View allAll Photos Tagged soilsampling
A grassed waterway constructed on Bedford silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes. The waterway and the use of no-till cropping systems reduce sheet and rill erosion. (Soil Survey of Harrison County, Indiana; by Steven W. Neyhouse, Sr., Byron G. Nagel, Gary R. Struben, and Steven Blanford, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landform: Hills underlain with Mississippian limestone bedrock
Position on landform: Summits and shoulders
Map Unit Composition
85 percent Bedford and similar soils
10 percent well drained Crider and similar soils on summits and shoulders
5 percent somewhat poorly drained, nearly level Bromer and similar soils in
depressions on karst landscapes
Interpretive Groups
Land capability classification: 2e
Prime farmland: All areas are prime farmland
Properties and Qualities of the Bedford Soil
Parent material: Loess, loamy materials, and the underlying paleosol in clayey
residuum over Mississippian limestone bedrock
Drainage class: Moderately well drained
Permeability range to a depth of 40 inches: Very slow to moderate
Permeability range below a depth of 40 inches: Very slow to moderate
Depth to restrictive feature: 20 to 38 inches to fragipan
Available water capacity: About 7.1 inches to a depth of 60 inches
Organic matter content of surface layer: 1.0 to 3.0 percent
Shrink-swell potential: High
Highest perched seasonal high water table (depth, months): 1.5 feet; January,
February, and March
Ponding: None
Flooding: None
Hydric soil: No
Potential frost action: High
Corrosivity: High for steel and high for concrete
Potential for surface runoff: Medium
Water erosion susceptibility: Moderate
Wind erosion susceptibility: Slight
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/B/BEDFORD.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Garywash series in an area of Garywash gravelly fine sandy loam, 4 to 15 percent slopes. (Interim Report for the Soil Survey of Chemehuevi Wash Off-Highway Vehicle Area, California; by Leon Lato, Carrie-Ann Houdeshell, and Heath McAllister, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: Typical area of a Garywash soil. Garywash soils are on fan remnants. Slopes range from 2 to 15 percent. These soils formed in alluvium from granite. Elevations are 300 to 450 meters (about 980 to 1475 feet). The climate is arid with hot, dry summers and warm, dry winters.
The Garywash series consists of very deep, well drained soils.The mean annual precipitation is about 100 millimeters (about 4 inches) and the mean annual air temperature is about 24 degrees C (about 75 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, mixed, superactive, hyperthermic Typic Haplocalcids
Soil moisture control section: usually dry throughout, rarely moist in some part during summer or winter. The soils have a typic-aridic soil moisture regime.
Soil temperature: 22 to 26.7 degrees C (about 72 to 80 degrees F).
Depth to calcic horizon: 10 to 25 centimeters
Organic matter: 0 to 0.5 percent
Control section -
Rock fragments: averages 15 to 35 percent, mainly gravel
Clay content: 6 to 15 percent
USE AND VEGETATION: Garywash soils are used for recreational and wildlife habitat. The present vegetation is mainly creosote bush.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Lower Colorado Desert of southeastern California, U.S.A.; MLRA 31. These soils are of small extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/california/CA6...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/G/GARYWASH.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
The subsoil (Bt horizon) averages 35 to 60 percent clay but may range to 70 percent in some subhorizons. It has hue of 10R or 2.5YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 6 or 8. Hue also ranges to 5YR if evident patterns of mottling are lacking in the Bt and BC horizons. Mottles that are few and random are included. The Bt horizon is clay loam, clay, or sandy clay and contains less than 30 percent silt.
It is at least 24 to 50 inches thick and extends to 40 inches or more. Depth to bedrock ranges from 6 to 10 feet or more. The subsoil ranges from strongly acid or very strongly acid. Limed soils are typically moderately acid or slightly acid in the upper part. Content of coarse fragments range from 0 to 10 percent by volume in the Bt horizon. Fragments are dominantly gravel or cobble in size. Most pedons have few to common flakes of mica in the Bt horizon.
The Cecil series consists of very deep, well drained moderately permeable soils on ridges and side slopes of the Piedmont uplands. They are deep to saprolite and very deep to bedrock. They formed in residuum weathered from felsic, igneous and high-grade metamorphic rocks of the Piedmont uplands. Slopes range from 0 to 25 percent. Mean annual precipitation is 48 inches and mean annual temperature is 59 degrees F. near the type location.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kanhapludults
For a detailed description of the soil, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/C/CECIL.html
For more photos related to soils and landscapes visit:
A representative soil profile of Darnell fine sandy loam. A layer of sandstone is at a depth of about 45 centimeters. (Soil Survey of Jack County, Texas; by Wilfred E. Crenwelge, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Darnell series consists of shallow, well drained to somewhat excessively drained soils formed in material weathered from sandstone of Permian age. These soils are on summits and shoulders of low hills in the Cross Timbers (MLRA 84A). Slopes range from 1 to 45 percent. Mean, annual air temperature is about 16 degrees C (6l degrees F), and mean annual precipitation is about 813 mm (32 in).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy, siliceous, active, thermic, shallow Udic Haplustepts
Solum thickness: 25 to 51 cm (10 to 20 in)
Depth to paralithic contact: 25 to 51 cm (10 to 20 in)
USE AND VEGETATION: Mainly used for rangeland. Native vegetation is mainly post oak, blackjack oak, and eastern red cedar with an understory of tall and mid grasses.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Oklahoma, Kansas, and Texas; LRR J; MLRA 84A; extensive
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/texas/TX237/0/...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/D/DARNELL.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
The Maury series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils that formed in silty material over residuum weathered from phosphatic limestone. These soils are on nearly level to moderately steep uplands. Slopes range from 0 to 20 percent. (Kentucky Soil Atlas; by Anastasios D. Karathanasis, University of Kentucky)
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, mixed, active, mesic Typic Paleudalfs
Thickness of the solum ranges from 60 to 120 inches or more. Thickness of the argillic horizon ranges from 50 to 100 inches. Depth to bedrock ranges from 60 to 200 inches or more. Chert fragments, less than 3 inches in diameter, range from 0 to 5 percent in the Bt, BC and C horizons. The reaction of the Ap or A horizons range from neutral to strongly acid; the upper part of the Bt horizon ranges from slightly acid to strongly acid; the lower part of the Bt, BC and C horizons range from moderately acid to very strongly acid. The phosphate content in the solum is variable but is typically medium or high.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are used for crops such as burley tobacco, corn, small grains, and alfalfa; and for pasture. Bluegrass and white clover are the most common pasture plants. Native vegetation was dominated by oaks, elm, ash, black walnut, black and honey locust, hackberry, black cherry, and Kentucky coffee tree. Glades of native grasses and canes were reported by early settlers.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: The Inner Bluegrass Physiographic Region of Kentucky. The Maury series is currently used in the Central Basin of Tennessee as a thermic taxajunct. The extent is large.
For additional information about Kentucky soils, visit:
uknowledge.uky.edu/pss_book/4/
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/M/MAURY.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of the Otanya series in an area of Otanya very fine sandy loam, 1 to 3 percent slopes. (Soil Survey of Tyler County, Texas; by Levi Steptoe, Jr., Natural Resources Conservation Services)
The Otanya series consists of very deep, well drained soils. These nearly level to gently sloping soils formed in loamy fluviomarine deposits of the Lissie Formation of early to mid Pleistocene age. Slope ranges from 1 to 5 percent. Mean annual temperature is about 19.4 degrees C (67 degrees F), and mean annual precipitation is about 1295 mm (51 in).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Typic Paleudults
Soil Moisture: An udic soil moisture regime. The soil moisture control section is 10 to 30 cm (4 to 12 in) below the soil surface and remains dry less than 90 cumulative days in most years.
Mean annual soil temperature: 20.6 to 21.7 degrees C (68 to 70 degrees F)
Depth to argillic horizon: 18 to 58 cm (7 to 23 in)
Particle-size control section (weighted average)
Clay content: 18 to 25 percent
CEC/clay ratio: 0.30 to 0.40
USE AND VEGETATION: These soils are used mainly for timber and pasture. Forest vegetation includes loblolly, shortleaf, slash and longleaf pines, sweetgum, red oak, and hickory trees. Pastures are mainly improved bermudagrass and bahiagrass. A few areas are cultivated and used for growing vegetables and blueberries.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southeast Texas and possibly southwestern Louisiana; LRR T; Western Gulf Coast Flatwoods (MLRA 152B); large extent. These soils have been included in the Segno and Malbis series. The Otanya series was proposed in Jasper County, Texas 1977 and was dropped in 1980. It was redefined slightly and proposed for active status in 1982. The type location was moved from Polk County to Tyler County, which is centrally located in the series province. The classification was changed from Plinthic Paleudults to Typic Paleudults during the correlation of the update of MLRA 152B in June 2004 after pit studies showed that less than 5 percent plinthite is common in most pedons. The water table depths and time period were established as a result of a water table study conducted in Jasper County, Texas and Beauregard Parish, Louisiana from 1998 to 2002.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/texas/TX457/0/...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/O/OTANYA.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soil profile: A representative profile of a Lucy soil, which formed in sandy and loamy marine sediments. The surface and subsurface layers of the Lucy soils are sand and have a combined thickness ranging from 50 to 100 centimeters inches. Lucy soils are a fair source of sand for commercial purposes. (Soil Survey of Houston County, Alabama; by John L. Burns, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Lucy series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils on uplands. They formed in sandy and loamy marine and fluvial sediments of the Southern Coastal Plain Major Land Resource Area (MLRA 133A). Near the type location, the average annual precipitation is about 53 inches and the average annual air temperature is about 65 inches. Slopes range from 0 to 45 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy, kaolinitic, thermic Arenic Kandiudults
Solum thickness is more than 60 inches. Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to moderately acid in the A and E horizons except where lime has been added, and from extremely acid to strongly acid in the subsoil. Thickness of the A horizon plus the E horizon ranges from 20 to 40 inches.
USE AND VEGETATION: Nearly level to gently sloping areas are used for growing peanuts, corn, cotton, and soybeans. Sloping areas are used for hay and pasture. Steeper areas are used for woodland.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: The Southern Coastal Plain of Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia. The series is of large known extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/alabama/AL069/...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/L/LUCY.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
View of Klickitat Valley, west of Goldendale, Washington. Cropland in foreground is on Goldendale soil. Mount Adams is in background.
KLICKITAT COUNTY AREA is in the south-central part of Washington. The Columbia River lies along the southern margin of the area. The northern boundary begins on the southeastern flanks of Mount Adams, extends over the Simcoe Mountains, and follows the crest of Horse Heaven Hills. Elevation ranges from about 70 feet along the Columbia River to about 5,900 feet at the top of the Simcoe Mountains.
The area is 84 miles long and 13 to 29 miles wide. It has a total area of 1,013,863 acres, or 1,583 square miles. About 24 percent of the area is cultivated, 42 percent is rangeland, and 34 percent is forestland. The major crops include small grain, grass and legumes grown for hay and pasture, and orchard crops. About 32,333 acres are irrigated. About 137 different kinds of soils are in the survey area.
A majority of the soils formed in loess and colluvium and residuum derived from basalt. Some soils formed in alluvium, eolian sand, and lake sediment. Most of the soils are very deep and well drained; however, many soils in the eastern part of the survey area are moderately deep or shallow over basalt. Some soils in low-lying areas have restricted drainage and are affected by wetness or excessive salts.
An old unpublished soil survey covers most of the survey area. This present survey updates the earlier survey. It gives additional information and provides maps that show the soils in greater detail.
Today, soil surveys are no longer published in book form; they are published to the web and accessed on NRCS Web Soil Survey where a person can create a custom soil survey. This allows for rapid flow of the latest soil information to the user. In the past it could take years to publish a paper soil survey. The information in a soil survey can be used by farmers and ranchers to help determine whether a particular soil type is suited for crops or livestock and what type of soil management might be required.
For more information, visit:
archive.org/details/usda-soil-survey-of-klickitat-county-...
Profile of Clareville sandy clay loam in an area of Czar-Clareville complex, 0 to 2 percent slopes, rarely flooded. The rich dark surface of this profile indicates an accumulation of organic matter and is naturally fertile. (Soil Survey of McMullen County, Texas; by Clark K. Harshbarger, Jon Wiedenfeld, and Gary Harris, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Clareville series consists of very deep, well drained soils that formed in loamy alluvial sediments of Holocene age. These nearly level to very gently sloping soils are on base slope on draws and drainageways. Slope ranges from 0 to 5 percent but mainly less that 2 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 711 mm (28 in) and mean annual air temperature is about 22 degrees C (72 degrees F)
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, smectitic, hyperthermic Pachic Argiustolls
Solum thickness ranges from 150 to 203 (60 to 80 in). The mollic epipedon is 50 to 127 cm (20 to 50 in) thick.
Soil Moisture: A typic-ustic moisture regime. The soil moisture control section is dry in some or all parts for more than 90 days but less than 180 cumulative days in normal years. June through August and December through February are the driest months. These soils are intermittently moist in September through November and March through May. Mean annual soil temperature: 22 to 24 (72 to 75 degrees F).
Depth to secondary calcium carbonate: 61 to 91 cm (24 to 36 in)
Particle-size control section (weighted average)
Clay content: 35 to 45 percent
USE AND VEGETATION: Used mainly as cropland but some areas are in rangeland. Cultivated crops are cotton, grain sorghum, and corn. Native grasses include Arizona cottontop, little bluestem, sideoats grama, curlymesquite, and Texas bristlegrass. Woody invaders are whitebrush, spiny hackberry, and mesquite.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northern and Central Rio Grande Plain and Gulf Coast Prairies, Texas; LRR I; MLRA 83A, 83C. The series is moderately extensive.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/texas/mcmullen...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/C/CLAREVILLE.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Minidoka series in Idaho.
Landscape: Minidoka soils are used for irrigated cropland, pastureland and rangeland. The principal crops grown are wheat, barley, potatoes, alfalfa hay, sugar beets, corn, corn silage and dry beans.
The Minidoka series consists of moderately deep to a duripan, well drained, moderately permeable soils that formed in loess and alluvium from mixed sources. They are on basalt plains and terraces, with slopes of 0 to 12 percent. The average annual precipitation is about 9 inches, and the average annual air temperature is about 51 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Xeric Haplodurids
Average annual soil temperature - 47 to 53 degrees F.
Depth to duripan - 20 to 40 inches
Depth to bedrock - 40 to more than 60 inches
Depth to calcic horizon - 7 to 16 inches and are calcareous to the soil surface.
Particle-size control section - 10 to 18 percent total clay, 5 to 15 percent carbonate free clay, 3 to 15 percent fine sand or coarser.
USE AND VEGETATION: Minidoka soils are used for irrigated cropland, pastureland and rangeland. The principal crops grown are wheat, barley, potatoes, alfalfa hay, sugar beets, corn, corn silage and dry beans. The native vegetation is Wyoming big sagebrush, and Thurber needlegrass.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southcentral and southwestern Idaho. This series is extensive.
For additional information about Idaho soils, please visit:
storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/97d01af9d4554b9097cb0a477e04...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/M/MINIDOKA.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
The Cullowhee series consists of somewhat poorly drained, moderately rapidly permeable soils on flood plains in the Southern Appalachian Mountains. They formed in recent alluvium that is loamy in the upper part and is moderately deep to sandy strata that contain more than 35 percent by volume rock fragments. They are very deep to bedrock. Slope ranges from 0 to 3 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy over sandy or sandy-skeletal, mixed, superactive, mesic Fluvaquentic Humudepts
Solum thickness ranges from 12 to 35 inches. Sandy C horizons that contain more that 35 percent by volume gravel and/or cobbles are within depths of 20 to 40 inches. Gravel and/or cobbles are in the A and AC horizons of some pedons but comprise less than 35 percent. Content of mica flakes is few to common. Reaction is very strongly acid to slightly acid.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most of this soil is used for hay, corn, pasture, truck crops, or ornamental crops. The rest is mainly in hardwood forest. Common trees are yellow poplar, red maple, sycamore, yellow birch, and river birch. A few areas have been planted to eastern white pine. Common understory plants include rhododendron, sedges, and eastern hemlock.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southern Blue Ridge mountains, MLRA 130B of North Carolina, and possibly Georgia, Tennessee, and Virginia. The series is of small extent.
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/C/CULLOWHEE.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
The Brundage series consists of very deep, moderately well drained, very slowly permeable soils that formed in saline loamy alluvium. These soils are on drainageways and stream terraces. Slope ranges from 0 to 3 percent. Mean annual temperature is about 22 degrees C (72 degrees F) and mean annual precipitation is about 56 cm (21 in).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, hyperthermic Aridic Natrustalfs
USE AND VEGETATION: Used as rangeland and wildlife habitat. Native vegetation presently includes such grasses as red grama, threeawn, Hall's panicum, pink pappusgrass, hooded windmillgrass, sand dropseed, and Arizona cottontop. Woody plants include mesquite, blackbrush, whitebrush, condalia, guyacan, twisted acacia, and a few cacti.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Western and Central Rio Grande Plain, Texas; LRR I; MLRA 83B and 83C; large extent. Classification change from Ustollic Natrargids to Aridic Natrustalfs based on geographic distribution of the series, rainfall patterns, and vegetative production and composition. The soil has an ustic soil moisture regime that borders on the aridic soil moisture regime.
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/B/BRUNDAGE.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
The Dellwood series consists of moderately well drained, moderately rapidly to very rapidly permeable soils formed in dominantly coarse-textured alluvium on flood plains in the Southern Blue Ridge mountains, MLRA 130B. These soils are shallow to sandy material that has more than 35 percent by volume of gravel and cobbles. Near the type location, average annual precipitation is about 50 inches, and mean annual temperature is about 53 degrees F. Slope ranges from 0 to 5 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Sandy-skeletal, mixed, mesic Oxyaquic Humudepts
Solum thickness and depth to coarse-textured material that contains more than 35 percent by volume rounded gravel and cobbles is 8 to 20 inches. Reaction is very strongly acid to neutral. Content of mica flakes ranges from none to many. Organic matter content is irregular with depth.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most of the acreage is cleared and used for pasture and hayland. Some is in urban uses. The rest is mainly in hardwood forest. Sycamore, yellow-poplar, river birch, eastern white pine, eastern hemlock, and red maple are the dominant trees. Common understory plants are rhododendron, ironwood, flowering dogwood, red maple, tag alder, greenbrier, and switchcane.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southern Blue Ridge mountains, MLRA 130B of North Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia. The series is of moderate extent.
The Dellwood soils were formerly included with the Craigsville, French, and Potomac series. However, the combination of an umbric epipedon and sandy-skeletal family is not described by any of those soils. Dellwood has formed downstream from areas of high rainfall and steep slopes. Large variations in stream flow may occur over short periods.
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/D/DELLWOOD.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
The Garbutt series consists of very deep, well drained soils on fan terraces, basalt plains, and alluvial fans. They formed in loess and silty alluvium. Permeability is moderate. Slopes are 0 to 12 percent. The average annual precipitation is about 8 inches and the average annual temperature is about 51 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-silty, mixed, superactive, calcareous, mesic Typic Torriorthents
Average annual soil temperature - 47 to 54 degrees F.
Control section-percent clay - 12 to 18
Texture - very fine sandy loam or silt loam
Reaction - mildly to strongly alkaline
Mineralogy - mixed with 1 or more layers having 20 to 50 percent volcanic glass in the sand and silt fraction
USE AND VEGETATION: Irrigated areas are used for production of beans, corn, alfalfa, sugar beets, small grains, hay and pasture. Potential vegetation in the natural plant community is winterfat, bud sagebrush, shadscale, bottlebrush squirreltail, Sandberg
bluegrass, and Indian ricegrass.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southwestern and south central Idaho and eastern Oregon. The soils are extensive.
For additional information about Idaho soils, please visit:
storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/97d01af9d4554b9097cb0a477e04...
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/G/GARBUTT.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of the Tallapoosa series. Tallapoosa soils formed in residuum weathered from phyllite. These somewhat excessively drained soils have soft bedrock at shallow depths and are droughty during dry periods. (Soil Survey of Coosa County, Alabama; by John L. Burns, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Tallapoosa series consists of shallow, well drained, moderately permeable soils that formed in residuum weathered from phyllite and mica schist. These soils are on narrow ridges and sideslopes of the Piedmont Plateau. Slopes range from 5 to 80 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy, mixed, semiactive, thermic, shallow Typic Hapludults
Solum thickness ranges from 3 to 20 inches. Depth to a paralithic contact (Cr) is 10 to 20 inches and depth to hard bedrock (R) is more than 6 feet. Content of rock fragments ranges from 0 to 35 percent by volume in the solum. Reaction is very strongly acid or strongly acid throughout.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most of the soil is in forest of mixed hardwood and pine. A small percentage is cleared and used for growing corn, small grain, and pasture.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Piedmont Plateau of Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and possibly Virginia. The series is extensive. Tallapoosa soils have been included in the Madison and Louisa series. This revision changes mineralogy from micaceous to mixed based on regional observations in Alabama and Georgia. Also, the 8th edition of the Keys to Soil Taxonomy removed shallow families from the Inceptic (formerly Ochreptic) subgroups.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/alabama/AL037/...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/T/TALLAPOOSA.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
The Beotia series consists of very deep, well drained or moderately well drained soils formed in silty glaciolacustrine deposits on lake plains. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high in the solum and moderately high to moderately low in the underlying material. Slopes range from 0 to 6 percent. Mean annual air temperature is 43 degrees F, and mean annual precipitation is about 19 inches.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, superactive, frigid Pachic Hapludolls
The mollic epipedon ranges from 16 to 30 inches in thickness and extends into the Bw horizon. The control section typically is silt loam with between 18 and 27 percent clay. The depth to free calcium carbonate ranges from 16 to about 30 inches.
USE AND VEGETATION: Largely cultivated; corn, soybeans, small grain and alfalfa are the principal crops. Native vegetation is big bluestem, little bluestem, western wheatgrass, green needlegrass, needleandthread, sideoats grama, blue grama, sedges, and forbs.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northeastern South Dakota, southwestern Minnesota and southeastern North Dakota. The series is of moderate extent.
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/B/BEOTIA.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Note: The left side of the photo exhibits natural soil structure. The right side has been smoothed.
The Greenbriar series consists of deep, well drained soils formed in a thin mantle of silty material and residuum weathered from acid shales and siltstones. Permeability is moderate. These gently sloping to steep soils are on upland ridges, side slopes, and toeslopes. Slopes range from 2 to 30 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, semiactive, mesic Typic Hapludults
Thickness of the solum ranges from 30 to 60 inches. Depth to hard bedrock ranges from 40 to 72 inches. Rock fragments range from 0 to 5 percent in the upper solum and from 0 to 35 percent in the lower solum and substratum. Rock fragments are mostly weathered and unweathered shale or siltstone. Reaction ranges from strongly acid to extremely acid throughout the profile, except where limed.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are used for crops or pasture. Major crops grown are small grains, corn, soybeans, tobacco, and hay. Forests are mixed hardwoods of oak, maple, hickory, ash, gum, dogwood, beech, and pine.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Greenbriar soils are in the Knobs of Kentucky and possibly southern Ohio, and Pennsylvania. The area is estimated to be of moderate extent.
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/G/GREENBRIAR.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Narragansett series; the State Soil of Rhode Island.
Landscape: Most of the Narragansett soils are found in uplands in central and southern portions of Rhode Island but there are small areas not mapped throughout the state. Note the large stones and boulders cleared from this agricultural field.
The Narragansett soil series was first established in Kent and Washington Counties, Rhode Island in 1934. The soil series is named for the town where the soil was first mapped and classified. The town of Narragansett was named for the indigenous Narragansett Tribe. Narragansett is an English alteration of Nanhigganeuck, their actual name meaning “people of the small point.” In 1979 an Act to designate the Narragansett Silt Loam as the Official State Soil of Rhode Island was enacted by the General Assembly, the Act did not pass the legislative process so the series is not officially considered the Rhode Island State Soil.
The Narragansett series consists of very deep, well drained loamy soils formed in a mantle of medium-textured deposits overlying till. They are nearly level to moderately steep soils on till plains, low ridges and hills. Slope ranges from 0 to 25 percent. Permeability is moderate in the surface layer and subsoil and moderately rapid or rapid in the substratum. Mean annual temperature is about 50 degrees F. and the mean annual precipitation is about 47 inches.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy over sandy or sandy-skeletal, mixed, active, mesic Typic Dystrudepts
Thickness of the solum and depth to the lithologic discontinuity range from 18 to 38 inches. Depth to bedrock is commonly more than 6 feet. Rock fragments range from 0 to 25 percent in the solum and from 10 to 50 percent in the substratum. Except where the surface layer is stony, the fragments are mostly subrounded pebbles and typically make up 60 percent or more of the total rock fragments. Unless limed, the soil is extremely acid to moderately acid.
USE AND VEGETATION: Many areas are cleared and used for cultivated crops, hay or pasture. Common crops are silage corn, tobacco and vegetables. Some areas are wooded and scattered areas are used for community development. Common trees are red, white and black oak, hickory, white ash, sugar maple, red maple, gray birch, white pine and hemlock.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Glaciated uplands in Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island; MLRAs 144A and 145. The series is of moderate extent.
For additional information about the the soil, visit:
www.soils4teachers.org/files/s4t/k12outreach/ri-state-soi...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/N/NARRAGANSETT.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
The Blount series consists of very deep, somewhat poorly drained soils that are moderately deep or deep to dense till. Blount soils formed in till and are on wave-worked till plains, till plains, and near-shore zones (relict). Slope ranges from 0 to 6 percent. (Delaware County, Indiana; by Gary R. Struben, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, illitic, mesic Aeric Epiaqualfs
Depth to the base of the argillic horizon: 51 to 114 cm (20 to 45 inches)
Depth to carbonates: 48 to 102 cm (19 to 40 inches)
Depth to densic contact: 76 to 152 cm (30 to 60 inches)
Particle-size control section: averages 35 to 45 percent clay
Rock fragments: predominantly igneous, limestone, and dolomite gravel
USE AND VEGETATION: Almost all areas of Blount soils are cultivated. Corn, soybeans, small grain, and meadow are the principal crops. Native vegetation is hardwood forest.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Dominant acreage is in MLRA 111B, with lesser acreages in MLRAs 95B, 97, 98, 99, 108A, and 110. Blount soils are in Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin. The series is of large extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/indiana/IN035/...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/B/BLOUNT.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Kentucky State Soil
Soil profile: Profile of Crider silt loam in an area of Crider-Vertrees silt loams, karst, rolling, eroded. This very deep soil has a 3-foot-thick loess cap over a cherty layer over a paleosol developed from clayey limestone residuum.
Landscape: No-till corn in an area of Crider soil. Crop residue management helps to slow runoff, reducing erosion. Crider soils in Harrison County are along backslopes, shoulders, and summits around sinkholes on hills underlain with Mississippian limestone bedrock. (Soil Survey of Harrison County, Indiana; by Steven W. Neyhouse, Sr., Byron G. Nagel, Gary R. Struben, and Steven Blanford, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
archive.org/details/HarrisonIN2009
Map Unit Composition
75 percent Crider and similar soils
10 percent Knobcreek, eroded and similar soils on backslopes
10 percent Vertrees, eroded and similar soils on backslopes
5 percent moderately well drained Bedford and similar soils on shoulders and summits
Interpretive Groups
Land capability classification: 2e
Prime farmland: All areas are prime farmland
Properties and Qualities of the Crider Soil
Parent material: Loess, loamy materials, and clayey residuum over the underlying
Mississippian limestone bedrock
Drainage class: Well drained
Permeability range to a depth of 40 inches: Moderate
Permeability range below a depth of 40 inches: Moderate
Depth to restrictive feature: 60 to 120 inches to lithic bedrock
Available water capacity: About 10.2 inches to a depth of 60 inches
Organic matter content of surface layer: 1.0 to 3.0 percent
Shrink-swell potential: Moderate
Seasonal high water table: None
Ponding: None
Flooding: None
Hydric soil: No
Potential frost action: High
Corrosivity: Moderate for steel and moderate for concrete
Potential for surface runoff: Low
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/C/CRIDER.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Knuckle soil series. (Soil Survey of Pinnacles National Monument, California; by Ken Oster, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: A typical area of a Knuckle soil on south aspects. Chalone soil is on north aspects.
The Knuckle series consists of shallow to bedrock, somewhat excessively drained soils that formed in rhyolite. The Knuckle soils are on hills. Slopes range from 35 to 70 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 17 inches (432 millimeters) and the mean annual air temperature is about 61 degrees F (16 degrees C).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Sandy-skeletal, mixed, thermic Lithic Xerorthents
Depth to bedrock: 6 to 20 inches (16 to 50 centimeters).
Mean annual soil temperature: 60 to 63 degrees F (16 to 17 degrees C).
Soil moisture control section: dry in all parts from about May 15 to November 15 (180 days), and moist in all parts from about January 15 to April 15 (90 days).
Particle size control section: 2 to 15 percent clay, 35 to 60 percent rock fragments from rhyolite.
USE AND VEGETATION: This soil is used for watershed, wildlife habitat and recreation. Vegetation is sparse chamise chaparral.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: San Benito County, California in MLRA 15 -- Central California Coast Range. These soils are of small extent. San Benito County, California. Source of name from Knuckle Ridge. This series was established based on limited acreage observed within the National Park Service Pinnacles National Monument boundary.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/california/CA7...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/K/KNUCKLE.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Leptic Haplogypsids, sandy, gypsic, hyperthermic, lithic phase (Soil AD111) are moderately deep to deep sandy soils with gypsum occurring at or near the soil surface and high concentrations of gypsum in the subsoil. Root depth is limited by the occurrence of a lithic contact below 50cm.
These soils occur on older sediments in deflation plains and at the higher margins of inland and coastal sabkhas throughout Abu Dhabi. They are well drained or somewhat excessively drained and permeability is rapid or moderately rapid above the lithic contact. Subsoil drainage could be affected by the presence of underlying bedrock. These soils are formed in old sand and gravel deposits.
Commonly these soils remain as a barren land but are sometimes used for low intensity grazing by camel, sheep or goats. They typically have less than 5% vegetation cover of Cyperus conglomeratus, Haloxylon salicornicum and Zygophyllum spp.
Scattered occurrences of this minor soil type have been observed in north-eastern and western areas of the Emirate. The soil is recorded as a component of one map unit type near Sila in the west of the Emirate.
Plate 9: Typical soil profile and associated landscape for Leptic Haplogypsids, sandy, gypsic, hyperthermic, lithic phase (Soil AD111).
The Bluegrove series consists of moderately deep over sandstone bedrock, well drained, moderately slowly or slowly permeable, soils that formed in residuum weathered from sandstone and claystone. These soils are on gently sloping and sloping ridges and structural benches on hills. Slopes range from 1 to 8 percent. Mean annual air temperature is about 18 degrees C (65 degrees F), and mean annual precipitation is about 737 mm (29 in).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, mixed, active, thermic Typic Haplustalfs
USE AND VEGETATION: About one-half of these soils are cultivated. Small grains are the main crops. The present vegetation is buffalograss, sideoats grama, blue grama, Arizona cottontop, Texas wintergrass, and dropseed. Mesquite trees are the dominant woody plants but scattered post oak occurs on some areas.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Texas North Central Prairies (LRR H; MLRA 80B), and Central Rolling Red Prairies of north Texas and possibly southern Oklahoma (LRR H; MLRA 80A). The series is of large extent.
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/B/BLUEGROVE.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
The McAfee series consists of moderately deep, well drained soils that formed in residuum weathered from phosphatic limestone. These soils are on gently sloping to steep uplands. Slopes range from 2 to 50 percent. (Kentucky Soil Atlas; by Anastasios D. Karathanasis, University of Kentucky)
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, mixed, active, mesic Mollic Hapludalfs
Solum thickness and depth to limestone bedrock ranges from 20 to 40 inches. Fragments of chert from 2 mm to 3 inches across, or fragments of limestone, from 1 to 6 inches across, range from 0 to 15 percent in the solum, and from 0 to 25 percent in the substratum. Reaction ranges from moderately acid to neutral in the solum and from slightly acid to mildly alkaline in the C horizon.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are used for growing corn, small grains, burley tobacco and hay or as pasture. Original vegetation was hardwoods interspersed with grassy glades. Forests were elm, maple, oak species, ash, hickory, hackberry, redbud, black and honey locust, Kentucky coffee tree, black walnut, Yaupon (Ilex vomitoria) and eastern red cedar.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: The Inner Bluegrass Region of Kentucky.
For additional information about Kentucky soils, visit:
uknowledge.uky.edu/pss_book/4/
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/M/MCAFEE.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Mitchellbay soil series. (Soil Survey of San Juan County, Washington; by Michael Regan, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: Typical area of Mitchellbay gravelly sandy loam, 5 to 15 percent slopes, under pasture in foreground, on Orcas Island.
The Mitchellbay series consists of moderately deep, somewhat poorly drained soils formed in glacial drift over dense glaciomarine deposits. Mitchellbay soils are in valleys and on glacial drift plains and have slopes of 0 to 25 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 31 inches and the mean annual temperature is about 48 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Aquultic Haploxeralfs
Mean annual soil temperature - 48 to 50 degrees F.
Moisture control section - dry 60 to 75 days following the summer solstice
Depth to redoximorphic features - 9 to 18 inches
Depth to densic contact - 20 to 40 inches
Particle-size control section:
Clay content - 18 to 35 percent
USE AND VEGETATION: These soils are used for pasture, forage crop production, and forestry. Potential natural vegetation consists of western redcedar, bigleaf maple, Douglas-fir, grand fir, red alder, swordfern, deer fern, salal, stinging nettle, gooseberry, and snowberry.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northwest Washington; MLRA A2, Northern Part. Series is of moderate extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/washington/WA0...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/M/MITCHELLBAY.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of Owens clay. Alternating layers of clay and shale are at a depth of about 60 centimeters.( Soil Survey of Jack County, Texas; by Wilfred E. Crenwelge, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Owens series consists of shallow to moderately deep over claystone bedrock or dense clay well drained, very slowly Permeable soils that formed in residuum from claystone bedrock. These soils are on gently sloping to steep escarpments and plains. Slopes range from 1 to 45 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 813 mm (32 in) and the mean annual air temperature is about 18.3 degrees C (65 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, mixed, active, thermic Typic Haplustepts
Soil Moisture: Typic-ustic soil moisture regime
Depth to densic material: 36 to 76 cm (14 to 30 in)
Reaction: slightly or moderately alkaline throughout, but some pedons are noncalcareous in the upper part.
Surface fragments: limestone, ironstone, or sandstone cover 0 to 45 percent of the soil surface; fragments less than 25 cm (10 in) across cover 0 to 25 percent; fragments 25 to 61 cm (10 to 24 in) cover 0 to 20 percent with a few fragments that are more than 122 cm (48 in) across.
Coarse fragments: 0 to 10 percent in the solum, mainly less than 25 cm (10 in) across .
USE AND VEGETATION: The principal use is for rangeland. Small acreage has been cultivated in the past but most cultivated areas are now abandoned and returned to rangeland. Native vegetation is mainly sideoats grama, silver bluestem, buffalograss, vine-mesquite, curlymesquite, Texas needlegrass, Arizona cottontop, hairy triden, bundleflower, engelmanndaisy, western ragweed, algerita, and lotebush. Tasajillo and mesquite have invaded in most areas.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Texas North-Central Prairies (MLRA 80B), and Rolling Limestone Prairie (MLRA 78A) of Texas. The Owens Series is extensive.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/texas/TX237/0/...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/O/OWENS.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
The typical pedon of Chungcheon soil (coarse-loamy, Typic Fluvaquent) from the MPRC (Multi-Purpose Range Complex) in South Korea. MPRC also known as Rodriguez Range at Yeongpyeong-ri, north of Pocheon, South Korea supports units of the 2nd Infantry Division for helicopter, Bradley Fighting Vehicle, M1 Abrams tank, artillery, mortor, and close air support training. The image is illustration 3.20 from the Planning Level Survey, 8th US Army Korea (1998). The primary purpose of planning level surveys are to ensure Army activities and natural resources conservation measures on mission land are integrated and consistent with federal stewardship requirements and host nation agreements.
Chungcheon soils are in valleys. Elevation ranges from about 5 to 150 meters. The native vegetation consists of grasses, wildflowers, and shrubs. The soils formed in alluvial from mixed igneous and metamorphic rocks on rice paddy terraces or along natural drainageways.
Typic Fluvaquents.—The concept of Typic Fluvaquents is centered almost exclusively on very young water-laid deposits that are mostly in wet areas on flood plains. These soils show too little evidence of alteration. Redoximorphic features in the soils extend downward from a point very close to the surface, and the water table is at or close to the surface most of the year unless artificial drainage has been provided. Most Typic Fluvaquents are nearly level, and their parent materials are Holocene sediments. Many support forest vegetation, but most support shrub or grassy vegetation.
Photo from the 4th International Meeting on Red Mediterranean Soils, Plovdiv, Bulgaria (1997).
The central concept of Vertisols is that of clayey soils that have deep, wide cracks for some time during the year and have slickensides within 100 cm of the mineral soil surface. They shrink when dry and swell when moistened. Vertisols make up a relatively homogeneous order because of the amounts and kinds of clay common to them; however, their microvariability within a pedon is great. Before the advent of modern classification systems, these soils were already well known for their characteristic color, the cracks they produce during the dry season, and the difficulty of their engineering properties.
Xererts are the Vertisols of Mediterranean climates, which are typified by cool, wet winters and warm, dry summers. These soils have cracks that regularly close and open each year. Because the soils dry every summer and remoisten in the winter, damage to structures and roads is very significant. If not irrigated, these soils are used for small grain or grazing. In the United States, most of the soils supported grasses before they were cultivated.
Haploxererts are the Xererts that do not have a calcic or petrocalcic horizon or a duripan. These are the most common of the Xererts. They formed in a variety of parent materials, including volcanic and sedimentary rocks, lacustrine deposits, and alluvium. In many areas these soils are used for grazing by livestock. In some areas they are used for citrus, small grain, truck crops, or rice.
Typic Haploxererts are centered on deep or very deep, clayey soils with dark colored surface layers. These soils do not have significant amounts of sodium or salts, a soil moisture regime that borders on aridic or udic, or aquic conditions within 100 cm of the soil surface for extended periods. They occur in Oregon, Idaho, and California and are used for rangeland, pasture, or dryland or irrigated crops.
For additional information about soil classification, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/soils/survey/class...
Clarkrange silt loam in an area of Clarkrange silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes (Soil Survey of Mammoth Cave National Park, Kentucky by William H. Craddock and Susan B. Southard, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
archive.org/details/usda-soil-survey-of-mammoth-cave-nati...
Soil classification: Fine-silty, siliceous, semiactive, mesic Typic Fragiudults
Major land resource area: 120A - Kentucky and Indiana Sandstone and Shale Hills and Valleys, Southern Part
Elevation: 160 to 280 meters
Mean annual precipitation: 1,031 to 1,495 centimeters
Mean annual air temperature: 7 to 20 degrees C
Frost-free period: 154 to 190 days
Map Unit Composition
Clarkrange and similar soils: 85 percent
Dissimilar minor components: 15 percent
Characteristics of Clarkrange Soils
Setting
Landform: Ridges
Landform position (two-dimensional): Summit
Landform position (three-dimensional): Interfluve
Down-slope shape: Convex
Across-slope shape: Linear
Slope range: 2 to 6 percent
Parent material: Thin fine-silty noncalcareous loess over clayey residuum weathered from sandstone and shale
Properties and Qualities
Depth to restrictive feature: 51 to 81 centimeters to fragipan; 102 to 229 centimeters to paralithic bedrock
Shrink-swell potential: Low (about 1.5 LEP)
Salinity maximum: Not saline
Sodicity maximum: Not sodic
Calcium carbonate equivalent percent: No carbonates
Hydrologic Properties
Slowest capacity to transmit water (Ksat ): Low
Natural drainage class: Moderately well drained
Flooding frequency: None
Ponding frequency: None
Seasonal water table (depth, kind): About 46 to 76 centimeters; perched
Available water capacity (entire profile): Low (about 15.1 centimeters)
Interpretive Groups
Land capability subclass (nonirrigated): 2e
Hydric soil status: No
Hydrologic soil group: C
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/C/CLARKRANGE.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of Veleno clay loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes. A clayey natric horizon begins at a depth of 15 centimeters and extends throughout the solum. Natric horizons have accumulations of sodium. (Soil Survey of Zapata County, Texas; by Ramiro Molina and Roel D. Guerra, Jr., Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Veleno series consists of very deep, moderately well drained, very slowly permeable soils that formed in calcareous, saline, clayey alluvium. These nearly level to gently sloping soils are on drainageways. Slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent. Mean annual temperature is about 23 degrees C (73 degrees F) and mean annual precipitation is about 533 mm (21 in).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, mixed, active, hyperthermic Halic Haplusterts
Solum thickness is more than 203 cm (80 in).
Soil Moisture: An ustic bordering on aridic soil moisture regime. The soil moisture control section, 8 to 24 inches, is moist in some or all parts for less than 90 consecutive days in normal years.
Mean annual soil temperature: 22 to 23 degrees C (72 to 74 degrees F).
Depth to secondary calcium carbonate: 61 to 127 cm (24 to 50 in)
Particle-size control section (weighted average)
Clay content: 40 to 60 percent
USE AND VEGETATION: Used mainly as rangeland and wildlife habitat. The native vegetation consists of four-flower trichloris, Arizona cottontop, Plains bristlegrass, hooded windmillgrass, pink pappusgrass and woody shrubs such as mesquite, pricklypear, Texas ebony, tasajillo, and spiny hackberry. The ecological site is Saline Clay 18-25 PZ(R083BY432TX).
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Western Rio Grande Plains, Texas, LRR I; MLRA 83B; the series is of moderate extent. These soils were formerly included in the Montell series. The Montell series typically are not mapped in floodplains. This series will be used for areas mapped as Montell flooded in published soil surveys.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/texas/zapataTX...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/V/VELENO.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Altamont series. Cracking is clearly visible. The soil structure is large blocks between the cracks, which reduce soil strength. The paralithic contact of sandstone is visible at a depth of about 110 centimeters. (Supplement to the Soil Survey of Santa Clara Area, California, Western Part; narratives written by William Reed, natural resources specialist, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: Typical landscape of Altamont and Alo soils with characteristic rounded hills. Altamont soils are on the lower and less sloping areas and Alo soils are on the higher, steeper slope segments.
The Altamont series consists of deep, well drained soils that formed in material weathered from fine-grained sandstone and shale. These soils are on gently sloping to very steep uplands. The average annual precipitation is about 17 inches and the mean annual temperature is about 59 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, smectitic, thermic Aridic Haploxererts
Clay content is 35 to 60 percent. They have intersecting slickensides and have cracks more than 1 cm wide to a depth of 20 inches or more that open and close once each year. The cracks close in November or December and remain closed until April or May and remain open the rest of the year. Mean annual soil temperature is 59 degrees to 65 degrees F. Depth to a paralithic contact of shale, sandstone or mudstone is 40 to 60 inches. Roots do not penetrate the paralithic materials except along fractures. Angular prisms 6 to 12 inches in diameter that extend from near the surface to depths of 15 to 30 inches are characteristic of these soils when dry.
USE AND VEGETATION: Used for livestock grazing and dry farmed grains, mainly barley. The principal vegetation is annual grasses, forbs, and scattered oak trees.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: In the Diablo Ranges in the California Coast Ranges in central and southern California and the Sutter Buttes. The soils are extensive. MLRA 15, 18, 20.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/california/san...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/A/ALTAMONT.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of the Kucera series. (Soil Survey of Teton Area, Idaho and Wyoming; by Carla B. Rebernak, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Kucera series consists of very deep, well drained soils formed in loess and silty alluvium from mixed sources. They are on terraces, hills, ridges, basalt plains, and hills. Slopes are 0 to 50 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 380 mm and the mean annual air temperature is about 6.0 degrees C.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-silty, mixed, superactive, frigid Calcic Pachic Haploxerolls
Mollic epipedon thickness: 50 to 109 cm
Depth to calcic horizon: 50 to 109 cm
Calcium carbonate equivalent in calcic horizon: 15 to 35 percent
Mean summer soil temperature: 15 to 18.9 degrees C.
Mean annual soil temperature: 5.0 to 8.0 degrees C. (frigid soil temperature regime)
Particle size control section total clay: 8 to 18 percent with less than 15 percent fine sand and coarser sand plus gravel
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major uses: cropland and rangeland; principle crops are irrigated and nonirrigated wheat, barley, alfalfa hay, pasture and irrigated potatoes
Dominant native vegetation: The potential native vegetation is bluebunch wheatgrass, Idaho fescue, mountain big and basin big sagebrush and needlegrass
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: Southeastern Idaho and Western Wyoming, MLRA 13
Extent: These soils are moderately extensive
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/wyoming/TetonI...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/K/KUCERA.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
The Environment Agency-Abu Dhabi (EAD) has completed a $6.5 million (USD) contract with an Australian firm (GRM International) for a soil survey, which involves satellite images, soil analyses and land mapping.
The soil survey project was undertaken in two phases and involved the mapping and classification of the various types of soils in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi in two different scales. In the first phase the entire emirate was surveyed at a scale of 1:100,000, and in the second phase 400,000 hectares of land, evaluated as suitable for irrigated agriculture was surveyed at a scale of 1:25,000.
The project was approved by the Executive Committee of Abu Dhabi last year. The survey, according to the agency, will assist decision-makers in future land use planning on scientific grounds. "It will also provide an on-the-ground, scientific inventory of soil resources, help in developing a soil database using Geographic Information Systems (GIS), prepare a soil survey report and soil and land use maps and build the capacity of UAE nationals," Al Mansouri said after signing the agreement.
Unplanned expansion and developmental activities have caused the deterioration of soil resources. Under the project, the soil, mainly in the Eastern Region of Abu Dhabi, will be mapped and classified using the latest satellite images, and norms and standards of the United States Department of Agriculture.
"Planners, engineers and developers will be able to use the soil survey maps and data to evaluate soil for engineering purposes, select sites for residence, agriculture, industry, construction, routes for highways," said Majid Al Mansouri, EAD Secretary-General.
A representative soil profile of the Rumley clay loam, 1 to 3 percent slopes. (Soil Survey of Hamilton County, Texas; by John E. Allison, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Rumley series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils that formed in loamy and calcareous alluvial sediments. These nearly level and gently sloping soils are on stream terraces. Slopes range from 0 to 3 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, carbonatic, thermic Udic Calciustolls
USE AND VEGETATION: Used mainly for cropland. Oats and wheat are the principal crops.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Mainly in Texas, along streams in the Grand Prairie. The series is of moderate extent. This soil was formerly included with the Lewisville series.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/texas/TX193/0/...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/R/RUMLEY.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of Skidmore channery fine sandy loam. (Soil Survey of the Big South Fork National River and Recreation Area, KY and TN; by Harry S. Evans and Jennifer Y. Mason, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Skidmore series consists of deep and very deep, well drained to somewhat excessively drained soils formed in gravelly, cobbly, or channery alluvium on narrow flood plains. Slopes range from 0 to 4 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, semiactive, mesic Dystric Fluventic Eutrudepts
Solum thickness ranges from 20 to 40 inches and depth to bedrock from 40 to more than 100 inches. The content of siltstone and sandstone fragments, commonly a mixture of gravels and cobbles or channers and flagstones, ranges from 0 to 50 percent in the upper solum and from 35 to 90 percent in the lower solum and substratum. Reaction ranges from moderately acid to slightly alkaline throughout.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/tennessee/big_...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/S/SKIDMORE.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Profile of Kirbyville sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes. The vertical white areas are albic material (Eg horizon) that has been moved down into the profile. (Soil Survey of Tyler County, Texas by Levi Steptoe, Jr., Natural Resources Conservation Services)
The Kirbyville series consists of very deep, moderately well to somewhat poorly drained soils. These nearly level to very gently sloping soils formed in loamy fluviomarine deposits of the Lissie Formation of early to mid-Pleistocene age. Slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent. Mean annual temperature is about 19.4 degrees C (67 degrees F), and mean annual precipitation is about 1295 mm (51 in).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Oxyaquic Paleudults
Note: Kirbyville soils have 5 percent or more plinthite in one subhorizon within 150 cm of the mineral soil surface. They would classifiy as "Oxyaquic Plinthic" if this subgroup combination was listed in the current version of Soil Taxonomy.
Soil Moisture: An udic soil moisture regime. The soil moisture control section is 10 to 30 cm (4 to 12 in) below the soil surface and remains dry less than 90 cumulative days in most years.
Mean annual soil temperature: 20.6 to 21.7 degrees C (69 to 71 degrees F)
Depth to glossic horizon: 28 to 56 cm (11 to 22 in)
Depth to episaturation: 41 to 99 cm (16 to 39 in)
Base saturation at taxonomic depth for the Ultisols order: 14 to 30 percent
Saturated from 46 to 89 cm (16 to 39 in) for 30 or more cumulative days in normal years. (Bt/E horizon)
Plinthite--5 percent or more of some part of the argillic horizon.
USE AND VEGETATION: Used mainly for timber production and wildlife habitat. Some areas have been cleared and are used for improved pasture. Native vegetation is loblolly and shortleaf pine with mixed hardwoods. The understory is dogwood, waxmyrtle, pinehill bluestem, and other grasses.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southeastern Texas and southwestern Louisiana; LRR T; The Western Gulf Coast Flatwoods (MLRA 152B); The series is of moderate extent.
Kirbyville soils were formerly included with the Caddo and Thage soils. Classification and drainage class changed 12/97 based on data collected from typifying pedon in Hardin County, TX. Soil moisture monitoring indicates these soils to have saturation, for several weeks during January to March, with no reduction and qualify for a Oxyaquic subgroup. Typifying pedon redescribed 12/97. The classification was updated from Plinthic Paleudults to Oxyaquic Paleudults in May 1999 due to a change in soil taxonomy.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/texas/TX457/0/...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/K/KIRBYVILLE.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Typical profile of a Kahboo gravelly fine sandy loam. (Soil Survey of San Juan County, Washington; by Michael Regan, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Kahboo series consists of shallow, well drained soils formed in colluvium from glacial drift, metasedimentary bedrock, and volcanic ash. Kahboo soils are on slopes and summits of hills and mountains. Slope ranges from 5 to 100 percent. Average annual precipitation is about 1,015 millimeters and the average annual air temperature is about 8 degrees C.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy, isotic, mesic Lithic Dystroxerepts
Average annual soil temperature - 8 to 9 degrees C.
Soil moisture control section - dry 45 to 60 days following summer solstice
Depth to lithic contact - 25 to 50 cm
Reaction - strongly acid to moderately acid
Particle-size control section:
Clay content - 5 to 15 percent
Rock fragments - 0 to 35 percent
USE AND VEGETATION: Used for recreation, wildlife habitat, homesites, and watershed. Potential natural vegetation consists of western hemlock, Douglas-fir, western redcedar, Cascade Oregongrape, prickly currant, false Solomons-seal, swordfern, and bracken fern.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northwest Washington; MLRA A2, Northern Part. Series is of small extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/washington/WA0...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/K/KAHBOO.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soil profile: A typical profile of a Nella soil. Nella soils are very deep and on mountain footslopes. They support highly productive woodlands of yellow-poplar, maple, and oak. (Soil Survey of Overton County, Tennessee; by Carlie McCowan, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: The steeper hills in the background include Nella and Talbott soils. These soils are suited to woodland.
The Nella series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils. These soils formed in alluvium or colluvium and in residuum of limestone, sandstone and shale. They are on hillsides, benches and foot slopes. Slopes range from 2 to 60 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Typic Paleudults
Solum thickness is greater than 60 inches. Depth to bedrock is 6 feet or more. Reaction is very strongly acid or strongly acid except the surface layer is less acid where limed. Rock fragments range from 15 to about 35 percent in each horizon. The fragments are mostly sandstone and range from 0.25 inch to about 20 inches in diameter.
USE AND VEGETATION: About one-third is in forest consisting chiefly of oaks, hickories, yellow poplar, beech, and shortleaf and Virginia pine. Cleared areas are used chiefly for pasture but a few areas are cropped to tobacco, corn, truck, and small grain.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: The Appalachian Ridges and Valleys, Highland Rim, and Cumberland Plateau and Mountains in Tennessee and in Northwest Georgia, Northern Alabama, and Arkansas. The series is of large extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/tennessee/TN13...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/N/NELLA.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of the Southwest series. Lighter-colored overwash overlies the original dark-colored surface layer. (Soil Survey of Delaware County, Indiana; by Gary R. Struben, Natural Resources Conservation Service).
The Southwest series consists of very deep, poorly drained soils formed in recent alluvium over glaciofluvial deposits or glaciolacustrine deposits in depressions on till plains, moraines, and outwash plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 1 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 914 mm (36 inches), and mean annual temperature is about 10.0 degrees C (50 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, superactive, nonacid, mesic Typic Fluvaquents
Depth to carbonates: 102 to more than 203 cm (40 to more than 80 inches)
Thickness of the overwash and depth to a buried soil: 25 to 102 cm (10 to 40 inches)
Rock fragment content: 0 to 5 percent gravel below the overwash
USE AND VEGETATION: Soils are mostly used to grow corn, soybeans, oats, and wheat. A small part is in permanent pasture or woodlots. Native vegetation is deciduous forest and some swamp grasses and sedges.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 111A, 111B, 111C, and 111D in northern and central Indiana. The series is of small extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/indiana/IN035/...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/S/SOUTHWEST.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Very fine, fine, and medium subangular blocky soil peds
Soil Peds are aggregates of soil particles formed as a result of pedogenic processes; this natural organization of particles forms discrete units separated by pores or voids. The term is generally used for macroscopic (visible; i.e. greater than 1 mm in size) structural units when observing soils in the field. Soil peds should be described when the soil is dry or slightly moist, as they can be difficult to distinguish when wet.
There are five major classes of macrostructure seen in soils: platy, prismatic, columnar, granular, and blocky. There are also structureless conditions. Some soils have simple structure, each unit being an entity without component smaller units. Others have compound structure, in which large units are composed of smaller units separated by persistent planes of weakness.
For more information about describing and sampling soils, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...
or Chapter 3 of the Soil Survey manual:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2022-09/The-Soil-Su...
For additional information on "How to Use the Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils" (video reference), visit:
A representative soil profile of the Shottower series. (Soil Survey of Smyth County, Virginia; by Robert K. Conner, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Shottower series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils on high stream terraces. They formed in old alluvium derived from sandstone, quartzite, limestone, shale, and siltstone. Slopes range from 2 to 35 percent. Mean annual air temperature is 55 degrees F. Mean annual precipitation is 42 inches.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, kaolinitic, mesic Typic Paleudults
Solum thickness and depth to bedrock are more than 60 inches. Rounded rock fragments of sandstone and quartzite range from 0 to 35 percent in the A and Bt horizons, and from 0 to 60 percent below 40 inches. Reaction ranges from extremely acid through moderately acid.
USE AND VEGETATION: These soils are used mainly for cropland. Major crops are corn, small grain, hay, and pasture.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Limestone valleys in Virginia and possibly West Virginia, Maryland, and Tennessee. The series is of moderate extent. Soils now within the range of the Shottower series were previously correlated as Braddock, Hiwassee, Masada, and Unison series in published soil surveys.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/virginia/VA173...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/S/SHOTTOWER.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Landscape--plateaus, mountains
Landform--north-facing side slopes of canyons, escarpments of hills, backslopes of basalt plateaus, structural benches, lower slopes of mountains
Slope--0 to 90 percent
Parent material--loess mixed with volcanic ash over colluvium and residuum derived from basalt
Mean annual precipitation--about 660 mm
Mean annual air temperature--about 6 degrees C
Depth class--deep, very deep
Drainage class--well drained
Soil moisture regime--xeric
Soil temperature regime--frigid
Soil moisture subclass--typic
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy-skeletal, isotic, frigid Vitrandic Argixerolls
Thickness of mollic epipedon--25 to 50 cm
Estimated base saturation--less than 75 percent, by sum of cations, in one horizon or more between depths of 25 and 75 cm
Depth to bedrock--more than 100 cm
Soil moisture control section--dry 45 to 60 consecutive days
Mean annual soil temperature--5 to 8 degrees C
Mean summer soil temperature in areas that do not have an O horizon--15 to 17 degrees C
Thickness of layers influenced by volcanic ash--25 to 75 cm
USE AND VEGETATION:
Use--timber production
Potential natural vegetation--dominantly Douglas-fir, ponderosa pine, mallow ninebark, creambush oceanspray, and common snowberry
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: North-central Idaho, northeastern and central Oregon, eastern Washington; MLRAs 9 and 10; moderate extent
For additional information about Idaho soils, please visit:
storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/97d01af9d4554b9097cb0a477e04...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/K/KLICKSON.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A lonely farm lane in rural Brazils' Oxisol Region... the cerrado (a vast tropical savanna ecoregion, particularly in the states of Goiás, Mato Grosso do Sul and Minas Gerais).
Oxisols are an order in USDA soil taxonomy, best known for their occurrence in tropical rain forest, 15-25 degrees north and south of the Equator. They are classified as ferralsols in the World Reference Base for Soil Resources; some oxisols have been previously classified as laterite soils.The main processes of soil formation of oxisols are weathering, humification and pedoturbation due to animals. These processes produce the characteristic soil profile. They are defined as soils containing at all depths no more than 10 percent weatherable minerals, and low cation exchange capacity. Oxisols are always a red or yellowish color, due to the high concentration of iron(III) and aluminium oxides and hydroxides. In addition they also contain quartz and kaolin, plus small amounts of other clay minerals and organic matter.
For more information on Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/soils/survey/class/
For more photos related to soils and landscapes visit:
(Classification by UAE Keys to Soil Taxonomy)
Salidic Torriorthents are the Torriorthents that have an ECe of more than 8 to less than 30 dS m −1 in a layer 10 cm or more thick within 100 cm of the soil surface. These soils are not used for any productive purpose and are considered permanently unsuitable for irrigated agriculture due to salt content.
Torriorthents are the dry Orthents of cool to hot, arid regions. They have an aridic (or torric) moisture regime and a temperature regime warmer than cryic. Generally, they are neutral or calcareous and are on moderate to very steep slopes. A few are on gentle slopes. Many of the gently sloping soils are on rock pediments, are very shallow, have a sandy-skeletal particle-size class, or are salty. Others are on fans where sediments are recent but have little organic carbon. The vegetation on Torriorthents commonly is sparse and consists mostly of xerophytic shrubs and ephemeral grasses and forbs. The vegetation on a few of the soils is saltgrass. Torriorthents are used mainly for grazing. They are extensive in the Western United States.
Orthents are Entisols primarily on recent erosional surfaces. The erosion may be geologic or may have been induced by cultivation, mining, or other factors. Any former soil that was on the landscape has been completely removed or so truncated that the diagnostic horizons for all other orders do not occur. Orthents occur in any climate and under any vegetation. They are do not occur in areas that have aquic conditions, a high water table, and the colors defined for Aquents or on shifting or stabilized sand dunes.
Entisols are the soils that have little or no evidence of the development of pedogenic horizons. Most Entisols have no diagnostic horizons other than an ochric epipedon. A few that have a sandy or sandy-skeletal particle-size class have a horizon that would be a cambic horizon were it not for the particle-size class exclusion. On many landscapes the soil material is not in place long enough for pedogenic processes to form distinctive horizons. Some of these soils are on steep, actively eroding slopes, on flood plains or glacial outwash plains that receive new deposits of alluvium at frequent intervals, or are wind-blown deposits. Most Entisols in the fine-earth fraction (<2mm) consist primarily of quartz or other minerals that are resistant to the weathering needed to form diagnostic horizons.
Soil profile: The McAfee series consists of moderately deep, well drained soils that formed in residuum weathered from phosphatic limestone. These soils are on gently sloping to steep uplands. Slopes range from 2 to 50 percent. (Kentucky Soil Atlas; by Anastasios D. Karathanasis, University of Kentucky)
Landscape: Typical landscape of the Inner Bluegrass region, with mostly pastureland and cropland, particularly horse farms, some suburbanization, and only small, scattered patches of woodland. This area is dominated by Maury and McAfee soils (Photo provided by formulanone, Flickr).
archive.org/details/usda-soil-survey-of-fayette-county-ke...
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, mixed, active, mesic Mollic Hapludalfs
Solum thickness and depth to limestone bedrock ranges from 20 to 40 inches. Fragments of chert from 2 mm to 3 inches across, or fragments of limestone, from 1 to 6 inches across, range from 0 to 15 percent in the solum, and from 0 to 25 percent in the substratum. Reaction ranges from moderately acid to neutral in the solum and from slightly acid to mildly alkaline in the C horizon.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are used for growing corn, small grains, burley tobacco and hay or as pasture. Original vegetation was hardwoods interspersed with grassy glades. Forests were elm, maple, oak species, ash, hickory, hackberry, redbud, black and honey locust, Kentucky coffee tree, black walnut, Yaupon (Ilex vomitoria) and eastern red cedar.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: The Inner Bluegrass Region of Kentucky.
For additional information about Kentucky soils, visit:
uknowledge.uky.edu/pss_book/4/
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/M/MCAFEE.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
North Carolina State Soil
The Cecil series consists of very deep, well drained moderately permeable soils on ridges and side slopes of the Piedmont uplands. They are deep to saprolite and very deep to bedrock. They formed in residuum weathered from felsic, igneous and high-grade metamorphic rocks of the Piedmont uplands. Slopes range from 0 to 25 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kanhapludults
USE AND VEGETATION: About half of the total acreage is in cultivation, with the remainder in pasture and forest. Common crops are small grains, corn, cotton, and tobacco.
Originally mapped in Cecil County, Maryland in 1899, more than 10 million acres (40,000 km²) of the Cecil soil series are now mapped in the Piedmont region of the southeastern United States. It extends from Virginia through North Carolina (where it is the state soil), South Carolina, Georgia and Alabama, with the typic Cecil pedon actually located in Franklin County, NC.
The Cecil series developed over igneous rock such as granite, and metamorphic rock which is chemically similar to granite. Virgin Cecil soils support forests dominated by pine, oak and hickory, and have a topsoil of brown sandy loam. The subsoil is a red clay which is dominated by kaolinite and has considerable mica. Few Cecil soils are in their virgin state, for most have been cultivated at one time or another. Indifferent land management has allowed many areas of Cecil soils to lose their topsoils through soil erosion, exposing the red clay subsoil. This clay is amenable to cultivation, responds well to careful management, and supports healthy growth of pine where allowed to revert to forest. Like other well-drained Ultisols, it is ideal for urban development; however, in common with other kaolinite-dominated clays, it has little ability to recover from soil compaction.
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/C/CECIL.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Typical profile of a Hugus soil. The volcanic ash mantle is between depths of 2 and 17 inches (A and Bw horizons). The ochric epipedon is between depths of 2 and 6 inches (A horizon). The cambic horizon is between depths of 6 and 17 inches (Bw horizon). The argillic horizon is between depths of 17 and 62 inches (2Bt horizon). The particle-size control section is between depths of 2 and 42 inches (A, Bw, and 2Bt horizons). (Soil Survey of Clearwater Area, Idaho; by Glenn Hoffman, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Hugus series consists of very deep, well drained soils on mountain slopes, ridges, foothills and dissected terraces. They formed in colluvium derived from metasedimentary rock, residuum and/or tertiary alluvium derived from quartzite or gneiss rock with a thick mantle of volcanic ash. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high. Slope ranges from 5 to 75 percent. The average annual air temperature is about 43 degrees F and the average annual precipitation is about 35 inches.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Ashy over loamy-skeletal, amorphic over isotic, frigid Alfic Udivitrands
Soil moisture - usually dry for 25 to 35 consecutive days, moist mid-September through July, dry August to September.
Udic moisture regime.
Average annual soil temperature - 39 to 46 degrees F
Average summer soil temperature - 47 to 50 degrees F with an O horizon. Frigid temperature regime.
Depth to bedrock - greater than 60 inches
Thickness of Volcanic ash mantle - 14 to 23 inches
Volcanic glass content in the 0.02 to 2.0 mm fraction - 15 to 60 percent
Acid-oxalate extractable Al plus 1/2 Fe - 1.0 to 2.7 percent
Phosphate retention - 55 to 95 percent
15-bar water retention on air dried samples - 7 to 12 percent
USE AND VEGETATION: These soils are used mainly for timber production, wildlife habitat, recreation, and watershed. A few areas are used for livestock grazing and homesites. Potential natural vegetation is mainly western hemlock, western redcedar, western white pine, grand fir, western larch, Douglas-fir, and lodgepole pine, with an understory of queencup beadlily, goldthread, bunchberry dogwood, longtube twinflower, oneleaf foam flower, big blueberry, starry false-Solomon's-seal, western rattlesnake plantain, wild ginger, and myrtle pachystima.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northern Idaho. MLRA 43A. This soil is moderately extensive.
Parent material of the Hugus series mapped in West Benewah County is metasedimentary colluvium. The tertiary alluvium and colluvium parent materials are mapped in East Benewah and Shoshone Counties.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/idaho/clearwat...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/H/HUGUS.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of the Southwick series in Idaho.
These soil are on loess hills in the Columbia basalt plateau. They are dominantly used as cropland of wheat, barley, peas, hay, pasture, and for timber production.
Slope--3 to 40 percent; dominantly north-facing slopes
Parent material--recent loess over older loess
Mean annual precipitation--about 585 mm
Mean annual air temperature--about 8 degrees C
Depth class--very deep
Drainage class--moderately well drained
Soil moisture regime--xeric
Soil temperature regime--mesic
Soil moisture subclass--oxyaquic
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Oxyaquic Argixerolls
Note: The classification of this series was changed from fine-silty, mixed, mesic Boralfic Argixerolls to fine-silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Oxyaquic Argixerolls based on the latest revision to Soil Taxonomy. This pedon does not meet the criteria for the aquic subgroup based on the absence of redoximorphic depletions (zones with chroma less than that of matrix) within a depth of 75 cm of the mineral soil surface. The Btxb horizon is not currently considered to meet the criteria for a fragipan, but further study is needed.
Depth to diagnostic horizons and other features are measured from the top of the first mineral layer.
Thickness of mollic epipedon--40 to 75 cm
Depth to argillic horizon--70 to 100 cm
Moisture control section--dry 45 to 60 consecutive days late in summer and early in fall
Mean annual soil temperature--8 to 12 degrees C
Content of clay in particle-size control section (weighted average)--24 to 35 percent
An Oi horizon is in some pedons.
USE AND VEGETATION:
Use--dominantly wheat, barley, peas, hay, pasture, and timber production
Natural vegetation--ponderosa pine, common snowberry, white spirea, rose
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northern Idaho; MLRA 9; moderate extent
For additional information about Idaho soils, please visit:
storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/97d01af9d4554b9097cb0a477e04...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/S/SOUTHWICK.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
The Muskingum series consists of moderately deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils formed in residuum weathered from interbedded siltstone, sandstone and shale. Slopes range from 2 to 75 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, semiactive, mesic Typic Dystrudepts
Solum thickness and depth to bedrock ranges from 20 to 40 inches. Fragments of shale, siltstone or sandstone, mostly channers, range from 5 to 30 percent in the solum and 35 to 80 percent in the C horizon. Reaction is very strongly acid or strongly acid throughout the profile, except the upper layers where limed.
USE AND VEGETATION: Gentle slopes are used for growing corn, wheat and hay. Most areas are in mixed forest of oaks, yellow poplar, hickory and maple.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: West Virginia, Virginia, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Kentucky, Indiana, Illinois and Tennessee. The series is of large extent, but is being reduced in size as new series are adopted. Characterization sample S83KY-195-016; National Soil Survey Laboratory, Lincoln, Nebraska.
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/M/MUSKINGUM.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Wake soil series in Franklin County, North Carolina.
Landscape: An area of Wake soil in an area of Wake-Saw-Wedowee complex, 2 to 8 percent slopes, rocky.
Setting
Landscape: Piedmont
Landform: Wake—narrow ridges, knolls, and hill
slopes; Saw—broad ridges and hill slopes;
Wedowee—narrow ridges and hill slopes
Landform position: Convex side slopes
Shape of areas: Irregular
Size of areas: 5 to 400 acres
Composition
Wake soil and similar soils: 35 percent
Saw soil and similar soils: 30 percent
Wedowee soil and similar soils: 20 percent
Dissimilar soils: 15 percent
Typical Profile
Wake
Surface layer:
0 to 7 inches—yellowish brown gravelly loamy coarse
sand
Underlying material:
7 to 11 inches—reddish yellow gravelly loamy sand
Bedrock:
11 to 16 inches—weathered, moderately fractured
porphyritic granite
16 inches—unweathered, slightly fractured porphyritic
granite
Agricultural Development
Cropland
Suitability: Wake—poorly suited; Saw and Wedowee—
well suited
Management concerns: Wake—equipment use, droughtiness, nutrient leaching, and rooting depth; Saw—equipment use, rooting depth, and soil fertility; Wedowee—equipment use and soil fertility
Management measures and considerations:
• Because of the areas of rock outcrops, this map unit is difficult to manage for cropland.
• Because of the shallow rooting depth, the Wake soil is difficult to manage for the economical production of crops.
Pasture and hayland
Suitability: Wake—suited; Saw and Wedowee—well suited
Management concerns: Wake—equipment use, rooting depth, droughtiness, and nutrient leaching; Saw—equipment use, rooting depth, and soil fertility; Wedowee—equipment use and soil fertility
Management measures and considerations:
• Because of the areas of rock outcrops, this map unit is difficult to manage for pasture and hayland.
• Because of the shallow rooting depth, the Wake soil is difficult to manage for the economical production of pasture and hay crops.
For detailed information, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/north_carolina...
For a detailed description, please visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/W/WAKE.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit: