View allAll Photos Tagged techniques
The most experienced master chef is obviously happy to learn interesting things in regards to the culinary arts. By understanding the proper techniques, you may turn boring meals into spectacular meals. So as to make flavorful meals, read the following on this page to begin!
Do every one of the prep work before hand. Will not start cooking before the prep jobs are done. When you are cooking a complicated dish, take several of the stress from it through your needed ingredients arranged and prepared. Preparing several of the ingredients before hand helps to reduce the level of stress you sense after it is a chance to prepare the meal.
It is quite crucial that you ready your ingredients before starting cooking your meal for the group. You have to have the components easily accessible. Put everything you should cook the dish out of the night before. Be sure to supply the cooking equipment and ingredients required. With a decent plan and all things in place, you can expect to feel a lot less anxious.
Add oil on the pan's sides when cooking. Adding oil by doing this allows the oil to heat before it reaches the foodstuff in the middle of the pan. This will likely increase the flavors of your food.
To slice meat without difficulty, you must position it from the freezer for the bit. This system is extremely a good choice for the meat slicing styles typically employed in Asian cuisine. As soon as the meat is partially frozen, the cuts will probably be much cleaner as being the fibers from the meat are unlikely to stretch. But, when you use this system make certain that the meat strips thaw out again prior to cook them.
This gives the fruits to be fresh throughout every season. This is certainly the best way to ensure you have your best fruits throughout their off seasons.
If you want to be a better cook, the first task is utilizing the information available. The information distributed by this informative article may well be a fantastic strategy to assist in improving your cooking skills for your personal family, an event, and even just yourself. sweetnbake.com/delicious-dirt-pudding-recipe/
Celebrity Hair Cutting Technique Tips & How to Cut a Sexy Celebrity Inspired Shape.flv
hoccattochanoi.com/celebrity-hair-cutting-technique-tips-...
I recently purchased four of the Echo Base kit at 40% off (minifigs, weapons, tauntauns, and a few other parts are in my Bricklink store - tell me I sent you and I'll give you 5% off). Once I started looking at the parts I'm keeping out of these, I realized I had a decent start for some mecha (even though I've never tried building in that genre before). Here are the resulting ideas. Most of these aren't great, but maybe some of the techniques are useful to someone else.
Also, more macro-mode photography practice. Just how many lights am I supposed to need to make these look good? These were taken with two focused lights overhead and another behind me.
Fighting techniques from the Wallace period featured in the filming of the History Channel series 'Warriors'
Louie with the American presenter Terry Schappert
Hmmm.... sajer jer... tgk org buat..
aku pon nak buat gak...
Nie namanyer teknik Tilf-Shift gune Photoshop...
Kalo nak tau lebih lanjut leh refer site nie....
www.tiltshiftphotography.net/photoshop-tutorial.php
www.visualphotoguide.com/tilt-shift-photoshop-tutorial-ho...
I recently purchased four of the Echo Base kit at 40% off (minifigs, weapons, tauntauns, and a few other parts are in my Bricklink store - tell me I sent you and I'll give you 5% off). Once I started looking at the parts I'm keeping out of these, I realized I had a decent start for some mecha (even though I've never tried building in that genre before). Here are the resulting ideas. Most of these aren't great, but maybe some of the techniques are useful to someone else.
Also, more macro-mode photography practice. Just how many lights am I supposed to need to make these look good? These were taken with two focused lights overhead and another behind me.
This is the Entertainment Room at the Vanderbilt Mansion. This one is a 6 exposure handheld pano. 3 shots at eye level and 3 shots for the ceiling. It was processed using the same technique in the previous upload.
If you are interested in learning various yoga meditation techniques in the UK. Here's our guide, featuring island getaways, silent retreats, and mindfulness weekends. Visit at Plbmastering.com to learn different types of yoga techniques.
Houston Texas Numbers Night Club Concert with The Ludovico Technique - Everything Goes Cold - Imperative Reaction November 5 2012 Live Singer Musician Music Band Electronic Synthpop Synthesizer Futurepop industrial Rock EBM
Meditation Techniques for Everday life | Simple and Effective | Easy to learn
Learn easy meditation techniques for deep inner peace, health and healing.Become stress fress instantly and live life joyfully. there are different types of meditation techniques for beginners, advance meditation techniques
Biuletyn Stowarzyszenia Techniki Morskiej. Bulletin de l’Association Technique Maritime. 1891 r., nr 2
180,00zł
Stowarzyszenie Techniki Morskiej (Association Technique Maritime – ATM, w roku 1924 przekształcone w Association Technique Maritime et Aéronautique – ATMA) powołane zostało do życia w 1889 roku, celem wspierania rozwoju nauki i techmologii w zakresie architektury, inżynierii i przemysłu morskiego. W owym czasie projektowanie statków opierało się na empirii, zas potrzeby rozwijającego się przemysłu morskiego były ogromne, toteż Stowarzyszenie z miejsca odniosło ogromny sukces i już w roku 1890 zaczęło organizować doroczne sesje naukowe, na których swe odkrycia i osiągnięcia prezentowali najwybitniejsi naukowcy i praktycy francuscy, jak Normand, Doyere, Ferrand, zaś od roku 1893 także zagraniczni. Z każdej takiej sesji wydawano biuletyn.
Nr 2, z 1891 roku, zawiera m. in. artykuł o mocy kotłów i przyczynach jej ograniczenia, o podziale temperatur i stopniach ich ujednolicenia w kotłach wysokiego ciśnienia, studia o systemach dozowania cieczy Marshalla, o odporności kadłuba, o stabilności na fali torpedowej, o równaniach równowagi membrany obrotowej podlegającej wewnętrznemu naciskowi i na temat praw ruchu na holu.
Oprawa twarda, oryginalna, z tłoczeniami. Stron 196. Rzuty, tabele i obliczenia w tekście, prócz tego 25 plansz, niekiedy na rozkładówkach, dołączone na końcu tomu.
Na wewnętrznej stronie okładki naklejka z epoki, zaś na stronie tytułowej owalna pieczątka, świadczące o tym, że egzemplarz niniejszy był swego czasu w posiadaniu londyńskiego Instytutu Architektów Morskich, skatalogowany w 1894 roku.
Stan egzemplarza bardzo dobry.
novasarmatia.blogspot.com/2015/09/biuletyn-stowarzyszenia...
Learning the essential climbing technique of smearing (using the friction on the sole of your shoe to climb featureless slabs).
Edit 1 Ryan:
Curves adjustment layer on his hat and skin tone, to lighten them in the image.
Black and white filter used. Color manipulation done.
Healing brush to get rid of acne and the facial hair under his lower lip. Also the dust spots on his glasses I got rid of as many as I could.
.
.
0
.
.
.
..
.
0
.
.
.
..
.
0
.
.
.
..
.
0
.
.
.
..
.
0
.
.
.
..
.
0
.
.
.
..
.
0
.
.
.
..
.
0
.
.
.
.
Interest, Wall, Room Decor, Exterior, Home Accessories, Living Room, Kitchen, Living Room Furniture, Bathroom, Flooring, Bedroom, Furniture, Living Room Table, Wall Treatment, Bathroom Fixtures, Kitchen Furniture, Home Accents, Home Maintenance, Home Decor Style, Coffee Table, Wallpaper, Living Room Seating, Kitchen Fixtures, Bedroom Furniture, Storage and Organization, Stools, Remodel, Lighting, Door, Bed, Kitchen Island, Patio, Basket and Crate, Home Decor Basket, Bathroom Mirror, Shower, Home Office, Home Cleaning, Couches and Sofa, Stairs, Minimalist Interior Style, Home Painting, Recreational Room, Ceiling, Family Room Design, Dining Room Decor, Screen, Room Divider, Kids' Room, Modern Interior, Curb Appeal, Dairy, Desserts, Fruit, World Cuisine, Drinks, Snacks, Special Diet, Cake, Cooking Method, Alcoholic Drinks, Cake Design, Meal Planning, Cake Topper, Non Alcoholic Drinks, Healthy Recipes, Vegetables, Meat, Grain, Seafood, Salad, Wine, Thematic Cake, Breakfast and Brunch, Appetizers, Party Snacks, Italian Recipes, Bread, Asian Recipes, Nuts, Pasta, Champagne, Mexican Recipes, Liquor, Chinese Recipes, Condiments, Vegan Recipes, Sweet Breakfast, Pizza, Mini Cake, Waffles, Cereal Grain, Cool-season Cereal, Healthy Snacks, Tea, Dumplings, Coffee, Enchiladas, Candy, Rice, Spread, Drawing, Digital Art, Photography, Body Art, Tattoo, Photography Subjects, Painting, People Photography, Fonts and Calligraphy, Art Tutorial, People Drawing, Family Photography, Piercing, Poster Design, Art Supplies, Rock Art, Painting Subjects, Human, Painting Media, Figure Drawing, Body Shape Drawing, Stick Figure Drawing, Fan Art Drawing, Borders, Anime Drawing, Sculpture, Friends Photography, Fiber Art, Mosaic, Painting Techniques, Portrait Photography, Printmaking, Concept Art Drawing, Drawing Techniques, Glass Art, Ceramic Art, Typography, Street Art, Illustration, Metal Art, Photography Tips, Landscape Photography, Tattoo Pattern, Daith Piercing, Animal Photography, Photography Techniques, Mixed Media Art, Body Painting, Pet Photography, Couple Photography, Hair, Hairstyles, Makeup, Nails, Skin Care, Haircut Ideas, Nail Art, Makeup Style, Eye Makeup, Haircut Types, Hair Extensions, Creative Makeup, Hair Length, Hair Color, Hair Care, Braids, Nail Types, Hairstyles Theme, Hair Products, Costume Makeup, Lip Makeup, Short Haircut, Up Hairstyles, Character Makeup, Nail Design, Light Makeup, Men's Beauty, Makeup by Regions, Asian Makeup, Fragrance, Bath and Body Care, Easy Hairstyles, Bob Hairstyles, Hairstyle by Season, Lip Care, Lip Balm, Acrylic Nails, Skin Care Products, Hair Mask, Skin Concern, Bun Hairstyles, Brown Hair, Nail Care, Long Hair, Face Makeup, Short Hairstyles, Undercut, Skin Care Routine, Global Hairstyles, Makeup Techniques, DIY Projects, Fabric Crafts, Kids' Crafts, DIY Home and Decorations, DIY Stationery, Knitting and Crochet, Beading, DIY Event, DIY Toys, Crochet, Crochet Clothing and Accessories, Crafts by Season, Polymer Crafts, DIY Stuffed Animals, DIY Techniques and Supplies, DIY Beauty, Clothes, Sewing, Winter Crafts, DIY Storage, Upcycled Crafts, DIY Pottery, Spring Crafts, DIY Gifts, Summer Crafts, Woodworking, Embroidery and Stitching, DIY Book, Crafts by Month, DIY Graduation, DIY Dream Catcher, Quilting, DIY Cardboard Toys, DIY Flowers, Crochet For Baby, Stitching, Scrapbooking, Felt, DIY Jewelry, Pottery Studio, Glue Gun, Yarn Ribbon and Thread, Knitting, DIY Fabric Flowers, Patchwork, DIY Doll, Patchwork Quilting, Simple Crafts, DIY Birthday, DIY Party Decorations, Subjects, Science, Physical Science, Life Science, Human Body System, Brain, Education Level, Teacher Resources, Physics, Applied Science, History, Space and Astronomy, Earth Science, Language Art, Geology, Medicine, Historical Period, Preschool, Graduate School, Doctorate, Technology, Art Education, Language Resources, World History, Career, Classroom Management, Sound, Spanish Resource, Home School, Social Study, Modern History, Nursing, Classroom Decorations, Study Tips, Chemistry, University, Math, Education Levels in Uk, Teaching Tips, Reading, Religious Studies, Personal Development, Politics, Prehistoric Age, Elementary School, Reading Comprehension, Alphabet, Health Education, English Resource, Early Elementary Resources, Music, Movie, Celebrities, Humor, Book, Gaming, Memes, Movies by Genre, Musical Instruments, Comics, Comic Book Genres, Tv Show, Video Games, Music Genres, Music Performance, Book Genres, Singing, Video Game Genre, People Humor, Filmmaking, Celebrity Photos, Brass, Commercial Music, Screenwriting, Screenwriting Tips, Songs, Theater, String Instruments, Song Lyrics, Parenting Humor, Action Games, Romance Movies, Percussion, Triangle, Band, Writing Prompts, Short Stories, Tabletop Games, Mom Humor, Anime Music, Theater Types, Guitar, Text Messages Humor, Puzzle Games, Silly Jokes, Icebreaker, Performance Art Theater, Action Movies, Video Game Devices, Actresses, Dress, Women's Style, Women's Jewelry and Accessories, Women's Outfits by Occasions, Women's Jewelry, Dresses by Occasions, Women's Bag, Women's Shoes, School Event Dress, Women's Top, Women's Bottoms, Homecoming Dress, Jewelry by Material, Business Outfit, Global Fashion, Casual Outfit, Business Casual, Blazer Outfit, Women's Activewear, Event Dress, Women's Jeans, Girlie Style, Dresses by Style, Jumpsuits and Romper, Gem Stone, Asian Fashion, Korean Fashion, Boyfriend Jeans, Arm Jewelry, Metal Clay Jewelry, Bracelet, Women's Intimates, Women's Headwear, Dresses by Length, Club Outfit, Ulzzang Fashion, Women's Pants, Necklace, Pins, Prom Dress, Long Dress, Ear Jewelry, Runway Fashion, Hat, Red Carpet Dress, Women's Swimwear, Bathing Suits, Hosiery, Legging, Leather Leggings, Business and Advertising Design, Logo and Identity Design, Web and App Design, Packaging and Label Design, Packaging, Book and Magazine Design, Fitness and Exercises, Water Sport, Strength Training, Strength Conditioning by Body Part, Auto Racing, Baseball, Core Workout, Lower Body Workout, Outdoor Sport, Running, Cycling, Cycling Clothing and Equipment, Camping and Hiking, Volleyball, Cycling Equipment, Bike, Martial Arts, Camping, Flexibility Exercises, Dancing, Types of Dancing, Basketball, Hockey, Winter Sport, Golf, Boxing, Yoga, Multi-sport Event, Hiking, Tennis, Racquet Sport, Ballet, Exercise Plan, Aerobic Exercises, Jogging, Ice Hockey, Golf Clothing and Equipment, Bmx, Golf Equipment, Soccer, Camping Equipment, Ballroom Dance, Upper Body Workout, Fishing, Cricket (sports), Full Body Workout, Golf Cart, Softball, Hunting, Hiking Gear, Travel Destinations, North America Travel, US Destinations, Europe Destinations, Restaurant, Uk and Ie Destinations, Uk Destinations, Travel Ideas, Louisiana, Middle East, Asia Destinations, Spain, Travel Tips, Michigan, Scandinavia, New York, Central America Destinations, Denmark, Italy, Saudi Arabia, South America Destinations, Road Trip, Bucket List, Arkansas, Indiana, Puerto Rico, Beach Vacation, France, Hawaii, Texas, Africa Destinations, Iraq, Japan, Peru, Jordan, Travel Hacks, Travel Guide, Outdoor Travel, Belgium, India, Idaho, Switzerland, China, Alabama, Yellowstone National Park, South Carolina, Arizona, Florida, Virginia, Sweden, Garden Design, Garden Types, Planting, Plants, Desert Plants, Cactus, Flowers, Gardening Supplies, Yard, Backyard, Rose, Landscaping, Courtyard Garden, Planting Ideas, Zen Garden, Japanese Garden, Tree, Balcony Garden, Modern Garden, Rooftop Garden, Garden Pathway, Garden Care, Pergola, Miniature Garden, Shade Garden, Garden Shed, Meadow Garden, Firepit, Fence, Front Yard, Garden Art, Garden Planters, Lawn Care, Vegetable Garden, Garden Planning, Perennials, Herbs Garden, Succulent, Garden Tools, Foliage Plants, Greenhouse, Vines, Bulbous Plants, Garden Pond, Grass, Terrace Garden, Seeds, Water Spray, Outdoor Furniture, Wedding Theme, Wedding Beauty, Wedding Outfit, Wedding Stationery, Wedding Photography and Videography, Bridal Outfit, Wedding Gown, Wedding Favors and Gifts, Wedding Event, Short Wedding Dress, Honeymoon, Wedding Parties, Wedding Invitations, Wedding Decor, Wedding Guest Outfit, Wedding Flowers, Wedding Jewelry and Accessories, Weddings by Color, Destination Wedding, Wedding Cake, Wedding Outfits For Family Members, Wedding Photos, Father of The Bride Outfit, Mermaid Wedding Dress, Wedding Name Cards, Lace Wedding Dress, Wedding Menu, Beach Wedding Dress, Sheath Wedding Dress, Wedding Photo Booth, Wedding Kids Outfit, Wedding Saree, Gold Wedding, Wedding Planning, Mother of The Bride Outfit, Farmhouse Wedding, Backless Wedding Dress, Vintage Wedding Dress, Wedding Hairstyles, Wedding Ceremony Decor, Wedding Rings, Winter Wedding Cake, Wedding Greenery, Engagement Party, Wedding Headpiece, Wedding Nails, Ring Bearer Outfit, Purple Wedding, Flower Crown, Wedding Rehearsal, Diet and Nutrition, Medical, Nutrition, Diet, Lifestyle, Weight Loss, Daily Routine, Medical Treatment, Natural Remedies, Oral Care, Vitamins, Ketogenic Diet, Low Carb Recipes, Eye Care, Acupuncture, Healthy Food, Acupressure, Reflexology, Healthy Drinks, Gluten Free Diet, Paleo Diet, Chiropractic, Night Routine, Sleep, Teeth Whitening, Low Glycemic Diet, Gum Care, Lymph Massage, Sensitive Teeth, Braces, Caregiver, Surgery, Lactose Free Diet, Oral Hygiene Products, Craniosacral Therapy, Children Health, Allergies, Pain Management, First Aid, Fat Burning Food, Blood Sugar Management, Homeopathy, Digestive Health, Adolescent Health, Computers Tablets and Accessories, Cell Phones and Accessories, Computer, Home Theater, Wearable Devices, Smartphone, Cameras and Accessories, Tv, Lenses, Media, Laptops and Tablet, Computer Accessories, Audio, Camera, Printers and Accessories, Phone Accessories, Computer Parts and Components, Camera Accessories, Network Solutions, Baby, Baby Care, Baby Feeding, Breastfeeding, Toddlers and Preschoolers, Toys, Milestones, Parenting Advice, Toddler Activity, Baby Supplies, Childcare, Baby Names, Diapers, Baby Boy Names, Stuffed Animals, Doll, Puppets, Toys by Age, Baby Gear, Co-parenting, Baby Toys, Baby Food, Cloth Diapers, Toddler Development, Single Parenting, Baby Stage, Play Gym, Baby Tips, Disposable Diapers, Day Care, Parenting Teens, Potty Training, Baby Bathing, Baby Registry, Baby Announcement, High Chair, Baby Girl Names, Nanny, Foster Care, Stay At Home Parents, Baby Formula, Toddler Discipline, Stroller, Natural Baby Products, Family Activities, Baby Massage, Car Seat, Sleep Training, Parenting Preteens, Diaper Change, Holiday, Personal Celebration, Gifts, Birthday, Halloween, Halloween Costume, Christmas, Halloween Costumes For Toddlers, 70th Birthday, 80th Birthday, Baby Shower, Hosting Occasions, School Celebration, Diwali, Easter, Back To School, 60th Birthday, Halloween Costumes For Adults, Christmas Decor, 50th Birthday, Halloween Costumes For Teens, Halloween Costumes For Big Kids, 16th Birthday, Gift Wraps, Mother's Day, Sleepover Party, Mardi Gras, Thanksgiving, Christmas Tree, Christmas Recipes, Valentine's Day, Graduation Day, 21st Birthday, Prom, Professional Celebration, College Graduation, Ramadan, Christmas Ornaments, Retirement Celebration, Coming of Age, Christmas Games, 4th of July, Date Night, Cinco de Mayo, Baby Shower Food, Chinese New Year, Birthday Recipes, Halloween Costumes For Baby, Father's Day, Harvest Festival, Quotes by Genres, Life Quotes, Birthday Quotes, Inspirational Quotes, Quotes by Emotions, Poetry, Beautiful Words, Love Quotes, Funny Quotes, Positive Quotes, Heartbreak Quotes, Motivational Quotes, Relationship Quotes, Wisdom Quotes, Authors, Friendship Quotes, Faith Quotes, Sad Quotes, Wedding Quotes, Family Quotes, Deep Quotes, Grief Quotes, Zodiac Quotes, Happiness Quotes, Music Quotes, Success Quotes, Sports Quotes, Movie Quotes, Teenager Posts, Historical Quotes, Leadership Quotes, Popular Quotes, Animals and Pet Supplies, Sealife, Mammals, Reptiles, Dogs, Amphibians, Dog Supplies, Dog Kennel, Feline, Cat, Arthropods, Cat Supplies, Rodents, Fish Supplies, Bird, Pet Health, Pet Adoption, Molluscs, Bird Supplies, Annelid, Residential Architecture, Commercial and Office Architecture, Architectural Style, Cultural Architecture, Landscape and Urbanism Architecture, Sacred Architecture, Educational Architecture, Cars, Motorcycles and Scooter, Aircraft, Campers and RV, Exotic Cars, Truck, Watercraft, Auto Services and Repair, SUV, Vintage Cars, Motorcycle, Luxury Cars, Boats, Sport Cars, Car and Motorcycle Design, Classic Cars, Commercial Vehicles, Concept Cars, Convertible, Off Road Truck, Vans, Supercars, Muscle Cars, Yacht, Tow Truck, Station Wagon, Scooter, Bond Cars, Bus, City Vehicles, 4x4 Truck, RV, Jetski, All-terrain Vehicles, Travel Trailer, Car Accessories, Coupe, Construction Vehicles, Hydraulic Cars, New Cars, Used Cars, Sedan, Men's Style, Men's Street Style, Men's Accessories, Men's Outfit by Occasions, Men's Shoes, Men's Shirts and Top, Men's Business Outfit, Men's Denim Style, Men's Coats and Jacket, Men's Seasonal Outfit, Men's Jewelry, Salon Style, Men's Bottoms, Men's Watch, Men's Summer Outfit, Men's Classy Style, Men's Underwear, Men's Activewear, Men's T Shirt, Grey Suits, Navy Suits, Men's Autumn Outfit, Three Piece Suits, Men's Jeans, Men's Casual Shoes, Men's Denim Jacket, Men's Dress Shoes, Men's Jogger Pants, Rocker Style, Casual Chic Style, Men's Sleep and Loungewear, Goth Style, Men's Pajamas, Gentleman Style, Dinner Jacket, French Style, Men's Sandals, Blue Suits, Men's Sneakers, Men's Sweatpants, Men's Spring Outfit, Classic Italian Style, Briefs, Smart Casual Style, Formal Suits, Double Breasted, Fitted Suits, Men's Swimwear, Men's Sweater, Men's Leather Jacket, Financial Planning, Banking, Investment, Insurance, Budgeting, Real Estate, Investment Banking, Loans, Retirement Planning, Auto Loans, Mortgage Loans, Credit Cards, Student Loans, Real Estate Selling, Real Estate Buying, Saving Accounts, Baby Clothing, Children Clothing, Teen Clothing, Preteen Clothing
❤❤❤
Aaditi Pohankar; Aahana Kumra; Aakanksha Singh; Aamna Sharif; Aanchal Munjal; Aarathi; Aarti Agarwal; Aarti Chhabria; Aashka Goradia; Abhirami; Adah Sharma; Aditi Arya; Aditi Ravi; Aditi Sharma; Aditi Govitrikar; Aditi Rao Hydari; Aditi Sarangdhar; Advani Lakshmi Devi; Ahaana Krishna; Ahsaas Channa; Aindrita Ray; Aisha Sharma; Aishwarya; Aishwarya Arjun; Aishwarya Devan; Aishwarya Nag; Aishwarya Rai Bachchan; Aishwarya Rajesh; Aishwarya Sakhuja; Akanksha Juneja; Aksha Pardasany; Akshara Gowda; Akshara Haasan; Akshara Menon; Alia Bhatt; Alaya Furniturewala; Amala Akkineni; Amala Paul; Ambika; Ameeta; Ameesha Patel; Amoolya; Amrita Arora; Amrita Prakash; Amrita Puri; Amrita Rao; Amrita Raichand; Amrita Singh; Amrutha Iyengar; Amruta Khanvilkar; Amruta Subhash; Amyra Dastur; Amy Jackson; Anaika Soti; Ananya; Ananya Panday; Ananya Kasaravalli; Anaswara Kumar; Anaswara Rajan; Andrea Jeremiah; Andria D'Souza; Anindita Nayar; Angira Dhar; Annie; Anita Hassanandani Reddy; Anita Guha; Anita Raj; Anjala Zhaveri; Anjali; Anjali Devi; Anjali Sudhakar; Anjana Bhowmick; Anjana Sukhani; Anju Mahendru; Ankita Lokhande; Ann Augustine; Ansiba Hassan; Antara Mali; Anu Agarwal; Anu Prabhakar; Anu Sithara; Anupama Parameswaran; Anupriya Goenka; Anuradha Mehta; Anurita Jha; Anusha Dandekar; Anushka Ranjan; Anushka Sen; Anushka Sharma; Anushka Shetty; Anuya Bhagvath; Anya Singh; Aparajita Mohanty; Aparnaa Bajpai; Aparna Balamurali; Aparna Sen; Apoorva Arora; Archana; Archana Jose Kavi; Archana Puran Singh; Archana Gupta; Archita Sahu; Aruna Balraj; Aruna Irani; Aruna Shields; Arundathi Nag; Asawari Joshi; Asha Negi; Asha Bhat; Asha Parekh; Asha Saini; Ashima Bhalla; Ashnoor Kaur; Ashwini Bhave; Ashwini Kalsekar; Asin Thottumkal; Athiya Shetty; Athulya Ravi; Ayesha Jhulka; Ayesha Raza; Ayesha Takia; Akanksha Puri; Avani Modi; Avantika Mishra; Avneet Kaur; Auritra Ghosh; B; Babita; Barkha Bisht; Barkha Singh; Bala Hijam; Barsha Priyadarshini; Barsha Rani Bishaya; Beena Banerjee; Bhagyashree Patwardhan; Bhairavi Goswami; Bhama; Bhanumathi; Bhanupriya; Bharathi Vishnuvardhan; Bhargavi Narayan; Bhavana; Bhavana (actress); Bhavana Rao; Bhavani Prakash; Bhavya; Bhoomika Chawla; Bhumi Pednekar; Bijoya Ray; Bianca Desai; Bidita Bag; Bindu; Bindu Madhavi; Bipasha Basu; Bina Rai; Bobby Darling; Bruna Abdullah; B. V. Radha; C; Carol Gracias; Celina Jaitley; Chahat Khanna; Chandrakala; Chandrika; Charmila; Charmy Kaur; Charu Asopa; Chaya Singh; Chetana Das; Chetna Pande; Chhavi Mittal; Chippy; Chithra; Chitrangada Singh; Chitrashi Rawat; Catherine Tresa; Claudia Ciesla; D; Deepti Sati; Daisy Bopanna; Daisy Shah; Daisy Irani; Debashree Roy; Deeksha Seth; Deepa Sahi; Deepa Sannidhi; Deepal Shaw; Deepika Amin; Deepika Chikhalia; Deepika Padukone; Deepti Naval; Deepti Bhatnagar; Delnaaz Paul; Devayani; Devika; Devika Rani Roerich; Dharti Bhatt; Dia Mirza; Diana Hayden; Diana Penty; Digangana Suryavanshi; Dimple Jhangiani; Dimple Kapadia; Dipannita Sharma; Disha Parmar; Disha Patani; Disha Vakani; Divya Bharati; Divya Dutta; Divya Khosla Kumar; Divyanka Tripathi; Drashti Dhami; E; Elli Avram; Esha Deol; Esha Gupta; Ena Saha; Eesha Rebba; Evelyn Sharma; Elina Samantray; Erica Fernandes; F; Farah Naaz; Farida Jalal; Fatima Sana Shaikh; Fatma Begum; Freida Pinto; Feryna Wazheir; G; Gabriela Bertante; Gajala; Gauahar Khan; Gauri Karnik; Gautami; Gayathri Raguram; Gayathrie; Gayatri; Gayatri Jayaraman; Gayatri Joshi; Gayatri Patel; Geeta Bali; Geeta Basra; Geeta Dutt; Geetanjali Thapa; Geetha; Geetu Mohandas; Genelia D'Souza; Girija; Girija Lokesh; Girija Shettar; Giselli Monteiro; Gopika; Gowri Pandit; Gowri Munjal; Gul Panag; Gunjan Malhotra; H; Hansika Motwani; Harini; Haripriya; Harshika Poonacha; Hasleen Kaur; Hazel Keech; Heera Rajagopal; Helen; Hema Bellur; Hema Prabhath; Hema Malini; Honey Rose; Hrishitaa Bhatt; Huma Qureshi; Humaima Malik; Hebah Patel; Hina Khan; Hiba Nawab; I; Ilene Hamann; Indrani Haldar; Iniya; Iravati Harshe; Isha Chawla; Isha Sharvani; Isha Koppikar; Isha Talwar; Ishita Dutta; Ishita Raj Sharma; Izabelle Leite; Ileana D'Cruz; J; Jacqueline Fernandez; Jannat Zubair Rahmani; Janhvi Kapoor; Jasmin Bhasin; Jayabharathi; Jayachitra; J. Jayalalithaa; Jaya Bachchan; Jaya Prada; Jaya Seal; Jayasudha; Jayamala; Jayamalini; Jennifer Kotwal; Jennifer Winget; Jharana Bajracharya; Jhataleka Malhotra; Jiya Khan; Jugnu Ishiqui; Juhi Chawla; Juhi Babbar; Jyothika; Jonita Gandhi; K; Kainaat Arora; Kajal Aggarwal; Kajal Kiran; Kajjanbai; Kajol; Kalki Koechlin; Kalpana (Kannada actress); Kalpana (Hindi Film actress); Kalpana (Malayalam actress); Kalpana Iyer; Kalpana Kartik; Kalyani Priyadarshan; Kamini Kaushal; Kamini Kadam; Kamalinee Mukherjee; Kamna Jethmalani; Kanaka; Kanakam; Kanchana; Kangana Ranaut; Kanika Subramaniam; Kareena Kapoor; Karishma Kapoor; Karishma Kotak; Karishma Sharma; Karishma Tanna; Karunya Ram; Karthika Mathew; Karthika Nair; Katrina Kaif; Kashmira Irani; Kashmira Shah; Kausalya; Kaviyoor Ponnamma; Kavya Madhavan; Keerthi Reddy; Keerthi Suresh; Khushali Kumar; Kiara Advani; Kimi Katkar; Kimi Verma; Kim Sharma; Kim Yashpal; Kiran Rathod; Kirron Kher; Kirat Bhattal; Kiran Juneja; Kirti Kulhari; Kitu Gidwani; Koel Mallick; Koel Purie; Koena Mitra; Komal; Komal Jha; Konkona Sen Sharma; K. R. Vijaya; Krishna Kumari; Kranti Redkar; Kriti Kharbanda; Kriti Sanon; Kritika Kamra; Krystle D'Souza; Kubbra Sait; Khushbu Sundar; Kumari; Kumkum; Kuljeet Randhawa; Kulraj Randhawa; Kyra Dutt; L; Laila Mehdin; Lalita Pawar Zayn; Lalitha (KPAC); Lalitha; Lara Dutta; Lakshmi; Lakshmi Chandrashekar; Lakshmidevi; Laxmi Chhaya; Lakshmi Gopalaswamy; Lakshmi Manchu; Lakshmi Menon; Lakshmi Rai; Latha; Lauren Gottlieb; Lavanya Tripathi; Laya; Leela Chitnis; Leelavathi; Leena Chandavarkar; Leena Jumani; Lekha Washington; Lena; Leslie Tripathy; Lilette Dubey; Lisa Ray; Lisa Haydon; M; Madhavi; Madhubala; Madhumitha; Madhuri Bhattacharya; Madhuri Dixit; Madhuri Itagi; Madhurima Tuli; Madhuurima; Madhu Shalini; Madhura Naik; Madonna Sebastian; Mahasweta Ray; Mahalakshmi; Mahek Chahal; Mahie Gill; Mahika Sharma; Mahima Chaudhry; Mahira Khan; Mahua Roychoudhury; Mala Sinha; Malashri; Malavika; Malaika Arora; Malavika Avinash; Malavika Mohanan; Malavika Nair; Malavika Nair; Malavika Wales; Mallika Kapoor; Mallika Sherawat; Mamta Kulkarni; Mamta Mohandas; Mansi Parekh; Manasvi Mamgai; Mandakini; Mandana Karimi; Mandira Bedi; Manini Mishra; Manisha Koirala; Manjari Phadnis; Manjima Mohan; Manju Bhargavi; Manju Warrier; Manjula; Manjula Vijayakumar; Manorama; Mantra; Manushi Chhillar; Manya; Masumeh Makhija; Mawra Hocane; Mayuri Kango; Meena; Meena Kumari; Meenakshi; Meenakshi; Meenakshi Dixit; Meenakshi Seshadri; Meera; Meera Chopra; Meera Jasmine; Meera Nandan; Meera Syal; Meera Vasudevan; Mehreen Pirzada; Megha Akash; Meghana Gaonkar; Meghna Naidu; Meghana Raj; Meher Vij; Merle Oberon; Mia Uyeda; Minissha Lamba; Mini Mathur; Mink Brar; Mita Vashisht; Mishti; Mithila Palkar; Mithra Kurian; Moloya Goswami; Momal Sheikh; Monalisa; Mona Singh; Monali Thakur; Monica; Monica Bedi; Monisha Unni; Moon Moon Sen; Mouni Roy; Moushumi Chatterji; Mrinal Dev-Kulkarni; Mrinalini Sharma; Mrunal Thakur; Mrunmayee Deshpande; Mukta Barve; Mumaith Khan; Mumtaj; Mumtaz Shanti; Mumtaz; Mumtaz Sorcar; Mugdha Godse; Munmun Dutta; Mugdha Chaphekar; Muskaan Mihani; Mynavathi; N; Nadira; Nadiya Moidu; Nagma; Nalini; Nalini Jaywant; Namrata Shirodkar; Namrata Thapa; Namitha; Namitha Pramod; Nanda; Nandana Sen; Nandita Chandra; Nandita Swetha; Nandita Das; Nargis (Now Nargis Dutt); Nargis Fakhri; Nathalia Kaur; Nauheed Cyrusi; Nausheen Sardar Ali; Navaneet Kaur; Navneet Kaur Dhillon; Navya Nair; Nayanthara; Nazriya Nazim; Neelam; Neelam Verma; Neelima Azeem; Neena Gupta; Neena Kulkarni; Neha Bamb; Neha Dhupia; Neha Hinge; Neha Khan; Neha Mahajan; Neha Oberoi; Neha Sharma; Neeru Bajwa; Neethu; Neetu Chandra; Neetu Singh; Nethra Raghuraman; Nia Sharma; Nicolette Bird; Nidhhi Agerwal; Nidhi Subbaiah; Niharika Konidela; Niharika Singh; Niharica Raizada; Nikesha Patel; Niki Aneja; Nikita Anand; Nikita J Palekar; Nikita Dutta; Nikita Thukral; Nikki Galrani; Nila (alias for Meera Chopra); Nimisha Sajayan; Nimmi; Nirmala Chennappa; Nirupa Roy; Misscat Mita; Nirmalamma; Nirosha; Nisha Agarwal; Nisha Kothari; Nisha Ravikrishnan; Nishi; Nishita Goswami; Nithya Das; Nithya Menen; Nivedita Jain; Nivedita Joshi Saraf; Nivetha Thomas; Nivetha Pethuraj; Noor Jehan; Nora Fatehi[1]; Nutan; Nimrat Kaur; Nushrat Bharucha; Nathalia Kaur; Nyla Usha; O; Oviya Helen; P; Padmapriya; Padma Khanna; Padma Kumta; Padma Lakshmi; Padma Vasanthi; Padmaja Rao; Padmini Kolhapure; Padmini; Padmavati Rao; Pallavi Joshi; Pallavi Kulkarni; Pallavi Subhash; Pallavi Sharda; Panchi Bora; Pandari Bai; Pankhuri Awasthy; Pakhi Tyrewala; Paoli Dam; Parineeti Chopra; Parminder Nagra; Parul Chauhan; Parul Gulati; Parul Yadav; Parvathy Jayaram; Parvathy Nair; Parvathy Omanakuttan; Parvati Melton; Parvathy Thiruvothu; Parveen Babi; Patience Cooper; Patralekha; Payal Rohatgi; Payel Sarkar; Payal Ghosh; Perizaad Zorabian; Pia Bajpai; Plabita Borthakur; Pooja Batra; Pooja Bedi; Pooja Bhatt; Pooja Chopra; Pooja Gandhi; Pooja Gor; Pooja Hegde; Pooja Kanwal; Pooja Lokesh; Pooja Sawant; Pooja Umashankar; Poonam Bajwa; Poonam Dhillon; Poonam Kaur; Poonam Pandey; Poornima Bhagyaraj; Prayaga Martin; Prachi Desai; Prachi Shah; Pramila Joshai; Pratibha Sinha; Pranitha Subhash; Prarthana Behere; Preetha Vijayakumar; Preeti Jhangiani; Preity Zinta; Prema; Prema Narayan; Priti Sapru; Priya Anand; Priya Bapat; Priya Gill; Priya Lal; Priya Raman; Priya Rajvansh; Priya Bhavani Shankar; Priya Wal; Priyamani; Priyanka Bassi; Priyanka Chopra Jonas; Priyanka Arul Mohan; Priyanka Nair; Priyanka Trivedi; Preetika Rao; Puja Gupta; Puja Banerjee; Purbi Joshi; R; Raakhee (Now Raakhi Gulzar); Radhika Apte; Radhika Madan; Raadhika Sarathkumar; Rachana Narayanankutty; Rachna Banerjee; Radha; Radha Saluja; Radhika Chaudhari; Radhika Kumaraswamy; Radhika Pandit; Ragini Travancore Sisters; Ragini Dwivedi; Ragini Khanna; Raima Sen; Rajisha Vijayan; Rajshree; Rajshri Deshpande; Rakhi Sawant; Rakul Preet Singh; Rakshita; Raashi Khanna; Rambha; Rameshwari; Ranjeeta Kaur; Ranjitha; Rajini; Rani Mukerji; Ramya; Ramya Barna; Ramya Krishnan; Ramya Sri; Ramya Nambaseean; Rashi Khanna; Rashi Mal; Rashmi; Rashmi Desai; Rashmi Gautam; Rashmika Mandanna; Ratan Rajput; Rati Agnihotri; Rati Pandey; Ratna Pathak Shah; Raveena Tandon; Reena Roy; Reema Lagoo; Reema Sen; Regina Cassandra; Rekha; Rekha; also known as Josephine; Rekha Das; Rekha Rana; Rekha Vedavyas; Reenu Mathews; Renuka Menon; Renukamma Murugodu; Renuka Shahane; Revathi; Rhea Chakraborty; Richa Ahuja; Richa Chaddha; Richa Gangopadhyay; Richa Pallod; Richa Panai; Richa Sharma; Ridhi Dogra; Rima Kallingal; Rimi Sen; Rimi Tomy; Rinke Khanna; Rinku Rajguru; Rita Bhaduri; Ritika Singh; Rituparna Sengupta; Riya Sen; Rohini Hattangadi; Rohini; Roja; Roja Ramani; Roma; Roopa Ganguly; Roopa Iyer; Roshni Chopra; R.T. Rama; Ruby Parihar; Rucha Gujarathi; Rupini; Ranjana Deshmukh; S; Sabitri Chatterjee; Saba Qamar; Saba Azad; Shivaleeka Oberoi; Sobhita Dhulipala; S. Varalakshmi; Sadha; Sadhana Shivdasani; Sagarika Ghatge; Sagarika Mukherjee; Sajal Aly; Sana Althaf; Sana Makbul; Sandhya; Sai Lokur; Saiyami Kher; Samskruthy Shenoy; Samyuktha Hegde; Sandeepa Dhar; Sandhya; Sandhya Mridul; Sandhya Roy; Sanaya Irani; Sanya Malhotra; Saniya Anklesaria; Sanjeeda Sheikh; Sakshi Shivanand; Sakshi Tanwar; Sai Pallavi; Sai Tamhankar; Saira Banu; Salma Agha; Saloni Aswani; Samantha Ruth Prabhu; Samiksha; Sameera Reddy; Samvrutha Sunil; Sana Amin Sheikh; Sana Khan; Sana Saeed; Sanchita Padukone; Sandeepa Dhar; Sangeeta Bijlani; Sandra Amy; Sanober Kabir; Sandali Sinha; Sanghavi; Sanjjanaa; Sanjana Gandhi (now Pooja Gandhi); Santoshi; Sara Ali Khan; Sarah Jane Dias; Sara Loren; Saranya Mohan; Saranya Ponvannan; Sarayu (actress); Sarika; Saritha; Saroja Devi; Satarupa Pyne; Sathyabhama; Saumya Tandon; Savitri; Sayali Bhagat; Sayani Gupta; Sayyeshaa Saigal; Seerat Kapoor; Seema Biswas; Seema Pahwa; Seema Shinde; Seetha; Shabana Azmi; Shalini (Baby Shalini); Shamili (Baby Shamili); Shahana Goswami; Sakshi Tanwar; Sharmila Mandre; Sharmilee; Shibani Dandekar; Shreya Narayan; Shakeela; Shalini Pandey; Shamita Shetty; Shanthamma; Sharmila Tagore; Shashikala; Shazahn Padamsee; Sheeba Chadha; Sheela; Sheela; Sheena Bajaj; Sheena Chohan; Sheena Shahabadi; Shenaz Treasurywala; Sherin; Sherlyn Chopra (Mona Chopra); Shilpa Shetty; Shilpa Shukla; Shilpa Shirodkar; Shilpa Tulaskar; Shilpa Anand; Shilpi Sharma; Shivani Raghuvanshi; Shivangi Joshi; Shreya Dhanwanthary; Shruti Naidu; Shylaja Nag; Shweta Basu Prasad; Shweta Bhardwaj; Shweta Menon; Shweta Gulati; Shweta Tiwari; Shweta Tripathi; Shobhana; Shobhna Samarth; Shraddha Arya; Shraddha Das; Shraddha Kapoor; Shraddha Srinath; Shruthi Haasan; Shruti Sodhi; Shruti; Shruti Seth; Shruti Sharma; Shritha Sivadas; Shriya Saran; Shriya Pilgaonkar; Shriya Sharma; Shubha Poonja; Shyama (Khurshid Akhtar); Shylashri; Sihi Kahi Geetha; Sija Rose; Simi Garewal; Simone Singh; Simple Kapadia; Simple Kaur; Simran Mundi; Simran Bagga; Sindhu; Sindhu Tolani; Sindhu Menon; Silk Smitha; Sithara; Smita Patil; Smriti Irani (Smriti Malhotra); Smriti Kalra; Sneha Ullal; Sneha; Snigdha Akolkar; Soha Ali Khan; Sonakshi Sinha; Sonali Bendre; Sonali Kulkarni; Sonali Raut; Sonalee Kulkarni; Sonal Chauhan; Sonam (actress); Sonam Bajwa; Sonam Kapoor; Sonalika Joshi; Sonarika Bhadoria; Sonia Agarwal; Sonnalli Seygall; Sonu; Sonu Walia; Sophia Chaudhary; Soundarya; Sowcar Janaki; Spruha Joshi; Srabanti Chatterjee; Sridevi (Now Sridevi Kapoor); Sriti Jha; Sri Divya; Srividya; Sripriya; Subbulakshmi; Suchitra; Suchitra Krishnamurthy; Suchitra Pillai; Suchitra Sen; Sunitha / Vidhyasri; Sudha Belawadi; Sudha Chandran; Sudha Rani; Sudha Narasimharaju; Sudipta Chakraborty; Suhasi Goradia Dhami; Suhasini; Sujatha; Sukirti Kandpal; Sukumari; Sulakshana Pandit; Sulochana Devi; Sumalatha; Suman Nagarkar; Suman Ranganathan; Sumithra; Sumitra Devi; Sunaina; Sunny Leone; Surbhi Chandna; Surbhi Jyoti; Supriya Devi; Supriya Karnik; Supriya Pathak; Supriya Pilgaonkar; Supriya Shukla; Suraiya; Surveen Chawla; Suryakantham; Sushma Reddy; Sushmita Sen; Sumalatha; Suvalakshmi; Swati Reddy; Swapna; Swaroop Sampat; Swastika Mukherjee; Swaparja Roy; Srinidhi Shetty; Swara Bhaskar; Suzanna Mukherjee; T; Tabu; Tahira Kochhar; Tanaaz Irani; Tanisha; Tanushree Dutta; Tanuja; Tanu Roy; Tanvi Azmi; Tamannaah Bhatia; Tannishtha Chatterjee; Taapsee Pannu; Tara; Tara Anuradha; Tara Deshpande; Tara D'Souza; Tara Sharma; Tarana Raja; Taruni Sachdev; Tejaswi Madivada; Tena Desae; Tia Bajpai; Tillotama Shome; Tina Munim (now Tina Ambani); Tina Dutta; Tisca Chopra; Tripuramba; Trisha Krishnan; Tulip Joshi; Tun Tun; Twinkle Khanna; Tara Alisha Berry; Tara Sutaria; U; Udhayathara; Udaya Chandrika; Udita Goswami; Ujjwala Raut; Uma; Uma Padmanabhan; Umasashi; Umashree; Usha Chavan; Urmila Matondkar; Urmila Kanitkar; Urvashi; Urvashi Dholakia; Urvashi Sharma; Usha Kiran; Usha Nadkarni; Usha Naik; Ulka Gupta; Upasna Singh; Urvashi Rautela; V; Vaani Kapoor; Vanitha Vijayakumar; Vadivukkarasi; Vaidehi Parashurami; Vaishali Desai; Vaishali Kasaravalli; Vandana Gupte; Vanishree; Vanisri; Vani Bhojan; Vani Viswanath; Vanitha Vasu; Vaishnavi Mahant; Vrushika Mehta; Writtima Roy; Varalaxmi Sarathkumar; Varsha Bollamma; Varsha Usgaonkar; Vasundhara Das; Vedhika; Veda Sastry; Veena Malik; Veena Sundar; Veena; Vega Tamotia; Vibha Chibber; Vidhubala; Vidya Balan; Vithika Sheru; Vidya Malvade; Vidya Sinha; Vishakha Singh; Vijeta Pandit; Vijayalakshmi; Vijayalakshmi Singh; Vijayashanti; Vimala Raman; Vinaya Prasad; Vyjayantimala; W; Waheeda Rehman; Wamiqa Gabbi; Warina Hussain; Waluscha De Sousa; Y; Yagna Shetty; Yami Gautam; Yamuna (actress); Yashaswini Dayama; Yogeeta Bali; Yana Gupta; Yukta Mookhey; Yuvika Chaudhary; Zaheera; Zaira Wasim; Zarina Wahab; Zarine Khan; Zoya Afroz; Zoa Morani; Zeenat Aman; Zoya Khan; Zubeida; Zaheeda;
❤❤❤
Gelatin Silver Print (Screen Thechnique).
Underdeveloped an less underexposured negative (low/thin contrast) combined with a translucent paper (of the same contrast/transparency as the negative) in a sandwich. Hard graded bromid paper (Fotokemika Bromal).
Photographic techniques capture electromagnetic wavelengths beyond human vision, revealing features invisible to the naked eye. These signals are processed into interpretable forms using methods like color mapping.
Pink lacks a specific electromagnetic wavelength, while grey poses a limitation due to its representation of only intensity—a blend of light and dark without spectral specificity. Imaging techniques reliant on spectral variation produce identical results for greyscale images unless non-visible data is present. Deviations from this uniformity may indicate errors, misinterpretations, or unknown phenomena.
Contention persists over analytical debates, including dismissible claims like Van Allen belt dangers and contested evidence of lunar mirrors. The precision of laser reflections targeting a moving 3x3-foot marker on the Moon highlights technical skill but often fails to resolve skepticism. For instance, a 0.1° shift moves a laser spot 670 km across the Moon's surface.
Forensic analysis (2022, 2023) of Apollo 11–17 photographs assessed authenticity claims. Images of humans in space, Earth, and the Moon's distant views were validated, but Moon landing visuals showed variations, suggesting diverse techniques may have replicated certain elements.
PEMi (Photoelectromagnetic Image) software enhances forensic analysis by differentiating natural and artificial light sources, revealing hidden features. Each PEMi-ID links to original sources, ensuring traceability and comparison.
Further exploration is available:
Lehti, A. (2024). The Silence of Inquiry: Forensic Reflections Reveal a Crisis of Perception. figshare. doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.28078982
Credits
2022-2025 © Andrew Lehti
1961–2023 © NASA, ESA
Software: PEMi (GitHub: andylehti/PEMi.git)
Explore PEM-I: pemimage.streamlit.app
CC BY-SA 4.0 License: creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
Research:
Lehti, Andrew (2024). Cognitive Psychology and the Education System. figshare. Collection. doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.7532079
CC BY-SA 4.0
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, PO Box 1866, Mountain View, CA 94042, USA.
This is for this thread:
www.flickr.com/groups/topic/27411/
for my notes: sandwhich trials bw neg over color pos
Visiting Scheveningen also included a visit to the Herring House to eat raw herring and mussels fried in batter before a walk along the beach. Bas Oonk, head chef at restaurant Basaal in Den Haag discusses local fish, sustainability and cooking techniques with visiting head chef Michael Bremner from 64 Degrees, Brighton. The two chefs are part of Brighton & Hove Food and Drink Festival's International Chef Exchange where top chefs exchange kitchens to showcase their respective country's foods, wines and spirits photo©Julia Claxton
Graffiti (plural; singular graffiti or graffito, the latter rarely used except in archeology) is art that is written, painted or drawn on a wall or other surface, usually without permission and within public view. Graffiti ranges from simple written words to elaborate wall paintings, and has existed since ancient times, with examples dating back to ancient Egypt, ancient Greece, and the Roman Empire (see also mural).
Graffiti is a controversial subject. In most countries, marking or painting property without permission is considered by property owners and civic authorities as defacement and vandalism, which is a punishable crime, citing the use of graffiti by street gangs to mark territory or to serve as an indicator of gang-related activities. Graffiti has become visualized as a growing urban "problem" for many cities in industrialized nations, spreading from the New York City subway system and Philadelphia in the early 1970s to the rest of the United States and Europe and other world regions
"Graffiti" (usually both singular and plural) and the rare singular form "graffito" are from the Italian word graffiato ("scratched"). The term "graffiti" is used in art history for works of art produced by scratching a design into a surface. A related term is "sgraffito", which involves scratching through one layer of pigment to reveal another beneath it. This technique was primarily used by potters who would glaze their wares and then scratch a design into them. In ancient times graffiti were carved on walls with a sharp object, although sometimes chalk or coal were used. The word originates from Greek γράφειν—graphein—meaning "to write".
The term graffiti originally referred to the inscriptions, figure drawings, and such, found on the walls of ancient sepulchres or ruins, as in the Catacombs of Rome or at Pompeii. Historically, these writings were not considered vanadlism, which today is considered part of the definition of graffiti.
The only known source of the Safaitic language, an ancient form of Arabic, is from graffiti: inscriptions scratched on to the surface of rocks and boulders in the predominantly basalt desert of southern Syria, eastern Jordan and northern Saudi Arabia. Safaitic dates from the first century BC to the fourth century AD.
Some of the oldest cave paintings in the world are 40,000 year old ones found in Australia. The oldest written graffiti was found in ancient Rome around 2500 years ago. Most graffiti from the time was boasts about sexual experiences Graffiti in Ancient Rome was a form of communication, and was not considered vandalism.
Ancient tourists visiting the 5th-century citadel at Sigiriya in Sri Lanka write their names and commentary over the "mirror wall", adding up to over 1800 individual graffiti produced there between the 6th and 18th centuries. Most of the graffiti refer to the frescoes of semi-nude females found there. One reads:
Wet with cool dew drops
fragrant with perfume from the flowers
came the gentle breeze
jasmine and water lily
dance in the spring sunshine
side-long glances
of the golden-hued ladies
stab into my thoughts
heaven itself cannot take my mind
as it has been captivated by one lass
among the five hundred I have seen here.
Among the ancient political graffiti examples were Arab satirist poems. Yazid al-Himyari, an Umayyad Arab and Persian poet, was most known for writing his political poetry on the walls between Sajistan and Basra, manifesting a strong hatred towards the Umayyad regime and its walis, and people used to read and circulate them very widely.
Graffiti, known as Tacherons, were frequently scratched on Romanesque Scandinavian church walls. When Renaissance artists such as Pinturicchio, Raphael, Michelangelo, Ghirlandaio, or Filippino Lippi descended into the ruins of Nero's Domus Aurea, they carved or painted their names and returned to initiate the grottesche style of decoration.
There are also examples of graffiti occurring in American history, such as Independence Rock, a national landmark along the Oregon Trail.
Later, French soldiers carved their names on monuments during the Napoleonic campaign of Egypt in the 1790s. Lord Byron's survives on one of the columns of the Temple of Poseidon at Cape Sounion in Attica, Greece.
The oldest known example of graffiti "monikers" found on traincars created by hobos and railworkers since the late 1800s. The Bozo Texino monikers were documented by filmmaker Bill Daniel in his 2005 film, Who is Bozo Texino?.
In World War II, an inscription on a wall at the fortress of Verdun was seen as an illustration of the US response twice in a generation to the wrongs of the Old World:
During World War II and for decades after, the phrase "Kilroy was here" with an accompanying illustration was widespread throughout the world, due to its use by American troops and ultimately filtering into American popular culture. Shortly after the death of Charlie Parker (nicknamed "Yardbird" or "Bird"), graffiti began appearing around New York with the words "Bird Lives".
Modern graffiti art has its origins with young people in 1960s and 70s in New York City and Philadelphia. Tags were the first form of stylised contemporary graffiti. Eventually, throw-ups and pieces evolved with the desire to create larger art. Writers used spray paint and other kind of materials to leave tags or to create images on the sides subway trains. and eventually moved into the city after the NYC metro began to buy new trains and paint over graffiti.
While the art had many advocates and appreciators—including the cultural critic Norman Mailer—others, including New York City mayor Ed Koch, considered it to be defacement of public property, and saw it as a form of public blight. The ‘taggers’ called what they did ‘writing’—though an important 1974 essay by Mailer referred to it using the term ‘graffiti.’
Contemporary graffiti style has been heavily influenced by hip hop culture and the myriad international styles derived from Philadelphia and New York City Subway graffiti; however, there are many other traditions of notable graffiti in the twentieth century. Graffiti have long appeared on building walls, in latrines, railroad boxcars, subways, and bridges.
An early graffito outside of New York or Philadelphia was the inscription in London reading "Clapton is God" in reference to the guitarist Eric Clapton. Creating the cult of the guitar hero, the phrase was spray-painted by an admirer on a wall in an Islington, north London in the autumn of 1967. The graffito was captured in a photograph, in which a dog is urinating on the wall.
Films like Style Wars in the 80s depicting famous writers such as Skeme, Dondi, MinOne, and ZEPHYR reinforced graffiti's role within New York's emerging hip-hop culture. Although many officers of the New York City Police Department found this film to be controversial, Style Wars is still recognized as the most prolific film representation of what was going on within the young hip hop culture of the early 1980s. Fab 5 Freddy and Futura 2000 took hip hop graffiti to Paris and London as part of the New York City Rap Tour in 1983
Commercialization and entrance into mainstream pop culture
Main article: Commercial graffiti
With the popularity and legitimization of graffiti has come a level of commercialization. In 2001, computer giant IBM launched an advertising campaign in Chicago and San Francisco which involved people spray painting on sidewalks a peace symbol, a heart, and a penguin (Linux mascot), to represent "Peace, Love, and Linux." IBM paid Chicago and San Francisco collectively US$120,000 for punitive damages and clean-up costs.
In 2005, a similar ad campaign was launched by Sony and executed by its advertising agency in New York, Chicago, Atlanta, Philadelphia, Los Angeles, and Miami, to market its handheld PSP gaming system. In this campaign, taking notice of the legal problems of the IBM campaign, Sony paid building owners for the rights to paint on their buildings "a collection of dizzy-eyed urban kids playing with the PSP as if it were a skateboard, a paddle, or a rocking horse".
Tristan Manco wrote that Brazil "boasts a unique and particularly rich, graffiti scene ... [earning] it an international reputation as the place to go for artistic inspiration". Graffiti "flourishes in every conceivable space in Brazil's cities". Artistic parallels "are often drawn between the energy of São Paulo today and 1970s New York". The "sprawling metropolis", of São Paulo has "become the new shrine to graffiti"; Manco alludes to "poverty and unemployment ... [and] the epic struggles and conditions of the country's marginalised peoples", and to "Brazil's chronic poverty", as the main engines that "have fuelled a vibrant graffiti culture". In world terms, Brazil has "one of the most uneven distributions of income. Laws and taxes change frequently". Such factors, Manco argues, contribute to a very fluid society, riven with those economic divisions and social tensions that underpin and feed the "folkloric vandalism and an urban sport for the disenfranchised", that is South American graffiti art.
Prominent Brazilian writers include Os Gêmeos, Boleta, Nunca, Nina, Speto, Tikka, and T.Freak. Their artistic success and involvement in commercial design ventures has highlighted divisions within the Brazilian graffiti community between adherents of the cruder transgressive form of pichação and the more conventionally artistic values of the practitioners of grafite.
Graffiti in the Middle East has emerged slowly, with taggers operating in Egypt, Lebanon, the Gulf countries like Bahrain or the United Arab Emirates, Israel, and in Iran. The major Iranian newspaper Hamshahri has published two articles on illegal writers in the city with photographic coverage of Iranian artist A1one's works on Tehran walls. Tokyo-based design magazine, PingMag, has interviewed A1one and featured photographs of his work. The Israeli West Bank barrier has become a site for graffiti, reminiscent in this sense of the Berlin Wall. Many writers in Israel come from other places around the globe, such as JUIF from Los Angeles and DEVIONE from London. The religious reference "נ נח נחמ נחמן מאומן" ("Na Nach Nachma Nachman Meuman") is commonly seen in graffiti around Israel.
Graffiti has played an important role within the street art scene in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), especially following the events of the Arab Spring of 2011 or the Sudanese Revolution of 2018/19. Graffiti is a tool of expression in the context of conflict in the region, allowing people to raise their voices politically and socially. Famous street artist Banksy has had an important effect in the street art scene in the MENA area, especially in Palestine where some of his works are located in the West Bank barrier and Bethlehem.
There are also a large number of graffiti influences in Southeast Asian countries that mostly come from modern Western culture, such as Malaysia, where graffiti have long been a common sight in Malaysia's capital city, Kuala Lumpur. Since 2010, the country has begun hosting a street festival to encourage all generations and people from all walks of life to enjoy and encourage Malaysian street culture.
The modern-day graffitists can be found with an arsenal of various materials that allow for a successful production of a piece. This includes such techniques as scribing. However, spray paint in aerosol cans is the number one medium for graffiti. From this commodity comes different styles, technique, and abilities to form master works of graffiti. Spray paint can be found at hardware and art stores and comes in virtually every color.
Stencil graffiti is created by cutting out shapes and designs in a stiff material (such as cardboard or subject folders) to form an overall design or image. The stencil is then placed on the "canvas" gently and with quick, easy strokes of the aerosol can, the image begins to appear on the intended surface.
Some of the first examples were created in 1981 by artists Blek le Rat in Paris, in 1982 by Jef Aerosol in Tours (France); by 1985 stencils had appeared in other cities including New York City, Sydney, and Melbourne, where they were documented by American photographer Charles Gatewood and Australian photographer Rennie Ellis
Tagging is the practice of someone spray-painting "their name, initial or logo onto a public surface" in a handstyle unique to the writer. Tags were the first form of modern graffiti.
Modern graffiti art often incorporates additional arts and technologies. For example, Graffiti Research Lab has encouraged the use of projected images and magnetic light-emitting diodes (throwies) as new media for graffitists. yarnbombing is another recent form of graffiti. Yarnbombers occasionally target previous graffiti for modification, which had been avoided among the majority of graffitists.
Theories on the use of graffiti by avant-garde artists have a history dating back at least to the Asger Jorn, who in 1962 painting declared in a graffiti-like gesture "the avant-garde won't give up"
Many contemporary analysts and even art critics have begun to see artistic value in some graffiti and to recognize it as a form of public art. According to many art researchers, particularly in the Netherlands and in Los Angeles, that type of public art is, in fact an effective tool of social emancipation or, in the achievement of a political goal
In times of conflict, such murals have offered a means of communication and self-expression for members of these socially, ethnically, or racially divided communities, and have proven themselves as effective tools in establishing dialog and thus, of addressing cleavages in the long run. The Berlin Wall was also extensively covered by graffiti reflecting social pressures relating to the oppressive Soviet rule over the GDR.
Many artists involved with graffiti are also concerned with the similar activity of stenciling. Essentially, this entails stenciling a print of one or more colors using spray-paint. Recognized while exhibiting and publishing several of her coloured stencils and paintings portraying the Sri Lankan Civil War and urban Britain in the early 2000s, graffitists Mathangi Arulpragasam, aka M.I.A., has also become known for integrating her imagery of political violence into her music videos for singles "Galang" and "Bucky Done Gun", and her cover art. Stickers of her artwork also often appear around places such as London in Brick Lane, stuck to lamp posts and street signs, she having become a muse for other graffitists and painters worldwide in cities including Seville.
Graffitist believes that art should be on display for everyone in the public eye or in plain sight, not hidden away in a museum or a gallery. Art should color the streets, not the inside of some building. Graffiti is a form of art that cannot be owned or bought. It does not last forever, it is temporary, yet one of a kind. It is a form of self promotion for the artist that can be displayed anywhere form sidewalks, roofs, subways, building wall, etc. Art to them is for everyone and should be showed to everyone for free.
Graffiti is a way of communicating and a way of expressing what one feels in the moment. It is both art and a functional thing that can warn people of something or inform people of something. However, graffiti is to some people a form of art, but to some a form of vandalism. And many graffitists choose to protect their identities and remain anonymous or to hinder prosecution.
With the commercialization of graffiti (and hip hop in general), in most cases, even with legally painted "graffiti" art, graffitists tend to choose anonymity. This may be attributed to various reasons or a combination of reasons. Graffiti still remains the one of four hip hop elements that is not considered "performance art" despite the image of the "singing and dancing star" that sells hip hop culture to the mainstream. Being a graphic form of art, it might also be said that many graffitists still fall in the category of the introverted archetypal artist.
Banksy is one of the world's most notorious and popular street artists who continues to remain faceless in today's society. He is known for his political, anti-war stencil art mainly in Bristol, England, but his work may be seen anywhere from Los Angeles to Palestine. In the UK, Banksy is the most recognizable icon for this cultural artistic movement and keeps his identity a secret to avoid arrest. Much of Banksy's artwork may be seen around the streets of London and surrounding suburbs, although he has painted pictures throughout the world, including the Middle East, where he has painted on Israel's controversial West Bank barrier with satirical images of life on the other side. One depicted a hole in the wall with an idyllic beach, while another shows a mountain landscape on the other side. A number of exhibitions also have taken place since 2000, and recent works of art have fetched vast sums of money. Banksy's art is a prime example of the classic controversy: vandalism vs. art. Art supporters endorse his work distributed in urban areas as pieces of art and some councils, such as Bristol and Islington, have officially protected them, while officials of other areas have deemed his work to be vandalism and have removed it.
Pixnit is another artist who chooses to keep her identity from the general public. Her work focuses on beauty and design aspects of graffiti as opposed to Banksy's anti-government shock value. Her paintings are often of flower designs above shops and stores in her local urban area of Cambridge, Massachusetts. Some store owners endorse her work and encourage others to do similar work as well. "One of the pieces was left up above Steve's Kitchen, because it looks pretty awesome"- Erin Scott, the manager of New England Comics in Allston, Massachusetts.
Graffiti artists may become offended if photographs of their art are published in a commercial context without their permission. In March 2020, the Finnish graffiti artist Psyke expressed his displeasure at the newspaper Ilta-Sanomat publishing a photograph of a Peugeot 208 in an article about new cars, with his graffiti prominently shown on the background. The artist claims he does not want his art being used in commercial context, not even if he were to receive compensation.
Territorial graffiti marks urban neighborhoods with tags and logos to differentiate certain groups from others. These images are meant to show outsiders a stern look at whose turf is whose. The subject matter of gang-related graffiti consists of cryptic symbols and initials strictly fashioned with unique calligraphies. Gang members use graffiti to designate membership throughout the gang, to differentiate rivals and associates and, most commonly, to mark borders which are both territorial and ideological.
Graffiti has been used as a means of advertising both legally and illegally. Bronx-based TATS CRU has made a name for themselves doing legal advertising campaigns for companies such as Coca-Cola, McDonald's, Toyota, and MTV. In the UK, Covent Garden's Boxfresh used stencil images of a Zapatista revolutionary in the hopes that cross referencing would promote their store.
Smirnoff hired artists to use reverse graffiti (the use of high pressure hoses to clean dirty surfaces to leave a clean image in the surrounding dirt) to increase awareness of their product.
Graffiti often has a reputation as part of a subculture that rebels against authority, although the considerations of the practitioners often diverge and can relate to a wide range of attitudes. It can express a political practice and can form just one tool in an array of resistance techniques. One early example includes the anarcho-punk band Crass, who conducted a campaign of stenciling anti-war, anarchist, feminist, and anti-consumerist messages throughout the London Underground system during the late 1970s and early 1980s. In Amsterdam graffiti was a major part of the punk scene. The city was covered with names such as "De Zoot", "Vendex", and "Dr Rat". To document the graffiti a punk magazine was started that was called Gallery Anus. So when hip hop came to Europe in the early 1980s there was already a vibrant graffiti culture.
The student protests and general strike of May 1968 saw Paris bedecked in revolutionary, anarchistic, and situationist slogans such as L'ennui est contre-révolutionnaire ("Boredom is counterrevolutionary") and Lisez moins, vivez plus ("Read less, live more"). While not exhaustive, the graffiti gave a sense of the 'millenarian' and rebellious spirit, tempered with a good deal of verbal wit, of the strikers.
I think graffiti writing is a way of defining what our generation is like. Excuse the French, we're not a bunch of p---- artists. Traditionally artists have been considered soft and mellow people, a little bit kooky. Maybe we're a little bit more like pirates that way. We defend our territory, whatever space we steal to paint on, we defend it fiercely.
The developments of graffiti art which took place in art galleries and colleges as well as "on the street" or "underground", contributed to the resurfacing in the 1990s of a far more overtly politicized art form in the subvertising, culture jamming, or tactical media movements. These movements or styles tend to classify the artists by their relationship to their social and economic contexts, since, in most countries, graffiti art remains illegal in many forms except when using non-permanent paint. Since the 1990s with the rise of Street Art, a growing number of artists are switching to non-permanent paints and non-traditional forms of painting.
Contemporary practitioners, accordingly, have varied and often conflicting practices. Some individuals, such as Alexander Brener, have used the medium to politicize other art forms, and have used the prison sentences enforced on them as a means of further protest. The practices of anonymous groups and individuals also vary widely, and practitioners by no means always agree with each other's practices. For example, the anti-capitalist art group the Space Hijackers did a piece in 2004 about the contradiction between the capitalistic elements of Banksy and his use of political imagery.
Berlin human rights activist Irmela Mensah-Schramm has received global media attention and numerous awards for her 35-year campaign of effacing neo-Nazi and other right-wing extremist graffiti throughout Germany, often by altering hate speech in humorous ways.
In Serbian capital, Belgrade, the graffiti depicting a uniformed former general of Serb army and war criminal, convicted at ICTY for war crimes and crimes against humanity, including genocide and ethnic cleansing in Bosnian War, Ratko Mladić, appeared in a military salute alongside the words "General, thank to your mother". Aleks Eror, Berlin-based journalist, explains how "veneration of historical and wartime figures" through street art is not a new phenomenon in the region of former Yugoslavia, and that "in most cases is firmly focused on the future, rather than retelling the past". Eror is not only analyst pointing to danger of such an expressions for the region's future. In a long expose on the subject of Bosnian genocide denial, at Balkan Diskurs magazine and multimedia platform website, Kristina Gadže and Taylor Whitsell referred to these experiences as a young generations' "cultural heritage", in which young are being exposed to celebration and affirmation of war-criminals as part of their "formal education" and "inheritance".
There are numerous examples of genocide denial through celebration and affirmation of war criminals throughout the region of Western Balkans inhabited by Serbs using this form of artistic expression. Several more of these graffiti are found in Serbian capital, and many more across Serbia and Bosnian and Herzegovinian administrative entity, Republika Srpska, which is the ethnic Serbian majority enclave. Critics point that Serbia as a state, is willing to defend the mural of convicted war criminal, and have no intention to react on cases of genocide denial, noting that Interior Minister of Serbia, Aleksandar Vulin decision to ban any gathering with an intent to remove the mural, with the deployment of riot police, sends the message of "tacit endorsement". Consequently, on 9 November 2021, Serbian heavy police in riot gear, with graffiti creators and their supporters, blocked the access to the mural to prevent human rights groups and other activists to paint over it and mark the International Day Against Fascism and Antisemitism in that way, and even arrested two civic activist for throwing eggs at the graffiti.
Graffiti may also be used as an offensive expression. This form of graffiti may be difficult to identify, as it is mostly removed by the local authority (as councils which have adopted strategies of criminalization also strive to remove graffiti quickly). Therefore, existing racist graffiti is mostly more subtle and at first sight, not easily recognized as "racist". It can then be understood only if one knows the relevant "local code" (social, historical, political, temporal, and spatial), which is seen as heteroglot and thus a 'unique set of conditions' in a cultural context.
A spatial code for example, could be that there is a certain youth group in an area that is engaging heavily in racist activities. So, for residents (knowing the local code), a graffiti containing only the name or abbreviation of this gang already is a racist expression, reminding the offended people of their gang activities. Also a graffiti is in most cases, the herald of more serious criminal activity to come. A person who does not know these gang activities would not be able to recognize the meaning of this graffiti. Also if a tag of this youth group or gang is placed on a building occupied by asylum seekers, for example, its racist character is even stronger.
By making the graffiti less explicit (as adapted to social and legal constraints), these drawings are less likely to be removed, but do not lose their threatening and offensive character.
Elsewhere, activists in Russia have used painted caricatures of local officials with their mouths as potholes, to show their anger about the poor state of the roads. In Manchester, England, a graffitists painted obscene images around potholes, which often resulted in them being repaired within 48 hours.
In the early 1980s, the first art galleries to show graffitists to the public were Fashion Moda in the Bronx, Now Gallery and Fun Gallery, both in the East Village, Manhattan.
A 2006 exhibition at the Brooklyn Museum displayed graffiti as an art form that began in New York's outer boroughs and reached great heights in the early 1980s with the work of Crash, Lee, Daze, Keith Haring, and Jean-Michel Basquiat. It displayed 22 works by New York graffitists, including Crash, Daze, and Lady Pink. In an article about the exhibition in the magazine Time Out, curator Charlotta Kotik said that she hoped the exhibition would cause viewers to rethink their assumptions about graffiti.
From the 1970s onwards, Burhan Doğançay photographed urban walls all over the world; these he then archived for use as sources of inspiration for his painterly works. The project today known as "Walls of the World" grew beyond even his own expectations and comprises about 30,000 individual images. It spans a period of 40 years across five continents and 114 countries. In 1982, photographs from this project comprised a one-man exhibition titled "Les murs murmurent, ils crient, ils chantent ..." (The walls whisper, shout and sing ...) at the Centre Georges Pompidou in Paris.
In Australia, art historians have judged some local graffiti of sufficient creative merit to rank them firmly within the arts. Oxford University Press's art history text Australian Painting 1788–2000 concludes with a long discussion of graffiti's key place within contemporary visual culture, including the work of several Australian practitioners.
Between March and April 2009, 150 artists exhibited 300 pieces of graffiti at the Grand Palais in Paris.
Spray paint has many negative environmental effects. The paint contains toxic chemicals, and the can uses volatile hydrocarbon gases to spray the paint onto a surface.
Volatile organic compound (VOC) leads to ground level ozone formation and most of graffiti related emissions are VOCs. A 2010 paper estimates 4,862 tons of VOCs were released in the United States in activities related to graffiti.
In China, Mao Zedong in the 1920s used revolutionary slogans and paintings in public places to galvanize the country's communist movement.
Based on different national conditions, many people believe that China's attitude towards Graffiti is fierce, but in fact, according to Lance Crayon in his film Spray Paint Beijing: Graffiti in the Capital of China, Graffiti is generally accepted in Beijing, with artists not seeing much police interference. Political and religiously sensitive graffiti, however, is not allowed.
In Hong Kong, Tsang Tsou Choi was known as the King of Kowloon for his calligraphy graffiti over many years, in which he claimed ownership of the area. Now some of his work is preserved officially.
In Taiwan, the government has made some concessions to graffitists. Since 2005 they have been allowed to freely display their work along some sections of riverside retaining walls in designated "Graffiti Zones". From 2007, Taipei's department of cultural affairs also began permitting graffiti on fences around major public construction sites. Department head Yong-ping Lee (李永萍) stated, "We will promote graffiti starting with the public sector, and then later in the private sector too. It's our goal to beautify the city with graffiti". The government later helped organize a graffiti contest in Ximending, a popular shopping district. graffitists caught working outside of these designated areas still face fines up to NT$6,000 under a department of environmental protection regulation. However, Taiwanese authorities can be relatively lenient, one veteran police officer stating anonymously, "Unless someone complains about vandalism, we won't get involved. We don't go after it proactively."
In 1993, after several expensive cars in Singapore were spray-painted, the police arrested a student from the Singapore American School, Michael P. Fay, questioned him, and subsequently charged him with vandalism. Fay pleaded guilty to vandalizing a car in addition to stealing road signs. Under the 1966 Vandalism Act of Singapore, originally passed to curb the spread of communist graffiti in Singapore, the court sentenced him to four months in jail, a fine of S$3,500 (US$2,233), and a caning. The New York Times ran several editorials and op-eds that condemned the punishment and called on the American public to flood the Singaporean embassy with protests. Although the Singapore government received many calls for clemency, Fay's caning took place in Singapore on 5 May 1994. Fay had originally received a sentence of six strokes of the cane, but the presiding president of Singapore, Ong Teng Cheong, agreed to reduce his caning sentence to four lashes.
In South Korea, Park Jung-soo was fined two million South Korean won by the Seoul Central District Court for spray-painting a rat on posters of the G-20 Summit a few days before the event in November 2011. Park alleged that the initial in "G-20" sounds like the Korean word for "rat", but Korean government prosecutors alleged that Park was making a derogatory statement about the president of South Korea, Lee Myung-bak, the host of the summit. This case led to public outcry and debate on the lack of government tolerance and in support of freedom of expression. The court ruled that the painting, "an ominous creature like a rat" amounts to "an organized criminal activity" and upheld the fine while denying the prosecution's request for imprisonment for Park.
In Europe, community cleaning squads have responded to graffiti, in some cases with reckless abandon, as when in 1992 in France a local Scout group, attempting to remove modern graffiti, damaged two prehistoric paintings of bison in the Cave of Mayrière supérieure near the French village of Bruniquel in Tarn-et-Garonne, earning them the 1992 Ig Nobel Prize in archeology.
In September 2006, the European Parliament directed the European Commission to create urban environment policies to prevent and eliminate dirt, litter, graffiti, animal excrement, and excessive noise from domestic and vehicular music systems in European cities, along with other concerns over urban life.
In Budapest, Hungary, both a city-backed movement called I Love Budapest and a special police division tackle the problem, including the provision of approved areas.
The Anti-social Behaviour Act 2003 became Britain's latest anti-graffiti legislation. In August 2004, the Keep Britain Tidy campaign issued a press release calling for zero tolerance of graffiti and supporting proposals such as issuing "on the spot" fines to graffiti offenders and banning the sale of aerosol paint to anyone under the age of 16. The press release also condemned the use of graffiti images in advertising and in music videos, arguing that real-world experience of graffiti stood far removed from its often-portrayed "cool" or "edgy'" image.
To back the campaign, 123 Members of Parliament (MPs) (including then Prime Minister Tony Blair), signed a charter which stated: "Graffiti is not art, it's crime. On behalf of my constituents, I will do all I can to rid our community of this problem."
In the UK, city councils have the power to take action against the owner of any property that has been defaced under the Anti-social Behaviour Act 2003 (as amended by the Clean Neighbourhoods and Environment Act 2005) or, in certain cases, the Highways Act. This is often used against owners of property that are complacent in allowing protective boards to be defaced so long as the property is not damaged.
In July 2008, a conspiracy charge was used to convict graffitists for the first time. After a three-month police surveillance operation, nine members of the DPM crew were convicted of conspiracy to commit criminal damage costing at least £1 million. Five of them received prison sentences, ranging from eighteen months to two years. The unprecedented scale of the investigation and the severity of the sentences rekindled public debate over whether graffiti should be considered art or crime.
Some councils, like those of Stroud and Loerrach, provide approved areas in the town where graffitists can showcase their talents, including underpasses, car parks, and walls that might otherwise prove a target for the "spray and run".
Graffiti Tunnel, University of Sydney at Camperdown (2009)
In an effort to reduce vandalism, many cities in Australia have designated walls or areas exclusively for use by graffitists. One early example is the "Graffiti Tunnel" located at the Camperdown Campus of the University of Sydney, which is available for use by any student at the university to tag, advertise, poster, and paint. Advocates of this idea suggest that this discourages petty vandalism yet encourages artists to take their time and produce great art, without worry of being caught or arrested for vandalism or trespassing.[108][109] Others disagree with this approach, arguing that the presence of legal graffiti walls does not demonstrably reduce illegal graffiti elsewhere. Some local government areas throughout Australia have introduced "anti-graffiti squads", who clean graffiti in the area, and such crews as BCW (Buffers Can't Win) have taken steps to keep one step ahead of local graffiti cleaners.
Many state governments have banned the sale or possession of spray paint to those under the age of 18 (age of majority). However, a number of local governments in Victoria have taken steps to recognize the cultural heritage value of some examples of graffiti, such as prominent political graffiti. Tough new graffiti laws have been introduced in Australia with fines of up to A$26,000 and two years in prison.
Melbourne is a prominent graffiti city of Australia with many of its lanes being tourist attractions, such as Hosier Lane in particular, a popular destination for photographers, wedding photography, and backdrops for corporate print advertising. The Lonely Planet travel guide cites Melbourne's street as a major attraction. All forms of graffiti, including sticker art, poster, stencil art, and wheatpasting, can be found in many places throughout the city. Prominent street art precincts include; Fitzroy, Collingwood, Northcote, Brunswick, St. Kilda, and the CBD, where stencil and sticker art is prominent. As one moves farther away from the city, mostly along suburban train lines, graffiti tags become more prominent. Many international artists such as Banksy have left their work in Melbourne and in early 2008 a perspex screen was installed to prevent a Banksy stencil art piece from being destroyed, it has survived since 2003 through the respect of local street artists avoiding posting over it, although it has recently had paint tipped over it.
In February 2008 Helen Clark, the New Zealand prime minister at that time, announced a government crackdown on tagging and other forms of graffiti vandalism, describing it as a destructive crime representing an invasion of public and private property. New legislation subsequently adopted included a ban on the sale of paint spray cans to persons under 18 and increases in maximum fines for the offence from NZ$200 to NZ$2,000 or extended community service. The issue of tagging become a widely debated one following an incident in Auckland during January 2008 in which a middle-aged property owner stabbed one of two teenage taggers to death and was subsequently convicted of manslaughter.
Graffiti databases have increased in the past decade because they allow vandalism incidents to be fully documented against an offender and help the police and prosecution charge and prosecute offenders for multiple counts of vandalism. They also provide law enforcement the ability to rapidly search for an offender's moniker or tag in a simple, effective, and comprehensive way. These systems can also help track costs of damage to a city to help allocate an anti-graffiti budget. The theory is that when an offender is caught putting up graffiti, they are not just charged with one count of vandalism; they can be held accountable for all the other damage for which they are responsible. This has two main benefits for law enforcement. One, it sends a signal to the offenders that their vandalism is being tracked. Two, a city can seek restitution from offenders for all the damage that they have committed, not merely a single incident. These systems give law enforcement personnel real-time, street-level intelligence that allows them not only to focus on the worst graffiti offenders and their damage, but also to monitor potential gang violence that is associated with the graffiti.
Many restrictions of civil gang injunctions are designed to help address and protect the physical environment and limit graffiti. Provisions of gang injunctions include things such as restricting the possession of marker pens, spray paint cans, or other sharp objects capable of defacing private or public property; spray painting, or marking with marker pens, scratching, applying stickers, or otherwise applying graffiti on any public or private property, including, but not limited to the street, alley, residences, block walls, and fences, vehicles or any other real or personal property. Some injunctions contain wording that restricts damaging or vandalizing both public and private property, including but not limited to any vehicle, light fixture, door, fence, wall, gate, window, building, street sign, utility box, telephone box, tree, or power pole.
To help address many of these issues, many local jurisdictions have set up graffiti abatement hotlines, where citizens can call in and report vandalism and have it removed. San Diego's hotline receives more than 5,000 calls per year, in addition to reporting the graffiti, callers can learn more about prevention. One of the complaints about these hotlines is the response time; there is often a lag time between a property owner calling about the graffiti and its removal. The length of delay should be a consideration for any jurisdiction planning on operating a hotline. Local jurisdictions must convince the callers that their complaint of vandalism will be a priority and cleaned off right away. If the jurisdiction does not have the resources to respond to complaints in a timely manner, the value of the hotline diminishes. Crews must be able to respond to individual service calls made to the graffiti hotline as well as focus on cleanup near schools, parks, and major intersections and transit routes to have the biggest impact. Some cities offer a reward for information leading to the arrest and prosecution of suspects for tagging or graffiti related vandalism. The amount of the reward is based on the information provided, and the action taken.
When police obtain search warrants in connection with a vandalism investigation, they are often seeking judicial approval to look for items such as cans of spray paint and nozzles from other kinds of aerosol sprays; etching tools, or other sharp or pointed objects, which could be used to etch or scratch glass and other hard surfaces; permanent marking pens, markers, or paint sticks; evidence of membership or affiliation with any gang or tagging crew; paraphernalia including any reference to "(tagger's name)"; any drawings, writing, objects, or graffiti depicting taggers' names, initials, logos, monikers, slogans, or any mention of tagging crew membership; and any newspaper clippings relating to graffiti crime.
For this photo I edited it in Photoshop first and then Lightroom. In Photoshop I focused solely on skin smoothing and spot heal. I used the spot heal tool to remove any impurities from the skin and get rid of any distracting stray hairs or glitter. Next, I went to the “filter” tab and selected “camera raw filter” which then brought me to the skin tonality adjustments so I adjusted the clarity and texture to give her skin a nice air brushed look. After that I opened the photo into Lightroom and upped the exposure +5, the saturation +3, and the tint -4. I wanted the blue to stand out a little bit more so that’s why I chose those specific adjustments.