Pedaliaceae (pedalium, or sesame family) » Sesamum orientale

see-SAM-um -- from Latin sesamum borrowed from other languages

or-ee-en-TAY-lee -- of or from the Orient, eastern

commonly known as: bene seeds, beniseed, benne, gingelly, til • Bengali: তিল til • Hindi: gingli, safed til, til • Kannada: yallu • Kashmiri: कुंजद् kunjad, कूंजल् or कूंज्यल् kunjal • Malayalam: ellu, schit-elu • Manipuri: thoiding • Marathi: तीळ or तिल tila • Punjabi: til • Sanskrit: तिल tila • Tamil: சிற்றெள் cirrel, எள் el, எள்ளு ellu, திலம் tilam, yellu cheddi • Telugu: నువ్వులు nuvvulu, నువ్వుపువ్ nuvvupuvvu, తెలిక telika, తిలలు tilalu

Origin: sub-saharan Africa, India

... white, pink, or mauve-pink flowers, with darker markings on lip ... persistent calyx.

... pollinated flower looses colour as well as dark markings ... ?

References: Flowers of India • M.M.P.N.D. • Wikipedia

Flacourtiaceae (coffee plum family) » Flacourtia indica

flak-KOOR-tee-uh -- named for Etienne de Flacourt, director of the Fr. East India Company

IN-dih-kuh or in-DEE-kuh -- of or from India

commonly known as: batoka plum, flacourtia, governor’s plum, Indian plum, Madagascar plum, Mauritius plum, Rhodesia plum • Gujarati: લોદરી lodari • Hindi: बिलाङ्गड़ा bilangada • Konkani: बाभुळी तांबट babhuli tambat • Malayalam: കരിമുള്ളി karimulli • Marathi: अठरुन athruna, तांबूट tambut • Sanskrit: श्रृववृक्ष shruvavrikksha • Tamil: சொத்தைக்களா cottai-k-kala • Telugu: నక్కనేరేడు nakka-neredu

Native to: tropical Africa, southern Africa, Madagascar, tropical Asia; naturalized elsewhere

References: Flowers of India • World Agroforestry Centre • NPGS • M.M.P.N.D. • ENVIS

Annonaceae (custard apple, sugar apple, or soursop family) » Annona reticulata

uh-NO-nuh -- Latinized form of the American Indian taino, vernacular name for cherimoya

reh-tick-yoo-LAY-tuh -- meaning, netted

commonly known as: bull's-heart, bullock's-heart, custard apple, Jamaica apple, netted custard apple, nettled anón, ox-heart • Hindi: आत, आता or अता aata, kapri, लोना or लौना lona, luvun, nonai, रामफल ramphal • Kannada: ರಾಮಫಳ ramaphala • Konkani: रामफळ ramphal • Malayalam: parankichchakka, ramachchita • Marathi: अनर anara, अनवल anaval, रामफळ or रामफळी ramphal • Prakrit: लवणअं lavanam • Sanskrit: lavali, लवनीयम् lavaniyam, पारावती paravati, विन्ध्या vindhya • Tamil: அணிநுணா aninuna, இராமசீத்தா iramacitta, மனிலாவாத்தா manilavatta, ராமச்சீத்தா ramaccitta, ramaphalam • Telugu: రామఫలము ramaphalamu • Urdu: شريفه shareefah

Native to: tropical America

Probable origin: West Indies

References: Purdue University • Wikipedia • PIER • World Agroforestry Centre • eFlora • M.M.P.N.D.

Arecaceae (palm family) » Phoenix sylvestris ♂

FEE-niks -- from the Greek name for a date palm

sil-VESS-triss -- from Latin silva (wood), of the woods, growing wild

commonly known as: date-sugar palm, Indian wild date, Indian winepalm, silver date palm, sugar date palm, sugar palm, wild date • Assamese: খাজুৰি khaajuri • Bengali: খর্জূর kharjura, খেজুর khejura • Gujarati: ખજૂરી khajuri • Hindi: खजूर khajur, सेंधी sendhi • Kannada: ಈಚಲು ichalu, ಖರ್ಜೂರ kharjura • Konkani: खाज्जूर khajjur • Malayalam: കാടിനൊത്ത kaattiintha, കാട്ടീന്തല്‍ kaattiinthal, നീലന്തെണ്ട് niilanthent • Manipuri: থাঙতুপ thangtup • Marathi: खारीक kharik, खर्जूर kharjur, खर्जूरी kharjuri, शिंद shinda, शिंदी shindi • Nepalese: kandela, taadii • Oriya: khorjurri • Punjabi: khajur • Sanskrit: खर्जूरः kharjurh, खर्जूरी kharjuri, नेपाली nepali • Tamil: ஈந்துபனை inthupaanai, காட்டீஞ்சு kattinchu • Telugu: ఈత ita • Urdu: کهجور khajur

Native to: India, Nepal; cultivated elsewhere

References: Flowers of India • NPGS / GRIN • eFlora • M.M.P.N.D. • ENVIS - FRLHT • DDSA

Meliaceae (melia, or mahogany family) » Toona ciliata

TU-nah -- derived from vernacular name of the plant

sil-ee-ATE-uh or sil-ee-AH-tuh -- fringed with hairs

commonly known as: Australian red cedar, bastard cedar, Burma cedar, Indian cedar, Indian mahogany, moulmein cedar, red cedar, toon • Assamese: পমা pama • Bengali: তূণ tun • Hindi: नन्दी nandi, नन्दिक nandik, तुन tun, तुन्न tunna • Kannada: ಬೆಳಮ್ದಿ belamdi • Kashmiri: द्रब् drab, द्रावी drawi, तूनी tuni • Malayalam: ചന്ദന വേമ്പ് candana veemp, ചുവന്ന അകില്‍ cuvanna akil, മദഗിരിവേമ്പ് madagiriveemp, പടുകരണ patukarana • Manipuri: তাইৰেল tairel • Marathi: नांदुरकी nandurki, तुन्न tunna • Mizo: teipui • Nepalese: तूनी tunee, तुनि tuni • Oriya: teipui, mahalimbo • Pali: कच्छक kacchaka • Punjabi: ਚਿੱਟੀ ਸਿਰੀਂਹ chitti sirinh, ਚਿੱਟੀ ਸਰੀਂਹ chitti sarinh, ਦੱਲੀ dalli, ਦਰਲ daral, ਦੋਰੀ dori, ਤੁਣ tun • Sanskrit: कच्छपः kacchapah, नन्दी nandi, नन्दिकः nandikah, तुन्न tunna • Tamil: ஆயில் ayil, மலயப்பூத்துன்னமரம் malaya-p-pu-t-tunna-maram, மதகரிவேம்பு matakari-vempu, தூணாமரம் tuna-maram • Telugu: నందివృక్షము nandivrikshamu • Urdu: نندي nandi, نندك nandik, تون tun, تن tunna

Native to: Afghanistan, China, Indian subcontinent, Indo-China, Malesia, Australia

References: Flowers of India • Wikipedia • NPGS / GRIN • M.M.P.N.D. • eFlora • DDSA • efloraofindia

Common name: White Silk Cotton Tree, True Kapok Tree, {Schwetsimul, Setsimul (Bengali)} {Safed Semul सफेद सेमुल, Safed savara सफेद सावरा (Hindi)}, Safeta savara सफेत सावरा (Marathi), Shweta shalmali श्वेत शालमली (Sanskrit), {Panji tannaku பஞ்சித்தணக்கு, Shalmali ல்மலி (Tamil)}, Tella buruga (Telugu), Sambal (Urdu)

Botanical name: Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn.

- [ (SAY-buh) latinized form of the South American name for this tree; (pen-TAN-druh) five stamens ]

Synonyms: Bombax guineensis Schum. & Thonn. • Bombax occidentale Spreng. • Bombax orientale Spreng. • Bombax pentandrum L. • Ceiba caribaea (DC.) A. Chev. • Ceiba guineensis (Schum. & Thonn.) A. Chev. • Ceiba occidentalis (Spreng.) Burkill • Ceiba thonningii A. Chev. • Eriodendron anfractuosum DC. • Eriodendron caribaeum G. Don • Eriodendron guineense G. Don & Thonn. • Eriodendron orientale Kostel • Eriodendron pentandrum (L.) Kurz • Xylon pentandrum (L.) Kuntze

Family: Bombacaceae (baobab family)

Origin: Tropical America

Kapok (Ceiba pentandra) is a tropical tree of the order Malvales and the family Malvaceae (previously separated in the family Bombacaceae), native to Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean, northern South America, and (as the variety C. pentandra var. guineensis) to tropical west Africa.

The word is also used for the fibre obtained from its seed pods. The tree is also known as the Java cotton, Java kapok, or ceiba. It is a sacred symbol in Maya mythology.

Ceiba is also the national tree of both Guatemala and Puerto Rico.

Courtesy:

- Dave's Garden

- Zipcode Zoo

- EcoPort

- Mytho-Fleurs

- Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database

- From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Note: Identification or description may not be accurate; it is subject to your review.

Moraceae (mulberry family) » Ficus virens

FY-kus or FIK-us -- from the Latin for fig

VEER-enz -- green

commonly known as: grey fig, Java fig, Java willow, sour fig, spotted fig, strangler fig, wavy-leaved fig tree, white fig • Assamese: pakori • Bengali: পাকুড় pakar • Gujarati: પેપરી pepri • Hindi: कमण्डल kamandal, पाकड़ paakar, पाकड़िया paakariya, पर्कटी parkati, पीतन pitan, पिलखन pilkhan, प्लक्ष plaksh, प्लव plav, रामअञ्जीर ramanjir • Jaintia: dieng chiri • Kannada: ಬಸರಿಮರ basarimara, ಕರಿಬಸರಿ karibasari • Khasi: dieng sohpoklaw • Malayalam: ചെറള cherala • Manipuri: চিঙ হৈবোঙ ching heibong • Marathi: लघुपिंपरी laghupimpri, पायर payar, पाईर paiir • Nepalese: safed kabra • Oriya: jari • Punjabi: jangli pipli, palakh, pilkhan • Sanskrit: भिदुरः bhidura, दृढप्रारोहः dridapraroha, हृस्वपर्ण hrasvaparna, जाती jati, मङ्गलछायः mangalachaya, पर्कटी parkati, पीतन pitan, प्लक्षः plaksha, प्लवकः plavaka, शुङ्गिन् shungin,, यवः yavha • Tamil: சிற்றால் chirral, சுவி chuvi, இத்தி itti, கல்லால் kallal, குருக்கத்தி kurukkaththi • Telugu: జువ్వి zuvvi • Urdu: پاکڙيا paakariya

Native to: south China, Indian subcontinent, Indo-China, Malesia, north Australia

References: Flowers of India • NPGS / GRIN • eFlora • ENVIS - FRLHT • M.M.P.N.D.

Annonaceae (custard apple, sugar apple, or soursop family) » Annona reticulata

uh-NO-nuh -- Latinized form of the American Indian taino, vernacular name for cherimoya

reh-tick-yoo-LAY-tuh -- meaning, netted

commonly known as: bull's-heart, bullock's-heart, custard apple, Jamaica apple, netted custard apple, nettled anón, ox-heart • Hindi: आत, आता or अता aata, kapri, लोना or लौना lona, luvun, nonai, रामफल ramphal • Kannada: ರಾಮಫಳ ramaphala • Konkani: रामफळ ramphal • Malayalam: parankichchakka, ramachchita • Marathi: अनर anara, अनवल anaval, रामफळ or रामफळी ramphal • Prakrit: लवणअं lavanam • Sanskrit: lavali, लवनीयम् lavaniyam, पारावती paravati, विन्ध्या vindhya • Tamil: அணிநுணா aninuna, இராமசீத்தா iramacitta, மனிலாவாத்தா manilavatta, ராமச்சீத்தா ramaccitta, ramaphalam • Telugu: రామఫలము ramaphalamu • Urdu: شريفه shareefah

Native to: tropical America

Probable origin: West Indies

References: Purdue University • Wikipedia • PIER • World Agroforestry Centre • eFlora • M.M.P.N.D.

A parody of "God Lives on Terra",

words and music by Julia Ecklar, 1984.

www.songworm.com/

All rights reserved. Used by permission.

Keynote 50 in 50

Kuala Pilah, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia.

Xanthosoma sagittifolium (L.) H.W. Schott & Endl. Araceae. CN: [Malay - Keladi telur, Ubi Tawi (Kelantan); Indonesia - Talas belitung, Kimpul, Busil, Bote], Ape (Hawaii), Arrowleaf elephant ear, Blue tannia, Blue taro, Coco, Cocoyam, Eddo, Green arrow elephant ears, Japanese potatoes, Malanga, Malanga blanca, New cocoyam, Ocumo, Purplestem taro, Rosy malanga, Sato-Imo, Tania, Tannia, Yautia, Yautia amarilla, Yautia blanco. Native to the Caribbean, northern and western South America. Stem, shoot and tuber edible. Many varieties, some having blue tubers.

Synonym(s):

Alocasia talihan Elmer Ex Merr.

Arum nigrum Vell.

Arum sagittifolium L. (basionym)

Arum xanthorrhizon Jacq.

Caladium edule G. Mey.

Caladium mafaffa Engl.

Caladium sagittifolium (L.) Vent.

Caladium utile Engl.

Caladium xanthorrhizon (Jacq.) Willd.

Philodendron nigrum Kunth

Xanthosoma appendiculatum Schott

Xanthosoma atrovirens K. Koch and C. D. Bouché

Xanthosoma atrovirens var. appendiculatum (Schott) Engl.

Xanthosoma atrovirens var. hybridum K. Koch

Xanthosoma atrovirens var. kochii Engl.

Xanthosoma atrovirens var. moritzii Engl.

Xanthosoma atrovirens var. panduriforme Engl.

Xanthosoma atrovirens var. versicolor K. Koch

Xanthosoma blandum Schott

Xanthosoma edule (G. Mey.) Schott

Xanthosoma ianthinum K. Koch and C. D. Bouché

Xanthosoma jacquinii Schott

Xanthosoma mafaffa Schott

Xanthosoma mafaffa var. blandum (Schott) Engl.

Xanthosoma mafaffa var. typicum Engl.

Xanthosoma nigrum Stellfeld

Xanthosoma peregrinum Griseb.

Xanthosoma poeppigii var. mafaffa (Schott) J. F. Macbr.

Xanthosoma roseum Schott

Xanthosoma utile K. Koch and C. D. Bouché

Xanthosoma violaceum Schott

Xanthosoma xantharrhizon (Jacq.) K. Koch

Ref and suggested reading:

zipcodezoo.com/Plants/x/Xanthosoma_sagittifolium/

www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Xanthosoma.html#sag...

www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?42090

www.plantamor.com/index.php?plant=1692

www.ebooksread.com/authors-eng/walter-w-skeat/pagan-races...

www.fao.org/docrep/t0646e/T0646E0o.htm#Tannia,%20yautia%2...

2020 UMAAS Sydney Harbour Cruise

Bombacaceae (baobab family) » Ceiba pentandra

SAY-buh -- Latinized form of the South American name for this tree

pen-TAN-druh -- meaning, five stamens

commonly known as: true kapok tree, white silk cotton tree • Bengali: schwetsimul • Hindi: safed savara, safed semul • Marathi: safeta savara • Sanskrit: shweta shalmali • Tamil: panji tannaku, shalmali • Telugu: tella buruga • Urdu: sambal

Origin: Tropical America

References: Dave's Garden • Zipcode Zoo • Mytho-Fleurs • M.M.N.P.D.

Cucurbitaceae (pumpkin, or gourd family) » Momordica dioica

mo-MOR-di-ka -- from the word to bite, reference to the seeds which look bitten

dy-oh-EE-kuh -- meaning, male and female flowers on separate plants

commonly known as: bristly balsam-pear, prickly carolaho, spine gourd, teasle gourd • Assamese: avandhya • Gujarati: katwal • Hindi: बन करेला ban karela • Kannada: karchi-balli, madahagala gadde • Konkani: फागिल phagil • Malayalam: ben-pavel, erimapasel • Marathi: करटोली kartoli • Sanskrit: कर्कोटकी karkotaki, कर्कोटी karkoti • Tamil: மெழுகுபாகல் meluku-pakal, பழுபாகல் palu-pakal • Telugu: అడవికాకర adavikakara, ఆకాకర akakara

Native to: south-east Asia

References: Flowers of India • Dave's Garden • M.M.P.N.D.

Leguminosae or Fabaceae s. l. (legume, pea, or bean family) » Mucuna pruriens

myoo-KOO-nuh -- from the Brazilian name for these vines

pruriens -- from Latin prurient, pruriens, present participle of prurire to itch

commonly known as: bengal bean, buffalo bean, cowach, cowage, cow itch, cowhage, hell fire bean, itchweed, itchy bean, Mauritius bean, nescafe, purple jade vine, sea bean, velvet bean, wild itchy bean • Bengali: আলকুশি alakusi • Hindi: जाङ्गली jangali, जड़ा jara, कवांच kavanch. केवांच kevanch, किवांच kivanch, konch • Kannada: ನಸುಗುನ್ನಿ nasugunni • Malayalam: നായ്ക്കുരണ naikkuran • Marathi: कवचकुइरी kavachkuiri, कवचकुइली kavachkuili, कवसकुइरी kavaskuiri, कवसकुइली kavaskuili, खाजरीकुइरी khazrikuiri, खाजरीकुइली khazrikuili • Sanskrit: आत्मगुप्ता atmagupta, कपिकच्छ् kapikachu • Tamil: பூனைக்காலி punaikkali • Telugu: దూలగొండి dulagondi, కండూష్పల kanduspala, కపికచ్ఛూః kapikacchuh, pilliadugu • Urdu: جانگلي jangali, جڙا jara

Native to: Africa, India

References: Flowers of India • TopTropicals • Dave's Garden • M.M.P.N.D.

Bombacaceae (baobab family) » Ceiba pentandra

SAY-buh -- Latinized form of the South American name for this tree

pen-TAN-druh -- bearing five stamens

commonly known as: true kapok tree, white silk cotton tree • Bengali: schwetsimul • Gujarati: સફેદ શીમળો safed shimlo • Hindi: सफेद सावरा safed savara, सफेद सेमुल safed semul, शाल्मलि shalmali • Malayalam: പഞ്ഞിമരം panjimaram, ശീമപ്പൂള siimappuula • Marathi: पांढरी सावर pandhari savar, सफेत सावरा safeta savara • Sanskrit: श्वेत शालमली shweta shalmali • Tamil: பஞ்சித்தணக்கு panji tannaku, ல்மலி shalmali • Telugu: తెల్ల బూరుగ tella buruga • Urdu: سيمل semal, شالملي shalmali

Native to: tropical America

References: Dave's Garden • Zipcode Zoo • Mytho-Fleurs • M.M.N.P.D.

Anacardiaceae (cashew family) » Mangifera indica

man-GEF-er-uh -- bearing mangos

IN-dih-kuh or in-DEE-kuh -- of or from India

commonly known as: mango • Assamese: আম aam • Bengali: আম aama • Gujarati: આંબો aambo • Hindi: आम aam • Kannada: ಮಾವು maavu • Kashmiri: अम्ब् amb • Konkani: आंबॉ ambo • Malayalam: മാവു് maavu • Manipuri: heinou • Marathi: अंबा amba • Nepalese: आँप् aamp • Punjabi: ਅੰਬ amb • Sanskrit: आम्र aamra • Tamil: மா ma, மாங்காய் maangai • Telugu: ఆమ్రము amramu, మామిడి mamidi • Urdu: آم aam

Native to: s Asia and India

References: Flowers of India • Top Tropicals • Dave's Garden • EcoPort • Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database

Euphorbiaceae (castor, euphorbia, or spurge family) » Mallotus philippensis

mal-LOH-tus -- meaning fleecy, referring to the seed capsule

fil-lip-EN-sis -- of or from the Philippines; also spelled philippinensis

commonly known as: dyer's rottlera, kamala dye tree, monkey face tree, orange kamala, red kamala, scarlet croton • Bengali: কমলা kamala • Hindi: कामला kamala, रैनी raini, रोहन rohan, रोहिनी rohini, सिन्धुरी sinduri • Kannada: ಕುಮ್ಕುಮದ ಮರ kunkuma-damara • Malayalam: ചെങ്കൊല്ലി cenkolli, കുങ്കുമപ്പൂമരം kunkumappuumaram, കുരങ്ങുമഞ്ഞശ് kurangumanjas, നാവട്ട naavatta, നൂറിമരം nuurimaram • Marathi: केशरी kesari, शेंदरी shendri • Sanskrit: काम्पिल्यक kampilyaka • Tamil: கபிலப்பொடி kapila poti, குரங்குமஞ்சணாறி kuranku-mañcanari • Telugu:కుంకుమ చెట్టు kunkuma-chettu

Native to: China, India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Vietnam, Malaysia, Philippines, Australia

References: M.M.P.N.D. • World Agroforestry Centre • Forest Flora of Andhra Pradesh

Don't miss the interactive view (requires shockwave - a free, one-time, automatic download).

Camera: Nikon D100

Lense: AF-S DX Nikkor 18-70 mm f/3.5-4.5G IF-ED

Tripod: Manfrotto

Tripod head: Manfrotto 322RC2 Tripod Head with Nodal Ninja

Photos: 9 + 9 + 9 + 2 = 29 photos (three rows plus zenith and nadir)

Software: Stitched with PTGui (but warped with Panorama Tools); Blended with Enblend plugin; No photoshop; EXIFTool to add the EXIF info from the first photo.

Original Image: 10,000 x 5,000 pixels; 17.1 MB

Maps: Google Earth (requires Google Earth) | Street | Satellite | Hybrid | Topo

Dioscoreaceae (yam family) » Dioscorea bulbifera

dy-oh-SKOR-ee-uh -- named for Pedanios Dioscorides, 1st century Greek pharmacologist

bulb-EE-fer-uh -- meaning, bearing bulbs

commonly known as: aerial yam, air potato, air yam, bitter yam, bulbil-bearing yam, cheeky yam, malacca yam, otaheite-potato , potato yam, shoebutton air potato • Bengali: বনআলু ban alu • Hindi: गैण्ठी gainthi, कदू कन्दा kadu kunda, रतालू ratalu (apt for D. purpurea) • Kannada: ಅಮ್ಬಲಿ ಗೆಣಸು ambali genasu, ಹಮ್ದಿಗೆಣಸು hamdigenasu, ಹೆಗ್ಗೆನಸು heggenasu, ಕುಮ್ಟಗೆಣಸು kuntagenasu, ನೇಗಿಲುಹೊನ್ನೆ negilugonne • Konkani: करंदो karamdo • Malayalam: കാച്ചില് kaacchil, പന്നികിഴങ്ങ pannikizhangu • Marathi: डुकरकंद dukar-kand, कडूकरंदा kadu-karanda, वाराही varahi • Nepalese: गीट्ठा giitthaa, गीट्ठे तरुल giitthe tarul, वन तरुल van tarul • Oriya: pita alu • Sanskrit: आलुकः aluka, वराहीकन्द varahi-kand • Tamil: காட்டுச்சீரகவள்ளி kaatu-c-ciraka-valli, காட்டுக்காய்வள்ளி kaattu-k-kaay-valli • Telugu: అడవి దుంప adavi dumpa

Native to: tropical Africa, China, Indian subcontinent, Indo-China, tropical Australia

References: Flowers of India • NPGS / GRIN • M.M.P.N.D. • IFAS

Keynote 50 in 50

Anacardiaceae (cashew family) » Schinus terebinthifolius

SKY-nus -- Greek name for Pistacia (the mastic tree, another genus)

ter-ee-binth-ee-FOH-lee-us -- leaves like the Pistacia terebinthus (turpentine tree)

commonly known as: aroeira, Bahamian holly (USA), Brazilian pepper, christmas berry, Florida holly, pepper tree, pink pepper, rose pepper

Native to: subtropical and tropical South America

References: University of Florida • Floridata • Wikipedia • M.M.P.N.D.

Jeniang, Kedah, Malaysia.

Solanum ferox L. Solanaceae. CN: [Malay and regional vernacular names and sharing with other similar species such as S. macrocarpon - Terung masam. Terung bulu, Terong asam, Terong Dayak, Terong Iban, Tabanburo, Tarambulo, Sinkade, Tarabi], Hairy-fruited eggplant, Malaysian sunplant, Yellow-fruited nightshade. Native to China, Taiwan, Indian Subcontinent (Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka), Indo-China (Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam), Malesia (Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Philippines), Solomon Islands. S. ferox is an unresolved name according to The Plant List, while GRIN and FRIM classify the species name S. ferox as auct.and a synonym to S. lasiocarpum and S. indicum. Many hybrids and cultivars. Some of the cultivated "Domesticum Group" ones are devoid of fuzzy hairs around fruits, reduced prickles on vegetative parts and variable fruit sizes. The specimen is a wild type armed with sharp prickles at its vegetative parts usually found on waste ground. and quite widespread. The fruits are used in sauces and curries and, like those of most of these (eggplant / nightshade borderline) plants, have a sour taste. In traditional medicine the seeds are used to treat toothache by rolling them in a banana leaf, burning them as a cigar and inhaling the smoke. The roots are used to cure wounds, severe bruises, itch, syphilis and to relieve violent pains all over the body. The fuzzy irritating hairs are easily removed by briefly passing over an open fire or rubbed with coconut husk.

Synonym(s):

Solanum indicum L.

Solanum lasiocarpum Dunal

Solanum immane Hance ex Walp.

Solanum ferox auct.

Solanum lasiocarpum var. velutinum Dunal

Ref. and suggested reading:

FRIM Flora Database

www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/tro-29604513

www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/tro-29600277

www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?416240

zipcodezoo.com/Plants/s/Solanum_ferox/

www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/new/Sorting/CATALOGUE/Pt2-A...

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solanum_ferox

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solanum_lasiocarpum

commonly known as: dog teak, five-carpelled simpoh, Nepalese elephant apple • Assamese: okshi • Bengali: বন চালতা ban chalta • Burmese: zinbyun • Chinese: 小花五桠果 xiao hua wu ya guo • Gujarati: કરમલ karmal • Hindi: करमल karmal • Javanese: janti, sempu • Kannada: ಕಾಡು ಕಣಿಗಲು kaadu kanigalu • Khasi: dieng soh bar • Khmer: pheng • Konkani: लहान करमल lahan karmal • Malayalam: കുടപ്പുന്ന kutapunna, പട്ടിപ്പുന്ന pattippunna, വാഴപ്പുന്ന vaazhappunna • Marathi: पिवळा करमळ piwala karmal • Mizo: kaihzawl, kawrthing-dengte • Nepalese: राम फल ram phal, तानतारी tantari • Oriya: railgatcho • Sanskrit: अक्षिकीफल aksikiphal, पुन्नाग punnaga • Sulawesi: tawro • Tamil: நாய்த்தேக்கு nay-t-tekku, புன்னை வகை punnai vakai • Telugu: చిన్న కళింగ chinna kalinga, రేవడ revada • Thai: ส้านช้าง san chang • Vietnamese: s[oof] ng[ux] th[uw]

References: Biotik • ENVIS - FRLHT • Digital Dictionaries of South Asia • M.M.P.N.D.

Flacourtiaceae (coffee plum family) » Flacourtia indica

flak-KOOR-tee-uh -- named for Etienne de Flacourt, director of the Fr. East India Company

IN-dih-kuh or in-DEE-kuh -- of or from India

commonly known as: batoka plum, flacourtia, governor’s plum, Indian plum, Madagascar plum, Mauritius plum, Rhodesia plum • Gujarati: લોદરી lodari • Hindi: बिलाङ्गड़ा bilangada • Konkani: बाभुळी तांबट babhuli tambat • Malayalam: കരിമുള്ളി karimulli • Marathi: अठरुन athruna, तांबूट tambut • Sanskrit: श्रृववृक्ष shruvavrikksha • Tamil: சொத்தைக்களா cottai-k-kala • Telugu: నక్కనేరేడు nakka-neredu

Native to: tropical Africa, southern Africa, Madagascar, tropical Asia; naturalized elsewhere

References: Flowers of India • World Agroforestry Centre • NPGS • M.M.P.N.D. • ENVIS

Flacourtiaceae (coffee plum family) » Flacourtia indica

flak-KOOR-tee-uh -- named for Etienne de Flacourt, director of the Fr. East India Company

IN-dih-kuh or in-DEE-kuh -- of or from India

commonly known as: batoka plum, flacourtia, governor’s plum, Indian plum, Madagascar plum, Mauritius plum, Rhodesia plum • Gujarati: લોદરી lodari • Hindi: बिलाङ्गड़ा bilangada • Konkani: बाभुळी तांबट babhuli tambat • Malayalam: കരിമുള്ളി karimulli • Marathi: अठरुन athruna, तांबूट tambut • Sanskrit: श्रृववृक्ष shruvavrikksha • Tamil: சொத்தைக்களா cottai-k-kala • Telugu: నక్కనేరేడు nakka-neredu

Native to: tropical Africa, southern Africa, Madagascar, tropical Asia; naturalized elsewhere

References: Flowers of India • World Agroforestry Centre • NPGS / GRIN • M.M.P.N.D. • ENVIS - FRLHT

Malvaceae (mallow family) » Sida rhombifolia

SEE-duh -- in Greek, a type of water lily; although now a name for a type of mallow

rom-bif-OH-lee-uh -- meaning, leaves in a diamond shape

commonly known as: arrow-leaf sida, broom jute sida, country mallow, Cuban jute, paddy's lucerne, Queensland hemp, teaweed • Assamese: boriala • Bengali: svetbarela • Gujarati: baladana • Hindi: बरयारा baryara, kharenti, सहदेव sahadeva, swet-barela • Kannada: bolamgadale, kallangadale • Malayalam: vankuruntotti, valankuruntotti, velluram • Manipuri: uhan • Marathi: baler, sadeda, सहदेवी sahadevi • Oriya: bajromuli • Sanskrit: अतिबला atibala, बला bala, महाबल mahabala • Tamil: வேளைப்பாசை velaippacai • Telugu: గూబతడ guba tada, మహాబల mahabala • Urdu: بلا bala, بريارا baryara

Native to: India, Sri Lanka

References: Flowers of India • Forest Flora of Andhra Pradesh • M.M.P.N.D. • ENVIS - FRLHT • PIER species info

Arecaceae (palm family) » Phoenix sylvestris

FEE-niks -- from the Greek name for a date palm

sil-VESS-triss -- from Latin silva (wood), of the woods, growing wild

commonly known as: date-sugar palm, Indian wild date, Indian winepalm, silver date palm, sugar date palm, sugar palm, wild date • Assamese: খাজুৰি khaajuri • Bengali: খর্জূর kharjura, খেজুর khejura • Gujarati: ખજૂરી khajuri • Hindi: खजूर khajur, सेंधी sendhi • Kannada: ಈಚಲು ichalu, ಖರ್ಜೂರ kharjura • Konkani: खाज्जूर khajjur • Malayalam: കാടിനൊത്ത kaattiintha, കാട്ടീന്തല്‍ kaattiinthal, നീലന്തെണ്ട് niilanthent • Manipuri: থাঙতুপ thangtup • Marathi: खारीक kharik, खर्जूर kharjur, खर्जूरी kharjuri, शिंद shinda, शिंदी shindi • Nepalese: kandela, taadii • Oriya: khorjurri • Punjabi: khajur • Sanskrit: खर्जूरः kharjurh, खर्जूरी kharjuri, नेपाली nepali • Tamil: ஈந்துபனை inthupaanai, காட்டீஞ்சு kattinchu • Telugu: ఈత ita • Urdu: کهجور khajur

Native to: Indian sub-continent

References: Flowers of India • eFlora • M.M.P.N.D. • ENVIS - FRLHT

Plantaginaceae (plantain family) » Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst.

buh-KOH-puh -- said to be a South American aboriginal name

mon-ee-ER-ee -- named for Monnier, French physician, naturalist, and professor

commonly known as: herb of grace, Indian pennywort, moneywort, Monnier's bacopa, thyme-leaved gratiola, water hyssop • Assamese: ব্ৰাহ্মী brahmi • Bengali: ব্রাহ্মিশাক brahmisaka • Dogri: बाम ब्राह्मी baam brahmi, जलब्राह्मी jalbrahmi, सरस्वती sarswati, सौम्यलता saumyalata, तिक्तलोनिका tiktlonika • Gujarati: બામ baam, બ્રાહ્મી brahmi,જલનેવરી jalanevari, કડવી લૂણી kadavi luni • Hindi: बाम baam, ब्राह्मी brahmi, जलबूटी jalbuti, जलनीम jalnim, नीरब्राह्मी nirbrahmi, सफेद चमनी safed chamani • Kannada: ಬ್ರಾಹ್ಮಿ brahmi, ಜಲ ಬ್ರಾಹ್ಮಿ jala brahmi, ನೀರು ಬ್ರಾಹ್ಮಿ niru brahmi • Konkani: ब्राह्यी brahmi • Malayalam: ബ്രഹ്മി brahmi • Manipuri: brahmi-sak • Marathi: ब्राह्मी brahmi, जलब्राह्मी jalabrahmi, नीर ब्राह्मी nir brahmi • Oriya: ବ୍ରାହ୍ମୀ brahmi, ପୃଶ୍ନି ପର୍ଣ୍ଣୀ prusni parnni • Sanskrit: ब्राह्मी brahmi, तिक्तलोणिका tiktalonika • Tamil: நீர்ப்பிரமி nir-p-pirami, பிரமி pirami, பிரமியம் piramiyam, தராய் taray • Telugu: సాంబ్రాణి ఆకు sambrani aku

Distribution: pantropical; also cultivated

References: Flowers of India • Wikipedia • M.M.P.N.D. • ENVIS - FRLHT • DDSA

Fabaceae (pea, or legume family) » Canavalia gladiata

kan-uh-VAY-lee-uh -- Latinized form of the Malabar vernacular kanavali

glad-ee-AY-tuh -- meaning, sword-like

commonly known as: Jack bean, Jamaican horse bean, scimitar bean, sword bean • Assamese: kamtal urahi • Hindi: मक्खन सेम makkhan sem • Kannada: ಶಿಮ್ಬೆ ಅವರೆ shimbe avare • Malayalam: വാള് പയര്‍ vaal payara • Manipuri: তেবী tebi • Marathi: अबई abai • Sanskrit: आशीशिम्बी aasishimbi, महाशिम्बी mahashimbi • Urdu: مکهن سيم makkhan sem

Native to: paleotropics

References: ARS - GRIN • Wikipedia • M.M.P.N.D.

Apocynaceae (dogbane family) » Wrightia tinctoria

RITE-ee-a -- named for William Wright, Scottish physician and botanist

tink-TOR-ee-uh -- used in dyeing or has a sap which can stain

commonly known as: black indrajau, dyeing rosebay, dyers’s oleander, ivory tree, pala indigo plant, sweet indrajao • Gujarati: દૂધલો dudhalo • Hindi: दुधी dudhi, इन्द्रजौ indrajau, काला कुडा kala kuda, करायजा karayaja, कुडा kuda • Kannada: ಅಜಮರ ajamara • Konkani: काळाकुडो kalakudo • Marathi: भूरेवडी bhurevadi, काळा कुडा kala kuda • Malayalam: ഭന്തപ്പാല bhanthappaala, കമ്പിപ്പാല kampippaala, നിലപ്പാല nilappaala • Sanskrit: असित कुटज asita kutaj, hyamaraka, स्त्री कुटज stri kutaja • Tamil: இரும்பாலை irum-palai, பாலை paalai, வெட்பாலை vet-palai • Telugu: అంకుడుచెట్టు ankuduchettu, చిట్టిఅంకుడు chiti-anikudu, కొండజెముడు kondajemudu

Native to: India, Myanmar

References: Flowers of India • EcoPort • M.M.P.N.D.

Euphorbiaceae (castor, euphorbia, or spurge family) » Mallotus philippensis

mal-LOH-tus -- meaning fleecy, referring to the seed capsule

fil-lip-EN-sis -- of or from the Philippines; also spelled philippinensis

commonly known as: dyer's rottlera, kamala dye tree, monkey face tree, orange kamala, red kamala, scarlet croton • Bengali: কমলা kamala • Hindi: कामला kamala, रैनी raini, रोहन rohan, रोहिनी rohini, सिन्धुरी sinduri • Kannada: ಕುಮ್ಕುಮದ ಮರ kunkuma-damara • Malayalam: ചെങ്കൊല്ലി cenkolli, കുങ്കുമപ്പൂമരം kunkumappuumaram, കുരങ്ങുമഞ്ഞശ് kurangumanjas, നാവട്ട naavatta, നൂറിമരം nuurimaram • Marathi: केशरी kesari, शेंदरी shendri • Sanskrit: काम्पिल्यक kampilyaka • Tamil: கபிலப்பொடி kapila poti, குரங்குமஞ்சணாறி kuranku-mañcanari • Telugu:కుంకుమ చెట్టు kunkuma-chettu

Native to: China, India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Vietnam, Malaysia, Philippines, Australia

References: M.M.P.N.D. • World Agroforestry Centre • Forest Flora of Andhra Pradesh

Zingiberaceae (ginger family) » Alpinia zerumbet

al-PIN-ee-uh -- named for Prospero Alpino, Italian botanist

ZER-um-bet -- derived from a Persian word

commonly known as: butterfly ginger, light galangal, pink porcelain lily, shell flower, shell ginger • Chinese: 艳山姜 da cao kou • Finnish: galangajuuri • German: porzellan-ingwerlilie • Japanese: getto • Maori (Cook Islands): kaopu‘i, kopi ‘enua • Pinyin: yàn shanjiang • Swedish: galangarot • Russian: al'piniia prekrasnaia • Samoan: teuila • Thai: ข่าคม kha khom • Tongan: teuila • Vietnamese: gừng ấm, riềng ấm, riềng đẹp, sẹ nước

Native to: India, eastern Asia

References: Flowers of India • Floridata • Wikipedia • PIER species info • M.M.P.N.D.

Apocynaceae (dogbane family) » Holarrhena pubescens

ho-lar-REN-uh -- unsure of pronunciation, refers to its prolific flowering trait

pew-BES-senz or pub-ess-ens -- meaning, downy or short haired

commonly known as: bitter oleander, cavessi bark, common holarrhena, coneru, conessi bark, dysentery rose bay, easter tree, ivory tree, kurchi bark, Tellicherry bark, white angel • Assamese: dhulkari, dudkhuri • Bengali: kurchi, কুটজ kutaja • Gujarati: કડવો ઇન્દ્રજવ kadavo indrajav • Hindi: कडवा इंद्रजव karva indrajau, kurchi, कुटज kutaja • Kannada: koodsaloo, korchie • Kashmiri: अन्दुसुरुन् andusurun • Konkani: कुडॉ kudo • Malayalam: കുടകപ്പാല kutakappaala • Marathi: इंद्रजव indrajav, कुटज kutaja, पांढरा कुडा pandhra kuda • Oriya: kherwa, korwa, kurwa, pitakorwa • Punjabi: keor, kewar • Sanskrit: इंद्रयव indrayava, कुटज kutaja, sakraparyaaya, sakraasana, वत्सक vatsaka • Tamil: கிரிமல்லிகை kirimllikai, குடசப்பாலை kutaca-p-palai, மலைமல்லிகை mlaimllikai • Telugu: గిరిమల్లిక girimallika, కొడిసెపాల kodisepala, కోలముక్కు kolamukku, కొండమల్లె kondamalle, కుటజము kutajamu

Native to: tropical areas of Africa and Asia

References: Flowers of India • DDSA • M.M.P.N.D. • Flowers of Sahyadri • बहर

Dioscoreaceae (yam family) » Dioscorea bulbifera

dy-oh-SKOR-ee-uh -- named for Pedanios Dioscorides, 1st century Greek pharmacologist

bulb-EE-fer-uh -- bearing bulbs

commonly known as: aerial yam, air potato, air yam, bitter yam, bulbil-bearing yam, cheeky yam, malacca yam, otaheite-potato , potato yam, shoebutton air potato • Bengali: বনআলু ban alu • Hindi: गैण्ठी gainthi, कदू कन्दा kadu kanda, रतालू ratalu (apt for D. purpurea) • Kannada: ಅಮ್ಬಲಿ ಗೆಣಸು ambali genasu, ಹಮ್ದಿಗೆಣಸು hamdigenasu, ಹೆಗ್ಗೆನಸು heggenasu, ಕುಮ್ಟಗೆಣಸು kuntagenasu, ನೇಗಿಲುಹೊನ್ನೆ negilugonne • Konkani: करंदो karamdo • Malayalam: കാച്ചില് kaacchil, പന്നികിഴങ്ങ pannikizhangu • Marathi: डुकरकंद dukar-kand, कडूकरंदा kadu-karanda, वाराही varahi • Nepalese: गीट्ठा giitthaa, गीट्ठे तरुल giitthe tarul, वन तरुल van tarul • Oriya: pita alu • Sanskrit: आलुकः aluka, वराहीकन्द varahi-kand • Tamil: காட்டுச்சீரகவள்ளி kaatu-c-ciraka-valli, காட்டுக்காய்வள்ளி kaattu-k-kaay-valli • Telugu: అడవి దుంప adavi dumpa

Native to: tropical Africa, China, Indian subcontinent, Indo-China, tropical Australia

References: Flowers of India • NPGS / GRIN • M.M.P.N.D. • IFAS

Moraceae (mulberry family) » Ficus elastica

FY-kus or FIK-us -- from the Latin for fig

ee-LASS-tih-kuh -- meaning, stretchable, rubbery, referring to latex sap

commonly known as: Assam rubber tree, caoutchoue tree, Indian rubber tree, karet tree, ornamental rubber tree, rambong, rubber fig, rubber plant, rubber tree • Assamese: অথা বৰ athabor • Kannada: ರಬ್ಬರ್ ಮರ rabbar mara • Khasi: diengjri • Konkani: रबराचो वड rabracho vad • Malayalam: ഇന്ത്യന്‍ റബ്ബര്‍ inthyan rabbar • Tamil: சீமையால் cimaiyal • Telugu: రబ్బరు rabbara, సాగుబంక segubanka

Native to: Indian subcontinent, Myanmar, Malesia; widely cultivated

References: Flowers of India • TopTropicals • Dave's Garden • M.M.P.N.D. • DDSA

Dioscoreaceae (yam family) » Dioscorea bulbifera

dy-oh-SKOR-ee-uh -- named for Pedanios Dioscorides, 1st century Greek pharmacologist

bulb-EE-fer-uh -- meaning, bearing bulbs

commonly known as: aerial yam, air potato, air yam, bitter yam, bulbil-bearing yam, cheeky yam, malacca yam, otaheite-potato , potato yam, shoebutton air potato • Bengali: বনআলু ban alu • Hindi: गैण्ठी gainthi, कदू कन्दा kadu kunda, रतालू ratalu (apt for D. purpurea) • Kannada: ಹಮ್ದಿಗೆಣಸು hamdigenasu, ಹೆಗ್ಗೆನಸು heggenasu, ಕುಮ್ಟಗೆಣಸು kuntagenasu, ನೇಗಿಲುಹೊನ್ನೆ negilugonne • Konkani: करंदो karamdo • Malayalam: കാച്ചില് kaacchil, പന്നികിഴങ്ങ pannikizhangu • Marathi: डुकरकंद dukar-kand, कडूकरंदा kadu-karanda, वाराही varahi • Nepalese: गीट्ठा giitthaa, गीट्ठे तरुल giitthe tarul, वन तरुल van tarul • Oriya: pita alu • Sanskrit: आलुकः aluka, वराहीकन्द varahi-kand • Tamil: காட்டுச்சீரகவள்ளி kaatu-c-ciraka-valli, காட்டுக்காய்வள்ளி kaattu-k-kaay-valli • Telugu: అడవి దుంప adavi dumpa

Native to: tropical Africa, China, Indian subcontinent, Indo-China, tropical Australia

References: Flowers of India • NPGS / GRIN • M.M.P.N.D. • IFAS

Fabaceae (pea, or legume family) » Canavalia gladiata

kan-uh-VAY-lee-uh -- Latinized form of the Malabar vernacular kanavali

glad-ee-AY-tuh -- meaning, sword-like

commonly known as: Jack bean, Jamaican horse bean, scimitar bean, sword bean • Assamese: kamtal urahi • Hindi: मक्खन सेम makkhan sem • Kannada: ಶಿಮ್ಬೆ ಅವರೆ shimbe avare • Malayalam: വാള് പയര്‍ vaal payara • Manipuri: তেবী tebi • Marathi: अबई abai • Sanskrit: आशीशिम्बी aasishimbi, महाशिम्बी mahashimbi • Urdu: مکهن سيم makkhan sem

Native to: paleotropics

References: Flowers of India • ARS - GRIN • Wikipedia • M.M.P.N.D.

Moraceae (mulberry family) » Ficus hispida

FY-kus or FIK-us from the Latin for fig

HISS-pih-duh -- with bristly hairs

commonly known as: devil fig, hairy fig, opposite-leaved fig-tree, rough-leaved fig • Gujarati: ધેડ ઉંબર dhed umbar • Hindi: गोबला gobla, कगशा kagsha, काला उम्बर kala umbar, कटगूलरिया katgularia, फल्गु phalgu • Kannada: kada atthi • Konkani: खरवोटी kharvoti • Malayalam: എരുമനാക്ക് erumanaakk, കാട്ടത്തി kaattaththi, പാറകം paarakam • Marathi: बोकेडा bokeda, बोखाडा bokhada, बोखेडा bokheda, धेड उंबर dhed umbar, काळा उंबर kala umbar, करवती karavati • Nepalese: खोथया दुमरी kothaya-dumari • Sanskrit: काकोदुम्बरिका kakodumbarika, मलयूः malayuhu, फल्गु phalgu, फणिका phanika • Tamil: பேயத்தி peyatti • Telugu: బొమ్మమేడి bomma-medi

Native to: China, Indian sub-continent, Indo-China, Malesia, northern Australia

References: eFlora • NPGS / GRIN • M.M.P.N.D.

Plantaginaceae (plantain family) » Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst.

buh-KOH-puh -- said to be a South American aboriginal name

mon-ee-ER-ee -- named for Monnier, French physician, naturalist, and professor

commonly known as: herb of grace, Indian pennywort, moneywort, Monnier's bacopa, thyme-leaved gratiola, water hyssop • Assamese: ব্ৰাহ্মী brahmi • Bengali: ব্রাহ্মিশাক brahmisaka • Dogri: बाम ब्राह्मी baam brahmi, जलब्राह्मी jalbrahmi, सरस्वती sarswati, सौम्यलता saumyalata, तिक्तलोनिका tiktlonika • Gujarati: બામ baam, બ્રાહ્મી brahmi,જલનેવરી jalanevari, કડવી લૂણી kadavi luni • Hindi: बाम baam, ब्राह्मी brahmi, जलबूटी jalbuti, जलनीम jalnim, नीरब्राह्मी nirbrahmi, सफेद चमनी safed chamani • Kannada: ಬ್ರಾಹ್ಮಿ brahmi, ಜಲ ಬ್ರಾಹ್ಮಿ jala brahmi, ನೀರು ಬ್ರಾಹ್ಮಿ niru brahmi • Konkani: ब्राह्यी brahmi • Malayalam: ബ്രഹ്മി brahmi • Manipuri: brahmi-sak • Marathi: ब्राह्मी brahmi, जलब्राह्मी jalabrahmi, नीर ब्राह्मी nir brahmi • Oriya: ବ୍ରାହ୍ମୀ brahmi, ପୃଶ୍ନି ପର୍ଣ୍ଣୀ prusni parnni • Sanskrit: ब्राह्मी brahmi, तिक्तलोणिका tiktalonika • Tamil: நீர்ப்பிரமி nir-p-pirami, பிரமி pirami, பிரமியம் piramiyam, தராய் taray • Telugu: సాంబ్రాణి ఆకు sambrani aku

Distribution: pantropical; also cultivated

References: Flowers of India • Wikipedia • M.M.P.N.D. • ENVIS - FRLHT • DDSA

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Rubiaceae (bedstraw, coffee, or madder family) » Morinda pubescens

mo-RIN-duh -- from the Latin morus (mulberry) and indicus (Indian)

pew-BES-senz or pub-ess-ens -- meaning, downy or short haired

commonly known as: morinda, noni, togari wood of Madras • Hindi: आल aal, औछ auch • Kannada: ಮಡ್ಡಿ maddi • Malayalam: മഞ്ഞപ്പാവട്ട manjappaavatta • Marathi: बारतोंडी bartondi • Oriya: pindra • Sanskrit: अच्युत achyuta, अक्षिकिफल akshikiphala • Tamil: மஞ்சணாறி manchanari, நுணா nuna • Telugu: మడ్డి maddi, తొగరు togaru • Urdu: togar mughalai

Native to: India, south-east Asia

References: M.M.P.N.D. • IndFlora • The Trees of Mumbai

Brassicaceae (mustard, or cabbage family) » Raphanus sativus

RAF-an-us -- quickly appears

sa-TEE-vus -- cultivated

commonly known as: radish • Bengali: মুলো mulo • Gujarati: મૂળો mulo • Hindi: मौली mauli, मूलक mulak, मूली muli • Kannada: ಮೋಲಮ್ಗಿ molamgi, ಮೂಲಮ್ಗಿ mulamgi, ಮುಲ್ಲಮ್ಗಿ mullamgi • Kashmiri: मुजू muju • Konkani: मूळो mulo • Malayalam: മൂലാഭം molabham, മുള്ളങ്കി mullaanki, പാടീരം patiram • Marathi: मुळा mula • Sanskrit: मूलक mulaka, मूलिका mulika • Tamil: முள்ளங்கி mullanki • Telugu: ముల్లంగి mullangi • Urdu: فجل fujul

Native to: Eurasia (origin obscure); cultivated widely in south Asia

References: Flowers of India • PIER • Wikipedia • Floridata • PFAF • M.M.P.N.D.

Apocynaceae (dogbane family) » Wrightia tinctoria

RITE-ee-a -- named for William Wright, Scottish physician and botanist

tink-TOR-ee-uh -- used in dyeing or has a sap which can stain

commonly known as: black indrajau, dyeing rosebay, dyers’s oleander, ivory tree, pala indigo plant, sweet indrajao • Gujarati: દૂધલો dudhalo • Hindi: दुधी dudhi, इन्द्रजौ indrajau, काला कुडा kala kuda, करायजा karayaja, कुडा kuda • Kannada: ಅಜಮರ ajamara • Konkani: काळाकुडो kalakudo • Marathi: भूरेवडी bhurevadi,गोडा इंद्रजव goda indrajav, काळा कुडा kala kuda • Malayalam: ഭന്തപ്പാല bhanthappaala, കമ്പിപ്പാല kampippaala, നിലപ്പാല nilappaala • Sanskrit: असित कुटज asita kutaj, hyamaraka, स्त्री कुटज stri kutaja • Tamil: இரும்பாலை irum-palai, பாலை paalai, வெட்பாலை vet-palai • Telugu: అంకుడుచెట్టు ankuduchettu, చిట్టిఅంకుడు chiti-anikudu, కొండజెముడు kondajemudu

Native to: India, Myanmar

References: Flowers of India • EcoPort • M.M.P.N.D.

Moraceae (mulberry family) » Ficus elastica

FY-kus or FIK-us -- from the Latin for fig

ee-LASS-tih-kuh -- meaning, stretchable, rubbery, referring to latex sap

commonly known as: Assam rubber tree, caoutchoue tree, Indian rubber tree, karet tree, ornamental rubber tree, rambong, rubber fig, rubber plant, rubber tree • Assamese: অথা বৰ athabor • Kannada: ರಬ್ಬರ್ ಮರ rabbar mara • Khasi: diengjri • Konkani: रबराचो वड rabracho vad • Malayalam: ഇന്ത്യന്‍ റബ്ബര്‍ inthyan rabbar • Tamil: சீமையால் cimaiyal • Telugu: రబ్బరు rabbara, సాగుబంక segubanka

Native to: Indian subcontinent, Myanmar, Malesia; widely cultivated

References: Flowers of India • TopTropicals • Dave's Garden • M.M.P.N.D. • DDSA

Apocynaceae (dogbane family) » Holarrhena pubescens

ho-lar-REN-uh -- unsure of pronunciation, refers to its prolific flowering trait

pew-BES-senz or pub-ess-ens -- meaning, downy or short haired

commonly known as: bitter oleander, cavessi bark, common holarrhena, coneru, conessi bark, dysentery rose bay, easter tree, ivory tree, kurchi bark, Tellicherry bark, white angel • Assamese: dhulkari, dudkhuri • Bengali: kurchi, কুটজ kutaja • Gujarati: drowda, kudakari • Hindi: कडवा इंद्रजव karva indrajau, kurchi, कुटज kutaja • Kannada: koodsaloo, korchie • Konkani: कुडॉ kudo • Malayalam: കുടകപ്പാല kutakappaala • Marathi: इंद्रजव indrajav, kodaga, kodaga pala, कुटज kutaja, पांढरा कुडा pandhra kuda • Oriya: kherwa, korwa, kurwa, pitakorwa • Punjabi: keor, kewar • Sanskrit: इंद्रयव indrayava, कुटज kutaja, sakraparyaaya, sakraasana, vatsaka • Tamil: கிரிமல்லிகை kirimllikai, குடசப்பாலை kutaca-p-palai, மலைமல்லிகை mlaimllikai • Telugu: గిరిమల్లిక girimallika, కొడిసెపాల kodisepala, కోలముక్కు kolamukku, కొండమల్లె kondamalle, కుటజము kutajamu

Native to: tropical areas of Africa and Asia

References: M.M.P.N.D. • Flowers of Sahyadri • बहर

Cucurbitaceae (pumpkin, or gourd family) » Trichosanthes cucumerina

try-kos-ANTH-us -- from the Greek trichos (hairy) and anthos (flowers)

koo-KOO-may-ree-nuh -- related to cucumber - from the Greek kykyon

the wild variety cucumerina, commonly known as: wild snake gourd • Hindi: जंगली चिचोण्डा jangli chichonda, कड़वा परवर kadva parvar, pudel • Marathi: जंगली पडवल jungli padwal, कडू पडवळ kadu padwal, पडोळ padol • Sanskrit: पटोल patola • Tamil: காட்டுப்பேய்ப்புடல் kattuppeypputal • Telugu: అడవిపొట్ల adavipotla

the cultivated variety anguina, commonly known as: long tomato, serpent cucumber, snake gourd, snake tomato, viper gourd • Bengali: চিচিঙা chichinga, চিচিঙে chichinge • Gujarati: પંડોળું pandolu • Hindi: चिचिण्डा chichinda • Kannada: ಪಡವಲ ಕಾಯಿ paduvalakaayi • Konkani: पोड्डाळे poddale • Malayalam: ജ്യോത്സ്നി jyoothsni, പടവലങ്ങ patavalanga, തിക്തകം thikthakam • Marathi: कडूपडवळ kadupadval, पडवल or पडवळ padwal, पडोळ padol • Oriya: chachindra • Punjabi: ਗਾਲਰ ਤੌਰੀ galar tori, ਪੰਡੋਲ or ਪੰਦੋਲ pandol • Sanskrit: चिचिण्डकः chichindakah • Tamil: புடல் putal • Telugu: పొట్లకాయ potlakaaya • Urdu: چچنڐا cicinda

Native of: s China, Indian subcontinent, Malesia, n Australia

References: Flowers of India • Wikipedia • M.M.P.N.D. • DDSA

Arecaceae (palm family) » Phoenix sylvestris

FEE-niks -- from the Greek name for a date palm

sil-VESS-triss -- from Latin silva (wood), of the woods, growing wild

commonly known as: date-sugar palm, Indian wild date, Indian winepalm, silver date palm, sugar date palm, sugar palm, wild date • Assamese: খাজুৰি khaajuri • Bengali: খর্জূর kharjura, খেজুর khejura • Gujarati: ખજૂરી khajuri • Hindi: खजूर khajur, सेंधी sendhi • Kannada: ಈಚಲು ichalu, ಖರ್ಜೂರ kharjura • Konkani: खाज्जूर khajjur • Malayalam: കാടിനൊത്ത kaattiintha, കാട്ടീന്തല്‍ kaattiinthal, നീലന്തെണ്ട് niilanthent • Manipuri: থাঙতুপ thangtup • Marathi: खारीक kharik, खर्जूर kharjur, खर्जूरी kharjuri, शिंद shinda, शिंदी shindi • Nepalese: kandela, taadii • Oriya: khorjurri • Punjabi: khajur • Sanskrit: खर्जूरः kharjurh, खर्जूरी kharjuri, नेपाली nepali • Tamil: ஈந்துபனை inthupaanai, காட்டீஞ்சு kattinchu • Telugu: ఈత ita • Urdu: کهجور khajur

Native to: India, Nepal; cultivated elsewhere

References: Flowers of India • NPGS / GRIN • eFlora • M.M.P.N.D. • ENVIS - FRLHT • DDSA

Carica papaya L.

For more about other English names and scientific name synonyms -

Searchable World Wide Web Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database

มะละกอThai language site -

Database Thai Botanical Garden Organization

Euphorbiaceae (castor, euphorbia, or spurge family) » Mallotus philippensis

mal-LOH-tus -- meaning fleecy, referring to the seed capsule

fil-lip-EN-sis -- of or from the Philippines; also spelled philippinensis

commonly known as: dyer's rottlera, kamala dye tree, monkey face tree, orange kamala, red kamala, scarlet croton • Bengali: কমলা kamala • Hindi: कामला kamala, रैनी raini, रोहन rohan, रोहिनी rohini, सिन्धुरी sinduri • Kannada: ಕುಮ್ಕುಮದ ಮರ kunkuma-damara • Malayalam: ചെങ്കൊല്ലി cenkolli, കുങ്കുമപ്പൂമരം kunkumappuumaram, കുരങ്ങുമഞ്ഞശ് kurangumanjas, നാവട്ട naavatta, നൂറിമരം nuurimaram • Marathi: केशरी kesari, शेंदरी shendri • Sanskrit: काम्पिल्यक kampilyaka • Tamil: கபிலப்பொடி kapila poti, குரங்குமஞ்சணாறி kuranku-mañcanari • Telugu:కుంకుమ చెట్టు kunkuma-chettu

Native to: China, India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Vietnam, Malaysia, Philippines, Australia

References: M.M.P.N.D. • World Agroforestry Centre • Forest Flora of Andhra Pradesh