearly 30 to 34 meters, and its weight was estimated to be between 50 and 60 metric tons.
Several specimens have been found so far. The holotype is composed of 4 cervical vertebrae. It was discovered in Oklahoma, USA in 1994. Fossils and footprint fossils were also found in Wyoming and Texas. The geological age belongs to the early Cretaceous period. It used to be the delta of the prehistoric Gulf of Mexico. The fossils were once thought to be petrified wood because few giant sauropod fossils from this era have been found before.
Published bibliography:
《Dinosaurs and Meteorites 恐龍與隕石 恐龙与陨石 恐竜と隕石》Published by Google Books USA and distributed in 79 countries around the world:
Google Books:
books.google.com/books/about/Dinosaurs_and_Meteorites_%E6...
Google Play:
play.google.com/store/books/details/Orion_Hsu_Dinosaurs_a...
（5）價格：新台幣三千萬元。
唐朝皇室和闐白玉圓雕七隻豬 (代表無限財富) 紙鎮
Youtube:
2022 年 3 月份全球觀眾： 1,373 總觀看次數及1,588 總觀看時間 (分鐘)
Facebook 臉書：
擁有 48,000 名全球會員的臉書公共社群網站 'Fine Art to sell'：
www.facebook.com/groups/fine.art.to.sell/permalink/316825...
重量：390 grams 公克
尺寸：長 16.7 x 高 5.6 x 厚 5.1 cm 公分
玉石與眾不同的色澤和光彩，使人愛不惜手。古代由於數量少，加工困難，成為難得的奢侈品。它必定是社會地位極高的人物所擁有，玉石器就成了權力的象徵物，這又使它漸漸演變成為禮器、祭器。玉石器從原來僅僅是一種特殊的石頭轉化為代表權力、地位、財富、神權的象徵。
古代豬是財富的象徵，在漢唐時代如果說羊代表了吉祥，那麼豬就是財富的象徵。在漢唐時代豬已經是財富的重要表徵，豬也是一個富足家庭中所必備的家畜。因此在漢字中「家」中「豕」就是豬的象形文字，可見在古代漢朝與唐朝，豬確實是漢朝與唐朝皇室與人民重要的財產，也是財富的象徵之一。
由七隻豬 (代表無限財富) 紙鎮之材質和闐白玉石的皮層表面已經包漿氧化成為皮殼，而玉石皮表面的鐵元素亦氧化成為紅色，但無漢朝皇室玉雕品的圖騰紋飾，可確認此七隻豬 (代表無限財富) 紙鎮為唐朝 (618 - 907) 之皇室工藝和闐白玉圓雕巧作。
Tang Dynasty (618 - 907) Hetian White Jade circular carving imperial workshop carved Jade Seven Pigs (representing infinite wealth) paperweight
Youtube:
Global audience in March 2022: 1,373 total views and 1,588 total watch time (minutes)
Facebook:
Facebook Public Group 'Fine Art to sell' that has 48,000 global members:
www.facebook.com/groups/fine.art.to.sell/permalink/316825...
Weight: 390 grams
Dimensions: total length 16.7 cm x height 5.6 cm x depth 5.1 cm
The distinctive color and brilliance of jade make people love it at all costs. In ancient times, due to the small quantity and difficulty in processing, it became a rare luxury. It must be owned by a person of extremely high social status, and the jade carved artifact had become a symbol of power, which has gradually evolved it into a ritual tool and a sacrificial tool. The jade carved artifact was transformed from a special kind of stone into a symbol of power, status, wealth, and theocracy.
In ancient times, the pig was a symbol of wealth. In the Han Dynasty and Tang Dynasty, if the sheep represented auspiciousness, then the pig was a symbol of wealth. In these Dynasties, the pig was an important symbol of wealth, and the pig was also a must-have domestic animal in a wealthy family. Therefore within the Chinese character of "home", "hog" is the hieroglyph of the pig. It can be seen that in the ancient Han Dynasty and Tang Dynasty, the pig was indeed an important property of the imperial family and the people of these Dynasties, and it was one of the symbols of wealth.
The material of the jade Seven Pigs (representing infinite wealth) paperweight and the cortical surface of the white jade have been slurried and oxidized into a jade shell, and the iron element on the surface of the jade stone skin has also been oxidized to red. However, no patterns’ decoration of the imperial jade carvings of the Han Dynasty was carved on it. It can be confirmed that this jade Seven Pigs (representing infinite wealth) paperweight is a royal craftsmanship of the Tang Dynasty (618 - 907) and a skillful circular carving of white jade.
來源：
屬擊敗蒙古元朝歐亞大帝國的明朝皇帝朱元璋所分封為軍事大元帥的「陳秀甫」(陳秀甫亦為明代開國功臣光祿大夫《光祿大夫為皇帝開國及軍事作戰的出糧出資金錢財主》) 家族傳世的祖傳傳世品。
Provenance:
The handed down collection from the family ancestor of Chen Xiufu, a military marshal who was assigned by the Ming Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang (Zhu Yuanzhang defeated the Eurasian Empire of the Mongolian Yuan Dynasty), (Chen Xiufu was also the founding hero of the Ming Dynasty, whose official name was Guangludafu, "Guangludafu was the rich and wealthy capitalist of food and money supplied for the emperor's nation-founding and military operations.").
（6）價格：新台幣五千萬元。
唐朝 (618 - 907) 皇室工藝和闐白玉圓雕玉佛像
Youtube:
2022 年 3 月份全球觀眾： 1,373 總觀看次數及1,588 總觀看時間 (分鐘)
Facebook 臉書：
擁有 48,000 名全球會員的臉書公共社群網站 'Fine Art to sell'：
www.facebook.com/groups/fine.art.to.sell/permalink/316780...
重量：601 公克
尺寸：全高 19.6 厘米 x 寬 6.5 厘米 x 厚 5.8 厘米
盛唐時代可以說是佛造像的黃金時代，此時期的造像比例舒展勻稱，結構合理，已完全擺脫了隋和初唐時期的佛頭偏大，體態略僵板的感覺，動態極為自由活潑。頭部為螺髮型，大耳下垂，神情莊重而又不失慈祥。身材比例勻稱，結構合理，體態自然舒展，臉龐圓潤，曲眉豐頸，五官秀美。服飾華美，帔帛 (帔帛是美麗女式唐裝的點綴，就是我們看到畫裏唐代婦女肩上或手臂上搭着一條長長的條帶，走路隨風擺動，顯得瀟灑自然，這就是帔帛) 環繞，瓔珞 (瓔珞是一種掛於項頸，垂於胸前的飾品，用多種小巧的花朵穿串而成。 ) 小巧精緻，衣服紋線流暢自然。右手持寶珠。
由玉佛像之材質和闐白玉石的皮層表面已經包漿氧化成為皮殼，而玉石皮表面的鐵元素亦氧化成為紅色，頭部為螺髮且大耳下垂，身材比例勻稱，結構合理，披唐代帔帛，且右手持寶珠，可確認此玉佛像為唐朝 (618 - 907) 之皇室工藝和闐白玉圓雕巧作。
Tang Dynasty (618 - 907) Hetian White Jade circular carving imperial workshop carved Jade Buddha Statue
Youtube:
Global audience in March 2022: 1,373 total views and 1,588 total watch time (minutes)
Facebook:
Facebook Public Group 'Fine Art to sell' that has 48,000 global members:
www.facebook.com/groups/fine.art.to.sell/permalink/316780...
Weight: 601 grams
Dimensions: total height 19.6 cm x width 6.5 cm x depth 5.8 cm
The prosperous Tang Dynasty can be said to be the golden age of Buddha statues. The statues in this period are well-proportioned in proportion and reasonable in structure. They have completely gotten rid of the large head and slightly rigid body of the Buddha in the Sui and early Tang Dynasties, and the dynamics are extremely free and lively. He has a spiral hair on his head, large drooping ears, and a dignified yet kind expression. The body is well-proportioned, the structure is reasonable, the body is naturally stretched, the face is round, the eyebrows are plumply curved and the neck is full, and the facial features are beautiful. The apparels are gorgeous, shawl (shawl is the embellishment of beautiful women's Tang suits, that is, we see a long strip on the shoulders or arms of the women in the Tang Dynasty in the painting, walking with the wind swinging, looking elegant and natural, this is the shawl) is around the body. Wreath (wreath is a kind of decorations hanging on the neck and the chest, made of a variety of small flowers.) is small and delicate, the clothes' lines are smooth and natural. The right hand holds a treasure orb.
The material of the jade Buddha statue and the cortical surface of the white jade have been slurried and oxidized into a jade shell, and the iron element on the surface of the jade stone skin has also been oxidized to red. The head is spiral hair and the big ears are drooping. The body is well-proportioned, the structure is reasonable, wearing in Tang Dynasty shawl, and holding a treasure orb in the right hand. It can be confirmed that this jade Buddha statue is a royal craftsmanship of the Tang Dynasty (618 - 907) and a skillful circular carving of white jade.
來源：
屬擊敗蒙古元朝歐亞大帝國的明朝皇帝朱元璋所分封為軍事大元帥的「陳秀甫」(陳秀甫亦為明代開國功臣光祿大夫《光祿大夫為皇帝開國及軍事作戰的出糧出資金錢財主》) 家族傳世的祖傳傳世品。
Provenance:
The handed down collection from the family ancestor of Chen Xiufu, a military marshal who was assigned by the Ming Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang (Zhu Yuanzhang defeated the Eurasian Empire of the Mongolian Yuan Dynasty), (Chen Xiufu was also the founding hero of the Ming Dynasty, whose official name was Guangludafu, "Guangludafu was the rich and wealthy capitalist of food and money supplied for the emperor's nation-founding and military operations.").
（7）價格：新台幣十一億七千七百萬元
唐朝皇室和闐白玉圓雕觀世音菩薩蓮花底座造像
Youtube:
2022 年 3 月份全球觀眾： 1,373 總觀看次數及1,588 總觀看時間 (分鐘)
Facebook 臉書：
擁有 48,000 名全球會員的臉書公共社群網站 'Fine Art to sell'：
www.facebook.com/groups/fine.art.to.sell/permalink/316780...
重量：1,627 grams 公克
尺寸：高 19.9 x 寬 9.8 x 厚 8.8 cm 公分
玉石與眾不同的色澤和光彩，使人愛不惜手。古代由於數量少，加工困難，成為難得的奢侈品。它必定是社會地位極高的人物所擁有，玉石器就成了權力的象徵物，這又使它漸漸演變成為禮器、祭器。玉石器從原來僅僅是一種特殊的石頭轉化為代表權力、地位、財富、神權的象徵。
盛唐時代可以說是佛造像的黃金時代，此時期的造像比例舒展勻稱，結構合理，已完全擺脫了隋和初唐時期的佛頭偏大，體態略僵板的感覺，動態極為自由活潑。頭部大耳下垂，神情莊重而又不失慈祥。身材比例勻稱，結構合理，體態自然舒展，臉龐圓潤，曲眉豐頸，五官秀美。服飾華美，帔帛 (帔帛是美麗女式唐裝的點綴，就是我們看到畫裏唐代婦女肩上或手臂上搭着一條長長的條帶，走路隨風擺動，顯得瀟灑自然，這就是帔帛) 環繞，瓔珞 (瓔珞是一種掛於項頸，垂於胸前的飾品，用多種小巧的花朵穿串而成。 ) 小巧精緻，衣服紋線流暢自然。觀世音菩薩雙手捧持淨水瓶。
由觀世音菩薩玉佛像之材質和闐白玉石的皮層表面已經包漿氧化成為皮殼，而玉石皮表面的鐵元素亦氧化成為紅色，頭部為大耳下垂，身材比例勻稱，結構合理，披唐代帔帛，且雙手捧持淨水瓶，可確認此觀世音菩薩玉佛像為唐朝 (618 - 907) 之皇室工藝和闐白玉圓雕巧作。
Tang Dynasty (618 - 907) Hetian White Jade circular carving imperial workshop carved Jade Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva lotus pedestal statue
Youtube:
Global audience in March 2022: 1,373 total views and 1,588 total watch time (minutes)
Facebook:
Facebook Public Group 'Fine Art to sell' that has 48,000 global members:
www.facebook.com/groups/fine.art.to.sell/permalink/316780...
Weight: 1,627 grams
Dimensions: total height 19.9 cm x width 9.8 cm x depth 8.8 cm
The distinctive color and brilliance of jade make people love it at all costs. In ancient times, due to the small quantity and difficulty in processing, it became a rare luxury. It must be owned by a person of extremely high social status, and the jade carved artifact had become a symbol of power, which has gradually evolved it into a ritual tool and a sacrificial tool. The jade carved artifact was transformed from a special kind of stone into a symbol of power, status, wealth, and theocracy.
The prosperous Tang Dynasty can be said to be the golden age of Buddha statues. The statues in this period are well-proportioned in proportion and reasonable in structure. They have completely gotten rid of the large head and slightly rigid body of the Buddha in the Sui and early Tang Dynasties, and the dynamics are extremely free and lively. She has large drooping ears, and a dignified yet kind expression. The body is well-proportioned, the structure is reasonable, the body is naturally stretched, the face is round, the eyebrows are plumply curved and the neck is full, and the facial features are beautiful. The apparels are gorgeous, shawl (shawl is the embellishment of beautiful women's Tang suits, that is, we see a long strip on the shoulders or arms of the women in the Tang Dynasty in the painting, walking with the wind swinging, looking elegant and natural, this is the shawl) is around the body. Wreath (wreath is a kind of decorations hanging on the neck and the chest, made of a variety of small flowers.) is small and delicate, the clothes' lines are smooth and natural. The two hands of Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva hold a clean water bottle.
The material of the jade Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva lotus pedestal statue and the cortical surface of the white jade have been slurried and oxidized into a jade shell, and the iron element on the surface of the jade stone skin has also been oxidized to red. The head's big ears are drooping. The body is well-proportioned, the structure is reasonable, wearing in Tang Dynasty shawl, and the two hands of Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva hold a clean water bottle. It can be confirmed that this jade Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva lotus pedestal statue is a royal craftsmanship of the Tang Dynasty (618 - 907) and a skillful circular carving of white jade.
來源：
屬擊敗蒙古元朝歐亞大帝國的明朝皇帝朱元璋所分封為軍事大元帥的「陳秀甫」(陳秀甫亦為明代開國功臣光祿大夫《光祿大夫為皇帝開國及軍事作戰的出糧出資金錢財主》) 家族傳世的祖傳傳世品。
Provenance:
The handed down collection from the family ancestor of Chen Xiufu, a military marshal who was assigned by the Ming Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang (Zhu Yuanzhang defeated the Eurasian Empire of the Mongolian Yuan Dynasty), (Chen Xiufu was also the founding hero of the Ming Dynasty, whose official name was Guangludafu, "Guangludafu was the rich and wealthy capitalist of food and money supplied for the emperor's nation-founding and military operations.").
...
May 13, 2015 | The Role of Philanthropy in Shared Value, featuring FSG's Mark Kramer, Walmart Foundation's Kathleen McLaughlin, and Ford Foundation's Darren Walker.
Some of the values artists value. Croudsourced values, part of *For the Love of it*, Artquest, London 2013