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Electricity would be a solution to some in the third world
It is the root of where first world families come unfurled
More time spent watching TV than interacting with each other
In the third world it could save someone's little sister or brother.
Electricity is a wonderful thing, I am sitting in an office lit by florescent lights, in front of a computer, listening to soft tunes on the radio but the influence of electricity isn't all positive in our community.
Addictions to social media and too much time watching tv
Are both things to tear apart the special group we call family
ODC: First world problem
You can download or view Macroscopic Solutions’ images in more detail by selecting any image and clicking the downward facing arrow in the lower-right corner of the image display screen.
Three individuals of Macroscopic Solutions, LLC captured the images in this database collaboratively.
Contact information:
Mark Smith M.S. Geoscientist
mark@macroscopicsolutions.com
Daniel Saftner B.S. Geoscientist and Returned Peace Corps Volunteer
daniel@macroscopicsolutions.com
Annette Evans Ph.D. Student at the University of Connecticut
annette@macroscopicsolutions.com
Todays solution to most IT support questions likely to be encountered.
Do not try this at home, as it should only be performed under supervision.
If this doesn't solve the problem, try re-installing your operating system.
For 7DOS group.
Avoid high contrast situations if possible. The keyboard here is almost white, and the surrounds are dark from the tree shadows, so the exposure is heavily overexposed for te keyboard, making it a very poor shot.
Even the shadow on the face contributes to the problem.
This reminds me very much of how I felt about Windows Vista, which was the reason I changed to Apple MAc.
Try a RESET
Frustrating Annoying Things Theme.
Solutions business, le 6 mars 2008. Charleroi - Belgique
Solutions business, le 6 mars 2008. Charleroi - Belgique
Love Problem Solution is here to solve all your problems and help you live a happy life. If you are suffering from love related issues then there is no need to worry as our astrologers can bring back your lost love and save you from divorce, family disputes or anything else which may be causing sadness in your relationship. (+91-9855985148)
Now solve your Love marriage solutions in no time by help of love guru Kali Charan Swami. He is expert in love problems.
You can download or view Macroscopic Solutions’ images in more detail by selecting any image and clicking the downward facing arrow in the lower-right corner of the image display screen.
Three individuals of Macroscopic Solutions, LLC captured the images in this database collaboratively.
Contact information:
Mark Smith M.S. Geoscientist
mark@macroscopicsolutions.com
Daniel Saftner B.S. Geoscientist and Returned Peace Corps Volunteer
daniel@macroscopicsolutions.com
Annette Evans Ph.D. Student at the University of Connecticut
annette@macroscopicsolutions.com
via WordPress www.naturalayurvedaltd.com/health-dieses-solutions/%e0%a6...
ব্যাক্তিগত যৌনস্বাস্থ্যের সুরক্ষা সম্পর্কিত প্রয়োজনীয় জ্ঞানের অভাব এবং যৌবন শুরুর প্রারম্ভিক পর্যায়ে নিজ কতৃক অজ্ঞতাবশত নানবিধ ভুলত্রুটি করা সহ অনিয়মিত জীবনযাপনের ফলে আমাদের দেশের অধিকাংশ পুরুষের মাঝেই যৌনস্বাস্থ্য সংক্রান্ত নানাবিধ শারীরিক সমস্যা পরিলক্ষিত হয়ে থাকে, যা আমাদের দেশে দিন দিন খুবই প্রকট আকার ধারন করছে ।
আর তাই, যৌনস্বাস্থ্য বিষয়ক জ্ঞান অর্জনের পাশাপাশি যৌন সমস্যায় ভুক্তভোগী যুবক এবং পুরুষ ভাইদের জন্য আজ আমরা আলোচনা করছি – যৌনস্বাস্থ্য বিষয়ক শারীরিক সমস্যা সৃষ্টির কারন, প্রতিকার এবং শতভাগ কার্যকরী স্থায়ী চিকিৎসা বিষয়ক পরিপূর্ণ গাইডলাইন ।
কারনসমূহ
যৌন দুর্বলতার কারন হিসাবে আমরা প্রথমেই যৌনতা বিষয়ক প্রয়োজনীয় জ্ঞানের অভাব বিষয়টিকে উল্লেখ করতে পারি, যৌনতা সম্পর্কে বিশেষ জ্ঞান না থাকার কারণে আমাদের দেশের পুরুষরা তাদের যৌবন শুরুর পর্যায়ে অতিরিক্ত পরিমান হস্তমৈথুন/ মাস্টারবেশন করা সহ বিভিন্ন ধরনের ভুলত্রুটি করে থাকে, যা পরবর্তীতে একজন পুরুষের মাঝে ব্যাপক আকারে যৌন দুর্বলতা সৃষ্টি করে । এছাড়া অতিরিক্ত সহবাস, পর্ণ মুভি দেখা, অতিরিক্ত যৌনতা নিয়ে চিন্তা করা, ঠিক মত খাওয়া-দাওয়া না করা, পর্যাপ্ত না ঘুমানো, অতিরিক্ত মানুষিক টেনশন করা, অতিরিক্ত পরিশ্রম করা, অতিরিক্ত সৌখিনতার সহিত জীবন-যাপন পালন করার ফলেও দেখা দিতে পারে যৌন দুর্বলতা নামক সমস্যা ।মপাশাপাশি অনেকের ক্ষেত্রে বিয়ে বহির্ভূত সহবাস এর সময় অনাকাঙ্ক্ষিত পরিবেশ পরিস্থিতি অথবা ঘটনার ফলে মনে ভীত সঞ্চারের মাধ্যমে পরবর্তীতে হতে পারে যৌন দুর্বলতা । এছাড়াও ডায়বেটিক্স, অতিরিক্ত মেদ-ভুঁড়ি, শারীরিক দুর্বলতা, সঙ্গীর প্রতি ভালোবাসার অভাব আপনার জীবনে যৌন দুর্বলতার জন্য দায়ী হতে পারে । অনেক সময় সাময়িক আনন্দের জন্য ভায়াগ্রা / ওয়ান টাইম ট্যাবলেটগুলো অথবা তথাকথিত ভুয়া ডাক্তারদের দেওয়া বিভিন্ন যৌনশক্তিবর্ধক ঔষধ সেবনের ফলে সারাজীবনের জন্য যৌন দুর্বলতা সৃষ্টি হতে পারে আপনার শরীরে ।
প্রতিকার
আমাদের দেশের পুরুষদের এই যৌন দুর্বলতার নামক প্রকট সমস্যা থেকে মুক্ত করতে হলে প্রথমেই প্রয়োজন যৌনতা বিষয়ক জ্ঞান সকলের মাঝে ছড়িয়ে দেয়া, সকলকে বুঝাতে হবে যৌনতা মানেই খারাপ নয়, যৌনতা মানেই লজ্জার নয়, সুস্থ সুন্দর ভাবে বাঁচতে হলে যৌনতা বিষয়ক জ্ঞানের প্রয়োজন অপরিহার্য, এই বিশেষ জ্ঞানের মাধ্যমে যৌনতার প্রয়োজন, যৌনশক্তি ধরে রাখার উপায়, অতিরিক্ত হস্তমৈথুন / মাস্টারবেশন করার কুফল, যৌবনের সময় করনীয় এবং বর্জনীয় সহ যৌনতা সম্পর্কে শিক্ষণীয় জ্ঞানের ব্যাবস্থা করতে হবে । এছাড়া প্রতিটি পুরুষের যৌন দুর্বলতা নামক এই সমস্যা থেকে নিজেকে মুক্ত রাখতে পর্যাপ্ত খাবার-দাবার গ্রহন, পর্যাপ্ত ঘুম, ব্যায়াম, মানুষিকভাবে উৎফুল্ল থাকা তথা স্বাভাবিক নিয়মে জীবন-যাপনের অভ্যাস করতে হবে । পাশাপাশি যৌন বিষয়ক অতিরিক্ত চিন্তা, অতিরিক্ত সহবাস, বিয়ে বহির্ভূত সহবাস থেকে নিজেদের মুক্ত রাখতে হবে । এছাড়া প্রত্যেক বাবা-মার উচিত তার সন্তানের যৌবন শুরুর পর্যায়ে শরীরের প্রতি বিশেষ যত্ন নেওয়া । এছাড়া সাময়িক আনন্দের জন্য ভায়াগ্রা / ওয়ান টাইম ট্যাবলেটগুলো সেবন থেকে অবশ্যই বিরত থাকতে হবে ।
চিকিৎসা
প্রথমেই আমাদের মনে রাখতে হবে যে, অন্যান্য সকল সাধারন রোগের মতই যৌন সমস্যাও অত্যন্ত স্বাভাবিক একটি সমস্যা, যা নিয়ে নিজের মাঝে নিজে হীনমন্যতায় কিংবা বিষণ্ণতায় ভোগা অথবা অতিরিক্ত বিশেষ দুঃচিন্তা করার কোন প্রয়োজন নেই, কারন আপনার ভিতরকার এই দুর্বলতা আপনার যৌন দুর্বলতাকে আরো বেশি দুর্বল করে দিতে পারে, তাই সর্বপ্রথম নিজের মাঝে নিজে আত্মবিশ্বাস ফিরিয়ে আনুন এবং সমস্যা সমাধানে উপযুক্ত সমাধানের দ্বারস্থ হোন ।
যৌনস্বাস্থ্য সংক্রান্ত সমস্যায় ভুক্তভোগী পুরুষ ভাইদের উপযুক্ত সমাধান এবং চিকিৎসার মাধ্যমে তাদের পুর্ন যৌন শক্তি এবং সক্ষমতা ফিরিয়ে দিতে সুনামধন্য “ন্যাচারাল আয়ুর্বেদা লিঃ” ১২ বছরেরও অধিক সময়কাল যাবত আস্থা এবং সফলতার সঙ্গে নিজেদের অবদান অব্যাহত রেখে চলেছে । রোগ / ক্ষেত্র অনুযায়ী যৌন দুর্বলতার বিভিন্ন সমস্যা সমাধানে “ন্যাচারাল আয়ুর্বেদা লিঃ” এর রয়েছে সম্পূর্ণ প্রাকৃতিক এবং ভেষজ উপাদান দ্বারা আন্তর্জাতিক ভাবে স্বীকৃত আয়ুর্বেদিক ফর্মুলায় তৈরিকৃত বিশ্বমানের ২ টি প্রোডাক্ট, যা রোগ / ক্ষেত্র অনুযায়ী যৌন সমস্যার প্রয়োজনীয় সমাধান দিতে অত্যন্ত কার্যকরী ।
‘ন্যাচারাল পেনি সঞ্জীবনী ওয়েল’ – আমাদের দেশের পুরুষ সমাজে যৌন দুর্বলতার অংশ হিসাবে অনেকের মাঝেই লিঙ্গ শক্ত না হওয়া, লিঙ্গের শক্তি কমে যাওয়া, লিঙ্গ ক্রমশ ছোট / চিকন এবং দুর্বল হয়ে যাওয়া, লিঙ্গ সতেজতা কমে কালো / মাটি বর্ণের রুপ ধারন করা, লিঙ্গের অগ্রভাগ বিবর্ণতা ধারন করা সহ লিঙ্গের বহিরাগত কিছু সমস্যা পরিলক্ষিত হয় । আর উক্ত সমস্যাগুলোর সমাধান হিসাবে সুনামধন্য “ন্যাচারাল আয়ুর্বেদা লিঃ” এর রয়েছে সম্পূর্ণ প্রাকৃতিক এবং ভেষজ উপাদানের সমন্বয়ে আয়ুর্বেদিক ফর্মুলায় তৈরিকৃত “ন্যাচারাল পেনি সঞ্জীবনী ওয়েল”, যা ব্যাবহারে ফলে আপনার লিঙ্গের স্পঞ্জ টিস্যু উৎপাদন এবং কার্যক্ষমতা বৃদ্ধি পাবে, লিঙ্গের সজীবতা বৃদ্ধি করবে, লিঙ্গের মাঝে রক্ত সঞ্চালন এবং সরবারহ বৃদ্ধি করবে, লিঙ্গের মাঝে থাকা প্রকোষ্ঠ ২টির রক্ত ধারণক্ষমতা বৃদ্ধি করবে, আর উক্ত কারনসমূহের ফলাফল হিসাবে আপনার লিঙ্গ ফিরে পাবে তার পূর্ণ শক্তি এবং সক্ষমতা, লিঙ্গের জড়তা কেটে লিঙ্গ ফিরে পাবে তার পূর্ণ রুপ, পূর্ণ শক্তি এবং পূর্ণ সতেজতা, পুরুষাঙ্গের সকল জড়তা এবং সমস্যা কাটিয়ে পুরুসাঙ্গ ফিরে পাবে তার পূর্ণ যৌবনময় চেহারা, যার ফলাফল স্বরূপ পুরুষাঙ্গ হবে বড় , মোটা, সতেজ এবং শক্তিশালি । তবে এখানে উল্লেখ করা প্রয়োজন যে, “ন্যাচারাল পেনি সঞ্জীবনী ওয়েল” কোন জাদুকরী মেডিসিন নয়, তাই তথাকথিত ভুয়া এবং অসৎ ডাক্তার-কবিরাজ এর দেয়া জাদুকরী মেডিসিনের মত “ন্যাচারাল পেনি সঞ্জীবনী ওয়েল” আপনাকে ২৪ ঘন্টায় ফলাফল ও ৭ দিনে রোগ মুক্তি দিতে পারবে না এবং ইহা ব্যাবহারে আপনার বিশেষ অঙ্গ পশ্চিমাদের মত বড় / মোটা করার মিথ্যা প্রতিশ্রুতি দেওয়াও সম্ভব নয় । “ন্যাচারাল পেনি সঞ্জীবনী ওয়েল” সম্পূর্ণ প্রাকৃতিক এবং ভেষজ উপাদানের সমন্বয়ে আন্তর্জাতিকভাবে স্বীকৃত আয়ুর্বেদিক ফর্মুলায় তৈরিকৃত, যা পুরুষের বিশেষ অঙ্গের সমস্যা সমাধানে কাজ করে থাকে সম্পূর্ণ বিজ্ঞানসম্মত উপায়ে । “ন্যাচারাল পেনি সঞ্জীবনী ওয়েল” সম্পূর্ণ প্রাকৃতিক উপাদান দ্বারা তৈরিকৃত বিধায় ইহা সমস্যার একদম গভীর থেকে সমাধান করে থাকে, যার কারনে ইহার কার্যকারিতা সম্পূর্ণ স্থায়ী হিসাবে বিবেচিত এবং ইহা ব্যাবহারে নেই বিন্দু পরিমাণ কোন পার্শ্ব – প্রতিক্রিয়া । “ন্যাচারাল পেনি সঞ্জীবনী ওয়েল” ব্যাবহারের সময়কাল ৫৫-৬০ দিন, অর্থাৎ আমাদের এক কোর্স “ন্যাচারাল পেনি সঞ্জীবনী ওয়েল” আপনি ব্যাবহার করতে পারবেন ৫৫-৬০ দিন এবং উক্ত সময়ের মধ্যেই আপনি আপনার পুরুষাঙ্গের দুর্বলতা বিষয়ক সমস্যা সমাধানে শতভাগ আশানুরুপ ফলাফল পেয়ে যাবেন ইন-শা-আল্লাহ । আমাদের এই এক কোর্স “ন্যাচারাল পেনি সঞ্জীবনী ওয়েল” এর মূল্যমান – ২৫০০ টাকা । বি.দ্র:- বাঙ্গালী জাতির প্রানের উৎসব “বাংলা নববর্ষ ১৪২৫ বঙ্গাব্দ” উপলক্ষে ন্যাচারাল আয়ুর্বেদা লিঃ এর যে কোন প্রোডাক্ট ক্রয় করলেই পাচ্ছেন নিশ্চিত ৫০০ টাকা শুভেচ্ছা ডিসকাউন্ট অফার – এই সুযোগ ১৪-৪-২০১৮ ইং তারিখ রোজ মঙ্গলবার পর্যন্ত বহাল থাকিবে ।
‘ন্যাচারাল মাজুন সঞ্জীবনী’ – সহবাসে সময় কম, বীর্য পাতলা, দ্রুত স্থলঙ্গন, প্রসাবে ক্ষয়, সেক্সুয়াল হরমোনের অভাব, শুক্রানুর সংখ্যা কমে যাওয়া অথবা দুর্বল হয়ে যাওয়া, যৌন উত্তেজনা অথবা চাহিদা ক্রমশ কমে যাওয়া সহ ভিতরগত শারীরিক কারণসমূহের জন্য যে সকল পুরুষরা যৌন দুর্বলতা সমস্যায় ভুগছেন, তাদের যৌন সক্ষমতা ফিরিয়ে আনতে “ন্যাচারাল আয়ুর্বেদা লিঃ” এর রয়েছে সম্পূর্ণ প্রাকৃতিক এবং ভেষজ উপাদানের সমন্বয়ে আয়ুর্বেদিক ফর্মুলায় তৈরিকৃত “ন্যাচারাল মাজুন সঞ্জীবনী” ঔষধটি, যা সেবনের ফলে আপনি ফিরে পাবেন ভিতর থেকে পূর্ণ যৌন সক্ষমতা । তবে সকলের অবশ্যই মনে রাখতে হবে যে , “ন্যাচারাল মাজুন সঞ্জীবনী” কোন ক্যামিকেল মিশ্রিত ওয়ান টাইম জাতীয় সেক্সুয়াল ঔষধ নয়, তাই ইহা সেবনের সঙ্গে সঙ্গে / তাৎক্ষনিক আপনি কোন রেজাল্ট অনুভব করতে পারবেন না । আমাদের এই “ন্যাচারাল মাজুন সঞ্জীবনী” তৈরি করা হয়েছে আন্তর্জাতিকভাবে স্বীকৃত আয়ুর্বেদিক ফর্মুলা অনুসারে সম্পূর্ণ বিজ্ঞানসম্মত উপায়ে শতভাগ প্রাকৃতিক এবং ভেষজ উপাদানের মিশ্রণে এবং সমন্বয়ে, যাহা সেবনের ফলে আপনার বীর্য গাঢ় হবে, বীর্যে অবস্থিত শুক্রানুর সংখ্যা এবং কার্যক্ষমতা বাড়াবে, দ্রুত স্থলঙ্গন রোধ করবে, প্রসাবে ক্ষয় বন্ধ করবে, হজমশক্তি বাড়াবে, মন প্রফুল্ল করবে, আপনার ভিতরগত সেক্সুয়াল নার্ভ এবং হরমোনের বৃদ্ধি করে আপনাকে ধিরে ধিরে উপহার দিবে পূর্ণ যৌন সক্ষমতা এবং বাড়িয়ে তুলবে শারীরিক কার্যক্ষমতা । দ্রুত স্থলঙ্গন রোধ করে সহবাসে সময় বৃদ্ধি করতে এবং নিজের মাঝে পূর্ণ যৌন সক্ষমতা ফিরে পেতে আমাদের ১ কোর্স “ন্যাচারাল মাজুন সঞ্জীবনী” সেবন ই যথেষ্ট । আমাদের এক কোর্স “ন্যাচারাল মাজুন সঞ্জীবনী ” আপনাকে সেবন করতে হবে ৫৫-৬০ দিন এবং উক্ত সময়কালের মধ্যেই আপনি ফিরে পাবেন স্থায়ীভাবে পূর্ণ যৌন সক্ষমতা । আমাদের এই এক কোর্স “ন্যাচারাল মাজুন সঞ্জীবনী ” এর মূল্যমান – ৩৫০০ টাকা । বি.দ্র:- বাঙ্গালী জাতির প্রানের উৎসব “বাংলা নববর্ষ ১৪২৫ বঙ্গাব্দ” উপলক্ষে ন্যাচারাল আয়ুর্বেদা লিঃ এর যে কোন প্রোডাক্ট ক্রয় করলেই পাচ্ছেন নিশ্চিত ৫০০ টাকা শুভেচ্ছা ডিসকাউন্ট অফার – এই সুযোগ ১৪-৪-২০১৮ ইং তারিখ রোজ মঙ্গলবার পর্যন্ত বহাল থাকিবে ।
অর্ডার এবং যোগাযোগের উপায় :-
আপনি বাংলাদেশের যে কোন প্রান্ত থেকে খুব সহজেই “ন্যাচারাল আয়ুর্বেদা লিঃ” এর প্রোডাক্টগুলো সংগ্রহ করতে পারেন । প্রোডাক্টের অর্ডার নিশ্চিত করতে ( আপনার নাম + প্রোডাক্টের নাম + আপনার ঠিকানা + আপনার মোবাইল নাম্বার ) সংবলিত বার্তা পাঠিয়ে দিন আমাদের কাছে, পরবর্তীতে আমরাই আপনার অর্ডারকৃত প্রোডাক্টটি পৌঁছে দেওয়ার ব্যাবস্থা করব আপনার নিকটে । অর্ডার নিশ্চিতকরন করতে নেই কোন প্রকার অগ্রিম পেমেন্টের ঝামেলা, অর্থাৎ ”ন্যাচারাল আয়ুর্বেদা লিঃ” দিচ্ছে প্রোডাক্ট হাতে পেয়ে পূর্ণ টাকা পরিশোধ করার সু-ব্যাবস্থা ।
ফেসবুকের মাধ্যমে অর্ডার নিশ্চিতকরণ বার্তা পাঠাতে – এখানে ক্লিক করুন
“ন্যাচারাল আয়ুর্বেদা লিঃ” এর অভিজ্ঞ ( আয়ুর্বেদিক ) ডাক্তারগনের সাথে সরাসরি আলোচনা করতে ফোন করুন উক্ত নাম্বারে- ০১৮৩৭৯৯৯৯১০/01837999910 ( সকাল ১১-রাত ৯ টা )
সরাসরি সাক্ষাৎ এর প্রয়োজনে – শেখপাড়া, ভালুকা, গাজীপুর, ঢাকা ( গুগোল ম্যাপে ডায়রেকশন দেখুন )
আমাদের প্রোডাক্টগুলোর কার্যকারিতা এবং নিশ্চয়তা
আমাদের প্রোডাক্টগুলো সম্পূর্ণ প্রাকৃতিক, ভেষজ, খনিজ এবং প্রাণীজ উপাদান দ্বারা আন্তর্জাতিকভাবে স্বীকৃত আয়ুর্বেদিক ফর্মুলা অনুসারে নিজস্ব গবেষণালব্ধ উপায়ে প্রস্তুতকৃত, আর উক্ত কারনেই আমরা আমাদের প্রোডাক্টের গুনগত মান এবং কার্যকারিতা প্রদানের ব্যাপারে রাখতে পারি শতভাগ আস্থা এবং আপনাদের দিতে পারি উপযুক্ত ফলফাল প্রাপ্তির পূর্ণ নিশ্চয়তা । আমাদের প্রোডাক্টগুলোতে ব্যাবহৃত কাঁচামাল এবং উপাদানসমূহ সম্পূর্ণ আমাদের নিজস্ব মাধ্যম দ্বারাই সংগ্রহকৃত, আর পরবর্তীতে উক্ত সংগ্রহকৃত উপাদানগুলোর ক্ষেত্র অনুযায়ী উপযুক্ত ব্যাবহার এবং গুনগত মান বজায় রেখে আয়ুর্বেদিক ফর্মুলা অনুসরন করে পূর্ণ প্রস্তুতকরন প্রকিয়া সম্পন্ন করে ভোক্তা ও অধিকার আইনের ২(১৯)(খ) এর ধারা বলে ব্যাবহারকারীকে ভোগ করতে দেয়া হয় । সম্পূর্ণ প্রাকৃতিক উপাদান এর ব্যাবহার এবং উপযুক্ত নিয়ম অনুসরন দ্বারা তৈরিকৃত বিধায় আমাদের প্রোডাক্টগুলোতে কোন প্রকার পার্শ্ব-প্রতিক্রিয়া নেই বলে আমরা উল্লেখ করতে পারি ।
গোপনীয়তা এবং নীতিমালা
আমাদের নিকট আপনার প্রদেয় সকল ধরনের তথ্যই অত্যন্ত গুরুত্বপূর্ণ, যার গোপনীয়ানতা রক্ষা করা আমাদের নৈতিক দায়িত্ব, আর আমরা আমাদের দায়িত্ব পালনে সর্বদা দৃঢ় প্রতিজ্ঞ ।
আমাদের কিছু কথা :-
“ন্যাচারাল আয়ুর্বেদা লিঃ” বিগত ১২ বছরেরও অধিক সময় যাবত আস্থা এবং সফলতার সঙ্গে চিকিৎসা সেবা প্রদানের পাশাপাশি ভেষজ উপাদান নিয়ে গবেষণা কাজে নিজেদের অপরিসীম অবদান রাখছে, আর সুদীর্ঘ এই পথ চলার মাঝে আমরা অর্জন করেছি লাখো অনুরাগী এবং শুভাকাঙ্ক্ষীর অজস্র ভালোবাসা এবং বিশ্বাস, যা আমাদের উপহার দিয়েছে আয়ুর্বেদিক জগতের শীর্ষত্ব । আমরা আমাদের শীর্ষত্ব ধরে রাখতে এবং আপনাদের নিকট থেকে প্রাপ্ত ভালোবাসা এবং বন্ধনে জড়িয়ে থাকতে সর্বদা প্রতিশ্রুতিবদ্ধ ।
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Bogazi (Greek: Μπογάζι, Turkish: Boğaz) is a village in Cyprus, located 7 km northeast of Trikomo in the Karpaz Peninsula. It is under the de facto control of Northern Cyprus.
Northern Cyprus, officially the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC), is a de facto state that comprises the northeastern portion of the island of Cyprus. It is recognised only by Turkey, and its territory is considered by all other states to be part of the Republic of Cyprus.
Northern Cyprus extends from the tip of the Karpass Peninsula in the northeast to Morphou Bay, Cape Kormakitis and its westernmost point, the Kokkina exclave in the west. Its southernmost point is the village of Louroujina. A buffer zone under the control of the United Nations stretches between Northern Cyprus and the rest of the island and divides Nicosia, the island's largest city and capital of both sides.
A coup d'état in 1974, performed as part of an attempt to annex the island to Greece, prompted the Turkish invasion of Cyprus. This resulted in the eviction of much of the north's Greek Cypriot population, the flight of Turkish Cypriots from the south, and the partitioning of the island, leading to a unilateral declaration of independence by the north in 1983. Due to its lack of recognition, Northern Cyprus is heavily dependent on Turkey for economic, political and military support.
Attempts to reach a solution to the Cyprus dispute have been unsuccessful. The Turkish Army maintains a large force in Northern Cyprus with the support and approval of the TRNC government, while the Republic of Cyprus, the European Union as a whole, and the international community regard it as an occupation force. This military presence has been denounced in several United Nations Security Council resolutions.
Northern Cyprus is a semi-presidential, democratic republic with a cultural heritage incorporating various influences and an economy that is dominated by the services sector. The economy has seen growth through the 2000s and 2010s, with the GNP per capita more than tripling in the 2000s, but is held back by an international embargo due to the official closure of the ports in Northern Cyprus by the Republic of Cyprus. The official language is Turkish, with a distinct local dialect being spoken. The vast majority of the population consists of Sunni Muslims, while religious attitudes are mostly moderate and secular. Northern Cyprus is an observer state of ECO and OIC under the name "Turkish Cypriot State", PACE under the name "Turkish Cypriot Community", and Organization of Turkic States with its own name.
Several distinct periods of Cypriot intercommunal violence involving the two main ethnic communities, Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots, marked mid-20th century Cyprus. These included the Cyprus Emergency of 1955–59 during British rule, the post-independence Cyprus crisis of 1963–64, and the Cyprus crisis of 1967. Hostilities culminated in the 1974 de facto division of the island along the Green Line following the Turkish invasion of Cyprus. The region has been relatively peaceful since then, but the Cyprus dispute has continued, with various attempts to solve it diplomatically having been generally unsuccessful.
Cyprus, an island lying in the eastern Mediterranean, hosted a population of Greeks and Turks (four-fifths and one-fifth, respectively), who lived under British rule in the late nineteenth-century and the first half of the twentieth-century. Christian Orthodox Church of Cyprus played a prominent political role among the Greek Cypriot community, a privilege that it acquired during the Ottoman Empire with the employment of the millet system, which gave the archbishop an unofficial ethnarch status.
The repeated rejections by the British of Greek Cypriot demands for enosis, union with Greece, led to armed resistance, organised by the National Organization of Cypriot Struggle, or EOKA. EOKA, led by the Greek-Cypriot commander George Grivas, systematically targeted British colonial authorities. One of the effects of EOKA's campaign was to alter the Turkish position from demanding full reincorporation into Turkey to a demand for taksim (partition). EOKA's mission and activities caused a "Cretan syndrome" (see Turkish Resistance Organisation) within the Turkish Cypriot community, as its members feared that they would be forced to leave the island in such a case as had been the case with Cretan Turks. As such, they preferred the continuation of British colonial rule and then taksim, the division of the island. Due to the Turkish Cypriots' support for the British, EOKA's leader, Georgios Grivas, declared them to be enemies. The fact that the Turks were a minority was, according to Nihat Erim, to be addressed by the transfer of thousands of Turks from mainland Turkey so that Greek Cypriots would cease to be the majority. When Erim visited Cyprus as the Turkish representative, he was advised by Field Marshal Sir John Harding, the then Governor of Cyprus, that Turkey should send educated Turks to settle in Cyprus.
Turkey actively promoted the idea that on the island of Cyprus two distinctive communities existed, and sidestepped its former claim that "the people of Cyprus were all Turkish subjects". In doing so, Turkey's aim to have self-determination of two to-be equal communities in effect led to de jure partition of the island.[citation needed] This could be justified to the international community against the will of the majority Greek population of the island. Dr. Fazil Küçük in 1954 had already proposed Cyprus be divided in two at the 35° parallel.
Lindley Dan, from Notre Dame University, spotted the roots of intercommunal violence to different visions among the two communities of Cyprus (enosis for Greek Cypriots, taksim for Turkish Cypriots). Also, Lindlay wrote that "the merging of church, schools/education, and politics in divisive and nationalistic ways" had played a crucial role in creation of havoc in Cyprus' history. Attalides Michael also pointed to the opposing nationalisms as the cause of the Cyprus problem.
By the mid-1950's, the "Cyprus is Turkish" party, movement, and slogan gained force in both Cyprus and Turkey. In a 1954 editorial, Turkish Cypriot leader Dr. Fazil Kuchuk expressed the sentiment that the Turkish youth had grown up with the idea that "as soon as Great Britain leaves the island, it will be taken over by the Turks", and that "Turkey cannot tolerate otherwise". This perspective contributed to the willingness of Turkish Cypriots to align themselves with the British, who started recruiting Turkish Cypriots into the police force that patrolled Cyprus to fight EOKA, a Greek Cypriot nationalist organisation that sought to rid the island of British rule.
EOKA targeted colonial authorities, including police, but Georgios Grivas, the leader of EOKA, did not initially wish to open up a new front by fighting Turkish Cypriots and reassured them that EOKA would not harm their people. In 1956, some Turkish Cypriot policemen were killed by EOKA members and this provoked some intercommunal violence in the spring and summer, but these attacks on policemen were not motivated by the fact that they were Turkish Cypriots.
However, in January 1957, Grivas changed his policy as his forces in the mountains became increasingly pressured by the British Crown forces. In order to divert the attention of the Crown forces, EOKA members started to target Turkish Cypriot policemen intentionally in the towns, so that Turkish Cypriots would riot against the Greek Cypriots and the security forces would have to be diverted to the towns to restore order. The killing of a Turkish Cypriot policeman on 19 January, when a power station was bombed, and the injury of three others, provoked three days of intercommunal violence in Nicosia. The two communities targeted each other in reprisals, at least one Greek Cypriot was killed and the British Army was deployed in the streets. Greek Cypriot stores were burned and their neighbourhoods attacked. Following the events, the Greek Cypriot leadership spread the propaganda that the riots had merely been an act of Turkish Cypriot aggression. Such events created chaos and drove the communities apart both in Cyprus and in Turkey.
On 22 October 1957 Sir Hugh Mackintosh Foot replaced Sir John Harding as the British Governor of Cyprus. Foot suggested five to seven years of self-government before any final decision. His plan rejected both enosis and taksim. The Turkish Cypriot response to this plan was a series of anti-British demonstrations in Nicosia on 27 and 28 January 1958 rejecting the proposed plan because the plan did not include partition. The British then withdrew the plan.
In 1957, Black Gang, a Turkish Cypriot pro-taksim paramilitary organisation, was formed to patrol a Turkish Cypriot enclave, the Tahtakale district of Nicosia, against activities of EOKA. The organisation later attempted to grow into a national scale, but failed to gain public support.
By 1958, signs of dissatisfaction with the British increased on both sides, with a group of Turkish Cypriots forming Volkan (later renamed to the Turkish Resistance Organisation) paramilitary group to promote partition and the annexation of Cyprus to Turkey as dictated by the Menderes plan. Volkan initially consisted of roughly 100 members, with the stated aim of raising awareness in Turkey of the Cyprus issue and courting military training and support for Turkish Cypriot fighters from the Turkish government.
In June 1958, the British Prime Minister, Harold Macmillan, was expected to propose a plan to resolve the Cyprus issue. In light of the new development, the Turks rioted in Nicosia to promote the idea that Greek and Turkish Cypriots could not live together and therefore any plan that did not include partition would not be viable. This violence was soon followed by bombing, Greek Cypriot deaths and looting of Greek Cypriot-owned shops and houses. Greek and Turkish Cypriots started to flee mixed population villages where they were a minority in search of safety. This was effectively the beginning of the segregation of the two communities. On 7 June 1958, a bomb exploded at the entrance of the Turkish Embassy in Cyprus. Following the bombing, Turkish Cypriots looted Greek Cypriot properties. On 26 June 1984, the Turkish Cypriot leader, Rauf Denktaş, admitted on British channel ITV that the bomb was placed by the Turks themselves in order to create tension. On 9 January 1995, Rauf Denktaş repeated his claim to the famous Turkish newspaper Milliyet in Turkey.
The crisis reached a climax on 12 June 1958, when eight Greeks, out of an armed group of thirty five arrested by soldiers of the Royal Horse Guards on suspicion of preparing an attack on the Turkish quarter of Skylloura, were killed in a suspected attack by Turkish Cypriot locals, near the village of Geunyeli, having been ordered to walk back to their village of Kondemenos.
After the EOKA campaign had begun, the British government successfully began to turn the Cyprus issue from a British colonial problem into a Greek-Turkish issue. British diplomacy exerted backstage influence on the Adnan Menderes government, with the aim of making Turkey active in Cyprus. For the British, the attempt had a twofold objective. The EOKA campaign would be silenced as quickly as possible, and Turkish Cypriots would not side with Greek Cypriots against the British colonial claims over the island, which would thus remain under the British. The Turkish Cypriot leadership visited Menderes to discuss the Cyprus issue. When asked how the Turkish Cypriots should respond to the Greek Cypriot claim of enosis, Menderes replied: "You should go to the British foreign minister and request the status quo be prolonged, Cyprus to remain as a British colony". When the Turkish Cypriots visited the British Foreign Secretary and requested for Cyprus to remain a colony, he replied: "You should not be asking for colonialism at this day and age, you should be asking for Cyprus be returned to Turkey, its former owner".
As Turkish Cypriots began to look to Turkey for protection, Greek Cypriots soon understood that enosis was extremely unlikely. The Greek Cypriot leader, Archbishop Makarios III, now set independence for the island as his objective.
Britain resolved to solve the dispute by creating an independent Cyprus. In 1959, all involved parties signed the Zurich Agreements: Britain, Turkey, Greece, and the Greek and Turkish Cypriot leaders, Makarios and Dr. Fazil Kucuk, respectively. The new constitution drew heavily on the ethnic composition of the island. The President would be a Greek Cypriot, and the Vice-President a Turkish Cypriot with an equal veto. The contribution to the public service would be set at a ratio of 70:30, and the Supreme Court would consist of an equal number of judges from both communities as well as an independent judge who was not Greek, Turkish or British. The Zurich Agreements were supplemented by a number of treaties. The Treaty of Guarantee stated that secession or union with any state was forbidden, and that Greece, Turkey and Britain would be given guarantor status to intervene if that was violated. The Treaty of Alliance allowed for two small Greek and Turkish military contingents to be stationed on the island, and the Treaty of Establishment gave Britain sovereignty over two bases in Akrotiri and Dhekelia.
On 15 August 1960, the Colony of Cyprus became fully independent as the Republic of Cyprus. The new republic remained within the Commonwealth of Nations.
The new constitution brought dissatisfaction to Greek Cypriots, who felt it to be highly unjust for them for historical, demographic and contributional reasons. Although 80% of the island's population were Greek Cypriots and these indigenous people had lived on the island for thousands of years and paid 94% of taxes, the new constitution was giving the 17% of the population that was Turkish Cypriots, who paid 6% of taxes, around 30% of government jobs and 40% of national security jobs.
Within three years tensions between the two communities in administrative affairs began to show. In particular disputes over separate municipalities and taxation created a deadlock in government. A constitutional court ruled in 1963 Makarios had failed to uphold article 173 of the constitution which called for the establishment of separate municipalities for Turkish Cypriots. Makarios subsequently declared his intention to ignore the judgement, resulting in the West German judge resigning from his position. Makarios proposed thirteen amendments to the constitution, which would have had the effect of resolving most of the issues in the Greek Cypriot favour. Under the proposals, the President and Vice-President would lose their veto, the separate municipalities as sought after by the Turkish Cypriots would be abandoned, the need for separate majorities by both communities in passing legislation would be discarded and the civil service contribution would be set at actual population ratios (82:18) instead of the slightly higher figure for Turkish Cypriots.
The intention behind the amendments has long been called into question. The Akritas plan, written in the height of the constitutional dispute by the Greek Cypriot interior minister Polycarpos Georkadjis, called for the removal of undesirable elements of the constitution so as to allow power-sharing to work. The plan envisaged a swift retaliatory attack on Turkish Cypriot strongholds should Turkish Cypriots resort to violence to resist the measures, stating "In the event of a planned or staged Turkish attack, it is imperative to overcome it by force in the shortest possible time, because if we succeed in gaining command of the situation (in one or two days), no outside, intervention would be either justified or possible." Whether Makarios's proposals were part of the Akritas plan is unclear, however it remains that sentiment towards enosis had not completely disappeared with independence. Makarios described independence as "a step on the road to enosis".[31] Preparations for conflict were not entirely absent from Turkish Cypriots either, with right wing elements still believing taksim (partition) the best safeguard against enosis.
Greek Cypriots however believe the amendments were a necessity stemming from a perceived attempt by Turkish Cypriots to frustrate the working of government. Turkish Cypriots saw it as a means to reduce their status within the state from one of co-founder to that of minority, seeing it as a first step towards enosis. The security situation deteriorated rapidly.
Main articles: Bloody Christmas (1963) and Battle of Tillyria
An armed conflict was triggered after December 21, 1963, a period remembered by Turkish Cypriots as Bloody Christmas, when a Greek Cypriot policemen that had been called to help deal with a taxi driver refusing officers already on the scene access to check the identification documents of his customers, took out his gun upon arrival and shot and killed the taxi driver and his partner. Eric Solsten summarised the events as follows: "a Greek Cypriot police patrol, ostensibly checking identification documents, stopped a Turkish Cypriot couple on the edge of the Turkish quarter. A hostile crowd gathered, shots were fired, and two Turkish Cypriots were killed."
In the morning after the shooting, crowds gathered in protest in Northern Nicosia, likely encouraged by the TMT, without incident. On the evening of the 22nd, gunfire broke out, communication lines to the Turkish neighbourhoods were cut, and the Greek Cypriot police occupied the nearby airport. On the 23rd, a ceasefire was negotiated, but did not hold. Fighting, including automatic weapons fire, between Greek and Turkish Cypriots and militias increased in Nicosia and Larnaca. A force of Greek Cypriot irregulars led by Nikos Sampson entered the Nicosia suburb of Omorphita and engaged in heavy firing on armed, as well as by some accounts unarmed, Turkish Cypriots. The Omorphita clash has been described by Turkish Cypriots as a massacre, while this view has generally not been acknowledged by Greek Cypriots.
Further ceasefires were arranged between the two sides, but also failed. By Christmas Eve, the 24th, Britain, Greece, and Turkey had joined talks, with all sides calling for a truce. On Christmas day, Turkish fighter jets overflew Nicosia in a show of support. Finally it was agreed to allow a force of 2,700 British soldiers to help enforce a ceasefire. In the next days, a "buffer zone" was created in Nicosia, and a British officer marked a line on a map with green ink, separating the two sides of the city, which was the beginning of the "Green Line". Fighting continued across the island for the next several weeks.
In total 364 Turkish Cypriots and 174 Greek Cypriots were killed during the violence. 25,000 Turkish Cypriots from 103-109 villages fled and were displaced into enclaves and thousands of Turkish Cypriot houses were ransacked or completely destroyed.
Contemporary newspapers also reported on the forceful exodus of the Turkish Cypriots from their homes. According to The Times in 1964, threats, shootings and attempts of arson were committed against the Turkish Cypriots to force them out of their homes. The Daily Express wrote that "25,000 Turks have already been forced to leave their homes". The Guardian reported a massacre of Turks at Limassol on 16 February 1964.
Turkey had by now readied its fleet and its fighter jets appeared over Nicosia. Turkey was dissuaded from direct involvement by the creation of a United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP) in 1964. Despite the negotiated ceasefire in Nicosia, attacks on the Turkish Cypriot persisted, particularly in Limassol. Concerned about the possibility of a Turkish invasion, Makarios undertook the creation of a Greek Cypriot conscript-based army called the "National Guard". A general from Greece took charge of the army, whilst a further 20,000 well-equipped officers and men were smuggled from Greece into Cyprus. Turkey threatened to intervene once more, but was prevented by a strongly worded letter from the American President Lyndon B. Johnson, anxious to avoid a conflict between NATO allies Greece and Turkey at the height of the Cold War.
Turkish Cypriots had by now established an important bridgehead at Kokkina, provided with arms, volunteers and materials from Turkey and abroad. Seeing this incursion of foreign weapons and troops as a major threat, the Cypriot government invited George Grivas to return from Greece as commander of the Greek troops on the island and launch a major attack on the bridgehead. Turkey retaliated by dispatching its fighter jets to bomb Greek positions, causing Makarios to threaten an attack on every Turkish Cypriot village on the island if the bombings did not cease. The conflict had now drawn in Greece and Turkey, with both countries amassing troops on their Thracian borders. Efforts at mediation by Dean Acheson, a former U.S. Secretary of State, and UN-appointed mediator Galo Plaza had failed, all the while the division of the two communities becoming more apparent. Greek Cypriot forces were estimated at some 30,000, including the National Guard and the large contingent from Greece. Defending the Turkish Cypriot enclaves was a force of approximately 5,000 irregulars, led by a Turkish colonel, but lacking the equipment and organisation of the Greek forces.
The Secretary-General of the United Nations in 1964, U Thant, reported the damage during the conflicts:
UNFICYP carried out a detailed survey of all damage to properties throughout the island during the disturbances; it shows that in 109 villages, most of them Turkish-Cypriot or mixed villages, 527 houses have been destroyed while 2,000 others have suffered damage from looting.
The situation worsened in 1967, when a military junta overthrew the democratically elected government of Greece, and began applying pressure on Makarios to achieve enosis. Makarios, not wishing to become part of a military dictatorship or trigger a Turkish invasion, began to distance himself from the goal of enosis. This caused tensions with the junta in Greece as well as George Grivas in Cyprus. Grivas's control over the National Guard and Greek contingent was seen as a threat to Makarios's position, who now feared a possible coup.[citation needed] The National Guard and Cyprus Police began patrolling the Turkish Cypriot enclaves of Ayios Theodoros and Kophinou, and on November 15 engaged in heavy fighting with the Turkish Cypriots.
By the time of his withdrawal 26 Turkish Cypriots had been killed. Turkey replied with an ultimatum demanding that Grivas be removed from the island, that the troops smuggled from Greece in excess of the limits of the Treaty of Alliance be removed, and that the economic blockades on the Turkish Cypriot enclaves be lifted. Grivas was recalled by the Athens Junta and the 12,000 Greek troops were withdrawn. Makarios now attempted to consolidate his position by reducing the number of National Guard troops, and by creating a paramilitary force loyal to Cypriot independence. In 1968, acknowledging that enosis was now all but impossible, Makarios stated, "A solution by necessity must be sought within the limits of what is feasible which does not always coincide with the limits of what is desirable."
After 1967 tensions between the Greek and Turkish Cypriots subsided. Instead, the main source of tension on the island came from factions within the Greek Cypriot community. Although Makarios had effectively abandoned enosis in favour of an 'attainable solution', many others continued to believe that the only legitimate political aspiration for Greek Cypriots was union with Greece.
On his arrival, Grivas began by establishing a nationalist paramilitary group known as the National Organization of Cypriot Fighters (Ethniki Organosis Kyprion Agoniston B or EOKA-B), drawing comparisons with the EOKA struggle for enosis under the British colonial administration of the 1950s.
The military junta in Athens saw Makarios as an obstacle. Makarios's failure to disband the National Guard, whose officer class was dominated by mainland Greeks, had meant the junta had practical control over the Cypriot military establishment, leaving Makarios isolated and a vulnerable target.
During the first Turkish invasion, Turkish troops invaded Cyprus territory on 20 July 1974, invoking its rights under the Treaty of Guarantee. This expansion of Turkish-occupied zone violated International Law as well as the Charter of the United Nations. Turkish troops managed to capture 3% of the island which was accompanied by the burning of the Turkish Cypriot quarter, as well as the raping and killing of women and children. A temporary cease-fire followed which was mitigated by the UN Security Council. Subsequently, the Greek military Junta collapsed on July 23, 1974, and peace talks commenced in which a democratic government was installed. The Resolution 353 was broken after Turkey attacked a second time and managed to get a hold of 37% of Cyprus territory. The Island of Cyprus was appointed a Buffer Zone by the United Nations, which divided the island into two zones through the 'Green Line' and put an end to the Turkish invasion. Although Turkey announced that the occupied areas of Cyprus to be called the Federated Turkish State in 1975, it is not legitimised on a worldwide political scale. The United Nations called for the international recognition of independence for the Republic of Cyprus in the Security Council Resolution 367.
In the years after the Turkish invasion of northern Cyprus one can observe a history of failed talks between the two parties. The 1983 declaration of the independent Turkish Republic of Cyprus resulted in a rise of inter-communal tensions and made it increasingly hard to find mutual understanding. With Cyprus' interest of a possible EU membership and a new UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan in 1997 new hopes arose for a fresh start. International involvement from sides of the US and UK, wanting a solution to the Cyprus dispute prior to the EU accession led to political pressures for new talks. The believe that an accession without a solution would threaten Greek-Turkish relations and acknowledge the partition of the island would direct the coming negotiations.
Over the course of two years a concrete plan, the Annan plan was formulated. In 2004 the fifth version agreed upon from both sides and with the endorsement of Turkey, US, UK and EU then was presented to the public and was given a referendum in both Cypriot communities to assure the legitimisation of the resolution. The Turkish Cypriots voted with 65% for the plan, however the Greek Cypriots voted with a 76% majority against. The Annan plan contained multiple important topics. Firstly it established a confederation of two separate states called the United Cyprus Republic. Both communities would have autonomous states combined under one unified government. The members of parliament would be chosen according to the percentage in population numbers to ensure a just involvement from both communities. The paper proposed a demilitarisation of the island over the next years. Furthermore it agreed upon a number of 45000 Turkish settlers that could remain on the island. These settlers became a very important issue concerning peace talks. Originally the Turkish government encouraged Turks to settle in Cyprus providing transfer and property, to establish a counterpart to the Greek Cypriot population due to their 1 to 5 minority. With the economic situation many Turkish-Cypriot decided to leave the island, however their departure is made up by incoming Turkish settlers leaving the population ratio between Turkish Cypriots and Greek Cypriots stable. However all these points where criticised and as seen in the vote rejected mainly by the Greek Cypriots. These name the dissolution of the „Republic of Cyprus", economic consequences of a reunion and the remaining Turkish settlers as reason. Many claim that the plan was indeed drawing more from Turkish-Cypriot demands then Greek-Cypriot interests. Taking in consideration that the US wanted to keep Turkey as a strategic partner in future Middle Eastern conflicts.
A week after the failed referendum the Republic of Cyprus joined the EU. In multiple instances the EU tried to promote trade with Northern Cyprus but without internationally recognised ports this spiked a grand debate. Both side endure their intention of negotiations, however without the prospect of any new compromises or agreements the UN is unwilling to start the process again. Since 2004 negotiations took place in numbers but without any results, both sides are strongly holding on to their position without an agreeable solution in sight that would suit both parties.
My brother is with is for a few months which requires a conversion of office to office/bedroom space. I think this is a happy compromise.
Yes, that is a beer drinking helmet. That kid.
Solutions business, le 6 mars 2008. Charleroi - Belgique
Solutions business, le 6 mars 2008. Charleroi - Belgique
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Credit: Stephen Yang / The Solutions Project
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Earth Hour at the 3 Finger Club LOHHAS Lifestyle Lounge
Lights were out between 8:30 and 9:30 while we told stories and discussed our Lifestyle Of Health, Happiness And Sustainability (LOHHAS) using the 3 Finger "Peace Plus One" Sustainability Salute to remind us about Peace, Harmony and Balance between Society, Environment and Economy
People were the best jugglers of "Society, Environment, Economy" balls won "EARTH HOUR 60" T-Shirts WOW \!/O\!/
Photo Courtesy of the McMaster Institute for Sustainable Development in Commerce
all participants in the Earth Hour Discussion got a copy of "Letter to Maddie" featured below:
We Screwed Up
A Letter of Apology to My Granddaughter
By Chip Ward
[Note: I became politically active and committed on the day 20 years ago when I realized I could stand on the front porch of my house and point to three homes where children were in wheelchairs, to a home where a child had just died of leukemia, to another where a child was born missing a kidney, and yet another where a child suffered from spina bifida. All my parental alarms went off at once and I asked the obvious question: What’s going on here? Did I inadvertently move my three children into harm’s way when we settled in this high desert valley in Utah? A quest to find answers in Utah’s nuclear history and then seek solutions followed. Politics for me was never motivated by ideology. It was always about parenting.
Today my three kids are, thankfully, healthy adults. But now that grandchildren are being added to our family, my blood runs cold whenever I project out 50 years and imagine what their world will be like at middle age -- assuming they get that far and that there is still a recognizable “world” to be part of. I wrote the following letter to my granddaughter, Madeline, who is almost four years old. Although she cannot read it today, I hope she will read it in a future that proves so much better than the one that is probable, and so terribly unfair. I’m sharing this letter with other parents and grandparents in the hope that it may move them to embrace their roles as citizens and commit to the hard work of making the planet viable, the economy equitable, and our culture democratic for the many Madelines to come.]
March 20, 2012
Dear Maddie,
I address this letter to you, but please share it with Jack, Tasiah, and other grandchildren who are yet unborn. Also, with your children and theirs. My unconditional love for my children and grandchildren convinces me that, if I could live long enough to embrace my great-grandchildren, I would love them as deeply as I love you.
On behalf of my generation of grandparents to all of you, I want to apologize.
I am sorry we used up all the oil. It took a million years for those layers of carbon goo to form under the Earth’s crust and we used up most of it in a geological instant. No doubt there will be some left and perhaps you can get around the fact that what remains is already distant, dirty, and dangerous, but the low-hanging fruit will be long-gone by the time you are my age. We took it all.
There’s no excuse, really. We are gas-hogs, plain and simple. We got hooked on faster-bigger-more and charged right over the carrying capacity of the planet. Oil made it possible.
Machines are our slaves and coal, oil, and gas are their food. They helped us grow so much of our own food that we could overpopulate the Earth. We could ship stuff and travel all over the globe, and still have enough fuel left to drive home alone in trucks in time to watch Monday Night Football.
Rocket fuel, fertilizer, baby bottles, lawn chairs: we made everything and anything out of oil and could never get enough of it. We could have conserved more for you to use in your lifetime. Instead, we demonstrated the self-restraint of crack addicts. It’s been great having all that oil to play with and we built our entire world around that. Living without it will be tough. Sorry.
I hope we develop clean, renewable energy sources soon, or that you and your generation figure out how to do that quickly. In the meantime, sorry about the climate. We just didn’t realize our addiction to carbon would come with monster storms, epic droughts, Biblical floods, wildfire infernos, rising seas, migration, starvation, pestilence, civil war, failed states, police states, and resource wars.
I’m sure Henry Ford didn’t see that coming when he figured out how to mass-produce automobiles and sell them to Everyman. I know my parents didn’t see the downside of using so much gas and coal. The all-electric house and a car in the driveway was their American Dream. For my generation, owning a car became a birthright. Today, it would be hard for most of us to live without a car. I have no idea what you’ll do to get around or how you will heat your home. Oops!
We also pigged out on most of the fertile soil, the forests and their timber, and the oceans that teemed with fish before we scraped the seabed raw, dumped our poisonous wastes in the water, and turned it acid and barren. Hey, that ocean was an awesome place and it’s too bad you can’t know it like we did. There were bright coral reefs, vibrant runs of red salmon, ribbons of birds embroidering the shores, graceful shells, the solace and majesty of the wild sea…
…But then I never saw the vast herds of bison that roamed the American heartland, so I know it is hard to miss something you only saw in pictures. We took lots of photos.
We thought we were pretty smart because we walked a man on the moon. Our technology is indeed amazing. I was raised without computers, smart phones, and the World Wide Web, so I appreciate how our engineering prowess has enhanced our lives, but I also know it has a downside.
When I was a kid we worried that the Cold War would go nuclear. And it wasn’t until a river caught fire near Cleveland that we realized fouling your own nest isn’t so smart after all. Well, you know about the rest -- the coal-fired power plants, acid rain, the hole in the ozone...
www.tomdispatch.com/images/managed/fear2.gifThere were plenty of signs we took a wrong turn but we kept on going. Dumb, stubborn, blind: Who knows why we couldn’t stop? Greed maybe -- powerful corporations we couldn’t overcome. It won’t matter much to you who is to blame. You’ll be too busy coping in the diminished world we bequeath you.
One set of problems we pass on to you is not altogether our fault. It was handed down to us by our parents’ generation so hammered by cataclysmic world wars and economic hardship that they armed themselves to the teeth and saw enemies everywhere. Their paranoia was understandable, but they passed their fears on to us and we should have seen through them. I have lived through four major American wars in my 62 years, and by now defense and homeland security are powerful industries with a stranglehold on Congress and the economy. We knew that was a lousy deal, but trauma and terror darkened our imaginations and distorted our priorities. And, like you, we needed jobs.
Sorry we spent your inheritance on all that cheap bling and, especially, all those weapons of mass destruction. That was crazy and wasteful. I can’t explain it. I guess we’ve been confused for a long time now.
Oh, and sorry about the confusion. We called it advertising and it seemed like it would be easy enough to control. When I was a kid, commercials merely interrupted entertainment. Don’t know when the lines all blurred and the buy, buy, buy message became so ubiquitous and all-consuming. It just got outta hand and we couldn’t stop it, even when we realized we hated it and that it was taking us over. We turned away from one another, tuned in, and got lost.
I’m betting you can still download this note, copy it, share it, bust it up and remake it, and that you do so while plugged into some sort of electrical device you can’t live without -- so maybe you don’t think that an apology for technology is needed and, if that’s the case, an apology is especially relevant. The tools we gave you are fine, but the apps are mostly bogus. We made an industry of silly distraction. When our spirits hungered, we fed them clay that filled but did not nourish them. If you still don’t know the difference, blame us because we started it.
And sorry about the chemicals. I mean the ones you were born with in your blood and bones that stay there -- even though we don’t know what they’ll do to you). Who thought that the fire retardant that kept smokers from igniting their pillows and children’s clothes from bursting into flames would end up in umbilical cords and infants?
It just seemed like better living through chemistry at the time. Same with all the other chemicals you carry. We learned to accept cancer and I guess you will, too. I’m sure there will be better treatments for that in your lifetime than we have today. If you can afford them, that is. Turning healthcare over to predatory corporations was another bad move.
All in all, our chemical obsession was pretty reckless and we got into that same old pattern: just couldn’t give up all the neat stuff. Oh, we tried. We took the lead out of gasoline and banned DDT, but mostly we did too little, too late. I hope you’ve done better. Maybe it will help your generation to run out of oil, since so many of the toxic chemicals came from that. Anyway, we didn’t see it coming and we could have, should have. Our bad.
There are so many other things I wish I could change for you. We leave behind a noisy world. Silence is rare today, and unless some future catastrophe has left your numbers greatly diminished, your machines stilled, and your streets ghostly empty, it is likely that the last remnants of tranquility will be gone by the time you are my age.
And how about all those species, the abundant and wondrous creatures that are fading away forever as I write these words? I never saw a polar bear and I guess you can live without that, too, but when I think of the peep and chirp of frogs at night, the hum of bees busy on a flower bed, the trill of birds at dawn, and so many other splendorous pleasures that you may no longer have, I ache with regret. We should have done more to keep the planet whole and well, but we couldn’t get clear of the old ways of seeing, the ingrained habits, the way we hobble one another’s choices so that the best intentions never get realized.
Mostly I’m sorry about taking all the good water. When I was a child I could kneel down and drink from a brook or spring wherever we camped and played. We could still hike up to glaciers and ski down snow-capped mountains.
Clean, crisp, cold, fresh water is life’s most precious taste. A life-giving gift, all water is holy. I repeat: holy. We treated it, instead, as if it were merely useful. We wasted and tainted it and, again in a geological moment, sucked up aquifers that had taken 10,000 years to gather below ground. In my lifetime, glaciers are melting away, wells are running dry, dust storms are blowing, and rivers like the mighty Colorado are running dry before they reach the sea. I hate to think of what will be left for you. Sorry. So very, very sorry.
I’m sure there’s a boatload of other trouble we’re leaving you that I haven’t covered here. My purpose is not to offer a complete catalog of our follies and atrocities, but to do what we taught your parents to do when they were as little as you are today.
When you make a mistake, we told them, admit it, and then do better. If you do something wrong, own up and say you are sorry. After that, you can work on making amends.
I am trying to see a way out of the hardship and turmoil we are making for you. As I work to stop the madness, I will be mindful of how much harder your struggles will be as you deal with the challenges we leave you to face.
The best I can do to help you through the overheated future we are making is to love you now. I cannot change the past and my struggle to make a healthier future for you is uncertain, but today I can teach you, encourage you, and help you be as strong and smart and confident as you can be, so that whatever the future holds, whatever crises you face, you are as ready as possible. We will learn to laugh together, too, because love and laughter can pull you through the toughest times.
I know a better world is possible. We create that better world by reaching out to one another, listening, learning, and speaking from our hearts, face to face, neighbor to neighbor, one community after another, openly, inclusively, bravely. Democracy is not a gift to be practiced only when permitted. We empower ourselves. Our salvation is found in each other, together.
Across America this morning and all around the world, our better angels call to us, imploring us to rise up and be as resilient as our beloved, beautiful children and grandchildren, whose future we make today. We can do better. I promise.
Your grandfather,
Chip Ward